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Allen, Scott T., Margaret L. Whitsell, and Richard F. Keim. "Leaf area allometrics and morphometrics in baldcypress." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 8 (August 2015): 963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0039.
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Leaf area relationships are important physiologically and ecologically but are not well studied in baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. var. distichum). Tree leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured in a wetland in southern Louisiana by dissecting crowns of felled trees and by scaling stand-level measurements with allometry. Branchlet morphology ranged from flat and open with high specific leaf area (87.2 ± 30.7 cm2·g−1; mean ± SD) to scaled with appressed leaves and low specific leaf area (22.1 ± 11.6 cm2·g−1). Leaves were more appressed higher in the canopy. Tree LA was strongly related to sapwood basal area (SBA), and SBA was related to diameter; these allometric relationships enabled estimating LA from diameters. At the plot level, LAI estimated by allometric relationship (ranging from 1.8 to 10.2) was not linearly related to output from an optical canopy analyzer measuring light extinction; ratios of allometric to optical methods were 0.8 for the sparsest plot and 2.4 for the densest plot. LAI was less in deeper flooded plots (3.6 ± 0.6) than in transiently flooded plots (8.4 ± 0.6), but it is unclear whether this represents a difference in maximum LAI or delayed attainment of maximum LAI in lower areas.
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van den HOFF, JOHN, RICHARD FRACCARO, PETER MITCHELL, IAIN FIELD, CLIVE McMAHON, HARRY BURTON, WENDY BLANCHARD, PADRAIG DUIGNAN, and TRACEY ROGERS. "ESTIMATING BODY MASS AND CONDITION OF LEOPARD SEALS BY ALLOMETRICS." Journal of Wildlife Management 69, no. 3 (July 2005): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1015:ebmaco]2.0.co;2.
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Pereira, J. MC, M. Tomé, J. MB Carreiras, J. A. Tomé, J. S. Pereira, J. S. David, and A. MD Favião. "Leaf area estimation from three allometrics in Eucalyptus globulus plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x96-179.
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Hadinata, Fitra Wira Hadinata, Sri Rahayu, Fitri Nurleha, Kezia Gloria A.R., and Benaya M.S. "Pola Pertumbuhan Ikan Pari Kemejan (Rhynchobatus springeri) yang Didaratkan di Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat." Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Lesser Sunda 1, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jikls.v1i1.29.
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The whitespotted guitarfish (Rhyncobatus Springeri) resource is an important commodity and has high economic value. This study aims to determine the growth pattern of whitespotted guitarfish landed in the PPI Sungai Kakap. This research was conducted at the PPI Sungai Kakap, Sungai Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province in July and August 2019. Data was collected by observation, surveys, and interviews. Data analysis of sex ratios, length, and weight was carried out on samples of whitespotted guitarfish. The results of the analysis of the sex ratio of male and female whitespotted guitarfish were 1.00:1.44, this shows that the number of male fish caught is relatively equal to the number of female fish caught. The results of the analysis of the length and weight relationship of whitespotted guitarfish, the a value is 20.643 and the b value is 0.6770. That value represents a negative allometric growth pattern for male and female fish. The negative allometrics explain that the length growth is faster than the weight growth. Generally, the increase of the length and weight is equal, but the whitespotted guitarfish has length growth faster than weight growth
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Istiqomah, Lailatul, Saimul Laili, and Hasan Zayadi. "Estimasi Karbon pada Tegakan Varietas Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) Di Lahan Agroforestri Precet Wilayah Resort Pemangkuan Hutan Wagir KPH Malang." Jurnal SAINS ALAMI (Known Nature) 5, no. 1 (July 8, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/j.sa.v5i1.12819.
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Global warming that causes climate change is due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the form of CO2, CH4 and other forms in the atmosphere. The application of the agroforestry system is one of the efforts to overcome the need for agricultural land by maintaining the function of the forest and the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for carbon stored in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) stands and to determine abiotic factors in the locations where Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) stands grow in agroforestry areas. This research used descriptive method and coffee stand sampling technique using non-destructive purposive sampling. For each stand sample, 25 trees were taken for each Gayo 1, p88 and Ateng coffee varieties so that the total sample size was 75 trees. Calculation data analysis includes allometric Ketterings dry weight = 0.11 D2.62 (2001) and Arifin allometric formula = 0.281 D2.0635 (2001). Analysis of biomass data carbon = dry weight x 0.47. The results showed that the largest carbon storage was found in the Gayo 1 variety, then the p88 variety and the smallest carbon storage was found in the Ateng variety. Abiotic factors in coffee agroforestry show soil moisture 18.3%, air humidity 60-75%, soil pH 7.5%, soil temperature 21°C, air temperature 21-25°C with an altitude of 900-1100 masl. Abiotic factors affect plant growth, and light intensity also affects plant biomass.Keywords: Agroforestry, Allometrics, Abiotic Factors, Carbon, Coffee VarietiesABSTRAKPemanasan global yang menimbulkan perubahan iklim dikarenakan meningkatnya emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) dalam bentuk CO2, CH4dan bentuk lainnyadi atmosfer. Penerapan sistem agroforestri merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi kebutuhan lahan pertanian dengan mempertahankan fungsi hutan dan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi karbon tersimpan pada tegakan varietas kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) dan untuk mengetahui faktor abiotik di lokasi tempat tumbuh tegakan varietas kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) di lahan agroforestri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan teknik sampling tegakan kopi menggunakan purposive sampling non-destructive. Tiap sampel tegakan diambil 25 pohon pada setiap varietas kopi Gayo 1, p88 dan Ateng sehingga jumlah sampel keseluruhan 75 pohon. Analisa data perhitungan meliputi allometrik Ketterings berat kering = 0,11 ρ D2,62 (2001) dan rumus allometrik Arifin = 0,281 D2,0635 (2001). Analilis data biomasa karbon = berat kering x 0,47. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan simpanan karbon terbesar terdapat pada varietas Gayo 1, kemudian varietas p88 dan simpanan karbon paling kecil terdapat pada varietas Ateng. Faktor abiotik di agroforestri kopi menunjukkan kelembaban tanah 18,3%, kelembaban udara 60-75%, pH tanah 7,5%, suhu tanah 21°C, Suhu udara 21-25°C dengan ketinggian 900-1100 mdpl. Faktor abiotik berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan tanaman, dan intensitas cahaya juga berpengaruh terhadap biomassa tanaman.Kata kunci : Agroforestri, Allometrik, Faktor Abiotik, Karbon, Varietas Kopi
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Arranz, Patricia, Fredrik Christiansen, Maria Glarou, Shane Gero, Fleur Visser, Machiel G. Oudejans, Natacha Aguilar de Soto, and Kate Sprogis. "Body Condition and Allometry of Free-Ranging Short-Finned Pilot Whales in the North Atlantic." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214787.
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To understand the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the nutritional health of animals, it is important to measure and understand the morphometrics, allometrics, and body condition of the species. We examined the body shape, allometric relationships, and body condition of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in three locations across the North Atlantic. Using unmanned aerial vehicles, the body length (BL) and width (along the body axis) were measured from photographs of the dorsal side, while body height (dorso-ventral distance) was measured on the lateral side. Seventy-seven pilot whales were measured (mean±SD), including 9 calves (BL 2.37 m ± 0.118), 31 juveniles (2.90 m ± 0.183), and 37 adults (3.72 m ± 0.440). The body shape was similar among reproductive classes, with the widest point being anterior of the dorsal fin (at 30–35% BL from the rostrum). The cross-sectional body shape of the whales was flattened in the lateral plane, which increased towards the peduncle and fluke. The rostrum-blowhole distance and fluke width increased linearly with BL. The estimated volumes of pilot whales ranged between 0.15 and 0.32 m3 for calves, 0.25 and 0.64 m3 for juveniles, and 0.46 and 1.13 m3 for adults. The body condition (residual of log-volume vs. log-length) ranged from −34.8 to +52.4%. There was no difference in body condition among reproductive classes or locations.
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Bullock, Stephen H. "Abundance and Allometrics of Vines and Self-Supporting Plants in a Tropical Deciduous Forest." Biotropica 22, no. 1 (March 1990): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388726.
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Costa, Ana, Isabel Pôças, and Mário Cunha. "Estimating the Leaf Area of Cut Roses in Different Growth Stages Using Image Processing and Allometrics." Horticulturae 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae2030006.
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Paul, Keryn I., Stephen H. Roxburgh, Jacqueline R. England, Kim Brooksbank, John S. Larmour, Peter Ritson, Dan Wildy, et al. "Root biomass of carbon plantings in agricultural landscapes of southern Australia: Development and testing of allometrics." Forest Ecology and Management 318 (April 2014): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.007.
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Munana, Nila, Irwani Irwani, and Widianingsih Widianingsih. "Pola Pertumbuhan Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata) Di Perairan Desa Bandengan Kendal." Journal of Marine Research 10, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v10i1.28990.
