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1
Jaiswal, Preetee, Pradeep Kumar, V. K. Singh, and D. K. Singh. "Enzyme Inhibition by Molluscicidal Components of Myristica fragrans Houtt. in the Nervous Tissue of Snail Lymnaea acuminata." Enzyme Research 2010 (December 6, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/478746.
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This study was designed to investigate the effects of molluscicidal components of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) on certain enzymes in the nervous tissue of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata Lamarck (Lymnaeidae). In vivo and in vitro treatments of trimyristin and myristicin (active molluscicidal components of Myristica fragrans Houtt.) significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activities in the nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. The inhibition kinetics of these enzymes indicates that both the trimyristin and myristicin caused competitive noncompetitive inhibition of AChE. Trimyristin caused uncompetitive and competitive/noncompetitive inhibitions of ACP and ALP, respectively whereas the myristicin caused competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of ACP and ALP, respectively. Thus results from the present study suggest that inhibition of AChE, ACP, and ALP by trimyristin and myristicin in the snail Lymnaea acuminata may be the cause of the molluscicidal activity of Myristica fragrans.
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Adeyemi, OS, and MA Akanji. "Biochemical changes in the kidney and liver of rats following administration of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 9 (November 5, 2010): 1266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110388534.
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Furtherance to a previous report on the anti-trypanosomal properties of Psidium guajava aqueous leaf extract in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we have evaluated the effects of the daily intraperitoneal administration of P. guajava leaf extract to rats on the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the kidney, liver and serum. The results obtained revealed that the administration of the extract produced significant increase in the serum activities of AST, ALT, ALP and ACP when compared with the control ( p < 0.05). Also AST, ALT and ALP and ACP activities in the tissues of animals administered the extract revealed inconsistent changes ( p < 0.05) relative to control. The increase in the serum activity of ALP may be an indicator that there was a likely compromise to the integrity of the plasma membrane as a result of the ethanolic extract administration. This could have caused leakages of the other enzymes investigated, which may explain the corresponding increases in the serum activities of AST, ALT and ACP observed.
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Calagari, Kiana, Mohammad Reza Pakravan, Shervin Shirmohammadi, and Mohamed Hefeeda. "ALP." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2656203.
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Sasanka, Ruchira, Man-Lap Li, Sarita V. Adve, Yen-Kuang Chen, and Eric Debes. "ALP." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 4, no. 1 (March 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1216544.1216546.
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Zhao, Han, Xinfa Liu, and Changbei Ma. "Sensitive Fluorescence Assay for the Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase Based on a Cu2+-Thiamine System." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030674.
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The authors describe a novel, facile, and sensitive fluorometric strategy based on a Cu2+-thiamine (Cu2+-TH) system for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and inhibition. The principle of the method is as follows. Under a basic conditions, TH, which does not exhibit a fluorescence signal, is oxidized into fluorescent thiochrome (TC) by Cu2+. Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP), which is the enzyme substrate, is hydrolyzed to produce ascorbic acid (AA) by ALP. The newly formed AA then reduces Cu2+ to Cu+, which prevents the oxidation of TH by Cu2+; as a result, the fluorescent signal becomes weaker. On the contrary, in the absence of ALP, AAP cannot reduce Cu2+; additions of Cu2+ and TH result in a dramatic increase of the fluorescent signal. The sensing strategy displays brilliant sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.08 U/L, and the detection is linear in the concentration range of 0.1 to 100 U/L. This approach was successfully applied to ALP activity in human serum samples, indicating that it is reliable and may be applied to the clinical diagnosis of ALP-related diseases.
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Johnston, Holly D., Christopher Foote, Andrea Santeford, and Steven F. Nothwehr. "Golgi-to-Late Endosome Trafficking of the Yeast Pheromone Processing Enzyme Ste13p Is Regulated by a Phosphorylation Site in its Cytosolic Domain." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 1456–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-07-0642.
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This study addressed whether phosphorylation regulates trafficking of yeast membrane proteins that cycle between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomal system. The TGN membrane proteins A-ALP, a model protein containing the Ste13p cytosolic domain fused to alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Kex2p were found to be phosphorylated in vivo. Mutation of the S13 residue on the cytosolic domain of A-ALP to Ala was found to block trafficking to the prevacuolar compartment (PVC), whereas a S13D mutation generated to mimic phosphorylation accelerated trafficking into the PVC. The S13 residue was shown by mass spectrometry to be phosphorylated. The rate of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport of newly synthesized A(S13A)-ALP was indistinguishable from wild-type, indicating that the lack of transport of A(S13A)-ALP to the PVC was instead due to differences in Golgi/endosomal trafficking. The A(S13A)-ALP protein exhibited a TGN-like localization similar to that of wild-type A-ALP. Similarly, the S13A mutation in endogenous Ste13p did not reduce the extent of or longevity of its localization to the TGN as shown by α-factor processing assays. These results indicate that S13 phosphorylation is required for TGN-to-PVC trafficking of A-ALP and imply that phosphorylation of S13 may regulate recognition of A-ALP by vesicular trafficking machinery.
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Teodoro, Roberto Luiz, Rui da Silva Verneque, Mario Luiz Martinez, Mauro Cruz, Luiz Ronaldo de Oliveira Paula, and José de Paula Campos. "Estudo de características do sistema mamário e suas relações com a produção de leite em vacas da raça Gir." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29, no. 1 (February 2000): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982000000100018.
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RESUMO - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar as herdabilidades e as correlações genéticas, fenotípicas e de ambiente para produção (T305), altura anterior (ALA) e posterior (ALP) do úbere, comprimento anterior (CAN) e posterior (CPO) das tetas, diâmetro anterior (DAN) e posterior (DPO) das tetas, forma anterior (FA) e posterior (FP) das tetas e forma de ponta de tetas anteriores (FA) e posteriores (FP), por intermédio de um modelo que incluiu os efeitos fixos de ano-estação, rebanho-avaliador, idade à mensuração e efeitos aleatórios de animal (2251 classes), permanente de meio (925 classes) e erro, pelo método de Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita. Produção de leite e características do sistema mamário foram analisadas usando 1804 registros. As estimativas de herdabilidade em análises uni e bivariada foram 0,26 para produção de leite, com variação de 0,09 (FA) a 0,47 (ALA e ALP) para as características do sistema mamário. As estimativas de correlações entre T305, ALA e ALP foram moderadas e negativas (-0,15 a -0,46) e menores (-0,28 a 0,23) para as demais características do úbere. A seleção para aumento da produção de leite levaria a desejáveis respostas correlacionadas em algumas características do sistema mamário, principalmente altura anterior e posterior do úbere (ALA e ALP).
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Boonmars, T., Z. Wu, I. Nagano, T. Nakada, and Y. Takahashi. "Differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis." Journal of Helminthology 78, no. 1 (March 2004): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2003203.
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AbstractThe nurse cell in the cyst of Trichinella spiralis comprises at least two kinds of cytoplasm, derived from muscle or satellite cells, as indicated by the pattern of staining using regular dye (haematoxylin and eosin, or toluidine blue), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, acid phosphatase (ACP) expression and immunostaining with an anti-intermediate filament protein (desmin or keratin). Muscle cells undergo basophilic changes following a T. spiralis infection and transform to the nurse cells, accompanied by an increase in ACP activity and the disappearance of desmin. Satellite cells are activated, transformed and joined to the nurse cells but remain eosinophilic. The eosinophilic cytoplasm is accompanied by an increase in desmin and ALP expression but not an increase in ACP activity. Differences in the staining results for ALP or ACP suggest that the two kinds of cytoplasm have different functions. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection results in an increase of ACP activity at a later stage than T. spiralis. There is also a difference in the location pattern of ACP in the cyst of T. spiralis compared with T. pseudospiralis. In T. spiralis, ACP is diffused within the cell, but in T. pseudospiralis, ACP distribution is spotty corresponding to the location of the nucleus. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection is accompanied by a slight increase in ALP activity. Activated satellite cells following a T. pseudospiralis infection exhibit an increase in desmin expression. The present study therefore reveals that nurse cell cytoplasm differs between the two Trichinella species and between the two origins of cytoplasm in the cyst of T. spiralis.
