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Journal articles on the topic 'Almost split sequence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

ESHRAGHI, HOSSEIN. "EXISTENCE OF ALMOST SPLIT SEQUENCES VIA REGULAR SEQUENCES." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 88, no. 2 (March 18, 2013): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972713000099.

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AbstractLet $(R, \mathfrak{m})$ be a Cohen–Macaulay complete local ring. We will apply an inductive argument to show that for every nonprojective locally projective maximal Cohen–Macaulay object $ \mathcal{X} $ of the morphism category of $R$ with local endomorphism ring, there exists an almost split sequence ending in $ \mathcal{X} $. Regular sequences are exploited to reduce the Krull dimension of $R$ on which the inductive argument is established. Moreover, the Auslander–Reiten translate of certain objects is described.

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2

Brenner, Sheila. "The almost split sequence starting with a simple module." Archiv der Mathematik 62, no. 3 (March 1994): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01261359.

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3

Razzaque, Asima, and Inayatur Rehman. "Some Developments in the Field of Homological Algebra by Defining New Class of Modules over Nonassociative Rings." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (August 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2792450.

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The LA-module is a nonassociative structure that extends modules over a nonassociative ring known as left almost rings (LA-rings). Because of peculiar characteristics of LA-ring and its inception into noncommutative and nonassociative theory, drew the attention of many researchers over the last decade. In this study, the ideas of projective and injective LA-modules, LA-vector space, as well as examples and findings, are discussed. We construct a nontrivial example in which it is proved that if the LA-module is not free, then it cannot be a projective LA-module. We also construct free LA-modules, create a split sequence in LA-modules, and show several outcomes that are connected to them. We have proved the projective basis theorem for LA-modules. Also, split sequences in projective and injective LA-modules are discussed with the help of various propositions and theorems.

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4

Fedele, Francesca. "d-Auslander–Reiten sequences in subcategories." Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 63, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 342–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0013091519000312.

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AbstractLet Φ be a finite-dimensional algebra over a field k. Kleiner described the Auslander–Reiten sequences in a precovering extension closed subcategory ${\rm {\cal X}}\subseteq {\rm mod }\,\Phi $. If $X\in \mathcal {X}$ is an indecomposable such that ${\rm Ext}_\Phi ^1 (X,{\rm {\cal X}})\ne 0$ and $\zeta X$ is the unique indecomposable direct summand of the $\mathcal {X}$-cover $g:Y\to D\,{\rm Tr}\,X$ such that ${\rm Ext}_\Phi ^1 (X,\zeta X)\ne 0$, then there is an Auslander–Reiten sequence in $\mathcal {X}$ of the form $${\rm \epsilon }:0\to \zeta X\to {X}^{\prime}\to X\to 0.$$Moreover, when ${\rm En}{\rm d}_\Phi (X)$ modulo the morphisms factoring through a projective is a division ring, Kleiner proved that each non-split short exact sequence of the form $$\delta :0\to Y\to {Y}^{\prime}\buildrel \eta \over \longrightarrow X\to 0$$is such that η is right almost split in $\mathcal {X}$, and the pushout of δ along g gives an Auslander–Reiten sequence in ${\rm mod}\,\Phi $ ending at X.In this paper, we give higher-dimensional generalizations of this. Let $d\geq 1$ be an integer. A d-cluster tilting subcategory ${\rm {\cal F}}\subseteq {\rm mod}\,\Phi $ plays the role of a higher ${\rm mod}\,\Phi $. Such an $\mathcal {F}$ is a d-abelian category, where kernels and cokernels are replaced by complexes of d objects and short exact sequences by complexes of d + 2 objects. We give higher versions of the above results for an additive ‘d-extension closed’ subcategory $\mathcal {X}$ of $\mathcal {F}$.

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5

Ericson, Per G. P., Cajsa L. Anderson, Tom Britton, Andrzej Elzanowski, Ulf S. Johansson, Mari Källersjö, Jan I. Ohlson, Thomas J. Parsons, Dario Zuccon, and Gerald Mayr. "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils." Biology Letters 2, no. 4 (August 9, 2006): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523.