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Kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) merupakan jenis kepiting yang banyak ditemukan di beberapa daerah, salah satunya di Perairan Desa Bandengan, Kendal. Kepiting bakau setiap harinya ditangkap oleh nelayan, keadaan ini dapat mempengaruhi terhadap populasi kepiting bakau. Fase bulan dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap kepiting bakau, seperti pada tingkah laku kepiting bakau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pola pertumbuhan kepiting bakau pada fase bulan mati dan purnama di Perairan Desa Bandengan Kendal. Metode yang digunakan yaitu bersifat deskriptif eksploratif. Pengambilan data dilakukan sebanyak 6 kali periode pada 28 Desember 2019 – 9 Maret 2020, data dari kepiting bakau meliputi panjang karapas, lebar karapas, berat tubuh, jumlah kepiting bakau, dan parameter perairan. Jumlah kepiting bakau yang diperoleh selama penelitian sebanyak 212 ekor bulan mati dan 236 ekor bulan purnama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan kepiting bakau jantan bulan mati bersifat allometrik positif, sedangkan pada kepiting bakau betina bersifat allometrik negatif. Sedangkan, pada purnama 1 bersifat allometrik positif, bulan purnama 2 dan bulan purnama 3 bersifat allometrik negatif, sedangkan kepiting bakau betina bersifat allometrik negatif. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a type of crab that is found in several areas, one of which is in the waters of Bandengan Village, Kendal. Every day mud crabs are caught by fishermen, this situation can affect the mangrove crab population. The moon phase can affect mud crabs, such as the behavior of mud crabs. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth pattern of mud crabs in the new moon and full moon phases in the waters of the village of Bandengan, Kendal. The method used is descriptive exploratory. Data collection was carried out 6 times during the period on 28 December 2019 - 9 March 2020, data from mud crabs included carapace length, carapace width, body weight, number of mangrove crabs, and water parameters. The number of mud crabs obtained during the study was 212 new moons and 236 full moons. The results showed that the growth pattern of male mud crabs in the new moon was positive allometric, while the female mud crabs were negative allometric. Meanwhile, full moon 1 is allometric positive, full moon 2, and full moon 3 allometric negatives, while female mud crabs are allometric negative.
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Aralaha, Melda F., Lawrence J. L. Lumingas, and Alex D. Kambey. "Density, Distribution Pattern and Morphometrics of Gastropods, Telescopium telescopium in Mangrove Area of Jailolo West Halmahera District, North Moluccas Province." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.3.1.2015.13218.
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A study focusing on density, distribution pattern and morphometrics of gastropods Telescopium telescopium was carried out during the month of December 2013 in the Bakun and Gamlamo villages Jailolo, West Halmahera District, the Province of North Moluccas. The aims of this study are to analyze and to reveal the density, distribution pattern and morphometrics (length-weight relationship) of gastropods Telescopium telescopium. A total of 280 organisms were collected from two stations deployed during the study. The density index for the two stations are 3.48 and 4.77 respectively and those length and diameter range from 23.0 to 74.9. Distribution pattern on station 1 is dominantly random while station 2 tend to be clustered. Study on length – weight relationship was found to have allometrics growth pattern. This is mean on those two stations the gastropods Telescopium telescopium have weight increment faster than length increment. Environmental parameters seem to have positive contribution on the present on those gastropods considering the sea water temperature, salinity, pH and type of substrates. Keywords: Distribution, morphometrics, density ABSTRAK Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2013 yang berlokasi di daerah mangrove Desa Bakun dan Desa Gamlamo, Jailolo, Halmahera Barat dengan tujuan menganalisis dan memberikan informasi mengenai kepadatan, distribusi dan morfometrik (hubungan panjang·berat) dari Telescopium telescopium. Hasil pengumpulan sampel yang dilakukan di kedua stasiun diperoleh sebanyak 280 individu (Stasiun I 116 dan Stasiun II 114). Nilai kepadatan untuk kedua stasiun 4,766 · 3,48 dan kisaran panjang dan diameter kedua stasiun 23,0 sampai 74,9. Keduanya memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. Pola sebaran Stasiun I lebih dominan acak dan Stasiun II mengelompok. Uji t digunakan untuk menguji apakah nilai-nilai b sama dengan nilai teoritis 3 atau tidak. Untuk hubungan panjang dan diameter cangkang Stasiun I allometrik karena nilat t hitung lebih besar dari teoritis 1, dan pada Stasiun II isometrik. Untuk hubungan panjang dan barat, keduanya allometrik dengan kata lain pada kedua stasiun memiliki pertumbuhan barat lebih cepat dari pertumbuhan panjang. Faktor lingkungan pada Stasiun I memiliki suhu yang disenangi oleh T. telescopium berkisar antara 28-30 oC, Stasiun II memiliki kondisi suhu yang tinggi berkisar antara 31-36 oC. Salinitas pada Stasiun I lebih tinggi dari Stasiun II tetapi dari kedua stasiun tersebut memiliki tingkat salinitas yang rendah. Nilai pH untuk kedua stasiun masih ada dibatas normaal dengan kisaran 7 sampai 8. Pengamatan substrat yang dilakukan secara visual, pada stasiun I substrat lumpur berpasir dan lumpur bernir sedangkan pada Stasiun II substratnya lumpur berair. Kata kunci: distribusi, morfometrik, kepadatan 1Mahasiswa Program Studi MSP FPIK-UNSRAT 2Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi
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Zhang, Ying, Hengyu Zhang, Yunfeng Zhao, Xiaojing Zhou, Jie Du, and Runqing Yang. "Genetic Association Analysis for Relative Growths of Body Compositions and Metabolic Traits to Body Weights in Broilers." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020469.
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In animal breeding, body components and metabolic traits always fall behind body weights in genetic improvement, which leads to the decline in standards and qualities of animal products. Phenotypically, the relative growth of multiple body components and metabolic traits relative to body weights are characterized by using joint allometric scaling models, and then random regression models (RRMs) are constructed to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for relative grwoth allometries of body compositions and metabolic traits in chicken. Referred to as real joint allometric scaling models, statistical utility of the so-called LASSO-RRM mapping method is given a demonstration by computer simulation analysis. Using the F2 population by crossing broiler × Fayoumi, we formulated optimal joint allometric scaling models of fat, shank weight (shank-w) and liver as well as thyroxine (T4) and glucose (GLC) to body weights. For body compositions, a total of 9 QTLs, including 4 additive and 5 dominant QTLs, were detected to control the allometric scalings of fat, shank-w, and liver to body weights; while a total of 10 QTLs of which 6 were dominant, were mapped to govern the allometries of T4 and GLC to body weights. We characterized relative growths of body compositions and metabolic traits to body weights in broilers with joint allometric scaling models and detected QTLs for the allometry scalings of the relative growths by using RRMs. The identified QTLs, including their highly linked genetic markers, could be used to order relative growths of the body components or metabolic traits to body weights in marker-assisted breeding programs for improving the standard and quality of broiler meat products.
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Haryuni, Haryuni, Anang Najamuddin, Subhan Abror Alhidayat, and Firlianty Firlianty. "Stok Ikan Tapah (Wallago leeri) Yang Tertangkap Dengan Menggunakan Alat Tangkap Pengilar (Pot Trap) Di Sungai Sebangau Kota Palangka Raya." EnviroScienteae 15, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v15i1.6320.
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This research was conducted to analyze: (1) the composition of Pengilar’s catches on the Sebangau River (2) the parameters of Tapah fish stocks, including size structures and long weight relationship (3) the effectiveness of Pengilar (Pot Trap) fishing gear used in the Sebangau River. This research was conducted in Sebangau River, Sebangau Sub-district, Palangka Raya City, and Limnology Laboratory of Fisheries Department of Palangka Raya University. Based on the research results can be concluded: The composition of fish species caught by using Pengilar (pot trap) fishing gear in Sebangau River during the study of 105 heads consisting of 6 species of fish that is Wallago leeri, Kryptopterus bicirrhis, Anabas testudineus, Mystus nemurus, Pristolepis fasciata, and Helostoma temminckii. It is assumed that the structure of the Wallago leeri from observation frequency and theoretical frequencies tend to consist of only one age group (cohort). Wallago leeri fish has a constant b with a value of W = 2.789 SL and average of 0.958. The value of b indicates that the Wallago leeri fish in the Sebangau River belong to negative allometrics or long increments faster than weight gain, indicating the state of the skinny fish. Lc25% with length of 46,76 cm, Lc75% with length 63.65 cm, and L50% with length of 55,21 cm.
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Wardell-Johnson, Grant, Liam Crellin, Casey Napier, Garrett Meigs, Alyssa Stevenson, and Su Ing Wong. "Has canopy height and biomass recovered 78 years after an intense fire in south-western Australia's red tingle (Eucalyptus jacksonii) forests?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16143.
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Tall eucalypt old-growth forests are notable for their large, old (i.e. venerable) trees and have both significant conservation value and high carbon stores. We investigated whether canopy height and biomass had recovered in an old-growth red tingle (Eucalyptus jacksonii) forest 78 years after a high-intensity fire. We recorded species, diameter, hollow butting and height of all 596 trees >10-cm diameter at breast height, as well as fine and coarse woody debris, in a 3.55-ha plot near Nornalup, south-western Australia. Pre-fire canopy height was estimated by allometrics derived from tree height and diameter, and diameter and length of recently fallen branches. Of the basal area (75.0 m2 ha–1), 92.7% was eucalypt (chiefly E. jacksonii), with regeneration accounting for only 8.5% of the total. Although canopy species composition apparently did not change following fire, stand height and biomass had not recovered to pre-1937 levels by 2015. Canopy height remained 5.06 m (11%) less and biomass 25% less, 78 years after the fire. The combination of intense fire and a warmer, drier climate appears to have prevented recovery of forest height and structure at this site. These findings indicate that ecologically important, venerable trees are increasingly vulnerable to canopy fire and climate change.
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Le Verger, Kévin, Lionel Hautier, Jérémie Bardin, Sylvain Gerber, Frédéric Delsuc, and Guillaume Billet. "Ontogenetic and static allometry in the skull and cranial units of nine-banded armadillos (Cingulata: Dasypodidae: Dasypus novemcinctus)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 673–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa083.
