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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alloys of iron and aluminum'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Shabestari, Saeed G. "Formation of iron-bearing intermetallics in aluminum-silicon casting alloys." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28920.

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The formation of iron-bearing intermetallics in the 413 type of aluminum alloys was investigated comprehensively. Both synthetic and commercial 413 alloys were studied with iron concentrations in the range of 0.4-1.2 wt. % and manganese up to 0.5 wt.%. The effects of cooling rate during solidification and of melt chemistry on the morphology of iron intermetallic phases were determined. Image analysis was used to quantify the intermetallic size, volume fraction, and number, as a function of both melt chemistry and cooling rate. The total volume fraction of intermetallic compounds in these alloys was related to cooling rate by an exponential equation.
The kinetics of both dissolution of intermetallics on melting, and of re-formation on cooling of the liquid were investigated by means of quenching experiments. Quantitative evaluation of intermetallic size and number revealed that the change in volume fraction of intermetallics in the liquid state is controlled by nucleation.
The effect of settling time and the rate of gravity segregation of intermetallic compounds in a stagnant liquid metal were investigated. It was found that, in the absence of convection, settling obeys Stokes' law with the terminal velocity reached at very short times and very close to the melt surface.
Strontium was used to modify or eliminate the iron-intermetallics. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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2

Nemeth, Bill. "Casting conditions and iron variant effects on the subsequent nucleation of Al₂₀Cu₂Mn₃ dispersoid phase in Al-4Cu-0.4Mn-0.2Si alloys." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20805.

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3

Wall, James J. "Reactive thermomechanical processing of aluminide intermetallics /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418074.

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4

Mackay, Robert Ian. "Quantification of iron in aluminum-silicon foundry alloys via thermal analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29611.pdf.

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5

Cisloiu, Roxana. "Computational modeling of hydrogen embrittlement of iron aluminides." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1910.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-75).

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6

Tash, Mahmoud. "Effect [sic] des paramètres métallurgiques sur le comportement d'usinage des alliages 356 et 319 (étude de forage et de taraudage) /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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7

Seletskaia, Tatiana. "Calculation of thermal expansion of iron-aluminides with transition metal additives." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2684.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 103 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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8

Morgan, Andrew. "JOINING AND HERMETIC SEALING OF SILICON CARBIDE USING IRON, CHROMIUM, AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3529.

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Silicon Carbide (SiC) is increasingly gaining attention as a potential fuel cladding material, on account of its favorable thermo-mechanical and neutronic properties. The major limitations of such a cladding is currently associated with joining and hermetic sealing. The work presented here investigated the use of Al, Cr and Fe metals and a specialized alloy (FeCrAl) to achieve hermetic sealing of SiC tubes as well as a joining technology of SiC. Major part of solving this issue requires addressing joining of ceramic and metallic components, which are largely dissimilar in both thermal and mechanical properties. Preliminary experiments to bond SiC with FeCrAl resulted in adverse separation partially attributed to the differences in thermal expansion mismatch. To alleviate these problems, thin and thick coatings of the metals and alloys were applied to SiC. Qualitative microstructural characterization of the final product indicated satisfactory bonding between the materials.

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9

Coleman, Andrew John. "Filiform corrosion of aluminium alloys and iron." Thesis, Swansea University, 2007. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42908.

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10

Shollock, B. A. "Precipitation in rapidly solidified aluminium-chromium-iron alloys." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238185.

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11

Hull, S. "Precipitation in aluminium based and iron based alloys." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370120.

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12

Khalifa, Waleed. "Rôle des inclusions dans la germination de la phase a-aluminium des intermétalliques contenant du fer dans le coin riche en alumimium du système ternaire Al-Si-Fe /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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13

Dinnis, Cameron. "Porosity formation in unmodified Al-Si-Mg-(Cu) foundry alloys : the role of iron and manganese /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18550.pdf.

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14

Farhadi, Cheshmeh Morvari Gholamali. "Les effets des éléments de trace sur les caractéristiques des alliages de type 6XXX pour les applications automobiles /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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15

Hale, Geoffrey Eric. "The structure and properties of iron-manganese-aluminium alloys." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434965.

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16

Humphreys, Elen Siobhain. "Production and characterisation of rapidly solidified Al-V-Fe alloys." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302070.

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17

Jelinek, Bohumir. "Molecular dynamics simulations of metals." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11072008-130216.

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18

Xu, Nan Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Corrosion behaviour of aluminised steel and conventional alloys in simulated aluminium smelting cell environments." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science & Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18760.

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Aluminium smelting is a high temperature electrometallurgical process, which suffers considerable inefficiencies in power utilization and equipment maintenance. Aluminium smelting cell works in the extreme environments that contain extraordinarily aggressive gases, such as HF, CO and SO2. Mild steel used as a structural material in the aluminium industry, can be catastrophically corroded or oxidized in these conditions. This project was mainly concerned with extending the lifetime of metal structures installed immediately above the aluminium smelting cells. An aluminium-rich coating was developed on low carbon steel A06 using pack cementation technique. Yttria (Y2O3) was also used to improve the corrosion resistance of coating. Kinetics of the coating formation were studied. XRD, FESEM and FIB were employed to investigate the phase constitution and the surface morphology. Together with other potentially competitive materials, aluminium-rich coating was evaluated in simulated plant environments. Results from the long time (up to 2500h) isothermal oxidation of materials at high temperature (800??C) in air showed that the oxidation resistance of coated A06 is close to that of stainless steel 304 and even better than SS304 in cyclic oxidation tests. Coated A06 was also found to have the best sulfidation resistance among the materials tested in the gas mixture contains SO2 at 800??C. Related kinetics and mechanisms were also studied. The superior corrosion resistance of the coated A06 is attributed to the slow growing alpha-Al2O3 formed. Low temperature corrosion tests were undertaken in the gas mixtures containing air, H2O, HCl and SO2 at 400??C. Together with SS304 and 253MA, coated A06 showed excellent corrosion resistance in all the conditions. The ranking of the top three materials for corrosion resistance is: 253MA, coated A06 and SS304. It is believed that aluminised A06 is an ideal and economical replacement material in the severe corrosive aluminium smelting cell environment.