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Kapoor, Priyanka, Nitika Monga, Om Prakash Kharbanda, Sunil Kapila, Ragini Miglani, and Rajeswari Moganty. "Effect of orthodontic forces on levels of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): A systematic review." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 24, no. 2 (April 2019): 40.e1–40.e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.24.2.40.e1-22.onl.
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Abstract Objective: Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search. Results: Initial search identified 652 studies, shortlisted to 52 studies based on PRISMA. Quality assessment further led to final inclusion of 48 studies (13 moderately and 35 highly sensitive studies). Primary outcomes are significant upregulation in GCF levels of enzymes-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and down regulation in cathepsin B (Cb). Site specificity is shown by ALP, TRAP, AST, LDH, MMP9 with levels at compression site increasing earlier and in higher quantities compared with tension site. ALP levels are higher at tension site only in retention. A positive correlation of LDH, ALP and AST is also observed with increasing orthodontic force magnitude. Conclusions: A strong evidence of variation in enzymes (ALP, AST, ACP TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) in GCF is found in association with different magnitude, stages and sites of orthodontic force application.
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Berner, Robert L., and Christopher Hope. "Kruger's Alp." World Literature Today 60, no. 1 (1986): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40141392.
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Xia, Feng, Elijah Ndhlovu, Zhicheng Liu, Xiaoping Chen, Bixiang Zhang, and Peng Zhu. "Alpha-Fetoprotein+Alkaline Phosphatase (A-A) Score Can Predict the Prognosis of Patients with Ruptured Hepatocellular Carcinoma Underwent Hepatectomy." Disease Markers 2022 (April 21, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9934189.
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Background. This research is aimed at establishing a scoring system alpha-fetoprotein+alkaline phosphatase (A-A score) based on preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and to investigate its clinical significance in patients with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) after hepatectomy. Methods. 175 ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with hepatectomy were included. Survival analysis was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were analyzed in a multivariate model. Preoperative serum AFP and ALP values are assigned a score of 1 if they exceed the threshold value and 0 if they are below the threshold value, A-A score is obtained by summing the scores of two variables (AFP, ALP), and the predictive values of AFP, ALP, and A-A score were compared by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and subgroup analyses were performed to further evaluate the power of A-A scores. Results. Of the 175 patients, 67 (38.3%) had an A-A score of 0, 72 (41.1%) had an A-A score of 1, and 36 (20.6%) had an A-A score of 2. In multivariate analysis, the A-A score, the BCLC stage, and the extent of resection were independent predictors of OS in patients with rHCC. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and RFS in patients with an A-A score of 1 were better than those with an A-A score of 0 and worse than those with an A-A score of 1 (all p < 0.05 ). Based on the results of ROC analysis, the A-A score is superior to AFP or ALP alone in predicting the prognosis of patients with ruptured HCC. In subgroup analysis, A-A score could accurately predict the prognosis of patients with or without microvascular invasion (MVI) and with different Child-Pugh grades or gender. Conclusions. The A-A score can effectively predict the prognosis of patients after hepatectomy of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time, it also has good evaluation ability in different subgroups.
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Chen, Sheng-Yi, Jui-Hung Shien, and Hong Kean Ooi. "Serum Alpha-fetoprotein in Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 3 (2009): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978030477.
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To investigate the change in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and its correlation with liver enzymes in hepatitis caused by rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), 15-week-old rabbits were experimentally infected with a Taiwan field isolate of the virus. After RHDV inoculation, it was observed that serum AFP increased significantly (p = 0.0082) together with significant elevation in serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Rabbits that died tended to have high AFP values prior to death, the mean value being 4.22 ± 1.61 ng/ml (n = 6). By correlation analysis, AFP significantly correlated more strongly to ALP than γ-GT, but non-significantly with AST and ALT. This is the first report of serum AFP elevation being associated with RHDV infection. Thus, measurement of serum AFP might be a useful complementary index for RHDV infectivity and prognosis.
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Miura, Masakazu, Yoshikatsu Sakagishi, Keishi Hata, and Tsugikazu Komoda. "Differences between the Sugar Moieties of Liver- and Bone-Type Alkaline Phosphatases: A Re-Evaluation." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 1994): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329403100104.
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We re-evaluated the differences between the sugar moieties of liver and bone alkaline phosphatases (ALPs). Sialic acid was added to ALP sugar moieties by α2,3- or 2,6-sialyltransferase treatment of the asialo-form ALP (neuraminidase-treated ALP). Asialo-bone ALP was converted to a liver-like ALP by the 2,6-sialyltransferase treatment. The resulting liver-like ALP was less susceptible to neuraminidase than non-treated bone ALP, but was still labile to heat exposure at 56°C like non-treated bone ALP. However, after the O-linked sugar moiety had been released by additional treatment with O-glycanase the liver-like ALP became more heat stable at 56°C, like non-treated liver ALP. Non-treated liver ALP reacted specifically with anti-liver ALP monoclonal antibody, and non-treated bone ALP reacted with both anti-liver and anti-bone ALP antibodies. The asialo-bone ALP still reacted with anti-bone ALP antibody, whereas the asialo-form liver ALP showed little, if any, reaction with anti-liver and anti-bone ALP antibodies. Neuraminidase and O-glycanase-treated bone ALP reacted less with anti-bone ALP antibody. After O-glycanase treatment, bone ALP molecules deprived of an O-linked sugar moiety had a molecular size and heat stability similar to liver ALP. The difference between liver and bone ALP molecules may be due not only to their manner of sialic acid linkage but also to the attachment of the O-linked sugar moiety.
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Baeeri, Maryam, Marjan Shariatpanahi, Amir Baghaei, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Hamidreza Mohammadi, Azadeh Mohammadirad, Shokoufeh Hassani, et al. "On the benefit of magnetic magnesium nanocarrier in cardiovascular toxicity of aluminum phosphide." Toxicology and Industrial Health 29, no. 2 (November 10, 2011): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233711425074.
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The present study was designed to determine the effect of a new 25Mg2+-carrying nanoparticle (25MgPMC16) on energy depletion, oxidative stress, and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters on heart tissue of the rats poisoned by aluminum phosphide (AlP). 25MgPMC16 at doses of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 median lethal dose (LD50 = 896 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (iv) 30 min after a single intragastric administration of AlP (0.25 LD50). Sodium bicarbonate (Bicarb; 2 mEq/kg, iv) was used as the standard therapy. After anesthesia, the animals were rapidly connected to an electronic cardiovascular monitoring device for monitoring of ECG, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). Later lipid peroxidation, antioxidant power, ATP/ADP ratio, and Mg concentration in the heart were evaluated. Results indicated that after AlP administration, BP and HR decreased while R-R duration increased. 25MgPMC16 significantly increased the BP and HR at all doses used. We found a considerable increase in antioxidant power, Mg level in the plasma and the heart and a reduction in lipid peroxidation and ADP/ATP ratio at various doses of 25MgPMC16, but 25MgPMC16-0.025 + Bicarb was the most effective combination therapy. The results of this study support that 25MgPMC16 can increase heart energy by active transport of Mg inside the cardiac cells.25MgPMC16 seems ameliorating AlP-induced toxicity and cardiac failure necessitating further studies.
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K. K, Kalpana Devi, and Prakash Sahaya leon J. "Toxic Effect Of Cypermethrin On Enzymes In Freshwater Fish Oreochromis Mossambicus (Tilapia)." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 11, no. 6 (December 2, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.6.l137-143.