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Abstract A large part of extant and past mammalian morphological diversity is related to variation in size through allometric effects. Previous studies suggested that craniofacial allometry is the dominant pattern underlying mammalian skull shape variation, but cranial allometries were rarely characterized within cranial units such as individual bones. Here, we used 3D geometric morphometric methods to study allometric patterns of the whole skull (global) and of cranial units (local) in a postnatal developmental series of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus ssp.). Analyses were conducted at the ontogenetic and static levels, and for successive developmental stages. Our results support craniofacial allometry as the global pattern along with more local allometric trends, such as the relative posterior elongation of the infraorbital canal, the tooth row reduction on the maxillary, and the marked development of nuchal crests on the supraoccipital with increasing skull size. Our study also reports allometric proportions of shape variation varying substantially among cranial units and across ontogenetic stages. The multi-scale approach advocated here allowed unveiling previously unnoticed allometric variations, indicating an untapped complexity of cranial allometric patterns to further explain mammalian morphological evolution.
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Wei, Kuo-Yen. "Allometric heterochrony in the Pliocene-Pleistocene planktic foraminiferal clade Globoconella." Paleobiology 20, no. 1 (1994): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011143.
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Allometric analysis of the size-shape relationships in the Pliocene-Pleistocene planktic foraminiferal Globorotalia (Globoconella) puncticulata-inflata plexus reveals several heterochronic modes underlying the morphological evolution of the clade. The ancestral lineage, G. puncticulata, is a peramorphocline, showing a pre-displacement mode of heterochrony between 3.5 Ma and 3.0 Ma and an acceleration mode from 3.0 to 2.7 Ma. A different peramorphosis process, isometric giantism (hypermorphosis), in the ontogeny of the ancestral stocks of Globoconella occurred at about 3.5 Ma and gave rise to the G. inflata lineage. The descendant lineage, G. inflata, appears to have adopted a paedomorphosis trend by delaying the onset of the neanic stage in ontogeny during the period of 3.5 to 2.35 Ma, resulting in a series of transposition allometries. During the interval of 2.4 to 1.73 Ma, the allometries shifted to the opposite direction, signifying a pre-displacement trend. Evolutionary stasis marks the evolution during 1.73 to 0.25 Ma. Neoteny concluded the final evolutionary stage of the G. inflata lineage during the latest Quaternary (0.26 to 0.05 Ma). The enormous plasticity and fluctuations in morphology of G. inflata are attributed to the highly positive allometric growth during the ontogeny and the wide-range transposing allometries in the phyletic history. The major changes in heterochronic mode coincide with paleoceanographic events, suggesting that the morphological evolution in the Globoconella clade has been modulated by changes in paleoceanographic conditions.
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Hunter, M. O., M. Keller, D. Victoria, and D. C. Morton. "Tree height and tropical forest biomass estimation." Biogeosciences 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2013): 8385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8385-2013.
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Abstract. Tropical forests account for approximately half of above-ground carbon stored in global vegetation. However, uncertainties in tropical forest carbon stocks remain high because it is costly and laborious to quantify standing carbon stocks. Carbon stocks of tropical forests are determined using allometric relations between tree stem diameter and height and biomass. Previous work has shown that the inclusion of height in biomass allometries, compared to the sole use of diameter, significantly improves biomass estimation accuracy. Here, we evaluate the effect of height measurement error on biomass estimation and we evaluate the accuracy of recently published diameter–height allometries at four areas within the Brazilian Amazon. As no destructive sample of biomass was available at these sites, reference biomass values were based on allometries. We found that the precision of individual tree height measurements ranged from 3 to 20% of total height. This imprecision resulted in a 5–6% uncertainty in biomass when scaled to 1 ha transects. Individual height measurement may be replaced with existing regional and global height allometries. However, we recommend caution when applying these relations. At Tapajos National Forest in the Brazilian state of Pará, using the pantropical and regional allometric relations for height resulted in site biomass 21% and 25% less than reference values. At the other three study sites, the pantropical equation resulted in errors of less that 2%, and the regional allometry produced errors of less than 12%. As an alternative to measuring all tree heights or to using regional and pantropical relations, we recommend measuring height for a well-distributed sample of about 100 trees per site. Following this methodology, 95% confidence intervals of transect biomass were constrained to within 4.5% on average when compared to reference values.
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Hunter, M. O., M. Keller, D. Vitoria, and D. C. Morton. "Tree height and tropical forest biomass estimation." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 27, 2013): 10491–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-10491-2013.
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Abstract. Tropical forests account for approximately half of above-ground carbon stored in global vegetation. However, uncertainties in tropical forest carbon stocks remain high because it is costly and laborious to quantify standing carbon stocks. Carbon stocks of tropical forests are determined using allometric relations between tree stem diameter and height and biomass. Previous work has shown that the inclusion of height in biomass allometries, compared to the sole use of diameter, significantly improves biomass estimation accuracy. Here, we evaluate the effect of height measurement error on biomass estimation and we evaluate the accuracy of recently published diameter : height allometries at four sites within the Brazilian Amazon. As no destructive sample of biomass was available at these sites, reference biomass values were based on allometries. We found that the precision of individual tree height measurements ranged from 3 to 20% of total height. This imprecision resulted in a 5–6% uncertainty in biomass when scaled to 1 ha transects. Individual height measurement may be replaced with existing regional and global height allometries. However, we recommend caution when applying these relations. At Tapajós National Forest in the Brazilian state of Pará, using the pantropical and regional allometric relations for height resulted in site biomass 26% to 31% less than reference values. At the other three study sites, the pan-tropical equation resulted in errors of less that 2%, and the regional allometry produced errors of less than 12%. As an alternative to measuring all tree heights or to using regional and pantropical relations, we recommend measuring height for a well distributed sample of about 100 trees per site. Following this methodology, 95% confidence intervals of transect biomass were constrained to within 4.5% on average when compared to reference values.
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Wiff, Rodrigo, and Rubén Roa-Ureta. "Predicting the slope of the allometric scaling of consumption rates in fish using the physiology of growth." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 10 (2008): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08053.
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Allometric scaling (where body size features as the independent variable) has been observed in many aspects of fish biology. Empirical studies have shown that individual and population rates of food consumption for single and multi-species datasets show positive allometry. However, the ratio of population consumption to biomass shows negative allometry when evaluated across species. In this paper, a theoretical explanation is proposed that predicts the magnitudes and signs of the allometric slopes for consumption and consumption/biomass within and among species. It is proposed that the ultimate cause of the allometries related to food consumption in fish lies in the physiology of growth. In the context of von Bertalanffy growth, the allometric slopes are caused by the constraints imposed on anabolism by the surfaces absorbing oxygen, by the volumetric relationship between linear body size and body mass, and by a dimensionless growth parameter.
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Tamsil, Andi, and Hasnidar Hasnidar. "Reproductive biology of sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) in tambak Bosowa Kabupaten Maros." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v19i3.503.
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Sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna is one of the alien ornamental fishes in Indonesia. This fish has been found in the aquaculture area in Maros Regency, south Sulawesi as a pest. The research aimed to identify species and observe aspects of reproductive biology of sailfin molly. The study was conducted in the Bosowa Isuma aquaculture area, in Maros Regency from November 2017 to April 2018. Fish was captured using a gillnet. The catches were separated for fish identifying and reproductive biology purposes. For the observation of reproductive biology, the samples were separated by sex according to external morphology. Measurement of total length and weight using calliper (mm) and analytical scales (g), respectively. The gonads preserved in the 4% formalin solution, used for determination of gonad developmental stages and fecundity. Identification results showed that the molly fish found in the ponds was Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur 1821). The length distribution of male and female fish was 26-76 and 31-66 mm with a mean of 51 and 46 mm, respectively. Overall, sex ratio and mature gonads between male and female fish were 1: 2 and 1:10; the growth patterns of male and female were negative allometrics and isometric, respectively. This fish is spawn throughout the year with the peak of spawning in January. The number of larvae to be born (larval fecundity) ranges from 12-111 individuals with an average of ± 32 larva/female.
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Tsuboi, Masahito. "Exceptionally Steep Brain-Body Evolutionary Allometry Underlies the Unique Encephalization of Osteoglossiformes." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 96, no. 2 (2021): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519067.
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Brain-body static allometry, which is the relationship between brain size and body size within species, is thought to reflect developmental and genetic constraints. Existing evidence suggests that the evolution of large brain size without accompanying changes in body size (that is, encephalization) may occur when this constraint is relaxed. Teleost fish species are generally characterized by having close-fitting brain-body static allometries, leading to strong allometric constraints and small relative brain sizes. However, one order of teleost, Osteoglossiformes, underwent extreme encephalization, and its mechanistic bases are unknown. Here, I used a dataset and phylogeny encompassing 859 teleost species to demonstrate that the encephalization of Osteoglossiformes occurred through an increase in the slope of evolutionary (among-species) brain-body allometry. The slope is virtually isometric (1.03 ± 0.09 SE), making it one of the steepest evolutionary brain-body allometric slopes reported to date, and it deviates significantly from the evolutionary brain-body allometric slopes of other clades of teleost. Examination of the relationship between static allometric parameters (intercepts and slopes) and evolutionary allometry revealed that the dramatic steepening of the evolutionary allometric slope in Osteoglossiformes was a combined result of evolution in the slopes and intercepts of static allometry. These results suggest that the evolution of static allometry, which likely has been driven by evolutionary changes in the rate and timing of brain development, has facilitated the unique encephalization of Osteoglossiformes.