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19

Deards, Nicola. "Recrystallisation nucleation and microtexture development in aluminium-iron rolled alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259602.

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20

Moussa, Sherif Omar Hassan. "Transient processing and characterizatin of advanced materials /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115572.

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21

COUTO, ANTONIO A. "Influencia do teor de cromo e de tratamentos termicos na microestrutura e no comportamento mecanico de ligas intermetalicas ordenadas a base de Fesub3 Al." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10701.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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22

Syahril. "Effect of ternary additions and thermomechanical treatments on the properties of Fe-11wt% Al alloys." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325578.

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23

Gray, Alyn M. "An Initial Study of Binary and Ternary Ti-based Alloys Manufactured Using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822823/.

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In this study an initial assessment of the composition – microstructure – property relationships in binary and ternary Ti – based systems are made possible using LENSTM technology. Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENSTM), a rapid prototyping, directed laser deposition methodology of additive manufacturing (AM) was used to create bulk homogenous specimens that are compositionally graded. Compositionally graded specimens were made possible by incorporating elemental blends of powder during the LENSTM process. While there have been numerous studies assessing the influence of common elements (e.g., V, Mo, Al, and Cr) on the resulting microstructure in titanium alloys, other elements have been neglected. A systematic study of the Ti – Fe – Al ternary system based upon varying compositions of the eutectoid former, Fe with Al to stabilize the a and b phases respectively has also been neglected. This research effort focuses on exploiting the LENSTM process by rapidly assessing the composition – microstructure – property relationships in a combinatorial approach for the Ti – W, Ti – Fe, and Ti – Fe – Al systems. Compositionally graded specimens of Ti – xW (0

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24

Santos, Claudio Teodoro dos. "Efeito das adições de boro na magnetostricção de ligas policristalinas dos sistemas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97135/tde-08102013-083643/.

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Os materiais magnetostrictivos apresentam deformação elástica quando são submetidos a um campo magnético ou mudança das propriedades magnéticas quando são submetidos a uma tensão mecânica, e por isso são de grande interesse para aplicações em atuadores, sensores e aproveitadores de energia. Entretanto, os melhores materiais magnetostrictivos disponíveis são caros e frágeis. Nos últimos anos foi descoberta uma nova classe de materiais magnetostrictivos que superam este problema, a classe das ligas Fe-Ga e Fe-Al, que possuem a rara combinação de moderada magnetostricção, boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo associado. Atualmente, as pesquisas têm buscado meios de melhorar a magnetostricção destas ligas, tanto por adições ternárias de outros átomos, como pela utilização de diferentes métodos de fabricação, tratamentos térmicos ou processamentos mecânicos. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito das adições de B e do processo de solidificação rápida na magnetostricção e microestrutura das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga. Para isso, ligas policristalinas de composição nominal (Fe80Al20)1-0,01yBy, (Fe80Ga20)1-0,01yBy e (Fe72Ga28)1-0,01yBy, com y = 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2% at., foram produzidas por fusão a arco e pela técnica de solidificação rápida \"splat cooling\". A caracterização microestrutural das amostras foi realizada no MEV/EDS e DRX. A magnetostricção foi medida com campo magnético de 0 a ±2 T em 4,2, 77 e 300 K, por dilatometria de capacitância. As adições de B ocasionaram a precipitação de Fe2B nos contornos de grão da fase A2 e/ou D03 das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga, resultando na redução do tamanho de grão e formação de cristais dendríticos. As ligas Fe80Al20 apresentaram um valor máximo de magnetostricção de 74 ppm com a adição de 2% at. de B. Já as ligas Fe80Ga20 e Fe72Ga28 apresentaram um máximo com a adição de 1% at. de B, sendo de 81 ppm e 143 ppm, respectivamente. Conclui-se que estas adições de B tiveram um efeito benéfico na magnetostricção das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga como-solidificadas, uma vez que chegaram a ocasionar um aumento de até 100% desta propriedade em relação à liga sem B. Por outro lado, a solidificação rápida não teve efeito sobre a magnetostricção das ligas Fe-Al-B.
Magnetostrictive materials exhibit elastic deformation when subjected to a magnetic field or changing in magnetic properties when subjected to mechanical stress, so they are of great interest for applications in actuators, sensors and energy harvesters. However, the best available magnetostrictive materials are expensive and fragile. In the last years has been discovered a new class of magnetostrictive material which overcome this problem, the class of the Fe-Ga and Fe-Al alloys, which have the unusual combination of moderate magnetostriction, good mechanical properties and low associated cost. Currently, research has searched ways to improve the magnetostriction of these alloys, both for ternary additions of other atoms or by using different methods of preparation, heat treatment or mechanical processing. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of B additions and rapid solidification process on the microstructure and magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga alloys. For this purpose, polycrystalline alloys of nominal composition (Fe80Al20)1-0.01yBy, (Fe80Ga20)1-0.01yBy and (Fe72Ga28)1-0.01yBy, with y = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 e 2 at.% were produced by arc melting and splat cooling rapid solidification technique. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed by SEM/EDS and XRD. The magnetostriction was measured under magnetic field of 0 to ±2 T, at 4.2, 77 and 300 K, by capacitance dilatometry. The B additions caused precipitation of Fe2B at the grain boundaries of A2 and/or D03 phase of Fe-Al and Fe-Ga alloys, resulting in a reduction of the grain size and formation of dendritic crystals. The Fe80Al20 alloys showed a maximum magnetostriction of 74 ppm with the addition of 2 at.% B. And, the Fe80Ga20 and Fe72Ga28 alloys showed a peak with the addition of 1 at.% B, of 81 ppm and 143 ppm, respectively. We concluded that these B additions had a beneficial effect on the magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga as-cast alloys, since they caused an increase up to 100% of this property in relation to the alloy without B. On the other hand, the rapid solidification had no the same effect on the magnetostriction of Fe-Al-B alloys.