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In agriculture, excessive use of various pesticides had increased in developing countries. These pesticides may be highly toxic, not only to aquatic organisms like fishes but also to humans. In recent years, synthetic pyrethroids were developed for major uses in various agriculture practices and public health purposes. We aim to find the toxic Effect of Cypermethrin on Freshwater Fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). The fish Oreochromis mossambicus were exposed for 30 days to various sub lethal concentrations (1/10, 1/20, and 1/30) of cypermethrin. After completion of a 30 days exposure, the fish Oreochromis mossambicus was sacrificed and tissue samples of muscle, liver, and kidney were analyzed. Decreased value of ALP, ACP, and Increased value of AST, ALT was observed in all the sub lethal exposure of cypermethrin on treated freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus at 30 days on comparing with the control group. High variation of AST and ALT were observed in the liver at 1/10th concentration of cypermethrin and elevated variation of ALP and ACP was observed in the liver at 1/10th concentration of sub lethal level for 30 days exposure. While comparing with the control group, the effects of cypermethrin on experimental fish showed increased levels of AST, ALT in the tissues of muscle, liver, and kidney of O. mossambicus, and the level of ACP and ALP were found in a decreased manner. Increased levels of ALT and AST activity observed in freshwater fishes may be due to the reduction of metabolic activity and concentration of ACP and ALP in various tissues due to cellular necrosis. In the present study, we found that the effect of cypermethrin alters the activity of various enzymes in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. It is concluded from this study that exposure to cypermethrin affects the enzyme activities of fish.
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Avdeev, O., R. Drevnitska, N. Gevkaliuk, Yu Bandrivsky, and A. Boykiv. "Changes in the activity of phosphatases, calcium and phosphorus in rats with the different courses of gingivitis under correction by anti-inflammatory gel." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 94, no. 5 (December 8, 2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj94.05.059.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases, calcium and phosphorus levels in rats with different courses of experimental gingivitis upon treatment with anti-inflammatory gel with Neovitin and peptide complexes. The experiment was conducted on 100 white nonlinear male rats aged 5-6 months divided into 10 groups: 1 control and 9 – with different courseі of gingivitis. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase (ALP, ACP), the levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in rat blood serum and gingiva supernatant were determined. It was found that upon gingivitis, the activity of ALP in blood serum decreased and in gingiva supernatant increased in all groups of animals compared to the control group. The activity of ACP in the serum decreased in hypoergic and hyperergic animal groups and increased in normergia, and in gingiva supernatant increased in all groups: by 2 times in normoergic and hypoergic animals and by 1.4 times in hyperergic. The treatment with anti-inflammatory gel normalized the activity of ALP in both serum and supernatant and decreased the ACP activity in the serum of animals in hypo- and hyperergic groups. The content of serum Ca increased in all groups, and in the supernatant of the gingiva even exceeded the control value. The content of phosphorus in the supernatant of periodontal tissues decreased. The development of the inflammatory process in the periodontium of rats with gingivitis was accompanied by changes in the activity of ACP, ALP, the content of Ca and P in the blood serum and gingival supernatant. The treatment with gel containing neovitin and peptide complexes had a more pronounced therapeutic effect in rats with unchanged reactivity of the organism. Keywords: acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, anti-inflammatory gel, calcium and phosphorus levels, gingivitis
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Hu, Xuemei, Chaoqun Sun, Ying Shi, Yijuan Long, and Huzhi Zheng. "Colorimetric sensing of alkaline phosphatase and α-fetoprotein based on the photoinduced oxidase activity of fluorescein." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 11 (2019): 4525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj06427j.
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Chicco, Davide, and Luca Oneto. "Computational intelligence identifies alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and hemoglobin levels as most predictive survival factors for hepatocellular carcinoma." Health Informatics Journal 27, no. 1 (January 2021): 146045822098420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458220984205.
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Liver cancer kills approximately 800 thousand people annually worldwide, and its most common subtype is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which usually affects people with cirrhosis. Predicting survival of patients with HCC remains an important challenge, especially because technologies needed for this scope are not available in all hospitals. In this context, machine learning applied to medical records can be a fast, low-cost tool to predict survival and detect the most predictive features from health records. In this study, we analyzed medical data of 165 patients with HCC: we employed computational intelligence to predict their survival, and to detect the most relevant clinical factors able to discriminate survived from deceased cases. Afterwards, we compared our data mining results with those obtained through statistical tests and scientific literature findings. Our analysis revealed that blood levels of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and hemoglobin are the most effective prognostic factors in this dataset. We found literature supporting association of these three factors with hepatoma, even though only AFP has been used in a prognostic index. Our results suggest that ALP and hemoglobin can be candidates for future HCC prognostic indexes, and that physicians could focus on ALP, AFP, and hemoglobin when studying HCC records.
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Llorente-Pelayo, Sandra, Pablo Docio, Bernardo A. Lavín-Gómez, María T. García-Unzueta, Isabel de las Cuevas, Luis de la Rubia, María J. Cabero-Pérez, and Domingo González-Lamuño. "Modified Serum ALP Values and Timing of Apparition of Knee Epiphyseal Ossification Centers in Preterm Infants with Cholestasis and Risk of Concomitant Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123854.
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The usefulness of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphorous in screening and monitoring of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) still has some limitations, especially in preterm infants with concomitant conditions such as cholestasis. We aimed to assess a modification of serum ALP (M-ALP) as a biomarker for MBDP in preterm infants, and the use of ultrasound monitoring for the apparition of knee ossification centers as marker of bone mineralization. Biochemical and clinical registers were taken from 94 preterm newborns <32 weeks. A significant correlation existed between serum ALP and direct bilirubin (DB), expressed by the regression equation: M-ALP (IU/L) = 302.1 + 96.9 (DB (mg/dL)). The ratio ALP/M-ALP > 1 was demonstrated to be more specific (87.5%) in the diagnosis of MBDP than the cut-off value of serum ALP > 500 IU/L (62.5%). ALP/M-ALP > 1 showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of MBDP, and a good correlation with specific bone ALP (B-ALP). Patients with the knee nucleus by post-menstrual week 37 had lower B-ALP compared to patients with no nucleus, and no patients with MBDP presented the nucleus by the 40th week. In the absence of reliable specific B-ALP, reinterpreting serum ALP values by M-ALP plus monitoring of knee ossification centers contribute to better management of MBDP in preterm infants with cholestasis.
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Farley, J. R., S. L. Hall, S. Herring, C. Libanati, and J. E. Wergedal. "Reference standards for quantification of skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in serum by heat inactivation and lectin precipitation." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.9.1878.
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Abstract Putative standards of skeletal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (from bone, bone cells, osteosarcoma cells, and Pagetic serum) and hepatic ALP (from cholestatic serum and bile) were used to compare three methods for quantifying skeletal ALP activity in serum: heat inactivation, precipitation with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and precipitation with concanavalin A (Con A). All the skeletal ALP standards were similarly sensitive to heat inactivation, as were the hepatic ALP standards. Heat inactivation separated skeletal from hepatic ALP by a 50% difference in remaining ALP activities (e.g., 23% and 74% remaining skeletal and hepatic ALP activities after 30 min at 52 degrees C). Differential precipitations with WGA and with Con A were less efficient at separating skeletal from hepatic ALP (maximum differences of < 30% remaining ALP activity). Although both types of hepatic ALP standard (cholestatic serum and bile) were precipitated with similar efficiencies by WGA and Con A, the skeletal ALP standards were not (e.g., at 2.7 g/L, WGA precipitated 78-86% of the ALP activity in Pagetic serum, but only 49% of the ALP activity in extracts of human bone). These data suggest that heat inactivation is preferable to precipitation with WGA or Con A for quantifying skeletal ALP activity in serum: it better separates skeletal from hepatic ALP activity and is not sensitive to glycosyl heterogeneity.
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Zeki, İzzetullah. "ALP TEGİNÎDS Reign." Hikmet Dernegi 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48117/diwan.2022.17.
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KONUKÇU, ENVER. "KONUR ALP İLİ." Türkiyat Mecmuası 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18345/tm.05196.
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Feng, Gaoke, Chaoshi Qin, Fei Sha, Yongnan Lyu, Jinggang Xia, and Xuejun Jiang. "Evaluation of Inflammatory and Calcification after Implantation of Bioabsorbable Poly-L-Lactic Acid/Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in Porcine Coronary Arteries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (January 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6652648.