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Shea, Brian T., Robert E. Hammer, Ralph L. Brinster, and Matthew R. Ravosa. "Relative growth of the skull and postcranium in giant transgenic mice." Genetical Research 56, no. 1 (August 1990): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300028846.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryCross-sectional allometric growth patterns of the cranial and postcranial skeleton were compared between giant transgenic (MT-rGH) mice and their normal littermate controls. Body weights, external body dimensions, and a series of cranial and postcranial linear dimensions of the skeleton were determined for samples of known age. Comparative bivariate and multivariate allometric analyses were completed in order to determine whether (1) the larger transgenic mice differed significantly from the normal controls in aspects of body and skeletal proportions, and (2) any such proportion differences resulted from general allometric effects of overall weight or skeletal size increase. Results demonstrate that the transgenic mice do exhibit significantly different body and skeletal proportions than normal control adults. Allometric comparisons of the skeletal dimensions relative to body weight reveal similar coefficients of growth allometry but several differences in y-intercept values in the transgenic vs. control groups. The comparisons among the skeletal dimensions of the skull and postcranium generally reveal the sharing and differential extension of common growth allometries in the two groups. Thus, the elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the transgenic mice appear to result in increased overall growth for the various skeletal elements, but in the relative proportions determined by intrinsic growth controls within that system.
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Mughni, Firmansyah Maulana, Susiana Susiana, and Wahyu Muzammil. "Biomorfometrik Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) di Perairan Senggarang." Journal of Marine Research 11, no. 2 (April 12, 2022): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v11i2.33085.
Full textAbstract:
Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) merupakan salah satu komoditas penting perikanan Indonesia. Perairan Senggarang Kota Tanjungpinang yang merupakan wilayah salah satu habitat rajungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan lebar karapas dan bobot, faktor kondisi, dan mengetahui morfometrik rajungan di perairan Senggarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu berdasarkan daerah tangkapan nelayan rajungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah rajungan jantan dan betina sebanyak 79 dan 56 ekor, sehingga diperoleh nisbah kelamin adalah 1,41:1. Hubungan lebar karapas dan bobot rajungan jantan diperoleh nilai b sebesar 3,3485 termasuk allometrik positif, sedangkan betina diperoleh nilai b sebesar 2,7142 termasuk allometrik negatif yang menunjukkan bahwa rajungan jantan lebih besar dibandingkan betina. Faktor kondisi rajungan jantan dan betina di perairan Senggarang memiliki badan yang kurang pipih atau montok. Status pertumbuhan morfometrik rajungan jantan dan betina bersifat allometrik positif sebanyak 14 karakter. Allometrik positif merupakan status hubungan yang menunjukkan bahwa pertambahan karakter lebih lambat dibandingkan pertambahan karakter morfometrik pembandingnya. Allometrik negatif sebanyak 10 karakter dan isometrik 1 karakter. Status hubungan karakter jantan memiliki hubungan sangat rendah (A4, A5, C3), sedang (B2, C2, C4, D3, D5), kuat (A2, A3, A6, B3, B4, C1, C5, C6, C7, C8, D1, D2, D4, D6, D7), sangat kuat (A1, B1). Karakter betina memiliki hubungan sangat rendah (D5), rendah (A5, B3, C2, D3), sedang (A4, A6, B4, C3, C6, C7, D1, D6, D7), kuat (C1, C4, C5, C8, D2, D4), sangat kuat (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2). Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is one of the important fisheries commodities in Indonesia. Senggarang waters, Tanjungpinang City, which is one of the crab habitats. The objectives of this research were to determine the relationship between carapace width-weight, condition factor, and morphometrices of the blue swimming crab (BSC) in Senggarang waters. The method uses an observational survey method using a purposive sampling technique that is based on the catch area of BSC. The results showed that there were 79 male and 56 female BSC, so the sex ratio was 1,41:1. The relationship between carapace width-weight of the male BSC obtained b value of 3,3485 (positive allometric), while the female obtained b value of 2,7142 (negative allometric) which indicates that the male BSC is larger than the female. The condition factor of male and female BSC in Senggarang waters has a body that is less flat or plump. The morphometric growth status of male and female BSC is positive allometric 14 characters, negative allometric is 10 characters, and isometric 1 character. The relationship status of male characters has a very low relationship (A4, A5, C3), moderate (B2, C2, C4, D3, D5), strong (A2, A3, A6, B3, B4, C1, C5, C6, C7, C8, D1, D2, D4, D6, D7), very strong (A1, B1). Female characters have a very low (D5), low (A5, B3, C2, D3), moderate (A4, A6, B4, C3, C6, C7, D1, D6, D7), strong (C1, C4, C5, C8, D2, D4), very strong (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2).
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Santoso, Adi, and Endang Sri Susilo. "Studi Pendahuluan Hubungan Panjang–Berat Ikan Tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) dari Perairan Semarang." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 19, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v19i2.843.
Full textAbstract:
Length-weight relationship study of narrow-barred spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) from Semarang waters was commenced in October-November 2014. The result showed that the fish growth at both the months of October and November 2014 was a negative allometric growth. There was uncertainty to answer the low value for b component during November although at this month was a peak of the fish catching at Java Sea. Due to small fish landed, it indicated that narrow-barred Spanish mackerel of Semarang waters were not proper to be caught. Keywords : narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, length-weight relationship, allometric growth Studi hubungan panjang-berat ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) dari perairan Semarang sudah dilakukan selama bulan Oktober dan November 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ikan tenggiri selama bulan Oktober maupun November 2014 adalah bersifat allometrik negative. Tidak diketahui dengan pasti penyebab kecilnya nilai b terutama pada bulan November, meskipun pada periode tersebut merupakan salah satu puncak musim penangkapan ikan tenggiri di Laut Jawa. Kecilnya ukuran ikan yang didaratkan, menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ikan tenggiri di perairan Semarang belum layak tangkap. Kata kunci: ikan tenggiri, hubungan panjang-berat, pertumbuhan allometrik
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Palestrini, Claudia, Antonio Rolando, and Paola Laiolo. "Allometric relationships and character evolution in Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-056.
Full textAbstract:
Allometric relationships in primary sexual traits (male and female genitalia), secondary sexual traits (male horns and female carinae), and non-sex-related traits (external body traits, epipharynx traits) were studied in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Model II regressions of log-transformed data were used to quantify relationships, with pronotum width as regressor and indicator of overall body size. Slopes (allometric values) for the different trait categories were significantly different, with secondary sexual traits showing the highest values (higher than 1.0), followed by external body traits (slightly lower than 1.00) and epipharynx traits (around 0.2). Primary sexual traits and body size were mostly uncorrelated and genital sizes were virtually constant. Allometries of secondary sexual traits were quite different in the two sexes: the relationship between male horn length and pronotum width was approximately sigmoidal, while that between female carina length and pronotum width was linear. External body traits had significantly higher allometric values in females than in males. Our results suggest that traits in the different categories are under different kinds of selection. Genital allometries can be explained on the basis of sexual selection by cryptic female choice or by the lock-and-key hypothesis. Among secondary sexual characters, male horn morphology seems to be mostly "environmentally" determined and sexual selection would affect only a component of the developmental mechanism of horn expression. External body characters are likely under natural selection, even though a few traits could be sex-related. Finally, in both sexes, internal epipharynx traits seem to be subject to the same selective pressure, probably because males and females use the same feeding niche. The constancy of genital sizes in O. taurus suggests that in developmental processes, more is invested in primary sexual traits (to produce genitalia of the proper size) than in secondary sexual or body traits. Males receiving low quantities of food may incur costs associated with a small horn or small body size, but do not incur costs associated with small genitalia. Females probably share the same developmental pattern.
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Houle, David, Luke T. Jones, Ryan Fortune, and Jacqueline L. Sztepanacz. "Why does allometry evolve so slowly?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz099.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Morphological allometry is striking due to its evolutionary conservatism, making it an example of a certain sort of evolutionary stasis. Organisms that vary in size, whether for developmental, environmental, or evolutionary reasons, adopt shapes that are predictable from that size alone. There are two major hypotheses to explain this. It may be that natural selection strongly favors each allometric pattern, or that organisms lack the development and genetic capacity to produce variant shapes for selection to act on. Using a high-throughput system for measuring the size and shape of Drosophila wings, we documented an allometric pattern that has been virtually unchanged for 40 million years. We performed an artificial selection experiment on the static allometric slope within one species. In just 26 generations, we were able to increase the slope from 1.1 to 1.4, and decrease it to 0.8. Once artificial selection was suspended, the slope rapidly evolved back to a value near the initial static slope. This result decisively rules out the hypothesis that allometry is preserved due to a lack of genetic variation, and provides evidence that natural selection acts to maintain allometric relationships. On the other hand, it seems implausible that selection on allometry in the wing alone could be sufficiently strong to maintain static allometries over millions of years. This suggests that a potential explanation for stasis is selection on a potentially large number of pleiotropic effects. This seems likely in the case of allometry, as the sizes of all parts of the body may be altered when the allometric slope of one body part is changed. Unfortunately, hypotheses about pleiotropy have been very difficult to test. We lay out an approach to begin the systematic study of pleiotropic effects using genetic manipulations and high-throughput phenotyping.