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Patterns of diversification and timing of evolution within Neoaves, which includes almost 95% of all bird species, are virtually unknown. On the other hand, molecular data consistently indicate a Cretaceous origin of many neoavian lineages and the fossil record seems to support an Early Tertiary diversification. Here, we present the first well-resolved molecular phylogeny for Neoaves, together with divergence time estimates calibrated with a large number of stratigraphically and phylogenetically well-documented fossils. Our study defines several well-supported clades within Neoaves. The calibration results suggest that Neoaves, after an initial split from Galloanseres in Mid-Cretaceous, diversified around or soon after the K/T boundary. Our results thus do not contradict palaeontological data and show that there is no solid molecular evidence for an extensive pre-Tertiary radiation of Neoaves.

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6

Kowalski, Jakub, Maksymilian Mika, Wojciech Pawlik, Jakub Sutowicz, Marek Szykuła, and Mark H. M. Winands. "Split Moves for Monte-Carlo Tree Search." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 9 (June 28, 2022): 10247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21265.

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In many games, moves consist of several decisions made by the player. These decisions can be viewed as separate moves, which is already a common practice in multi-action games for efficiency reasons. Such division of a player move into a sequence of simpler / lower level moves is called splitting. So far, split moves have been applied only in forementioned straightforward cases, and furthermore, there was almost no study revealing its impact on agents' playing strength. Taking the knowledge-free perspective, we aim to answer how to effectively use split moves within Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and what is the practical impact of split design on agents' strength. This paper proposes a generalization of MCTS that works with arbitrarily split moves. We design several variations of the algorithm and try to measure the impact of split moves separately on efficiency, quality of MCTS, simulations, and action-based heuristics. The tests are carried out on a set of board games and performed using the Regular Boardgames General Game Playing formalism, where split strategies of different granularity can be automatically derived based on an abstract description of the game. The results give an overview of the behavior of agents using split design in different ways. We conclude that split design can be greatly beneficial for single- as well as multi-action games.

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7

Dyachenko, Elena A., Elena V. Semenova, and Elena Z. Kochieva. "Characterization of variability of the intergenic spacers cpDNA trnH–psbA, trnY–trnT AND rpoB–trnC in representatives of Pisum L. (Tribe Fabeae)." Ecological genetics 18, no. 4 (December 12, 2020): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen33959.

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Background. Plant chloroplast genome have conservative structure, but its nucleotide sequence is polymorphous due to which cpDNA fragments are often used in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. Despite the widespread distribution and use of Fabeae species, mainly peas (Pisum), data on the intraspecific diversity of cpDNA fragments are almost absent. The aim of the work was to analyze the intraspecific variability of three cpDNA spacers in Pisum. Materials and methods. As a result of the work, intergenic spacers trnYtrnT, trnHpsbA and rpoBtrnC in 38 accessions of the Pisum and related Fabeae species were sequenced. Despite the fact that the selected chloroplast fragments are generally considered to be sufficiently variable in plants and are often used for phylogenetic studies, Pisum accessions have been found to have no intraspecific differences in two of the three spacers sequences analyzed. Results and conclusion. A total 97 SNPs were detected in Pisum accessions, seven of them distinguished P. sativum from P. fulvum. The most variable of the analyzed fragments was the intergenic spacer rpoBtrnC. Based on rpoBtrnC sequence 17 haplotypes in P. sativum and four haplotypes in P. fulvum were revealed. The cpDNA sequencing data were used for a phylogenetic analysis. On the obtained tree Vavilovia formosa accession formed a separate branch from pea accessions. All Pisum accessions fall in one cluster, split into distinct P. sativum and P. fulvum subclusters (BI = 99%).

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8

Brumley, Farrell, and Simon Marshall. "Lower bounds for Maass forms on semisimple groups." Compositio Mathematica 156, no. 5 (April 17, 2020): 959–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x20007125.

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Let $G$ be an anisotropic semisimple group over a totally real number field $F$. Suppose that $G$ is compact at all but one infinite place $v_{0}$. In addition, suppose that $G_{v_{0}}$ is $\mathbb{R}$-almost simple, not split, and has a Cartan involution defined over $F$. If $Y$ is a congruence arithmetic manifold of non-positive curvature associated with $G$, we prove that there exists a sequence of Laplace eigenfunctions on $Y$ whose sup norms grow like a power of the eigenvalue.

