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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Allometrics'
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Hoffmann, Madonna Bridget, and Madonna hoffman@dpi qld gov au. "Application of tree and stand allometrics to the determination of biomass and its flux in some north-east Australian woodlands." Central Queensland University. Biological and Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20070525.144254.
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This thesis examines the effects of species, rainfall and soil type on tree biomass
regressions, as well as the effects of stand dominance and structure on stand biomass
regressions in north-east Australian woodlands. This was achieved by examining tree
characteristics and biomass relationships for a series of woodland monitoring sites
throughout the study area. This study utilised a modified data set from this permanent
monitoring site network to provide structural attributes for trees and communities of
varying composition in the grazed woodlands. These data were supplemented with
environmental data and tree harvest data sets.
Initially, the research reported in this thesis developed allometric and stand biomass
regressions for Callitris glaucophylla communities. This research also demonstrated
that changes in tree-form were not reflected in changes in the environment, nor did
such changes reflect changes in tree biomass regressions for three eucalypt species.
As a result, a common regression provides a robust estimate of total aboveground
biomass of eucalypt trees in the study area. Thus expensive destructive harvesting
can generally be avoided for minor eucalypt species. Finally, this study demonstrated
a successful methodology that described the stand structure of all the grazed
woodland sites based on tree heights. This methodology was developed to allow the
expansion of a single stand regression to estimate stand biomass across the entire
north-east Australian woodlands.
The findings demonstrated in this study, combined with the long-term data from the
permanent monitoring network sites, should enhance the estimation of carbon flux
within eucalypt communities of north-east Australias grazed woodlands.
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Paquin, Viviane. "Allometric gender allocation in Ambrosia artemisiifolia L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ55924.pdf.
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Tang, Huadong. "Allometric scaling for predicting human drug clearance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290158.
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Various modified methods have been proposed in response to criticisms regarding the practical applicability of allometric scaling, which is one of the most widely used approaches in predicting human drug clearance based on data from animal species. The major problems encountered among allometric methods in predicting human drug clearance are addressed in this dissertation. In chapter 2, a large data set for allometric scaling (n = 138) was collected from the literature and was categorized according to the following criteria: oral or systemic clearance; elimination routes; protein or non-protein chemicals; low, intermediate, or high metabolic clearance. Some significant observations have been made regarding the applicability of allometric scaling according to the pharmacokinetic and physical-chemical properties of the drugs examined. Of special note, several potential rules were developed for when one could expect large vertical allometry. In chapter 3, a new model for predicting human clearance was developed. The new model was shown to provide better predictability than any other current approach. In particular, the new model for the first time predicts the occurrence of large vertical allometry noted in humans. In chapter 4, a general equation was derived, which directly describes the mathematical relationship between predicted pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in humans and the body weights of animals and the values of their corresponding measured PK parameters. This relationship clearly illustrates the species or body weight-dependency of the prediction performance by allometric scaling. Finally, real data from the literature demonstrated the species-dependency predicted from the equation. In chapter 5, the functionality of the correction factors, maximum life-span potential (MLP) and brain weight (BrW) in allometry is mathematically described for the first time. It was found that corrections by MLP or BrW are equivalent to a multiplication of certain constants by the predicted values in humans from simple allometry and has nothing to do with any measured values of PK parameters in any animal species. The role of correction factors (MLP and BrW) or "rule of exponents" in species scaling was evaluated.
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Senarathna, Senarathna Mudiyanselage Dona Kalyani Ganga. "Pharmacokinetics and allometric scaling of antimalarial drugs." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1139.
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Allometric scaling was found as a plausible technique for dose determination in children. Permeability and P-glycoprotein efflux transport of antimalarials were determined using in-vitro Caco-2 cells. Mefloquine showed P-glycoprotein inhibition. Amodiaquine, artesunate and artemisone were not P-glycoprotein substrates or inhibitors. Methylene-blue showed some P-glycoprotein mediated efflux. Permeability was high for amodiaquine and artemisone, medium for mefloquine and artesunate and low for methylene-blue. P-glycoprotein was up-regulated when exposed to dihydroartemisinin/artemisone in combinations with amodiaquine/mefloquine.
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Bowers, Jennifer L. "Evolution and development of allometric relationships in 'Antirrhinum'." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443088.
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Stock, Jay Theodore. "Structural and allometric variability in human long bone diaphyses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31870.pdf.
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Mansfield, Fiona Kerrie. "Allometric scaling in bacterial populations : cell size, distribution and diversity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424704.
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Dang, Thi Thu Huong, Huu Thu Do, Minh Quang Trinh, Hung Manh Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Xuan Bui, and Tien Dung Nguyen. "Allometric relations between biomass and diameter at breast height and height of tree in natural forests at Me Linh Station for Biodiversity, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33298.