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25

PAOLA, JEAN C. C. de. "Efeito de tratamentos termicos e da adicao de cromo nas propriedades mecanicas de ligas Fe-24 atAl." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10664.

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Dissertacao(Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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26

PILLIS, MARINA F. "Estudo do comportamento de sulfetacao de ligas Fe20Cr." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10925.

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IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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27

Prajapati, Kamlesh. "Properties of magnetostrictive alloys at elevated temperatures." Thesis, University of Hull, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322348.

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COELHO, RODRIGO E. "Obtencao das ligas Al-Fe-X-Si (X = V ou Nb) por moagem de alta energia e extrusao a quente." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10870.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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29

Malavazi, Jefferson. "Caracterização microestrutural dos compostos intermetálicos e seu efeito no comportamento mecânico nas ligas de Al-9%Si com adições de Fe e Mn." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-17032014-151816/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência do ferro e do manganês em uma liga de alumínio com 9% de silício (% em peso). Para isto, foram elaboradas duas famílias de liga Al-9%Si: uma com os teores de 0,1%, 0,4%, 0,8% e 1,2% de Fe e uma segunda liga de Al-9%Si-0,8%Fe com teores de 0,1%, 0,4% e 0,7% de Mn. Para a realização deste estudo, foram produzidos corpos de prova de tração fundidos em coquilha, segundo a norma ASTM B108. Os corpos de prova obtidos foram tracionados para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas, em seguida, foram submetidos a uma análise microestrutural por microscopia óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As superfícies de fratura dos corpos de prova tracionados foram também observadas por MEV com a finalidade de comparar o efeito das adições de Fe e Mn. O efeito da adição crescente de Fe na liga Al-9%Si foi observado no ensaio de tração que mostrou queda tanto nos limites de resistência e de escoamento como no alongamento, decorrentes da formação da fase β-Al5FeSi que apresentou morfologia em plaquetas, interrompendo a continuidade da matriz de alumínio. Para teores abaixo de 0,4% de Fe, ocorreu um ligeiro aumento da resistência mecânica que pode ser atribuído à formação da fase α-Al8Fe2Si, que apresentou morfologia tipo escrita chinesa, que não interrompe a continuidade da matriz. Com adição de teores crescentes de Mn na liga Al-9%Si-0,8%Fe ocorreu uma elevação do limite de resistência e do alongamento, mas uma queda do limite de escoamento, quando comparados com a mesma liga sem adição de Mn. Conclui-se que esse comportamento pode ser atribuído a mudança de morfologia do intermetálico de plaquetas para escrita chinesa que intercala a matriz dúctil com a fase frágil, devido a adição do Mn.
This study aims to determine the influence of iron and manganese in an aluminum alloy with 9% silicon (% by weight). Were prepared two families of alloy Al-9%Si: one with the content of 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% Fe and a second alloy of Al-9% Si-0,8%Fe content of 0.1%, 0.4% and 0.7% Mn. For this study, tensile specimens were produced in permanent mold casting according to ASTM B108. The specimens obtained were pulled for quantitative evaluation of the mechanical properties and were subjected to a qualitative metallographic evaluation. Qualitative analysis of the bodies of tensile fracture test was conducted in order to compare the effect of additions of Fe and Mn. The effect of incremental addition of Fe in the alloy Al-9% Si was observed in the tensile test that showed a decrease in both the tensile and elongation flow as resulting from the formation of β-Al5FeSi phase platelet morphology showed that interrupting the continuity of aluminum matrix. To levels below 0.4% Fe, there was a slight increase in strength can be attributed to the formation of α-Al8Fe2Si phase morphology presented in chinese script that does not interrupt the continuity of the matrix. With addition of increasing concentrations of Mn in the alloy Al-9% Si-0, 8% Fe was an increase in the tensile strength and elongation but fall of yield stress when compared to the same alloy without Mn addition. We conclude that this behavior can be attributed to a change in morphology of the intermetallic platelets to chinese writing interspersing the ductile matrix with brittle phase due to the addition of Mn.