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Purpose. Our previous research has confirmed that the addition of nano-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) materials can improve the support of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) vascular scaffolds. Based on this, we continued to explore the effect of novel bioresorbable scaffold composed of PLLA and ACP nanoparticles on inflammation and calcification of surrounding tissues after scaffold implantation in porcine coronary artery. Methods. PLLA/ACP scaffolds in the experimental group and PLLA scaffolds in the control group were implanted into the coronary arteries of small pigs. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), calcium (Ca), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured before implantation and at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after operation. Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) was performed to evaluate the vascular calcification score. The scaffold and surrounding tissues were hematoxylin-eosin staining for inflammation score. The scaffold and surrounding tissues were stained with NF-κB and ALP, and the positive expression index was calculated. Western blot was used to detect the expression of IL-6 and BMP-2 in the tissues around the scaffold. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in CRP, calcium, and ALP at preimplant, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months ( P > 0.05 ). The inflammation score, NF-κB positive expression index, and calcification score in the PLLA/ACP group were lower than that in the PLLA group at 12 months and 24 months ( P < 0 05 ). The ALP positive expression index in the PLLA/ACP group was lower than that in the PLLA group at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months ( P < 0 05 ). Western blot results showed that the IL-6 expression level in the PLLA/ACP group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months ( P < 0.05 ). The expression of BMP-2 in the PLLA/ACP group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12 months and 24 months ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The PLLA/ACP composite scaffold has good biocompatibility. The incorporation of nanoscale ACP can reduce the inflammatory response caused by the acid metabolites of PLLA scaffolds, reduce the expression of procalcification factors in the body, and inhibit tissue calcification. The PLLA/ACP composite scaffold provides reliable guidance for the application and development of degradable vascular scaffold.
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Han, Hsiao-Fen, and Mary C. Beckerle. "The ALP-Enigma Protein ALP-1 Functions in Actin Filament Organization to Promote Muscle Structural Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 9 (May 2009): 2361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-06-0584.
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Mutations that affect the Z-disk–associated ALP-Enigma proteins have been linked to human muscular and cardiac diseases. Despite their clear physiological significance for human health, the mechanism of action of ALP-Enigma proteins is largely unknown. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the ALP-Enigma protein family is encoded by a single gene, alp-1; thus C. elegans provides an excellent model to study ALP-Enigma function. Here we present a molecular and genetic analysis of ALP-Enigma function in C. elegans. We show that ALP-1 and α-actinin colocalize at dense bodies where actin filaments are anchored and that the proper localization of ALP-1 at dense bodies is dependent on α-actinin. Our analysis of alp-1 mutants demonstrates that ALP-1 functions to maintain actin filament organization and participates in muscle stabilization during contraction. Reducing α-actinin activity enhances the actin filament phenotype of the alp-1 mutants, suggesting that ALP-1 and α-actinin function in the same cellular process. Like α-actinin, alp-1 also interacts genetically with a connectin/titin family member, ketn-1, to provide mechanical stability for supporting body wall muscle contraction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ALP-1 and α-actinin function together to stabilize actin filaments and promote muscle structural integrity.
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Farley, J. R., E. Kyeyune-Nyombi, N. M. Tarbaux, S. L. Hall, and D. D. Strong. "Alkaline phosphatase activity from human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2: an isoenzyme standard for quantifying skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in serum." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.2.223.
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Abstract Earlier we described a kinetic assay for quantifying skeletal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme activity in serum. The precision of the assay depends on including ALP standards for the skeletal, hepatic, intestinal, and placental isoenzymes. We wondered whether human osteosarcoma cells could provide an efficient alternative to human bone or Pagetic serum as a source of the skeletal ALP standard. ALP activities prepared from five human osteosarcoma cell lines were compared with a bone-derived ALP standard with respect to heat stability and sensitivity to chemical effectors. Two of the cell lines (SaOS-2 and TE-85) contained ALP activities that resembled the bone-derived standard. We selected SaOS-2 cells for additional evaluation (as a potential source of isoenzyme standard), because they contained 40-50 times more ALP activity than did the TE-85 cells. To include the SaOS-2 cell-derived ALP activity in the quantitative isoenzyme assay, we diluted the enzyme in a solution containing heat-inactivated (i.e., ALP-negative) human serum. Surprisingly, this dilution caused a 60-125% increase in maximum enzyme activity. In the quantitative assay of ALP isoenzyme in serum, the SaOS-2 derived ALP was indistinguishable from the serum skeletal ALP standard, with respect to the above criteria and assay variations. Evidently ALP from SaOS-2 cells is suited as a standard for measuring skeletal ALP activity in this assay.
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Nurmala, Nurmala, Fetri Lestari, and Ratu Choesrina. "POTENSI EKSTRAK BUAH KECIPIR (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) SEBAGAI ANTIOSTEOPOROSIS DENGAN PARAMETER PENINGKATAN ALKALIN FOSFATASE PADA TIKUS WISTAR BETINA YANG DIINDUKSI DEKSAMETASON." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v1i1.3082.
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Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) merupakan tanaman polong-polongan (Fabaceae) yang mengandung fitoestrogen, berperan dalam mencegah kehilangan massa tulang akibat defisiensi estrogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak etanol buah kecipir sebagai antiosteoporosis berdasarkan kadar ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) plasma pada tikus yang diinduksi deksametason. Tikus dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kontrol positif, kontrol negatif dan kelompok uji (ekstrak dosis 500 mg/kg BB). Kelompok kontrol positif dan kelompok uji diberi induksi deksametason 0,1 mg/kg BB. Pemberian induksi dilakukan selama 29 hari, dan pemberian sediaan uji untuk kelompok uji dilakukan selama 18 hari. Pengukuran kadar ALP dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali yaitu ALP awal, ALP pascainduksi dan ALP pascaterapi. Keberhasilan induksi osteoporosis ditandai dengan adanya penurunan kadar ALP pascainduksi dibandingkan kadar ALP awal. Keberhasilan terapi ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan kadar ALP pascaterapi dibandingkan kadar ALP pascainduksi. Berdasarkan adanya peningkatan kadar ALP plasma pascaterapi pada kelompok uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol buah kecipir dosis 500 mg/kg BB berpotensi sebagai antiosteoporosis.Kata Kunci: buah kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), antiosteoporosis, ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), fitoestrogen.
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Van Hoof, V. O., M. Martin, P. Blockx, A. Prove, A. Van Oosterom, M. M. Couttenye, M. E. De Broe, and L. G. Lepoutre. "Immunoradiometric method and electrophoretic system compared for quantifying bone alkaline phosphatase in serum." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.6.853.
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Abstract Agarose electrophoresis (Isopal, Beckman) and an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) involving specific monoclonal antibodies (Ostase, Hybritech), two methods for the quantification of serum bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1), a marker of osteoblastic activity, were compared in 293 patients: 79 with end-stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis and 214 with malignant disease. Overall correlation between the two methods was good (r = 0.92), except (a) for low values of bone ALP and (b) in some samples with high total liver ALP activity--both due to considerable cross-reactivity of the anti-bone ALP antibodies of the Ostase kit with liver ALP. This interference was not constant and was not evenly distributed across all concentrations of bone ALP. Low bone ALP determined with the IRMA (< or = 5 micrograms/L) was confirmed by electrophoresis (< or = 21 U/L), but bone ALP activity determined by electrophoresis to be low (< or = 21 U/L) was not correlated with the IRMA results. After standardizing our results by computing z-values for bone ALP, delta z (= zOstase - zIsopal) was significantly correlated with liver ALP activity (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). We conclude that the IRMA for quantifying bone ALP is acceptable as a screening method. However, when high values for bone ALP are found with the Ostase method, confirmation by electrophoresis remains mandatory to rule out cross-reactivity with high amounts of liver ALP. For detecting low bone ALP activities, electrophoresis remains the method of choice.