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Putney, Jacob D., and Douglas A. Maguire. "Shifts in Foliage Biomass and Its Vertical Distribution in Response to Operational Nitrogen Fertilization of Douglas-Fir in Western Oregon." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050511.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is a commonly applied silvicultural treatment in intensively managed coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantations. Field trials were established in a randomized complete block design by Stimson Lumber Company (Gaston, Oregon), to test the economic viability of N fertilization on their ownership and to better understand Douglas-fir growth responses. The 23 stands comprising the trials were Douglas-fir dominated, had a total age of 16–24 years, had been precommercially thinned, and had a density of 386–1021 trees ha−1. Fertilizer was applied aerially at a rate of 224 kg N ha−1 as urea during the 2009–2010 dormant season. In the dormant season of 2016–2017, seven growing seasons following application, 40 trees were felled and measured with the objective of assessing crown attributes and aboveground allometrics. Branch-level foliage mass equations were developed from 267 subsampled branches and were applied to the 40 felled sample trees on which the basal diameter and height of all live branches were measured, allowing estimation of both the total amount of foliage and its vertical distribution. A right-truncated Weibull distribution was fitted to data, with the truncation point specified as the base of live tree crown. The resulting tree-level parameter estimates were modeled as functions of tree-level variables. Stand-level factors not explicitly measured were captured through the use of linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models with random stand effects. Fertilization resulted in more total crown foliage mass in the middle crown-third and caused a downward shift in the vertical distribution of foliage, with implications for feedback responses in crown development and photosynthetic capacity. Defining the morphological responses of Douglas-fir crowns to nitrogen fertilization provides a framework for studying influences on stand dynamics and should ultimately facilitate improved site-specific predictions of stem-volume growth.
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Voje, Kjetil L., and Thomas F. Hansen. "EVOLUTION OF STATIC ALLOMETRIES: ADAPTIVE CHANGE IN ALLOMETRIC SLOPES OF EYE SPAN IN STALK-EYED FLIES." Evolution 67, no. 2 (September 11, 2012): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01777.x.
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Bochicchio, Rocco, Rosanna Labella, Antonella Vitti, Maria Nuzzaci, Giuseppina Logozzo, and Mariana Amato. "Root Morphology, Allometric Relations and Rhizosheath of Ancient and Modern Tetraploid Wheats (Triticum durum Desf.) in Response to Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020159.
Full textAbstract:
Early root traits and allometrics of wheat are important for competition and use of resources. They are under-utilized in research and un-explored in many ancient wheats. This is especially true for the rhizosheath emerging from root-soil interactions. We investigated root morphology, root/shoot relations and the amount of rhizosheath of four tetrapoid wheat seedlings (30 days after emergence): the italian landrace Saragolle Lucana and modern varieties Creso, Simeto and Ciclope, and tested the hypothesis that inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (T-22) enhances rhizosheath formation and affects wheat varieties differently. Overall growth of non-inoculated plants showed different patterns in wheat varieties, with Saragolle and Ciclope at the two extremes: Saragolle invests in shoot rather than root mass, and in the occupation of space with highest (p < 0.05) shoot height to the uppermost internode (5.02 cm) and length-to-mass shoot (97.8 cm g−1) and root (more than 140 m g−1) ratios. This may be interpreted as maximizing competition for light but also as a compensation for low shoot efficiency due to the lowest (p < 0.05) recorded values of optically-measured chlorophyll content index (22.8). Ciclope invests in biomass with highest shoot (0.06 g) and root (0.04 g) mass and a thicker root system (average diameter 0.34 mm vs. 0.29 in Saragolle) as well as a highest root/shoot ratio (0.95 g g−1 vs. 0.54 in Saragolle). Rhizosheath mass ranged between 22.14 times that of shoot mass in Ciclope and 43.40 in Saragolle (different for p < 0.05). Inoculation with Trichoderma increased the amount of rhizosheath from 9.4% in Ciclope to 36.1% in Simeto and modified root architecture in this variety more than in others. Ours are the first data on roots and seedling shoot traits of Saragolle Lucana and of Trichoderma inoculation effects on rhizosheath. This opens to new unreported interpretations of effects of Trichoderma inoculation on improving plant growth.
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Drobnitch, Sarah Tepler, Kaare H. Jensen, Paige Prentice, and Jarmila Pittermann. "Convergent evolution of vascular optimization in kelp (Laminariales)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1816 (October 7, 2015): 20151667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1667.
Full textAbstract:
Terrestrial plants and mammals, although separated by a great evolutionary distance, have each arrived at a highly conserved body plan in which universal allometric scaling relationships govern the anatomy of vascular networks and key functional metabolic traits. The universality of allometric scaling suggests that these phyla have each evolved an ‘optimal’ transport strategy that has been overwhelmingly adopted by extant species. To truly evaluate the dominance and universality of vascular optimization, however, it is critical to examine other, lesser-known, vascularized phyla. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are one such group—as distantly related to plants as mammals, they have convergently evolved a plant-like body plan and a specialized phloem-like transport network. To evaluate possible scaling and optimization in the kelp vascular system, we developed a model of optimized transport anatomy and tested it with measurements of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , which is among the largest and most successful of macroalgae. We also evaluated three classical allometric relationships pertaining to plant vascular tissues with a diverse sampling of kelp species. Macrocystis pyrifera displays strong scaling relationships between all tested vascular parameters and agrees with our model; other species within the Laminariales display weak or inconsistent vascular allometries. The lack of universal scaling in the kelps and the presence of optimized transport anatomy in M. pyrifera raises important questions about the evolution of optimization and the possible competitive advantage conferred by optimized vascular systems to multicellular phyla.
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Wishnuputri, Parameswari Iccha Nirmalabuddhi, Sri Redjeki, and Retno Hartati. "Kajian Tingkat Kerentanan Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) di Perairan Desa Tunggulsari Kabupaten Rembang." Journal of Marine Research 10, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v10i1.28247.
Full textAbstract:
Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) adalah salah satu sumber daya hayati laut Indonesia. Rajungan merupakan komoditas utama perikanan di Indonesa, baik untuk lokal maupun ekspor. Nilai ekonomis rajungan yang tergolong tinggi mengakibatkan penangkapan rajungan dilakukan secara besar-besar dan dapat memicu terjadinya kepunahan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kerentanan rajungan di Perairan Desa Tunggulsari dan mengetahui karakteristik morfometri dari rajungan yang ditangkap pada lokasi tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Productivity and Susceptibility Analysis (PSA). Wawancara dilakukan kepada 60 nelayan di Desa Tunggulsari. Pengukuran parameter kualitas perairan meliputi suhu, oksigen terlarut, salinitas, dan pH. Pengukuran morfometri dilakukan pada salah satu pengepul di desa. Hasil dari wawancara diketahui bahwa nelayan di Desa Tunggulsari menggunakan 2 macam alat tangkap yaitu bubu lipat dan jaring insang dasar. Penilaian atribut produktivitas rajungan masuk dalam kategori tinggi, sedangkan penilaian atribut kerentanan tergolong pada resiko rendah untuk penggunaan kedua alat tersebut. Nilai MSC untuk alat tangkap bubu lipat adalah 96,0 dan 98,2 untuk alat tangkap jaring insang dasar. Nilai MSC > 80 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kerentanan rajungan pada lokasi tersebut masuk pada kategori rendah. Selanjutnya, pola pertumbuhan rajungan di Desa Tunggulsari adalah allometrik negatif baik untuk rajungan jantan maupun betina. Hal ini menunjukkan pertumbuhan panjang dan lebar karapas lebih cepat dibandingkan penambahan berat rajungan. The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is one of the Indonesian marine biological resources. The blue swimming crab is a main commodity of fisheries in Indonesia, both for local and export. Economic value of blue swimming crab classified as high involve over-exploitation of blue swimming crab and can lead to extinction. This research is aimed to determine level of vulnerability of blue swimming crab in Tunggulsari waters and to discover morphometry characteristic of blue swimming crab that caught at that location. The method used in this research is Productivity and Susceptibility (PSA) method. Interviews were conducted with 6 fishermen in the village of Tunggulsari. Measurement of water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and pH. Morphometry measurement was carried out in one of the collectors in the village. The results of the interview revealed that fishermen in the village of Tunggulsari used 2 fishing tools namely bubu lipat and bottom set gillnet. Assessment of blue swimming crab productivity attributes is included in the high category, while the assessment of vulnerability attributes is classified as low risk for the use of both tools. The MSC value for bubu lipat is 96,0 and 98,2 for bottom set gillnet. The MSC value is more than 80 indicates that the level of blue swimming crab vulnerability at that location is in the low category. Further, blue swimming crab growth pattern in the village of Tunggulsari are negative allometrics for both male and female blue swimming crabs. This shows the growth in length and width carapace is faster than the addition of blue swimming crab weight.
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Toubiana, William, David Armisén, Séverine Viala, Amélie Decaras, and Abderrahman Khila. "The growth factor BMP11 is required for the development and evolution of a male exaggerated weapon and its associated fighting behavior in a water strider." PLOS Biology 19, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): e3001157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001157.
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Exaggerated sexually selected traits, often carried by males, are characterized by the evolution of hyperallometry, resulting in their disproportionate growth relative to the rest of the body among individuals of the same population. While the evolution of allometry has attracted much attention for centuries, our understanding of the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying its emergence remains fragmented. Here we conduct comparative transcriptomics of the legs followed by an RNA interference (RNAi) screen to identify genes that play a role in the hyperallometric growth of the third legs in the males of the water strider Microvelia longipes. We demonstrate that a broadly expressed growth factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11 (BMP11, also known as Growth Differentiation Factor 11), regulates leg allometries through increasing the allometric slope and mean body size in males. In contrast, BMP11 RNAi reduced mean body size but did not affect slope either in the females of M. longipes or in the males and females of other closely related Microvelia species. Furthermore, our data show that a tissue-specific factor, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), increases intercept without affecting mean body size. This indicates a genetic correlation between mean body size and variation in allometric slope, but not intercept. Strikingly, males treated with BMP11 RNAi exhibited a severe reduction in fighting frequency compared to both controls and Ubx RNAi-treated males. Therefore, male body size, the exaggerated weapon, and the intense fighting behavior associated with it are genetically correlated in M. longipes. Our results support a possible role of pleiotropy in the evolution of allometric slope.