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Buljac, Ante. "Compréhension, observation et quantification des mécanismes de rupture ductile par imagerie 3D." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN036/document.

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Au cours des dernières décennies, des efforts importants ont été menés dans la modélisation des processus de rupture ductile entraînant des progrès substantiels. Cependant, la compréhension complète des mécanismes de rupture ductile dans des états de contraintes spécifiques demeure une question ouverte. Ceci est dû au manque de bases des données expérimentales et à la non validation des modèles pour ces conditions de chargement. Dans ce travail, les acquisitions de données sont principalement obtenues en utilisant la laminographie, ce qui rend possible l'imagerie de régions d'intérêt d'échantillons plats. L'utilisation d'éprouvettes larges (et minces) permet de générer différents états de contraintes et des conditions aux limites pertinentes pour l'ingénierie, qui ne pouvaient pas être évaluées jusqu'à présent en trois dimensions et en essais in-situ à des échelles micrométriques. La corrélation d'images volumiques (DVC) est utilisée pour mesurer les champs de déplacement à l'intérieur des échantillons en acquérant des images de laminographie 3D. Deux classes de matériaux représentatives de deux modes génériques de rupture ductile ont été examinées, à savoir les alliages d'aluminium (rupture par instabilité) et la fonte à graphite sphéroïdal (rupture par croissance de vide et coalescence).L'observation de la microstructure et les interactions déformations-endommagement pour différentes géométries d'échantillons et pour différents niveaux de triaxialité des contraintes associés ont été étudiées pour des alliages d'aluminium à une résolution micrométrique. De plus, un cadre combiné numérique-expérimental (DVC-FE) est introduit pour valider les simulations numériques à l'échelle microscopique pour la fonte à graphite sphéroïdal. Les simulations par éléments finis (FE), qui représentent la microstructure des matériaux étudiés, sont conduites avec des conditions aux limites de Dirichlet extraites des mesures DVC. Enfin, le cadre DVC-FE a été amélioré et utilisé comme une procédure d'identification intégrée pour l'étude du comportement élasto-plastique de la matrice ferritique de la fonte, non seulement en termes de champs cinématiques induits par la microstructure aléatoire, mais aussi avec les niveaux de charge globaux
In the last few decades significant efforts have been made in modeling ductile failure processes resulting in substantial progress. However, the full understanding of ductile failure mechanisms under specific stress states still remains an open question. This is partly due to missing experimental data and validation of models for such loading conditions.In this work, data acquisitions are mainly obtained by using laminography, which makes the imaging of regions of interest in flat samples possible. The use of large (and thin) specimens allows various stress states and engineering-relevant boundary conditions to be generated, which could not be assessed in three dimensions and in-situ at micrometer scales before. Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) is used for measuring displacement fields in the bulk of samples by registering 3D laminography images. Two material classes that are representative of two generic modes of ductile failure have been examined, namely, Al-alloys (failure by instability) and cast iron (failure by void growth and coalescence). The observation of microstructure and strain-damage interactions at micrometer resolution for various specimen geometries and associated levels of stress triaxiality are studied for Al-alloys. Additionally, a combined computational-experimental (DVC-FE) framework is introduced to validate numerical simulations at the microscopic scale for nodular graphite cast iron. Finite Element (FE) simulations, which account for the studied material microstructure, are driven by Dirichlet boundary conditions extracted from DVC measurements.Last, the DVC-FE framework is upgraded to an integrated identification procedure to probe elasto-plastic constitutive law of the cast iron ferritic matrix not only in terms of kinematic fields induced by the random microstructure but also by overall load levels

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31

Wang, Yun. "Solidification microstructure selection and coupled eutectic growth in Al-Fe and Al-Fe-Mn alloys." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324449.

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Smillie, Matthew John. "Casting and Analysis of Squeeze Cast Aluminium Silicon Eutectic Alloy." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1086.

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Squeeze casting is the practise of solidifying metals under mechanically applied pressure via a slow displacement of a die volume. It has been shown that squeeze casting enhances the mechanical properties of cast metals. Research into other high integrity casting processes has shown that using techniques that enhance melt quality can further increase the mechanical properties. Therefore a bottom-tapped, bottom-fed squeeze casting machine was designed and built around a pre-existing squeeze casting die designed for uniaxial pressure application. This was used to obtain quantitative metallurgical and microstructural information on the squeeze castings produced, including the effects of common micro-alloying additions of strontium modifier and titanium modifier on the microstructure and hardness of a commercial aluminium silicon eutectic alloy. These were examined using a Taguchi design of experiments approach. It was found that squeeze casting reduced porosity and secondary dendrite arm spacing and increased hardness, and reduced or eliminated increases in porosity and secondary dendrite arm spacing associated with micro-alloying addition. The size of possibly deleterious iron-rich precipitates was reduced, and the morphology of such precipitates changed to a possibly less deleterious form without further alloy additions of manganese. It was also found that melt control and handling is essential for consistent quality of castings in the production of small volume squeeze castings, such as the ones produced in this experimental work.