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Broyles, Dennis L., Randall G. Nielsen, Elizabeth M. Bussett, W. Douglas Lu, Isaac A. Mizrahi, Patricia A. Nunnelly, Tram A. Ngo, Julia Noell, Robert H. Christenson, and Barry C. Kress. "Analytical and clinical performance characteristics of Tandem-MP Ostase, a new immunoassay for serum bone alkaline phosphatase." Clinical Chemistry 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 2139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.10.2139.
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Abstract The performance characteristics of the Tandem®-MP Ostase® assay, a new microplate immunoassay for bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) in human sera, are described. Bone ALP is bound to streptavidin-coated microwells by a single biotinylated anti-bone ALP monoclonal antibody. Antigen is detected by the addition of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The assay is performed at room temperature in <90 min. Imprecision was 2.3–6.1% with a detection limit of 0.6 μg/L. Method comparison of bone ALP measurements with the Tandem-MP Ostase assay and the mass-based Tandem-R Ostase assay (n = 285) indicated regression statistics of Tandem-MP Ostase = 1.03 Tandem-R Ostase + 0.22 μg/L, Sy‖x = 4.0 μg/L, r = 0.97. Serum bone ALP values in apparently healthy men and in pre- and postmenopausal women were also similar between the two Ostase assay formats. Liver ALP reactivity determined using the slope and heat inactivation methods was similar in both Ostase assays. Liver ALP reactivity ranged from 3 μg/L (heat inactivation) to 6 μg/L (slope method) per 100 U/L of liver ALP activity, whereas bone ALP reactivity was 37 μg/L per 100 U/L of bone ALP activity, indicating a liver ALP relative reactivity of 8.1–16.2%. Similar results were obtained with the Alkphase-B bone ALP immunoassay. The Tandem-MP Ostase bone ALP assay demonstrated increased concentrations of serum bone ALP in conditions where bone metabolism is increased and showed a rapid, temporal decrease in serum bone ALP in Paget disease patients on bisphosphonate therapy. In conclusion, the Tandem-MP Ostase assay for serum bone ALP is a rapid, simple, robust nonisotopic alternative to the Tandem-R Ostase immunoradiometric assay that provides an accurate and sensitive assessment of bone turnover.
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Van Hoof, V. O., A. T. Van Oosterom, L. G. Lepoutre, and M. E. De Broe. "Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzyme Patterns in Malignant Disease." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.12.2546.
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Abstract Early treatment of patients with malignant disease and liver or bone metastasis may increase their survival time. We have used the activity patterns of liver and bone isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, to detect early metastasis. We studied ALP isoenzyme patterns in a background population of 101 patients with no evidence of any disease that might influence this pattern; a healthy reference population (n = 330); and the following three groups of patients: 143 with malignant disease, 47 with nonmalignant liver disease, and 22 with nonmalignant bone disease. Cutoff and predictive values of liver ALP, high-molecular-mass (high-M(r)) ALP, and bone ALP were established for detecting liver and bone metastasis. The positive predictive value of liver and high-M(r) ALP was higher than that of total ALP in detecting liver metastasis, but liver and high-M(r) ALP did not enable us to differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant liver disease. Total ALP activity was of slightly more value than liver and high-M(r) ALP in enabling us to rule out liver metastasis. From bone ALP activity we could not distinguish between nonmalignant bone disease and bone metastasis. The negative predictive value of bone ALP in the diagnosis of bone metastasis was low, but its positive predictive value was high and superior to that of total ALP.
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Van Hoof, V. O., L. G. Lepoutre, M. F. Hoylaerts, R. Chevigné, and M. E. De Broe. "Improved agarose electrophoretic method for separating alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.9.1853.
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Abstract A modified agarose electrophoretic system for the separation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzymes is described. Bone, liver, high-molecular-mass, and intestinal ALP are separated with high reproducibility. The sensitivity of the agarose system is superior to cellulose acetate in detecting high-Mr ALP. Correlation is good between bone ALP fractions scanned before and after treatment with neuraminidase. Immunoglobulin-bound ALPs, the ALP-lipoprotein-X complex, and the additional ALP fraction observed in transient hyperphosphatasemia in children are detected by their peculiar electrophoretic mobility in the proposed system. Approximately 25% of the samples contained an additional fraction of intestinal-type ALP, as evidenced by neuraminidase treatment and use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Because the electrophoretic mobilities of this "intestinal variant" and of some immunoglobulin-bound ALP fractions are identical to those of bone and intestinal ALP, respectively, treatment of the samples with a polyclonal antibody that reacts with intestinal ALP is advised.
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Griffiths, W. C., P. D. Camara, M. Rosner, R. Lev, and E. M. Brooks. "Prevalence and Properties of the Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Identified in Serum by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.4.507.
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Abstract We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) identified in human serum by cellulose acetate electrophoresis in 8% of fasting serum samples from hospital patients (n = 500) and in 35% of fasting serum samples from patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 106; not differentiated between types 1 and 2). The intestinal ALP electrophoretic band was usually heterogeneous and contained two major subtypes of ALP. Isoelectric focusing of intestinal-ALP-positive serum treated with levamisole and neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) revealed two distinct regions of enzymatic activity that comigrated with ALP extracted from small intestinal and colonic mucosa. Anodic intestinal ALP was resistant to treatment with levamisole and neuraminidase and comigrated with ALP from small intestinal mucosa. The more-cathodic intestinal ALP, which comigrated with ALP from colonic mucosa, was completely inhibited by levamisole and converted by neuraminidase to a species with a more basic pI than that of neuraminidase-digested tissue-nonspecific form. This component of intestinal ALP may be of vascular origin.
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Ramasamy, I. "Persistent Increase in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in a Patient with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undefined Significance." Case Reports in Hematology 2020 (January 31, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406971.
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We report the finding of alkaline phosphatase-immunoglobulin complex (macro-alkaline phosphatase (macro-ALP)) in a patient with persistently increased ALP activity. The identification of macro-ALP is important to rule out pathological causes of increased ALP activity and to avoid unnecessary diagnostic investigation. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency, gallstone pancreatitis, and monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance (MGUS). Macro-ALP can coexist with disease that can increase serum ALP activity. We report, for the first time, a case of macro-ALP in a patient with a monoclonal protein (M-protein).
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Singha, Dhrubajyoti, Md Fahad Jubayer, Kumkum Devnath, Delara Akhter, Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan, Md Towhidur Rahman, and Md Anisur Rahman Mazumder. "Nutritional, Textural, and Sensory Quality of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel Powder Fortified Plain Cake." J 4, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 430–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4030033.
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Aloe Vera leaves have great potential as an economic supplement with an adequate nutritional profile. The current study aimed to fortify plain (loaf) cakes with Aloe Vera leaf gel (AVG) powder. AVG was freeze-dried to produce Aloe Vera powder (ALP), and four plain (loaf) cakes were prepared with different proportions of ALP (0, 4, 6, and 8%). ALP contained significantly (p < 0.05) more protein (22.23 vs. 12.24), ash (19.83 vs. 0.64), and iron (175 vs. 3.05) than refined wheat flour (RWF). Along with total polyphenols and total flavonoids, ALP demonstrated good antioxidant activity. ALP-cakes and RWF-cakes were also evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties. The addition of 6 and 8% ALP to the formulation increased total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in plain (loaf) cakes. Hardness and chewiness increased in ALP-cakes but decreased in RWF-cakes, while cohesiveness and springiness decreased in ALP-cakes. In conclusion, the best formulation was a 4% ALP incorporated cake, and ALP can be supplemented in plain cakes at a rate of up to 8% to improve nutrient value. This is the first study to evaluate the quality characteristics of fortified plain (loaf) cakes using ALP.
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Hanna, Atef N., W. James Waldman, John A. Lott, Stephen C. Koesters, Anna M. Hughes, and David J. Thornton. "Increased alkaline phosphatase isoforms in autoimmune diseases." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1357.