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Umage, Ikky Ahdian, Nego E. Bataragoa, Jety K. Rangan, Anneke V. Lohoo, Janny D. Kusen, and Ruddy D. Moningkey. "Length-Weight Relationship and Gonad Maturity of Marble sleeper Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852) in Tondano Lake North Sulawesi." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 11, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.11.1.2020.29954.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the length-weight relationship and gonad maturity of Betutu fish (Oxyeleotris marmorata) in Lake Tondano. Fish samples were caught using gill nets and lift nets in Lake Tondano. Total catches of 240 individuals. The legth-weight relation of male fish is W = 0.0094 L3.14 positive allometric growth pattern. Female female fish obtained W = 0.0104 L3.11 positive allometric growth patterns. The condition factor for male fish is 1.46 male and 1.47 female respectively. All levels of gonad maturity (I, II, III, IV and V) were found in each sample both in August and September. The size of the first mature male male fish is 219 ± 3 mm (range in size 216-222 mm) and female fish 171 ± 3 (range in size 169-174 mm).Keywords: Length-Weight, gonad maturity, Tondano Lake ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan panjang-berat dan kematangan gonad ikan Betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata) yang ada di danau Tondano. Sampel ikan ditangkap menggunakan jaring insang dan jaring angkat di danau Tondano. Total hasil tangkapan 240 individu. Hubungan panjang-berat ikan betutu jantan yaitu W = 0,0094L3,1394 pola pertumbuhan allometrik positif. Ikan betutu betina didapatkan W = 0,0104L3,1137 pola pertumbuhan allometrik positif. Faktor kondisi ikan betutu jantan masing-masing sebesar 1,46 ikan jantan dan 1,47 ikan betina. Seluruh tingkat kematangan gonad (I, II, III, IV dan V) ditemukan pada setiap sampel baik pada bulan agustus maupun bulan September. Ukuran pertama kali matang ikan betutu jantan yaitu 219 ±3 mm (kisaran ukuran 216-222 mm) dan ikan betina 171±3 (kisaran ukuran 169-174 mm)Kata Kunci: Panjang-berat, kematangan gonad, Danau Tondano
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Bales, Gerald S. "Heterochrony in brontothere horn evolution: allometric interpretations and the effect of life history scaling." Paleobiology 22, no. 4 (1996): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001647x.
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The Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) are often used as an illustration of vertebrate macroevolutionary trends because their morphological evolution includes significant size increases accompanied by the disproportionate lengthening of bony frontonasal horns. The positive phylogenetic allometry for horn length vs. skull length is among the strongest known of such relationships in vertebrate phylogeny. Hypotheses explaining the change from small, incipient horns in Eocene ancestors to longer horns in Oligocene descendants have included two heterochronic mechanisms, hypermorphosis (extrapolation) and predisplacement (earlier onset time of horn growth). These proposed peramorphic mechanisms derive from interpretation of adult intergeneric allometries in logarithmic data spaces. Analysis of the raw (unlogged) data shows that the simple allometric model previously used is not an appropriate model for this specific problem. The heterochronic interpretations derived from them are therefore unsupported (but not disproven) by the allometries. A more appropriate allometric model for the data (full model) does not support any heterochronic interpretation. Previously unaccounted for in the heterochronic hypotheses is a complication due to body-size scaling effects on life history stage lengths. Neontological scaling patterns suggest that brontothere size increases were probably accompanied by increasing life spans and longer developmental stages. This effect broadens the types of heterochronies that may be postulated. Semiquantitative analyses comparing brontotheres with similarly sized extant ungulates show the hypothesized effect of larger size on brontothere life history stages. A scaled descendant ontogeny introduces the problem of relative vs. absolute time frames within which to view ontogenetic onset times. Thus, predisplacements, postdisplacements, or nondisplacements may be viewed as relative or absolute with respect to ancestral ontogenies. This raises a fundamental question about how development scales, which in turn affects how heterochronies are interpreted. A scaling effect suggests that brontothere horns are more likely postdisplaced in the traditional absolute time sense. Paradoxically then, while the descendant adult horn is peramorphic, its onset time may have shifted in a paedomorphic direction. Data for two Oligocene juvenile brontotheres suggest that most horn growth occurred late in their longer (i.e., descendant) ontogenies (hypermorphosis), and that the horns probably grew at faster rates (acceleration) than in Eocene taxa.
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Yulianti, Aida Tri, Anhar Solichin, and Suradi Wijaya Saputra. "ASPEK BIOLOGI UDANG Metapenaeus tenuipes DI PERAIRAN PEMALANG, JAWA TENGAH Biological Aspect Assessment of Metapenaeus tenuipes Shrimp on Pemalang, Central Java." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 8, no. 4 (January 28, 2020): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v8i4.26554.
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Kabupaten Pemalang merupakan wilayah yang memiliki potensi perikanan, salah satunya udang Metapenaeus tenuipes. Meningkatnya penangkapan dengan jaring Arad akan mengancam kelestariannya. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui aspek biologi udang M. tenuipes dan status sumberdayanya seperti struktur ukuran, sifat pertumbuhan, dan aspek reproduksi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode survei. Metode pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan adalah systematic random sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan empat kali dari bulan Mei-Agustus 2016. Tempat pengambilan sampel di TPI Tanjungsari dan TPI Asemdoyong. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai L50% M. tenuipes jantan 71 mm dan betina 81 mm, ½ L∞ jantan yaitu 60 mm dan betina 75 mm. L50% > 1/2 L∞ berarti ukuran udang yang tertangkap sudah cukup besar sehingga layak tangkap. Sifat pertumbuhan udang jantan dan betina yaitu alometrik negatif (pertumbuhan panjang lebih cepat dibandingkan berat). Nilai faktor kondisi M.tenuipes menunjukan udang betina lebih montok. Tingkat Kematangan Gonad udang M. tenuipes jantan dan betina tebanyak terdapat pada tingkatan I. Perbandingan nisbah kelamin M. tenuipes di Pemalang 1 : 1,33 dengan nisbah tersebut proses reproduksi akan berjalan baik Pemalang is area that has potential one of fishery Metapenaeus tenuipes. Increased netting Arad would threaten its sustainability. The purpose of the research to know biological aspects of M. tenuipes and resourch status, size of structure, growth, and reproduction aspects. The method used is a survey method. The sampling method used was systematic random sampling. Sampling was carried out four times from May-August 2016. The sampling sites were at TPs Tanjungsari and TPI Asemdoyong. The results showed that the L50% value of M. tenuipes was 71 mm in males and 81 mm in females, ½ L in males in 60 mm and 75 mm in females. L50%> 1/2 L∞ means that the size of the shrimp caught is large enough to be suitable for capture. The growth characteristic of male and female shrimp is negative allometrics (long growth is faster than weight). The factor value of M.tenuipes shows that female shrimp are more plump. Maturity Levels of male and female M. tenuipes shrimp found in level I. Comparison of M. tenuipes genital ratio in Pemalang 1: 1,33 with that ratio will reproduce well.
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Sanz-Brau, Antonio, and Francesc Mesquita-Joanes. "Relative growth in the Mediterranean endemic shore crab Brachynotus foresti Zariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Varunidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 4 (May 10, 2019): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz028.
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Abstract The relative growth of crustaceans has become a solid field of study since the early allometric studies undertaken during the first decades of the 20th century. The type of relative growth of brachyuran crabs mainly depends on the number of critical moults and growth phases, as well as on differences in the slopes of the relative growth of secondary sexual characters. We analysed for the first time the allometric growth of the brachyuran Brachynotus forestiZariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Varunidae), a small Mediterranean endemic species, testing whether its small size might impede the manifestation of large allometries through ontogeny. We obtained 13 body measurements from 370 females and 269 males collected from the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Carapace width ranged between 2.9 and 13.9 mm. Despite the small size, large differences between males and females were observed in the relative growth of the pleon and chelipeds, as previously seen in many other Brachyura. Females followed a two-phase growth pattern, with a clear pubertal moult separating them, approximately matching an estimated size at maturity of 6.8 mm. Males also showed a pattern of development in two phases, with an increased slope in the relative growth of chelipeds during the second phase, the shift corresponding to a size at maturity of 8.0 mm. The main effect of small size in Brachynotus foresti is that immature and mature growth phases overlap so that both males and females reach maturity over a wide size range.
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Rodríguez, Rafael Lucas, and William G. Eberhard. "Why the Static Allometry of Sexually-Selected Traits Is So Variable: The Importance of Function." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 1290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz039.
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AbstractSexually-selected traits often show positive static allometry, with large individuals bearing disproportionately large structures. But many other sexually-selected traits show isometry or even negative allometry, with trait size varying relatively little with body size. We recently proposed that the functions of these traits (as aggressive signals, weapons, courtship signals, and contact courtship devices) determine their allometries. Positive allometry is generally favored for aggressive signals because aggressive signals are selected to emphasize body size (and thus fighting prowess). In contrast, the biomechanics of force application in weapons only sometimes select for positive allometry; the content of courtship signals is even less often related to body size; and contact courtship devices are selected to be relatively invariant across body sizes. Here we summarize the arguments in favor of this “functional allometry” hypothesis and expand a comparative test of its predictions. Our results indicate that sexual traits have the allometric slopes predicted by our hypothesis, regardless of which body part bears the structure.
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Ginzburg, Lev R., Oskar Burger, and John Damuth. "The May threshold and life-history allometry." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2010): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0452.