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MALAVAZI, JEFFERSON. "Caracterização microestrutural dos compostos intermetálicos e seu efeito no comportamento mecânico nas ligas de Al-9%Si com adições de Fe e Mn." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10554.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Otani, Lucas Barcelos. "Solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8903.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The main application of 319 aluminum alloy is for manufacturing components for automobile industry. One of the main concerns related to the recycling of this metal is regarding the incorporation of impurities as iron, for instance. Due to its low solubility in solid aluminum, the presence of this element leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds such as α-Al8Fe2Si and β-Al9Fe2Si2, the most common iron phases in Si-containing Al-alloys. The β phase is harmful to mechanical properties because of its platelet like morphology. Spray forming is an advanced processing technique which can mitigate the deleterious effect of these intermetallic phases. However, the solidification process of spray formed metals is still an open discussion. In these sense, the aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the solidification process of spray formed 319 aluminum alloy. The work was divided in three stages: the first evaluated the presence and morphology of intermetallic phases by varying the pouring temperature and Fe content (0.6 and 1.2 in mass percent); the second evaluated the eutectic Al-Si morphology through varying the processing conditions; and finally, the third evaluated the solute distribution in the final microstructure, in this case other aluminum alloys were studied together with the 319 (2024 and 7050). The basis for discussion the phenomena was a solidification model for spray formed metals recently proposed in the literature, which defines the process in two stages, being the final solidification occurring at low cooling rate. The results showed that by controlling the processing parameters it is possible to mitigate the β-Al9Fe2Si2 formation, as well as to alter the eutectic Al-Si morphology. The third stage indicated the possibility of maintenance of certain solute in solid solution on the periphery of aluminum grains. It could be concluded that the solidification model was adequate to explain the phenomena presented in this work.
A liga de alumínio 319 possui como aplicação a fabricação de componentes da indústria automobilística. Um dos principais problemas relacionados à reciclagem destas ligas é a incorporação de impurezas como o ferro. Devido à baixa solubilidade deste elemento, sua presença leva a formação de compostos intermetálicos, sendo o α-Al8Fe2Si e o β-Al9Fe2Si2 os mais comuns em sistemas com silício. A fase β é a mais danosa às propriedades mecânicas devido à sua morfologia de placas, sendo que uma rota de processamento que se mostra viável no sentido de mitigação do efeito deletério deste intermetálico é a conformação por spray. Apesar disso, o processo de solidificação desta técnica ainda é um assunto debatido na comunidade científica. Neste contexto, este trabalho possui o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre o processo de solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira avaliou a presença dos intermetálicos de ferro variando-se a temperatura de vazamento e o teor de ferro (0,6% e 1,2% em peso); a segunda avaliou a morfologia do eutético Al-Si através das alterações das condições de spray; e, por fim, a terceira avaliou a distribuição de soluto na microestrutura, neste caso, outras ligas de alumínio foram estudadas (2024 e 7050). A discussão dos fenômenos foi realizada a partir de um modelo de solidificação para materiais conformados por spray que divide o processo em duas etapas distintas, sendo a solidificação final ocorrendo a uma taxa de resfriamento relativamente lenta. Os resultados mostraram que através do controle das condições de spray é possível mitigar a formação do intermetálico β-Al9Fe2Si2, assim como alterar a morfologia do eutético Al-Si. A terceira etapa indicou a manutenção de certos elementos em solução sólida em regiões adjacentes aos contornos de grão. Pôde-se concluir que o modelo de solidificação utilizado foi adequado para explicar os fenômenos descritos nas etapas realizadas.
CNPq: 135810/2015-9

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35

Сьомкіна, Олена Володимирівна. "Удосконалення електрохімічного осадження функціональних покрить міддю на сплави заліза та алюмінію." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39104.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018 р. Дисертацію присвячено удосконаленню технологічного процесу нанесення функціональних мідних покриттів на вироби зі сплавів заліза й алюмінію, які використовуються для підвищення електро- та теплопровідності, забезпечення надійності контактних з'єднань, надання поверхні каталітичних властивостей. Досліджено кінетику і механізм відновлення гідроксотартратного комплексу міді. Встановлено, що катодний процес протікає в області змішаної кінетики і ускладнений хімічною стадією дисоціації комплексного іона. Розроблено склад електроліту міднення, що забезпечує осадження покриттів з міцною адгезією до більш електронегативної основи. Отриманий розчин екологічно безпечний та стійкий при тривалій експлуатації. Вивчено вплив параметрів електролізу (температури, густини струму, концентрації компонентів розчину) на морфологію і якість одержуваних покриттів. Встановлено, що для поліпшення зчеплення мідного осаду з виробами зі сплавів алюмінію, необхідно створити на їх поверхні оксидну плівку з розвиненою пористою поверхнею, що задається умовами формування. Виявлено корозійні і електричні характеристики сформованих оксидів. Визначено, що додавання активуючої домішки фторид-іону до електроліту міднення сприяє більш рівномірному розподілу металу по поверхні сплавів.
Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.17.03 – technical electrochemistry. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the improvement of the technological process of applying copper coatings to products made of alloys of iron and aluminum, which are intended for electrical purposes. The kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of the copper hydroxotartrate complex are studied. It is found that the cathodic process includes delayed stage of electron transfer and chemical dissociation stage of the complex ion. The composition of the electrolyte for copper deposition has been developed, which ensures the deposition of coatings with good adhesion to the electronegative base. The resulting solution is environmentally safe and stable for long-term use. The effect of electrolysis parameters on the morphology and quality of the coatings was studied. In order to improve the adhesion of the copper deposit to parts made of aluminum alloys, it is necessary to create an oxide film having a developed porous surface, which is specified by the conditions of its formation. The corrosion and electrical characteristics of the oxides formed are revealed. It is determined that the addition of the fluoride ion (as activating impurity to the electrolyte for copper plating) promotes a more even distribution of the metal over the surface of the alloys.