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9

KAUR, ANUREET, K. S. SEKHON, S. THAMAN, A. S. SIDHU, and G. S. BUTTAR. "Evaluation of mustard (Brassica juncea) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) based cropping sequence under variable irrigation supplies." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i7.81600.

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A field experiment was conducted at Regional Station, Bathinda during 2010-2013 to evaluate various crop sequences under variable irrigation regimes. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with six crop sequences, viz. barley-Bt cotton, barley-cluster bean, barley-green gram,mustard-Bt cotton, mustard-cluster bean and mustardgreen gram in main plots and three irrigation regimes [optimum (O), sub-optimum (SO) and sub-sub optimum (SSO) ] were kept in sub plots with three replications. The grain yield of barley reduced significantly where grown after cotton to the tune of 10.8 and 9.2% as compared to green gram and cluster bean, respectively. The barley grain equivalentyield (BGEY) was higher in mustard under all the preceding crops (cotton, green gram and cluster bean).Significant increase in cotton equivalent yield (CEY) was noticed in cotton sown after barley than mustard. Amongst the CEY of the system, barley-cotton crop sequence gave significantly highest CEY which was at par with mustard-clusterbean and mustard-cotton crop sequence. Significantly higher barley grain yield, mustard grain yield and cotton equivalent yield was recorded in optimum water regime, followed by SO and lowest in SSO regime. Water expense efficiency (WEE) of barley was higher preceding greengram followed by cluster bean and lowest in cotton system. Whereas,WEE was almost same under mustard succeeding cotton and greengram but was lowest in mustard-cluster bean crop sequence. The maximum water productivity (WP) was recorded in clusterbean- mustard followed by clusterbeanbarley crop sequence. The sub-sub-optimum irrigation regime recorded highest WP followed by SO and lowest in optimum. The highest organic carbon was observed under cluster bean-barley followed by cluster bean-mustard cropping system. The potassium content deceased in cotton based crop sequence as compared to cluster bean and greengram crop sequence. Whereas, increase in available N, and P was noticed in cluster bean and green gram based cropping systems than cotton based sequence. The highest cost of cultivation was recorded in cotton based cropping sequences and lowest in cluster bean based cropping sequences. Consequently, higher net returns, B: C ratio were obtained in clusterbean based crop sequence than cotton based sequence.The optimum water regime showed highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio.

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10

Sboras, Sotiris, Spyros Pavlides, Adamantios Kilias, Dimitris Galanakis, Athanasios Chatziioannou, and Alexandros Chatzipetros. "The Geological Structure and Tectonic Complexity of Northern Thessaly That Hosted the March 2021 Seismic Crisis." Geotechnics 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): 935–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2040044.

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Knowing the rich presence of active faults in northern Thessaly and the lack of any significant seismic activity since at least the mid-1940s, the 2021 seismic sequence did not surprise us. What did surprise us was the fact that (i) despite the great knowledge of the neotectonic faults in the area, the causative faults were unknown, or almost unknown; (ii) the direction of the 2021 faulting was different than the expected, and given that the focal mechanisms showed almost pure normal dip-slip motion, the extensional main axis was also different than the one we thought we knew for this area; and (iii) besides the co-seismic ruptures that occurred within the Domeniko-Amouri basin and along the Titarissios River valley, there is evidence of rupturing in the alpine basement of Zarkos mountains. After thoroughly reviewing both the alpine and neotectonic structural setting and all the available literature concerning the seismotectonic data and interpretations of the 2021 sequence, including investigations of our own, we end up in a complex tectonic setting with older alpine structures now operating as inherited faults, and we also suggest the possible occurrence of a roughly N-dipping, low-angle, detachment-type fault. This fault runs below Mt Zarkos, reaching at least the Elassona Basin, with splay faults bifurcating upwards from the main fault zone. Following this complexity, rupture of the first mainshock must have chosen a split route reaching the surface through the gneiss rocks of Zarkos and almost (?) reaching the basinal sediments of the local tectonic depressions. This seismic sequence is a perfect case study to shed some light on the tectonic and rupture processes in the context of both geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment.

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11

Chin, William, Mark Kleiner, and Declan Quinn. "Almost Split Sequences for Comodules." Journal of Algebra 249, no. 1 (March 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jabr.2001.9086.