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One of Robert May's classic results was finding that population dynamics become chaotic when the average lifetime rate of reproduction exceeds a certain value. Populations whose reproductive rates exceed this May threshold probably become extinct. The May threshold in each case depends upon the shape of the density-dependence curve, which differs among models of population growth. However, species of different sizes and generation times that share a roughly similar density-dependence curve will also share a similar May threshold. Here, we argue that this fact predicts a striking allometric regularity among animal taxa: lifetime reproductive rate should be roughly independent of body size. Such independence has been observed in diverse taxa, but has usually been ascribed to a fortuitous combination of physiologically based life-history allometries. We suggest, instead, that the ecological elimination of unstable populations within groups that share a value of the May threshold is a likely cause of this allometry.
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Yepes, Adriana. "Ecuaciones alométricas de biomasa aérea para la estimación de los contenidos de carbono en manglares del Caribe Colombiano." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18141.
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<p><strong>Abstract: Tree above-ground biomass allometries for carbon stocks estimation in the Caribbean mangroves in Colombia</strong></p><p>In this study, we analyzed the above ground biomass of the species <em>Rhizophora mangle</em> and <em>Avicennia germinans</em> in the mangrove ecosystem located at Marine Protected Area called in Spanish Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Cispatá-Tinajones-La Balsa, Caribbean Colombian coast. We harvest 30 individuals of each species in field and built allometric models in order to estimates of aboveground biomass with low levels of uncertainty. Our results indicate that the above ground biomass of mangrove forests in the DMI Colombian Caribbean is the 129.69±20.24Mg/ha, the equivalent to 64.85±10.12MgC/ha. The DMI has an area of 8 570.9ha in mangrove forests, and we estimated the total carbon potential stored is about 555 795.93Mg. Although there are pantropical and national above ground biomass allometric models, most of them do not discriminate mangrove forests, despite being particular ecosystems. The equations generated in this study can be considered as an alternative for the assessment of carbon stocks in above ground biomass of mangrove forests in Colombia, and can be used for analysis at a more detailed scale and they are useful for determinate the potential for carbon storage in mangrove forests like an option for the country in forest conservation and emission reduction by deforestation.</p>
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Tseng, Michelle, and Locke Rowe. "Sexual dimorphism and allometry in the giant water strider Gigantometra gigas." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 6 (October 10, 1999): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-071.
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This study describes sexual dimorphism in size (total body length and lengths of leg components) and in the allometric relationships between leg-component lengths and total body length in the giant water strider Gigantometra gigas (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Gigantometra gigas is the largest known gerrid, and has been previously described as monomorphic for body size. We compare our results with analogous data collected on Gerris buenoi, a species of more moderate size, where females are larger than males. Based on 94 specimens of G. gigas, we conclude that males are larger than females in all measured traits. This dimorphism was most spectacular in the leg components, which are 10-50% longer in males than in females. Males are generally more variable in size than females, and this is especially so for leg components. Allometric analysis suggests that total leg lengths (particularly middle and rear) increase at a much greater rate with body size in males than in females, therefore there is sexual dimorphism in allometries on the scale of that in the traits themselves. The relationship between middle and hind leg lengths is strong in both sexes, and appears to differ very little between the sexes or between G. gigas, and Ge. buenoi. These data suggest a constraint on this relationship, perhaps because of the biomechanics of locomotion. We propose that sexual selection acting on middle leg lengths in males explains both the increase and variance in middle leg length, and that hind leg length follows by correlated response.
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Banavar, Jayanth R., John Damuth, Amos Maritan, and Andrea Rinaldo. "Allometric cascades." Nature 421, no. 6924 (February 2003): 713–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/421713b.
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Bartoletti, Stefania, Bernard D. Flury, and Daan G. Nel. "Allometric Extension." Biometrics 55, no. 4 (December 1999): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.01210.x.
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Agustina, Maya, Bram Setyadji, and Prawira Atmaja Rintar Pandapotan Tampubolon. "PERIKANAN TUNA SIRIP KUNING (Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre, 1788) PADA ARMADA TONDA DI SAMUDERA HINDIA SELATAN JAWA." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 11, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.11.3.2019.161-173.
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Tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacares) merupakan hasil tangkapan terbanyak dibandingkan dengan jenis tuna lainnya di Indonesia. Ketersediaan stok tuna sirip kuning di Samudra Hindia, pada saat ini, diperkirakan dalam keadaan lebih tangkap. Oleh karena itu, pengelolaan secara tepat dan bertanggungjawab penting dilakukan untuk melindungi spesies tuna, salah satu caranya dengan mengkaji alat tangkap yang digunakan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan produktivitas dan hasil tangkapan armada tonda, serta struktur ukuran dan hubungan panjang bobot ikan tuna sirip kuning yang di daratkan di selatan Jawa. Komposisi tangkapan tertinggi dari armada tonda diseluruh pendaratan ikan tuna di selatan Jawa terdiri atas tuna sirip kuning dan cakalang. Analisis CPUE menunjukkan hasil yang fluktuatif di setiap lokasi pendaratan tuna sirip kuning di Selatan Jawa. Tuna sirip kuning yang tertangkap di selatan Jawa dengan armada tonda sebagian besar adalah ikan yang belum layak tangkap karena berukuran kurang dari 100 cmFL. Struktur ukuran panjang tuna sirip kuning yang tertangkap semakin ke Timur semakin panjang ukurannya. Pola pertumbuhan tuna sirip kuning yang tertangkap di Binuangeun memiliki pola isometrik, PPN Palabuhanratu bersifat allometrik Positif, PPP Sadeng, P2SKP Pacitan, PPN Prigi dan P2SKP Sendang Biru bersifat allometrik negatif. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is the largest catch compared to other tuna species in Indonesia. The availability of yellowfin tuna stock in the Indian Ocean, at present, is estimated to be in overfished condition. Therefore, proper and responsible management is important to protect the species. One of the ways is by studying the used fishing gear. This paper aims at determining vessel’s productivity, as well as composition, size structure and length-weight relationship of yellowfin tuna catches from troll line fleet in the Indian Ocean part of south Java. The highest catch of tuna in all of the troll line landing places was yellowfin tuna, following by skipjack tuna. CPUE analysis showed fluctuating results at each landing site. Yellowfin tuna sizes caught by troll line fleet were mostly less than 100 cmFL and categorized as should not be properly caught. Geographically, getting to the east the average size of the catches tend to be larger. The growth pattern of yellowfin tuna catches landed in Binuangeun was isometric; Palabuhanratu was positive allometric; while those landed in Sadeng, Pacitan, Prigi and Sendang Biru were negative allometric.
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Munthe, Sinta Nuria, and Rusdi Machrizal. "Hubungan panjang-berat dan faktor kondisi julung-julung (Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus) di Aek Mailil Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Sumatera Utara Indonesia." Bioma : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/bioma.v10i2.8193.
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Julung-julung (Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus) merupakan salah satu spesies ikan asli Indonesia. Aek Mailil merupakan salah satu habitat ikan julung-julug (H. pogonognathus) yang berada di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hubungan panjang-berat dan faktor kondisi ikan julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) yang hidup di Aek Mailil. Pengambilan data dilakukan mulai November 2020 hingga Januari 2021 dengan alat tangkap durung. Titik sampling ditetapkan atas informasi dari masyarakat Desa Bandar Kumbul. Hubungan panjang-berat dihitung dengan Linear Allometrik Model (LAM), sedangkan faktor kondisi dihitung dengan rumus Fulton (K) dan berat relatif (Wr). Pola pertumbuhan ikan julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) mendapatkan hasil alometrik negatif dengan nilai b 2,9371 (b<3). Nilai koefisien Fulton (K) 2,57 dan koefisien berat relatif (Wr) 103,07. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pola pertumbuhan ikan julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) allometrik negatif dengan panjang tubuh lebih cepat dibandingkan berat tumbuh. Nilai (K) menunjukkan bahwa Aek Mailil masih dalam keadaan seimbang dan baik untuk mendukung kehidupan ikan julung-julung (H. pogonognathus). Kata kunci: faktor kondisi; Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus; pola pertumbuhan ABSTRACTLong-Weight relationship and condition factors of Julung-Julung (Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus) in Aek Mailil, Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus is one of Indonesia's native fish species. Aek Mailil is one of the habitats for julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) in Labuhanbatu Regency. This study aimed to determine the relationship between length-weight and condition factors of julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) living in Aek Mailil. Sampling was carried out from November 2020 to January 2021 using durung fishing gear. The sampling points were determined based on information from the local community of Bandar Kumbul Village. The relationship of length-weight is calculated using the Linear Allometric Model (LAM), while the condition factor is calculated using the Fulton formula (K) and relative weight (Wr). The growth pattern of julung-julung (H. pogonognathus) got a negative allometric result with a b value of 2.9371 (b <3). The value of the Fulton coefficient (K) 2.57 and the relative weight coefficient (Wr) 103.07. This means that Aek Mailil's waters are in a balanced state and can support the (H. pogonognathus) live.Keywords: condition factor; Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus; growth pattern
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Mariani, Thiago F., and Pedro S. R. Romano. "Intra-specific variation and allometry of the skull of Late Cretaceous side-necked turtleBauruemys elegans(Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) and how to deal with morphometric data in fossil vertebrates." PeerJ 5 (April 11, 2017): e2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2890.