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Durbin, Tracie L. "Modeling Dissolution in Aluminum Alloys." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6873.

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Aluminum and its alloys are used in many aspects of modern life, from soda cans and household foil to the automobiles and aircraft in which we travel. Aluminum alloy systems are characterized by good workability that enables these alloys to be economically rolled, extruded, or forged into useful shapes. Mechanical properties such as strength are altered significantly with cold working, annealing, precipitation-hardening, and/or heat-treatments. Heat-treatable aluminum alloys contain one or more soluble constituents such as copper, lithium, magnesium, silicon and zinc that individually, or with other elements, can form phases that strengthen the alloy. Microstructure development is highly dependent on all of the processing steps the alloy experiences. Ultimately, the macroscopic properties of the alloy depend strongly on the microstructure. Therefore, a quantitative understanding of the microstructural changes that occur during thermal and mechanical processing is fundamental to predicting alloy properties. In particular, the microstructure becomes more homogeneous and secondary phases are dissolved during thermal treatments. Robust physical models for the kinetics of particle dissolution are necessary to predict the most efficient thermal treatment. A general dissolution model for multi-component alloys has been developed using the front-tracking method to study the dissolution of precipitates in an aluminum alloy matrix. This technique is applicable to any alloy system, provided thermodynamic and diffusion data are available. Treatment of the precipitate interface is explored using two techniques: the immersed-boundary method and a new technique, termed here the sharp-interface method. The sharp-interface technique is based on a variation of the ghost fluid method and eliminates the need for corrective source terms in the characteristic equations. In addition, the sharp-interface method is shown to predict the dissolution behavior of precipitates in aluminum alloys when compared with published experimental results. The influence of inter-particle spacing is examined and shown to have a significant effect on dissolution kinetics. Finally, the impact of multiple particles of various sizes interacting in an aluminum matrix is investigated. It is shown that smaller particles dissolve faster, as expected, but influence the dissolution of larger particles through soft-impingement, even after the smaller particles have disappeared.

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37

Khajeh, Ehsan. "Permeability of hypoeutectic aluminum alloys." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36586.

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The interdendritic permeability is a critical parameter that defines the feedability of the mushy zone during solidification. In this study, a theoretical expression to describe the evolution of permeability throughout the complete solidification range (from dendritic to dendritic/eutectic) of hypoeutectic aluminum alloys has been derived, verified and validated through physical and numerical modeling. The permeability of the primary, equiaxed, dendritic phase has been characterized using geometries obtained by X-ray microtomographic analysis of Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy samples quenched at different temperatures after the start of solidification. The permeability during equiaxed eutectic solidification was characterized on simulated dendritic/eutectic microstructures predicted using a Cellular Automaton technique. For both the dendritic and dendritic/eutectic structures, the permeability was characterized i) physically using large-scale analogues of the characterized microstructures and ii) numerically by predicting the flow through the simulated microstructures. The microstructural parameters were then linked to more practical parameters available in solidification models through i) developing an inverse analysis technique to characterize eutectic solidification and ii) development of a geometric model for dendritic solidification. The permeability values determined through physical and numerical modeling are in good agreement with each other and are consistent with the mathematical expression. The proposed permeability expression is valid over the complete solidification range and for a wide range of compositions. The expression reduces to the conventional Carman-Kozeny expression during dendritic solidification and/or dendritic/eutectic solidification with low density of eutectic grains. However, it deviates from the conventional Carman-Kozeny expression as the density of eutectic grains increases.

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38

Fransson, Christoffer. "Accelerated aging of aluminum alloys." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5041.

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In order to determine storage life for aluminum alloys it is essential to have a good knowledge on the accelerated aging behavior and the mechanical properties that are affected. The selected aluminum alloys are AA2017, AA6082, AA7075 and the study has been focused on their impact toughness and hardness relation to aging beyond peak conditions. To be able to plot the mechanical properties versus aging time and temperature, Differential Scanning Calorimetric runs have been the key to obtain supporting activation energies for a specific transformation. The activation energies have been calculated according to the Kissinger method, plotted in Matlab. Arrhenius correlation has also been applied to predict the natural aging time for long time storage in 30 degrees Celsius. It could be concluded that the results from the mechanical test series show that the constructed Arrhenius 3D method did not meet the expectations to extrapolate constant activation energies down to storage life condition. Scanning electron microscopy together with light optical microscopy analyses show how important it is to apply notches in proper test specimen directions and how precipitates are grown, as it will affect impact toughness and hardness.

An ending discussion is held to explain how mechanical testing progressed and how other external issues affected the master thesis operations.

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39

Gammage, Justin Wilkinson D. S. "Damage in heterogeneous aluminum alloys /." *McMaster only, 2002.

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40

Pletcher, Ben A. "Kinetics of aluminum lithium alloys." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024666.

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41

Castan, Christophe. "Etude de la recristallisation au cours du laminage a chaud d’aciers a basse densite fer-aluminium." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0629/document.