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12

Liu, Shiping, Puiman Ng, and Charles Paquette. "Almost Split Sequences and Approximations." Algebras and Representation Theory 16, no. 6 (October 27, 2012): 1809–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10468-012-9383-x.

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13

Zhang, Xiao Jin, and Zhao Yong Huang. "On F-almost split sequences." Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 26, no. 6 (May 15, 2010): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10114-009-7665-y.

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14

Iwamoto, S., J. Li, T. Omi, S. Ikemoto, and E. Kajii. "Identification of a novel exon and spliced form of Duffy mRNA that is the predominant transcript in both erythroid and postcapillary venule endothelium." Blood 87, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.1.378.378.

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Abstract The Duffy gene has been shown not to be split by introns, even in its 5′ untranslated region, and to be expressed not only in erythroid but in postcapillary venule endothelium of almost every organ in the body. To further investigate the transcriptional start position in erythroid and postcapillary venule endothelium, we performed 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE). While every positive clone of 5′- RACE encoded the identical sequence of previously identified cDNA downstream from nucleotide 203, the upstream sequences were different. The upstream sequences corresponded to the sequence from nucleotide - 279 to -308/-357 in erythroblasts and from -279 to -355/-383 in lung and were regarded as comprising a novel exon. This novel exon encoded seven residues initiated with a methionine, linked to nucleotide 203 in- frame and in agreement with the GT-AG splicing rule. The major erythroid transcriptional start position was identified in human erythroleukemia cells by primer extension and in bone marrow by ribonuclease protection analysis at 34 bases upstream from the first ATG codon. Distinctively, in lung and kidney, the transcription was started at 82 bases upstream from the ATG. Both Northern blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern analysis indicated a predominance of the novel spliced form of mRNA of about 50- to 200-fold comparing with the unspliced form, in every studied organ and erythroid lineage cells. The spliced form of cDNA has been transfected into a human erythroleukemic cell line, K562, and the expressed protein reacted with Duffy-specific murine monoclonal antibody Fy6. These studies indicate that the product from the spliced form of mRNA is the major product of the Duffy gene in the erythroid lineage and postcapillary venule endothelium.

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15

Iwamoto, S., J. Li, T. Omi, S. Ikemoto, and E. Kajii. "Identification of a novel exon and spliced form of Duffy mRNA that is the predominant transcript in both erythroid and postcapillary venule endothelium." Blood 87, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.1.378.bloodjournal871378.

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The Duffy gene has been shown not to be split by introns, even in its 5′ untranslated region, and to be expressed not only in erythroid but in postcapillary venule endothelium of almost every organ in the body. To further investigate the transcriptional start position in erythroid and postcapillary venule endothelium, we performed 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE). While every positive clone of 5′- RACE encoded the identical sequence of previously identified cDNA downstream from nucleotide 203, the upstream sequences were different. The upstream sequences corresponded to the sequence from nucleotide - 279 to -308/-357 in erythroblasts and from -279 to -355/-383 in lung and were regarded as comprising a novel exon. This novel exon encoded seven residues initiated with a methionine, linked to nucleotide 203 in- frame and in agreement with the GT-AG splicing rule. The major erythroid transcriptional start position was identified in human erythroleukemia cells by primer extension and in bone marrow by ribonuclease protection analysis at 34 bases upstream from the first ATG codon. Distinctively, in lung and kidney, the transcription was started at 82 bases upstream from the ATG. Both Northern blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern analysis indicated a predominance of the novel spliced form of mRNA of about 50- to 200-fold comparing with the unspliced form, in every studied organ and erythroid lineage cells. The spliced form of cDNA has been transfected into a human erythroleukemic cell line, K562, and the expressed protein reacted with Duffy-specific murine monoclonal antibody Fy6. These studies indicate that the product from the spliced form of mRNA is the major product of the Duffy gene in the erythroid lineage and postcapillary venule endothelium.

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16

Drozd, Yu A. "Rejection Lemma and Almost Split Sequences." Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 73, no. 6 (November 2021): 908–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11253-021-01967-2.

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17

Rump, Wolfgang. "L-FUNCTORS AND ALMOST SPLIT SEQUENCES." Communications in Algebra 33, no. 1 (January 26, 2005): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-200040900.

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18

Auslander, Maurice. "Rational singularities and almost split sequences." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 293, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-1986-0816307-7.