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BackgroundPrevious quantitative studies onBauruemys elegans(Suárez, 1969) shell variation, as well as the taphonomic interpretation of its type locality, have suggested that all specimens collected in this locality may have belonged to the same population. We rely on this hypothesis in a morphometric study of the skull. Also, we tentatively assessed the eating preference habits differentiation that might be explained as due to ontogenetic changes.MethodsWe carried out an ANOVA testing 29 linear measurements from 21 skulls ofB. eleganstaken by using a caliper and through images, using the ImageJ software. First, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed with 27 measurements (excluding total length and width characters; =raw data) in order to visualize the scatter plots based on the form variance only. Then, a second PCA was carried out using ratios of length and width of each original measurement to assess shape variation among individuals. Finally, original measurements were log-transformed to describe allometries over ontogeny.ResultsNo statistical differences were found between caliper and ImageJ measurements. The first three PCs of the PCA with raw data comprised 70.2% of the variance. PC1 was related to size variation and all others related to shape variation. Two specimens plotted outside the 95% ellipse in PC1∼PC2 axes. The first three PCs of the PCA with ratios comprised 64% of the variance. When considering PC1∼PC2, all specimens plotted inside the 95% ellipse. In allometric analysis, five measurements were positively allometric, 19 were negatively allometric and three represented enantiometric allometry. Many bones of the posterior and the lateral emarginations lengthen due to increasing size, while jugal and the quadratojugal decrease in width.DiscussionImageJ is useful in replacing caliper since there was no statistical differences. Yet iterative imputation is more appropriate to deal with missing data in PCA. Some specimens show small differences in form and shape. Form differences were interpreted as occuring due to ontogeny, whereas shape differences are related to feeding changes during growth. Moreover, all outlier specimens are crushed and/or distorted, thus the form/shape differences may be partially due to taphonomy. The allometric lengthening of the parietal, quadrate, squamosal, maxilla, associated with the narrowing of jugal and quadratojugal may be related to changes in feeding habit between different stages of development. This change in shape might represent a progressive skull stretching and enlargement of posterior and lateral emargination during ontogeny, and consequently, the increment of the feeding-apparatus musculature. Smaller individuals may have fed on softer diet, whereas larger ones probably have had a harder diet, as seen in some living species ofPodocnemis. We conclude that the skull variation might be related to differences in feeding habits over ontogeny inB. elegans.
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Kresnasari, Dewi. "Hubungan Panjang Berat Tiga Jenis Ikan Introduksi yang Tertangkap di Waduk Penjalin Kabupaten Brebes." Jurnal Akuatiklestari 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/akuatiklestari.v4i1.2505.
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Keberadaan populasi ikan introduksi di Waduk Penjalin semakin bertambah banyak. Populasi ikan introduksi ini diduga akan mempengaruhi ekosistem di waduk tersebut. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengevaluasi pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi ketiga jenis ikan introduksi yaitu Ikan Betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata), Ikan Marsela (Parachromis managuensis) dan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara simple random sampling pada bulan September - Oktober 2018. Sebanyak 40 ekor dari masing-masing spesies diukur panjang dan beratnya. Analisis data pola pertumbuhan pada masing-masing jenis ikan menggunakan persamaan Linear Allometric Model (LAM), dan untuk faktor kondisi dianalisis dengan menggunakan indeks pondreal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ikan Betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata) dan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) mempunyai pola pertumbuhan allometrik negatif, sementara Ikan Marsela (Parachromis managuensis) mempunyai pola pertumbuhan isometrik. Selain itu, faktor kondisi ketiga jenis ikan tersebut menunjukkan angka diatas satu yang berarti bahwa ketiga jenis ikan tersebut dalam keadaan baik dan dapat untuk dikonsumsi.
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Medhurst, J. L., M. Battaglia, M. L. Cherry, M. A. Hunt, D. A. White, and C. L. Beadle. "Allometric relationships for." Trees 14, no. 2 (1999): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050213.
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Finarelli, John A. "Testing hypotheses of the evolution of encephalization in the Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)." Paleobiology 34, no. 1 (2008): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07030.1.
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Evolutionary trends observed over large clades have the potential to mask underlying trends that occur within their constituent subclades. A recent study of encephalization in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia) found evidence for an abrupt increase in median log-encephalization quotients (logEQs), indicating higher brain volume relative to body mass, at the end-Miocene, but gradual increase in the variance of logEQs. In this study, new endocranial volume estimates for fossil taxa in the well-sampled caniform subclade Canidae are reported. Using the encephalization data for the Canidae, hypotheses of evolution in encephalization allometries were tested with respect to canid phylogeny. The Akaike Information Criterion and likelihood ratios recovered support for a preferred hypothesis of the evolution of canid encephalization, which proposed two distinct allometric relationships: (1) a plesiomorphic grade of encephalization in the subfamilies Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae and the paraphyletic canine genus Leptocyon, and (2) an apomorphic grade in the crown radiation of Caninae. This defines a shift in to higher encephalization, but without an associated change in the variance around the allometry. Increased canid encephalization coincides with a reorganization of the brain and the observed trend may reflect the evolution of complex social behavior in this clade.
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Utami, Risnita Tri, Putri Sapira Ibrahim, Agus Kusnadi, Dedy Kurnianto, Teddy Triandiza, and Rosmi N. Pesillette. "Hubungan Panjang Berat dan Faktor Kondisi Siput Lola (Rochia nilotica) di Perairan Maluku, Sumbawa, dan Bengkulu." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 25, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v25i3.14089.
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Rochia nilotica (Tegulidae) is a snail that is highly important economically due to its nacre layer on their shells. Lola shells are used as raw material in nail polish and high quality pearl buttons. Recently, the production of Rochia nilotica has drastically decreased. This study aimed to investigate the relationship on length-weight and condition factors of Rochia snails from four sites. Data collection was gathered on may-September 2021 at four sites i.e Kei Island, Morellla (Central Maluku), Sumbawa Island and Enggano Island with purposive sampling method. A total 177 individuals have been collected with a detail of 35 individuals from Kei Island, 61 Individuals from Central Maluku, 51 and 29 individuals from Sumbawa Island and Enggano island respectively. The result showed that the relationship on length-weight of Rochia snails at Enggano Island, Sumbawa Island, central Maluku and Kei Island was W=0,00707L2,2804, 0,00686L2,3949, 0,00308L2,5478,dan 0,00025L3,0893 respectively. The result shows that the growth pattern at Bengkulu, Sumbawa, and Morella follows a negative allometric model, while those at Kei Islands follow a positive allometric. Condition factors were relatively varied 1,0020-1,0317 suggested that the research waters were still a suitable environment for the growth of top shells. Siput lola Rochia nilotica (Tegulidae) merupakan komoditi niaga bernilai ekonomis tinggi karena cangkangnya yang memiliki lapisan mutiara. Cangkang siput lola digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri cat kuku dan kancing yang berkualitas tinggi. Akibat eksploitasi berlebihan, produksi siput lola mengalami penurunan drastis selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan hubungan panjang berat dan faktor kondisi dari siput lola di 4 lokasi penelitian yang dipilih. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April-September 2021 dengan menggunakan metode Purposive Sampling yang dilakukan di 4 lokasi yaitu Kepulauan Kei, Morella, Pulau Sumbawa, dan Pulau Enggano yang mewakili 3 wilayah (Timur, Tengah dan Barat) Perairan Indonesia. Siput Lola yang diperoleh sebanyak 177 individu yang berasal dari 35 individu dari Kepulauan Kei, 61 individu Morella, 51 individu Sumbawa, dan 29 individu Enggano. Hubungan panjang berat siput lola di lokasi penelitian Enggano, Sumbawa, Morella, dan Kepulauan Kei secara berurutan yaitu sebesar W=0,00707L2,2804, 0,00686L2,3949, 0,00308L2,5478,dan 0,00025L3,0893. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola pertumbuhan siput lola di Pulau Enggano, Sumbawa dan Morella mengikuti model allometrik negatif, sedangkan pola pertumbuhan siput lola di Kepulauan Kei mengikuti model allometrik positif. Faktor kondisi relatif beragam dari 1,0020-1,0317 yang mengindikasikan bahwa daerah perairan penelitian masih merupakan lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan siput lola.
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Gunga, H. C., K. Kirsch, J. Rittweger, L. Röcker, A. Clarke, J. Albertz, A. Wiedemann, et al. "Body size and body volume distribution in two sauropods from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)." Fossil Record 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020106.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Allometric equations are often based on the body mass of an animal because body mass determines many physiological functions. This should also hold for Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, two sauropods from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania (East Africa). Widely divergent estimates of body mass for the same specimen can be found in the literature for these two sauropods. Therefore, in order to determine the exact body mass and volume distribution in these sauropods, classical three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry as well as a newly developed laser scanner technique were applied to the mounted skeletons of Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni in the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin, Germany). Thereafter, scaling equations were used to estimate the size of organ systems. In a second step it was tested whether the given data from photogrammetry could be brought in line with the results derived from the allometric equations. These findings are applied to possible ecological problems in the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania. Der Körpermasse eines Organismus werden oft allometrische Funktionen zugrunde gelegt, da von ihr viele physiologische Funktionen entscheidend abhängen. Dies sollte auch für ausgestorbene Organismen wie Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, zwei Sauropoden aus dem oberen Jura von Tendaguru/Tanzania in Ostafrika gelten. Da zu beiden Sauropoden nur sehr unterschiedliche Massenabschätzungen vorliegen, wurden die Körpermassen und Volumina von Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni mit Hilfe der klassischen Photogrammetrie sowie einem neuentwickelten Laserscannerverfahren neu bestimmt. Basierend auf den so gemessenen Körpermassendaten wurden anschließend einige wichtige funktionell-morphologische Größen für eine paläophysiologische Rekonstruktion dieser Sauropoden mit Hilfe der Allometrie berechnet. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind u. a. wichtig für die Rekonstruktion eines Ökosystems im oberen Jura von Ostafrika. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020106