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Les directives de l'Union Européenne conditionnent la R&D du secteur automobile concernant l'utilisation de matériaux plus légers ayant pour but de réduire la consommation de carburant et une diminution de l’émission de gaz d’échappement. L’objectif est de mettre au point des aciers allégés d’au moins 10% (ρmax ≈ 7g/cm3). Les alliages fer-aluminium possèdent des propriétés physiques et mécaniques prometteuses mais présentent des défauts de surface appelés roping, apparaissant après l’emboutissage à froid. Cette étude a consisté à mieux comprendre les conditions de recristallisation au cours du laminage à chaud afin de contrôler la microstructure et ainsi limiter ces défauts. Il est généralement admis, lors d’une déformation à chaud, que les alliages ferritiques, à haute énergie de défaut d’empilement, donnent lieu aux processus de recristallisation dynamique géométrique (RDG) et de recristallisation dynamique continue (RDC). Dans cette étude, l’existence d’une transition entre les mécanismes de RDC et de recristallisation dynamique discontinue (RDD) a été mise en évidence pour des températures comprises entre 900 et 1100°C et des vitesses de déformation comprises entre 0,1 et 50s 1. La recristallisation post dynamique a aussi été étudiée afin d’observer l’évolution de la microstructure lors de maintiens en température. Un modèle développé antérieurement pour la RDC de l’aluminium a ensuite été utilisé afin de simuler une passe de laminage. Bien que la comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et simulés fasse apparaître un certain nombre de différences, ce modèle permet de reproduire qualitativement les évolutions de la microstructure
The instructions of the European Union pilot the R&D in the automotive industry regarding the use of lightweight materials which aims at reducing fuel consumption and emission of exhaust gases.The objective is to develop steels of density reduced by at least 10% (ρmax ≈ 7g/cm3). Iron aluminum alloys display promising physical and mechanical properties but they often exhibit surface defects, referred to as roping, appearing after the deep drawing process. This study was carried out to better understand the conditions of recrystallization during hot rolling to control the microstructure and thereby limit these defects.During hot deformation, it is generally agreed that geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) operate in ferritic alloys with high stacking fault energy. In this study, the existence of a transition between CDRX and the mechanism of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) has been brought into evidence in the temperature range 900 1100°C and strain rate range 0.1-50s-1. Post-dynamic recrystallization was also studied to observe the evolution of microstructure during holding temperatures.A model formerly developed for the CDRX of aluminum was then used to simulate a rolling pass. Comparison of computed and experimental results shows some differences but this model can reproduce microstructural changes qualitatively

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42

Park, Sungbae. "Rheocasting of aluminium alloys." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670041.

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43

Сьомкіна, Олена Володимирівна. "Удосконалення електрохімічного осадження функціональних покрить міддю на сплави заліза та алюмінію." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39049.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018 р. Дисертацію присвячено удосконаленню технологічного процесу нанесення функціональних мідних покриттів на вироби зі сплавів заліза й алюмінію, які використовуються для підвищення електро- та теплопровідності, забезпечення надійності контактних з'єднань, надання поверхні каталітичних властивостей. Досліджено кінетику і механізм відновлення гідроксотартратного комплексу міді. Встановлено, що катодний процес протікає в області змішаної кінетики і ускладнений хімічною стадією дисоціації комплексного іона. Розроблено склад електроліту міднення, що забезпечує осадження покриттів з міцною адгезією до більш електронегативної основи. Отриманий розчин екологічно безпечний та стійкий при тривалій експлуатації. Вивчено вплив параметрів електролізу (температури, густини струму, концентрації компонентів розчину) на морфологію і якість одержуваних покриттів. Встановлено, що для поліпшення зчеплення мідного осаду з виробами зі сплавів алюмінію, необхідно створити на їх поверхні оксидну плівку з розвиненою пористою поверхнею, що задається умовами формування. Виявлено корозійні і електричні характеристики сформованих оксидів. Визначено, що додавання активуючої домішки фторид-іону до електроліту міднення сприяє більш рівномірному розподілу металу по поверхні сплавів.
Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.17.03 – technical electrochemistry. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the improvement of the technological process of applying copper coatings to products made of alloys of iron and aluminum, which are intended for electrical purposes. The kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of the copper hydroxotartrate complex are studied. It is found that the cathodic process includes delayed stage of electron transfer and chemical dissociation stage of the complex ion. The composition of the electrolyte for copper deposition has been developed, which ensures the deposition of coatings with good adhesion to the electronegative base. The resulting solution is environmentally safe and stable for long-term use. The effect of electrolysis parameters on the morphology and quality of the coatings was studied. In order to improve the adhesion of the copper deposit to parts made of aluminum alloys, it is necessary to create an oxide film having a developed porous surface, which is specified by the conditions of its formation. The corrosion and electrical characteristics of the oxides formed are revealed. It is determined that the addition of the fluoride ion (as activating impurity to the electrolyte for copper plating) promotes a more even distribution of the metal over the surface of the alloys.

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44

Fox, P. "The effect of minor additions on the oxidation of an iron-aluminium alloy." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480511.

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45

Beheshti, Reza. "Sustainable Aluminum and Iron Production." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196547.