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Abstract We found significant increases in ALP and ALP isoform band 10 in the serum of patients with early insulin-dependent diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and in those with multiple sclerosis during periods of disease exacerbation as compared with healthy controls. The ALP isoforms were assayed by isoelectric focusing. Our data suggest that the increase in ALP and ALP-10 closely reflects the abnormal activation of T lymphocytes that is common in autoimmune diseases, and that the source of the ALP-10 is activated T lymphocytes. ALP-10 is a sensitive but nonspecific marker of an active autoimmune process and appears to have the ability to detect abnormal T-cell activation. ALP-10 may be a useful test in the screening for autoimmune disorders.
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Withold, W., U. Schulte, and H. Reinauer. "Method for determination of bone alkaline phosphatase activity: analytical performance and clinical usefulness in patients with metabolic and malignant bone diseases." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.2.210.
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Abstract We report the performance characteristics of an assay for determination of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after immunoadsorption in microplate wells. Between-run imprecision was between 7.1% and 11.2%. The detection limit was 1.0 U/L. Comparisons with an immunoradiometric test for determination of bone ALP mass concentrations yielded the following regression equation: y = 3.11 + 1.33x with y, the bone ALP activity concentration (U/L) (and x, the bone ALP mass concentration microgram/L) (r +=0.974, n = 103). Using sera from patients with liver diseases and sera from patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism yielded a cross-reactivity of 20% for circulating liver ALP (and its membrane-bound isoform). In patients receiving renal transplants, Z-score analysis revealed that after transplantation the increase in bone ALP activity is more pronounced than total ALP activity. In tumor patients, receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed that bone ALP activity shows the same diagnostic efficacy as total ALP activity in the detection of bone metastases (as assessed by bone scintigraphy). In multiple myeloma patients, suppressed osteoblast activity was well detectable by bone ALP activity determination.
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Valenzuela, G. J., L. A. Munson, N. M. Tarbaux, and J. R. Farley. "Time-dependent changes in bone, placental, intestinal, and hepatic alkaline phosphatase activities in serum during human pregnancy." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.10.1801.
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Abstract To measure changes in bone alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity in serum as a function of duration of pregnancy, we adapted our existing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme assay (which has been used to measure bone, hepatic, and intestinal ALP activities in serum, in the absence of placental ALP) to allow quantification of individual ALP isoenzyme activities in the presence of placental ALP. The resulting CV for repeat measurements of bone ALP activity in artificial isoenzyme mixtures ranged from 23% for samples in which the bone isoenzyme represented 7% of total ALP activity to 11% for samples in which bone ALP accounted for 48% of total ALP activity. Values for repeat determinations of bone ALP activity in human serum samples (i.e., including samples obtained from pregnant women and from nonpregnant controls) varied by an average of 18%. We find, in initial applications of this method, that (a) the amount of bone ALP activity in serum is increased during pregnancy (P less than .001), and remains increased at six weeks postpartum, in non-lactating women (P less than .001), and (b) bone ALP activity at term was not significantly different in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, or premature labor, compared with normal pregnancies at term. Our data support the hypothesis that maternal bone formation may be increased during pregnancy.
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Ohno, I., S. Mitsunaga, K. Nakachi, S. Shimizu, H. Takahashi, H. Okuyama, Y. Kojima, A. Ochiai, T. Okusaka, and M. Ikeda. "Clinical significance of serum alkaline phosphatase level in advanced pancreatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2011): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.183.
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183 Background: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that is elevated by various hepatobiliary diseases. Generally its elevation is thought to indicate bile stasis. There are some reports that show ALP is an important prognostic factor for several cancers such as colon, lung, and gastric cancer. Often it is speculated that ALP elevation indicates bile stasis caused by liver metastasis. However, the significance of ALP elevation in advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) patients is not well evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of elevated serum ALP as a prognostic factor in patients with APC even without jaundice and liver metastasis. Methods: Serum ALP levels were measured in 393 patients with APC receiving gemcitabine monotherapy before treatment, and according to those levels, patients were subgrouped (ALP<upper normal limit (UNL), UNL-500 U/L, 501-700 U/L, 701-1000 U/L, 1000U/L < ALP). The clinical data of each group were analyzed to see characteristics of elevated ALP patients. The relationship between ALP level and survival, response were also examined. Results: The elevated ALP group included poor performance status (PS>1) patients (41.3%, p=0.001), and associated with low serum albumin (3.31±0.38, p<0.01). The elevated ALP group (median survival time (MST) 112 days) showed significantly worse prognosis and lower disease control rate compared to the normal ALP group (MST 217days) (p<0.001, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed ALP (p<0.001), CRP (p<0.001), ascites (p<0.001), distant metastasis (p=0.003), white blood cell count (p=0.005), PS (p=0.020), AST (p=0.020), and ALT (p=0.020) were independent prognostic factors. Similar results were seen in liver metastasis free patients without jaundice. Conclusions: Elevated serum ALP level correlated with poor performance status and low serum albumin. ALP was also the independent prognostic factor in liver metastasis free APC patients without jaundice. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Kojima, Satoko, Hiroshi Masuda, Takahito Suyama, Kyokushin Hou, Kousuke Mikami, Kazuhiro Araki, and Yukio Naya. "High Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Flare after First-Line Androgen Deprivation Therapy Predicts Poor Prognosis in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Second-Generation Androgen Receptor Targeted Therapy." Prostate Cancer 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5574067.
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Objectives. To determine whether an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) flare after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with the treatment response in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and predicts the prognosis of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Methods. One hundred and nineteen patients diagnosed with metastatic PCa between 2008 and 2017 were retrospectively studied. The ALP flare ratio was calculated as the ratio of ALP levels 1 month after beginning ADT to ALP levels at diagnosis. The association of the ALP flare ratio with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to CRPC treatment (second-generation androgen receptor targeted therapy (ART) or docetaxel), time to CRPC, and overall survival (OS) were investigated. Results. The time to CRPC and OS was significantly longer in patients with an ALP flare ratio less than 1.33 compared to a ratio more than 1.33. No difference in PSA response was seen regarding the ALP flare ratio in both ART and docetaxel treatment. Second-generation ART-treated patients with a low ALP flare ratio showed longer OS than those with a higher ALP flare ratio ( p = 0.0367 ). However, no difference was seen between a high and low ALP flare ratio ( p = 0.8054 ) in docetaxel-treated patients. The ALP flare ratio was the most significant prognostic factor for OS ( p < 0.0001 ). Conclusions. A higher ALP flare ratio after first-line ADT was a significant prognostic factor in metastatic PCa, especially in patients treated with second-generation ART for CRPC. Chemotherapy for patients with a higher ALP flare ratio 1 month after induction of ADT may be a clinically relevant decision.
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Mestieri, Leticia Boldrin, Fabrício Mezzomo Collares, Ivana Maria Zaccara, Maria Stella Nunes Araujo Moreira, Patrícia Maria Polli Kopper, Vicente Castello Branco Leitune, and Fabiana Soares Grecca. "Biological Properties of Experimental Methacrylate-Based Sealers Containing Calcium Phosphates." Brazilian Dental Journal 32, no. 1 (February 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202103761.
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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the biocompatibility of experimental methacrylate-based endodontic sealers containing α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) or nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAp). Experimental methacrylate-based dual-cure sealers with the addition of α-TCP or HAp, at 10%wt were formulated and compared to AH Plus (AHP). Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and sulforhodamine B (SRB). Sealers were implanted in rats’ subcutaneous tissue and histologically evaluated. Bioactivity was assessed by alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (ALP) and Alizarin Red (AR), using apical papillary cells (SCAPs), and by the bone deposition measured in surgical cavities on rats’ femur filled with AH Plus or α-TCP. In both viability assays, HAp and AHP sealers were similar, and α-TCP presented lower viability compared to the others at MTT assay (p<0.05). A gradual decrease of the inflammatory response according to the periods was observed and AHP was the only that presented giant cells (7-day period). Collagen fibers condensation increased according to the periods, with no differences among sealers. There was an increase at ALP activity and mineralized nodules deposition according to periods. HAp and α-TCP presented higher values for ALP activity at 5 days and at 5, 10, and 15 days for AR and were different from AHP (p<0.05). α-TCP presented superior values at 10 and 15 days compared to HAp and AHP for AR (p<0.05). At 90 days, α-TCP and control (empty cavity) showed high bone deposition compared to AHP (p<0.05). α-TCP and HAp, in a methacrylate-based sealer, presented biocompatibility and bioactivity, with the potential to be used as endodontic sealers in clinical practice. Further investigations are required to gain information on the physicochemical properties of these sealers formulation before its clinical implementation.