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19

Martsinkovsky, Alex. "Almost split sequences and Zariski differentials." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 319, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-1990-0955490-0.

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20

Auslander, M., and I. Reiten. "Almost split sequences in dimension two." Advances in Mathematics 66, no. 1 (October 1987): 88–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8708(87)90031-4.

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21

Madsen, Dag. "Projective dimensions and almost split sequences." Journal of Algebra 271, no. 2 (January 2004): 652–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2003.09.015.

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22

Auslander, Maurice, and Jon F. Carlson. "Almost-split sequences and group rings." Journal of Algebra 103, no. 1 (October 1986): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(86)90173-0.

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23

Rump, Wolfgang. "Almost Split Sequences in Dimension One." Communications in Algebra 38, no. 8 (August 13, 2010): 2808–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927870903085211.

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24

Farnsteiner, R., and G. Röhrle. "Almost split sequences of Verma modules." Mathematische Annalen 322, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 701–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002080100279.

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25

Hügel, Lidia, and Helmut Valenta. "A duality result for almost split sequences." Colloquium Mathematicum 80, no. 2 (1999): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm-80-2-267-292.

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26

Liu, S. "Almost split sequences for non-regular modules." Fundamenta Mathematicae 143, no. 2 (1993): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/fm-143-2-183-190.

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27

Liu, Shiping, and Hongwei Niu. "Almost split sequences in tri-exact categories." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 226, no. 11 (November 2022): 107092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpaa.2022.107092.

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28

Arnold, David M., and Reinhard C. Laubenbacher. "Almost Split Sequences for Dedekind-Like Rings." Journal of the London Mathematical Society s2-43, no. 2 (April 1991): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms/s2-43.2.225.

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29

Auslander, Maurice, and Idun Reiten. "Almost split sequences for rational double points." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 302, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-1987-0887498-8.

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30

Carlson, Jon F., Sunil K. Chebolu, and Ján Mináč. "Freyd’s generating hypothesis with almost split sequences." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 137, no. 08 (August 1, 2009): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-09-09826-8.

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31

Kleiner, Mark, and Idun Reiten. "Abelian categories, almost split sequences, and comodules." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 357, no. 8 (September 23, 2004): 3201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-04-03571-8.

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32

Clarke, R. J. "Almost split sequences in a functor category." Journal of Algebra 116, no. 2 (August 1988): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(88)90218-9.

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33

Solberg, Øyvind. "Strongly graded rings and almost split sequences." Journal of Algebra 126, no. 1 (October 1989): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(89)90327-x.

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34

Bautista, Raymundo, and Mark Kleiner. "Almost split sequences for relatively projective modules." Journal of Algebra 135, no. 1 (November 1990): 19–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(90)90148-h.

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35

Pasquali, Andrea. "Tensor products of higher almost split sequences." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 221, no. 3 (March 2017): 645–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpaa.2016.07.010.

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36

Thévenaz, Jacques. "Relative projective covers and almost split sequences." Communications in Algebra 13, no. 7 (January 1985): 1535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927878508823237.

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37

Auslander, Maurice, and Idun Reiten. "Almost split sequences for Cohen-Macaulay-modules." Mathematische Annalen 277, no. 2 (June 1987): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01457367.

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38

Assem, Ibrahim, and Dan Zacharia. "Full embeddings of almost split sequences over split-by-nilpotent extensions." Colloquium Mathematicum 81, no. 1 (1999): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm-81-1-21-31.

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39

Chin, William, Mark Kleiner, and Declan Quinn. "Local theory of almost split sequences for comodules." ANNALI DELL UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA 51, no. 1 (January 2005): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02824830.

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40

YANG, GANG. "ALMOST SPLIT SEQUENCES FOR COMPLEXES VIA RELATIVE HOMOLOGY." Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 1051–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4134/jkms.2015.52.5.1051.

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41

Arnold, David M., and Reinhard C. Laubenbacher. "Almost split sequences for dedekind-like rings. II." Communications in Algebra 23, no. 1 (January 1995): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927879508825210.

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42

Stewart, David. "Determining almost split sequences from those over subalgebras." Communications in Algebra 26, no. 9 (January 1998): 2905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927879808826316.

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43

Paquette, Charles. "A Non-Existence Theorem for Almost Split Sequences." Communications in Algebra 40, no. 12 (October 10, 2012): 4617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927872.2011.614116.