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Aluminium recycling requires 95% less energy than primary production with no loss of quality. The Black Dross (BD) produced during secondary aluminium production contains high amounts of water-soluble compounds, therefore it is considered as a toxic waste. In the present work, salt removal from BD by thermal treatment has been investigated in laboratory scale. The optimum conditions for treatment were established, i.e., temperature, gas flow rate, holding time, rotation rate, and sample size. The overall degree of chloride removal was established to increase as a function of time and temperature. Even Pretreated Black Dross (PBD) was evaluated as a possible raw material for the production of a calcium aluminate-based ladle-fluxing agent to be used in the steel industry. The effects of different process parameters on the properties of the produced flux were experimentally investigated, i.e. CaO/Al2O3 ratio, temperature, holding time, and cooling media. The utilization of PBD as the alumina source during the production of a calcium aluminate fluxing agent shows promising results. The iron/steel industry is responsible for 9% of anthropogenic energy and process CO2 emissions. It is believed that the only way to a long-term reduction of the CO2 emissions from the iron/steel industry is commercialization of alternative processes such as Direct Reduction (DR) of iron oxide. Detailed knowledge of the kinetics of the reduction reactions is, however, a prerequisite for the design and optimization of the DR process. To obtain a better understanding of the reduction kinetics, a model was developed step-by-step, from a single pellet to a fixed bed with many pellets. The equations were solved using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®. The final model considers the reaction rate and mass transfer inside the pellet, as well as the mass transfers and heat transfer in the fixed bed. All the models were verified against experimental results, and where found to describe the results in a satisfying way.

QC 20161128

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46

Delamare, José. "Etude microstructurale d'alliages Nd-Fe et Nd-Fe-Al : corrélation aux phases secondaires des aimants Nd-Fe-B." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES058.

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La microstructure d'un alliage eutectique Nd-Fe a été étudiée grâce à la microscopie électronique à transmission. Il apparaît que le composé métastable A1 est constitué de deux composés nanocristallins, dont les compositions sont proches de Nd20Fe80 et Nd40Fe60 (% at. ). L'origine de la formation de tels composés est interprétée dans un diagramme de phases binaire métastable, incluant la phase NdFe2. Les caractéristiques structurales des autres phases du système binaire sont également étudiées. L'addition d'aluminium aux alliages Nd-Fe dont la composition est riche en Nd modifie drastiquement les propriétés macroscopiques (coercitivité, dureté). Ces effets sont liés aux modifications microstructurales apportées par l'aluminium (disparition de la phase A1 au profit de la phase ternaire U). La microstructure de ces alliages est voisine de celle de la phase intergranulaire rencontrée dans les aimants (Fe, Al)-Nd-B. Une étude bibliographique a confirmé que la phase U s'y présentait sous la forme de lamelles. Son influence sur la coercitivité des aimants est discutée. La structure cristalline polytypique de la phase U a été mise en évidence par diffraction électronique. Les polytypes 12R, 4H, 8H ont été identifiés. Une méthode permettant de déterminer les positions atomiques au sein de la maille polytypique est brièvement expliquée

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Harsacky, Frank J. Jr. "Processing studies of aluminum-magnesium and aluminum-copper-lithium alloys." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34850.

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Investigation into the effect on superplastic behavior of two aluminum alloys produced by variations of thermomechanical processing parameters was conducted. The alloys in this study are Al-10Mg-0.1Zr (weight percent) and 2090, which is Al-2.56Cu-2.03Li-0.12Zr (weight percent). Determination of the existence of an optimum balance between deformation and recovery for the Al-10Mg-0.1Zr alloy was accomplished by extending the annealing interval to 60 minutes during warm rolling at 300 C. The optimum balance is a 30 minute annealing interval between rolling passes. Processing of Al-10Mg-0.1Zr with a rolling temperature lower than the annealing temperature produced ductilities which are less than those obtained by utilization of the optimum process. The extension of annealing intervals in the processing of 2090 resulted in increased superplastic response when compared with results obtained employing shorter annealing intervals. By application of a two-temperature process which incorporates rolling at a lower temperature than the annealing temperature, the determination has been made that enhanced ductility results however, the annealing interval of 14 minutes should be extended.

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Matulich, Ryan Douglas. "Post-fire Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys and Aluminum Welds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32727.

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The focus of this research was to quantify the post-fire mechanical properties of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6 aluminum alloys. Post-fire exposure is considered heating the material to a particular temperature then cooling the material back to room temperature. The research included evaluating parent materials as well as welded samples. Post-fire mechanical properties of parent materials were evaluated at temperatures ranging from ambient to 500oC with isothermal and transient heating. Changes in material properties were evaluated through static tensile tests and hardness testing on cooled samples. Using this data, an assessment was performed to investigate the relationship between hardness and mechanical properties. For the alloys evaluated, empirical relationships were found between Vickers hardness and post-fire strength. Testing was also performed on butt welded samples of 6082-T6 exposed isothermally to temperatures ranging from ambient to 500oC. Vickers hardness profiles were measured across a sample to quantify the hardness of the weld, heat affected zone, and parent material. This was performed at room temperature and following different heat exposures. Static tensile tests were used to evaluate the effect of reheating on the welded samples. Post-fire strength of welded samples was strongly affected by weld geometry. Parent material hardness varied with reheating while weld hardness remained constant. At select temperatures, this resulted in the weld having a higher Vickers hardness than the parent material. Despite this tensile failure always occurred within the weld.
Master of Science

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Last, Howard R. "Precipitation of dispersoids in aluminum alloys." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19895.

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Rofman, Oleg V. "Dynamic grain growth in aluminum alloys." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489016.

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