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Ahmadi, Jafar, Siyavash Joukar, Hussein Anani, and Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri. "Dihydroxyacetone as a definitive treatment for aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3106.
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AbstractAluminium phosphide (AlP), a very toxic pesticide also known as the rice tablet, releases phosphine gas upon contact with water, moisture, or gastric acid. Its mortality rate in humans is 70-100 % due to cardiogenic shock and refractory hypotension. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple ketonic carbohydrate, mainly used for sunless skin tanning. It also plays a beneficial role in the treatment of hypotension and cardiogenic shock by restoring blood volume and cellular respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the its effect on the haemodynamics and electrocardiogram (ECG) in male rats poisoned with AlP. The animals were divided into the following groups: control (received 1 mL corn oil, orally), AlP (received 15 mg kg−1 AlP solved in corn oil, orally), AlP plus DHA (treated with 50 mg kg−1 of DHA 30 min after receiving AlP), and AlP plus N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (treated with 200 mg kg−1 of NAC 30 min after receiving AlP). The animals were then anaesthetised and ECG, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded for 120 min. Treatment with AlP alone and in combination with NAC was associated with progressive hypotension, tachycardia, and ECG disturbances in rats, resulting in 100 % mortality 3 h after poisoning. However, DHA achieved 100 % survival in the poisoned rats and prevented AlP-induced ECG and haemodynamic abnormalities. The main mechanism of DHA in the treatment of AlP poisoning is unclear, but the findings suggest the promising therapeutic potential of DHA against AlP poisoning.
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Lum, G., C. Marquardt, and S. F. Khuri. "Hypomagnesemia and low alkaline phosphatase activity in patients' serum after cardiac surgery." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.664.
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Abstract Significant decreases in magnesium (Mg) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) activity in serum were seen in patients after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (Group 1), as compared with non-cardiac-surgery patients after general anesthesia (Group 2) or only spinal anesthesia (Group 3). Mean changes for Mg and ALP by the first postoperative day, compared with pre-operative baseline values, were as follows: Group 1: Mg -7.5 mg/L (-38.3%), ALP -46U/L (-48.4%); Group 2: Mg -3.3 mg/L (-17.4%), ALP -17 U/L (-16.5%); and Group 3: Mg -1.9 mg/L (-10.0%), ALP -15 U/L (-14.0%). The decreases in Mg and ALP observed in post-cardiac-surgery patients appear to be a consequence of the cardiac surgery and the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. Measurement of Mg and ALP in a subgroup of 10 cardiac-surgery patients for 10 days postoperatively showed initial decreases, with gradual recovery to near-normal values by the 10th day. That the changes in Mg and ALP seen postoperatively were not attributable to hemodilution alone was confirmed by measuring total-protein concentrations before and after operation. ALP requires Mg ion in vitro for optimal activity, but addition of Mg in the appropriate amounts to sera with low ALP activity did not restore ALP activity. The low ALP activity seen in post-cardiac surgery patients in vivo may perhaps be related to factors other than Mg that were removed by the cardiopulmonary bypass pump.
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Rao, Huma, Saeed Ahmad, Asadullah Madni, Iqra Rao, Mohammed Ghazwani, Umme Hani, Muhammad Umair, et al. "Compritol-Based Alprazolam Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Alprazolam: Preparation by Hot Melt Encapsulation." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 8894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248894.
Full textAbstract:
The current study was designed to investigate the feasibility of incorporating the water-insoluble lipophilic drug Alprazolam (Alp) into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to offer the combined benefits of the quick onset of action along with the sustained release of the drug. Therefore, compritol-based alprazolam-loaded SLNs (Alp-SLNs) would provide early relief from anxiety and sleep disturbances and long-lasting control of symptoms in patients with depression, thereby enhancing patient compliance. The optimized Alp-SLNs analyzed by DLS and SEM showed consistent particle size of 92.9 nm with PI values and standard deviation of the measurements calculated at <0.3 and negative surface charge. These characteristic values demonstrate the desired level of homogeneity and good physical stability of Alp-SLNs. The SLNs had a good entrapment efficiency (89.4%) and high drug-loading capacity (77.9%). SEM analysis revealed the smooth spherical morphology of the SLNs. The physical condition of alprazolam and absence of interaction among formulation components in Alp-SLNs was confirmed by FTIR and DSC analyses. XRD analysis demonstrated the molecular dispersion of crystalline alprazolam in Alp-SLNs. The in vitro release study implied that the release of Alp from the optimized Alp-SLN formulation was sustained as compared to the Alp drug solution because Alp-SLNs exhibited sustained release of alprazolam over 24 h. Alp-SLNs are a promising candidate to achieve sustained release of the short-acting drug Alp, thereby reducing its dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance.
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Wu, Haoming, Yang Wang, Huiying Li, Lu Meng, Nan Zheng, and Jiaqi Wang. "Protective Effect of Alkaline Phosphatase Supplementation on Infant Health." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091212.
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is abundant in raw milk. Because of its high heat resistance, ALP negative is used as an indicator of successful sterilization. However, pasteurized milk loses its immune protection against allergy. Clinically, ALP is also used as an indicator of organ diseases. When the activity of ALP in blood increases, it is considered that diseases occur in viscera and organs. Oral administration or injecting ALP will not cause harm to the body and has a variety of probiotic effects. For infants with low immunity, ALP intake is a good prebiotic for protecting the infant’s intestine from potential pathogenic bacteria. In addition, ALP has a variety of probiotic effects for any age group, including prevention and treatment intestinal diseases, allergies, hepatitis, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetes, and even the prevention of aging. The prebiotic effects of alkaline phosphatase on the health of infants and consumers and the content of ALP in different mammalian raw milk are summarized. The review calls on consumers and manufacturers to pay more attention to ALP, especially for infants with incomplete immune development. ALP supplementation is conducive to the healthy growth of infants.
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Kuwana, T., and S. B. Rosalki. "Intestinal variant alkaline phosphatase in plasma in disease." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.11.1918.
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Abstract We investigated by enzyme electrophoresis after prolonged neuraminidase treatment the activity of "intestinal variant" (alpha 2-globulin mobility) alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1; ALP) in the plasma of 189 patients selected for disorders (diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and chronic renal failure) with a known high frequency of increased plasma intestinal (beta-globulin mobility) ALP activity. The overall frequency of the variant ALP was 23.8%, whereas in the samples showing intestinal ALP it was 45.0%. The variant ALP was not observed in the absence of intestinal ALP, nor in patients of blood group A. Its frequency did not differ significantly between the different patient groups. Quantification of the variant ALP by densitometry was unsatisfactory but the quantity could be estimated by subtracting the intestinal ALP activity measured by electrophoresis from the activity determined by immunoassay with monoclonal antibody that reacts with both the intestinal and the variant forms. This indicated median activity of 12 U/L for the variant, approximately equal to that of the concomitant intestinal ALP. From the effects of papain and bromelain treatments, we suggest that "intestinal variant" represents intestinal ALP with attached membrane-binding domain.
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Saga, K., and Y. Morimoto. "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 9 (September 1995): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.9.7642965.
Full textAbstract:
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic and organic monophosphate esters at alkaline pH. Although the functions of ALP are poorly understood, it is believed to be involved in membrane transport. Because little is known about the functions and distribution of ALP in the sweat glands, we studied the localization of ALP in human sweat glands with light and electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry. In eccrine sweat glands, ALP was restricted to the cell membranes of intercellular canaliculi. Luminal cell membranes of secretory cells that are in continuity with intercellular canaliculi did not show ALP activity. These results suggest that ALP participates in the production of primary sweat at intercellular canaliculi. In apocrine sweat glands, basal cell membranes of secretory cells and myoepithelial cell membranes that were in apposition with each other showed ALP activity, where as no activity was seen in eccrine sweat glands. These differences in the distribution of ALP in myoepithelial cells between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands might be related to the functional differences of these sweat glands. ALP histochemistry could help to diagnose and to determine the direction of differentiation in sweat gland tumors.