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44

Nogueira, Maria Teresa A. D., and James A. Green. "Almost split sequences over $$\mathfrak{p}$$ -adic rings." Mathematische Zeitschrift 199, no. 1 (March 1988): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01160208.

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45

Th�venaz, Jacques. "G-algebras, Jacobson radical and almost split sequences." Inventiones Mathematicae 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01393690.

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46

Auslander, Maurice, and Idun Reiten. "Almost split sequences for abelian group graded rings." Journal of Algebra 114, no. 1 (April 1988): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(88)90209-8.

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47

Hügel, Lidia Angeleri. "Almost Split Sequences Arising from the Preprojective Partition." Journal of Algebra 194, no. 1 (August 1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jabr.1996.7020.

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48

Bautista, Raymundo, Maria Jose Souto Salorio, and Rita Zuazua. "Almost split sequences for complexes of fixed size." Journal of Algebra 287, no. 1 (May 2005): 140–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2005.01.032.

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49

HAHN, Dagmar, Rainer ILLISSON, Andres METSPALU, and Erwin E. STERCHI. "Human N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase (human meprin): genomic structure of the α and β subunits." Biochemical Journal 346, no. 1 (February 8, 2000): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3460083.

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N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase (PPH, human meprin), a zinc-metalloendopeptidase of the astacin family, consists of two similar subunits. As well as in small-intestinal epithelial cells, the enzyme is found in lamina propria leucocytes, human cancer cells and colorectal cancer tissue, making it a potential candidate for a role in tumour formation and cancer progression. To elucidate the mechanisms that control PPH gene expression and to gain more insights into the evolutionary relationship of the two subunits, we analysed the complete exon-intron organization and searched for putative regulatory elements in 3 kb of the upstream region of both genes. The human gene for the α subunit is approx. 35 kb in size and contains 14 exons. The gene for the β subunit is organized in 15 exons and spans approx. 27 kb. A comparison of both genes indicates strong structural similarities. The exons are almost identical in size, except exon 13 in PPHα, which codes for an additional I domain not present in PPHβ. The locations of the respective exon-intron junctions and the intron phases are almost identical; five of them contain conserved split codons. The main variation is in the intron lengths. It can be concluded that PPHα and PPHβ are derived from a common ancestor. Sequence analysis of the 5ʹ flanking DNA with a computer search for promoter elements and different promoter constructs transfected into Caco-2 cells revealed a number of potential regulatory motifs and suggests that each of the two genes is regulated independently.

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Suraweera, Chathura D., Suresh Banjara, Mark G. Hinds, and Marc Kvansakul. "Metazoans and Intrinsic Apoptosis: An Evolutionary Analysis of the Bcl-2 Family." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073691.

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The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family is a group of genes regulating intrinsic apoptosis, a process controlling events such as development, homeostasis and the innate and adaptive immune responses in metazoans. In higher organisms, Bcl-2 proteins coordinate intrinsic apoptosis through their regulation of the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane; this function appears to have originated in the basal metazoans. Bcl-2 genes predate the cnidarian-bilaterian split and have been identified in porifera, placozoans and cnidarians but not ctenophores and some nematodes. The Bcl-2 family is composed of two groups of proteins, one with an α-helical Bcl-2 fold that has been identified in porifera, placozoans, cnidarians, and almost all higher bilaterians. The second group of proteins, the BH3-only group, has little sequence conservation and less well-defined structures and is found in cnidarians and most bilaterians, but not porifera or placozoans. Here we examine the evolutionary relationships between Bcl-2 proteins. We show that the structures of the Bcl-2-fold proteins are highly conserved over evolutionary time. Some metazoans such as the urochordate Oikopleura dioica have lost all Bcl-2 family members. This gene loss indicates that Bcl-2 regulated apoptosis is not an absolute requirement in metazoans, a finding mirrored in recent gene deletion studies in mice. Sequence analysis suggests that at least some Bcl-2 proteins lack the ability to bind BH3-only antagonists and therefore potentially have other non-apoptotic functions. By examining the foundations of the Bcl-2 regulated apoptosis, functional relationships may be clarified that allow us to understand the role of specific Bcl-2 proteins in evolution and disease.

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