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Sasaki, Yuka, Ryusuke Nakatsuka, Takuma Inouchi, Mitsuko Masutani, and Tadashige Nozaki. "Inhibition of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase Accelerates Osteoblast Differentiation in Preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095041.
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Poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family proteins such as PARP1. Although PARylation regulates important biological phenomena such as DNA repair, chromatin regulation, and cell death, little is known about the relationship between osteoblast differentiation and the PARylation cycle involving PARP1 and the poly (ADP-ribose)-degrading enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Here, we examined the effects of PARP inhibitor olaparib, an approved anti-cancer agent, and PARG inhibitor PDD00017273 on osteoblast differentiation. Olaparib decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and suppressed mineralized nodule formation evaluated by Alizarin Red S staining in preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, while PDD00017273 promoted ALP activity and mineralization. Furthermore, PDD00017273 up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein, as osteoblast differentiation markers, and osterix as transcription inducers for osteoblast differentiation, whereas olaparib down-regulated the expression of these genes. These findings suggest that PARG inhibition by PDD00017273 accelerates osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Thus, PARG inhibitor administration could provide therapeutic benefits for metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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van der Doelen, Maarten J., Agnes Stockhaus, Yuanjun Ma, Niven Mehra, Jeffrey Yachnin, Winald R. Gerritsen, Sten Nilsson, Inge M. van Oort, and Anders Ullén. "Early alkaline phosphatase dynamics as biomarker of survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with radium-223." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 48, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 3325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05283-6.
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Abstract Purpose Radium-223 is a life-prolonging therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with symptomatic bone metastases. However, validated biomarkers for response monitoring are lacking. The study aim was to investigate whether early alkaline phosphatase (ALP) dynamics after the first radium-223 injection can act as surrogate marker for overall survival (OS). Methods This retrospective multicenter study included consecutive CRPC patients treated with radium-223. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on baseline ALP level (normal/elevated) and early ALP response, defined as ≥10% ALP decrease after the first radium-223 injection. Primary endpoint was OS among the subgroups. Secondary endpoints included time to first skeletal-related event, time to ALP progression, and treatment completion rate. Results A total of 180 patients were included for analysis. Median OS was 13.5 months (95% confidence interval 11.5–15.5). Patients with elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection had significantly worse OS when compared to all other patients (median OS 7.9 months versus 15.7 months, hazard ratio 2.56, 95% confidence interval 1.73–3.80, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection, the number of prior systemic therapies, baseline LDH level, and baseline ECOG performance status were prognostic factors of OS. Patients with elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection had significantly shorter times to ALP progression and first skeletal-related event, and more frequently discontinued radium-223 therapy when compared to other patients. Conclusion Early treatment–induced changes in ALP after one radium-223 injection were associated with OS in metastatic CRPC patients.
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Bao, Gegen, Shengyu Li, Qi Zhou, Umair Ashraf, Jingxuan Qiao, Xiaolin Li, Xiaorong Wan, and Yixiong Zheng. "Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into the Differential Effects of Aluminum on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Genes 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101830.
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In acidic soils, high concentrations of aluminum ions (Al3+) in dissolved form reduce root growth and development of most crops. In addition, Al3+ is also a beneficial element in some plant species in low concentrations. However, the regulatory mechanism of the growth and development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) treated with different concentrations of Al3+ has been rarely studied. In this study, peanut seedlings were treated with AlCl3.18H2O in Hoagland nutrient solution at four different concentrations of Al3+, i.e., 0 (pH 6.85), 1.25 (pH 4.03), 2.5 (pH 3.85), and 5 (pH 3.69) mmol/L, which are regarded as Al0, Al1, Al2, and Al3. The results showed that low concentrations of Al treatment (Al1) promoted peanut growth, while high concentrations of Al treatments (Al2 and Al3) significantly inhibited peanut growth. Compared with the control (Al0), transcriptome analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of starch and sucrose metabolic pathways were significantly enriched at low concentrations, i.e., Al1 treatment, whereas the expression of AhERD6 (sugar transporter) was significantly up-regulated, and the soluble sugar content was significantly increased. The DEGs of the plant hormone signaling transduction pathway were significantly enriched at high concentrations of Al2 and Al3 treatments, whereas the expression of AhNCED1 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) was significantly up-regulated, and the content of ABA was significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of transcription factors (TFs) in peanut was affected by different concentrations of Al. Overall, low concentrations of Al1 promoted peanut growth by increasing soluble sugar content, while high concentrations of Al2 and Al3 inhibited the growth of peanut, induced AhNCED1 gene expression, and increased endogenous ABA content. For peanut, the exposure of Al at low concentrations not only derived an adaptive mechanism to cope with Al stress, but also acted as a stimulator to promote its growth and development.
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Nonoyama, Shun, Takeo Karakida, Risako Chiba-Ohkuma, Ryuji Yamamoto, Yuko Ujiie, Takatoshi Nagano, Yasuo Yamakoshi, and Kazuhiro Gomi. "Development and Characterization of Alkaline Phosphatase-Positive Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells." Cells 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113011.
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Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), harvested from human umbilical cord perivascular tissue, show potential for future use as an alternative to mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we present the results for the characterization of the properties alkaline phosphatase-positive HUCPVCs (ALP(+)-HUCPVCs). These ALP(+)-HUCPVCs were created from HUCPVCs in this study by culturing in the presence of activated vitamin D3, an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein signaling and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). The morphological characteristics, cell proliferation, gene expression, and mineralization-inducing ability of ALP(+)-HUCPVCs were investigated at the morphological, biological, and genetic levels. ALP(+)-HUCPVCs possess high ALP gene expression and activity in cells and a slow rate of cell growth. The morphology of ALP(+)-HUCPVCs is fibroblast-like, with an increase in actin filaments containing alpha-smooth muscle actin. In addition to ALP expression, the gene expression levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, elastin, fibrillin-1, and cluster of differentiation 90 are increased in ALP(+)-HUCPVCs. ALP(+)-HUCPVCs do not have the ability to induce mineralization nodules, which may be due to the restriction of phosphate uptake into matrix vesicles. Moreover, ALP(+)-HUCPVCs may produce anti-mineralization substances. We conclude that ALP(+)-HUCPVCs induced from HUCPVCs by a TGF-β1 stimulation possess myofibroblast-like properties that have little mineralization-inducing ability.
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Rosalki, S. B., A. Y. Foo, A. Burlina, W. Prellwitz, P. Stieber, D. Neumeier, G. Klein, W. A. Poppe, and H. Bodenmüller. "Multicenter evaluation of Iso-ALP test kit for measurement of bone alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and plasma." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.4.648.
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Abstract A test kit (Iso-ALP, Boehringer Mannheim) for measuring human bone alkaline phosphatase activity in serum or plasma was evaluated in five laboratories in three countries. The assay is based on the principle described by Rosalki and Foo (Clin Chem 1984;30:1182-6) and uses wheat germ lectin to precipitate bone alkaline phosphatase. Residual ALP in the supernate in comparison with total ALP is used to quantify the bone fraction. The imprecision of residual ALP measurement was low (median between-run CV 4.9%) and comparable with that of total ALP. Linearity of precipitation was demonstrable up to a bone ALP activity (diethanolamine buffer 37 degrees C) of 2000 U/L, though a matrix effect was observed for dilutions of high-activity sera in saline or bovine serum albumin. For assaying patients' samples, different batches of lectin demonstrated excellent comparability. Taking electrophoresis as a basis for standardization, we determined that the lectin precipitated approximately 90% of bone ALP, but < 5% of nonbone ALP. From this we derived serum/plasma upper reference limits for bone ALP activity in adults and children.