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Stem diameter at breast height (D1.3m) and tree height (H) are commonly used measures of tree growth. Based on correlation analysis between biomass of stem, branches and leaves and stem diameter and height of tree we can identify allometric equation for predicting biomass and carbon sequestration of the vegetation. This study was carried out in the natural forests of Me Linh Station for biodiversity to develop allometric equation between biomass and diameter at breast height and height of tree. The study results indicated that twenty tree species dominate in natural forests in Me Linh Station for Biodiversity and they were selected for sampling. Through the 80 established linear equation models for above and below –ground biomass (AGB and BGB), we found that the biomass of tree species in Me Linh Station for Biodiversity were closely correlated with the diameter factor (R>0.902) and not clearly correlated with the height (correlation coefficient = 0.5498, R2< 0.549). Four regression equations were established, including: Pstem = 25.3051*(D1.3m)0.4627 (R2 : 9.661); Pbranch = 12.1043*( D1.3m)0.5416 (R2 : 9.8); Pleaves = 9.446*(D1.3m)0.5976 (R2 : 0.9363); P total biomass of forest = 25.882*D1.725 with R2: 0.8561) for estimating biomass and carbon sequestration of natural forest at the research site.Đường kính ngang ngực (D1.3m) và chiều cao (H) cây là hai nhân tố thường được dùng để đánh giá sự phát triển của cây gỗ. Việc xây dựng các phương trình tương quan giữa sinh khối (SK) thân, cành, lá, sinh khối tầng cây gỗ, sinh khối của quần xã thực vật với đường kính và chiều cao cây góp phần rất lớn trong dự báo sinh khối và khả năng hấp thụ khí carbon của thảm thực vật. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy 20 loài cây gỗ chiếm ưu thế trong rừng tự nhiên và chúng được chọn để thu mẫu. Mối tương quan giữa sinh khối với 2 nhân tố điều tra rừng là đường kính ngang ngực và chiều cao cây đã đươc kiểm tra thông qua 80 phương trình tương quan. Nhìn chung, sinh khối có tương quan chặt chẽ với nhân tố đường kính (hệ số tương quan R > 0,902), và không tương quan rõ với nhân tố chiều cao (R < 0,5498). Bốn phương trình tính sinh khối cho thảm rừng tại khu vực nghiên cứu đã được thiết lập: SKthân = 25,3051*(D1,3m)0,4627 (R2: 9,661); SKcành: 12,1043*(D1,3m)0,5416 (R2: 9,8); SKlá: 9,446*(D1,3m)0,5976 (R2: 0,9363) và SKtổng = 25,882*D1,725 with R2: 0,8561).
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HAGIHARA, Akio, 秋男 萩原, Taketo YOKOTA, 岳人 横田, Kazuharu OGAWA, and 一治 小川. "Allometric Relations in Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) Trees." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8694.
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Kritzinger, Werne Jacobus. "Allometric description of ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) growth and development." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6469.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ostrich industry has overcome many challenges since it originated. However, it is still vulnerable to sudden changes in customer preferences and economic cycles. As feed costs are the greatest expense in ostrich production, optimising feed formulations is vital. This will be possible if the growth and development of the ostrich can be simulated by modelling software. Various studies were conducted to describe ostrich growth in the form of equations that can be used in modelling software to increase the accuracy of predictions. In the first study, birds were given the choice of four diets with varying energy (8.5 or 13.5 MJ ME/kg feed) and protein (180 or 120 g/kg feed) levels. The birds preferred the high density diet (high energy and protein) in each growth phase. A growth curve of assumed optimal growth was constructed. The chemical fractions of the body were shown to increase non-linearly with advancing age and equations were established to predict the change of the body composition over time. In the second trial, birds received a formulated growth diet and were fed according to their nutrient requirements. Growth data was collected on the separate body components of maturing birds. Feather and skin nodule growth was defined for birds hatched in the summer. Allometric equations were set up to determine, predict and model the ostrich skin size and skin weight, some bones, some organs and the commercially valuable muscles through the growth cycle. The final trial was conducted to determine the effect of diet density (energy and amino acid level) on the growth of ostrich body components. A four-stage, 3 x 5 (energy x protein) factorial design was developed with varying energy and protein feeding regimes. Protein (amino acid) level had no influence on body component growth. Energy level had no effect on feather growth, skin nodule growth, bone and organ growth and muscle growth. Increased levels of dietary energy increased the skin size and skin weight. Increasing the dietary energy level also had a significant effect on the total body fat of the birds. Allometric equations were set up for each variable to predict the effect of diet on ostrich growth. Results in this study provide a framework for simulation modelling. Predicting ostrich growth and development is paramount to accurate diet formulations and lower feeding costs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volstruisindustrie het reeds vele struikelblokke oorkom, maar bly steeds kwesbaar vir skielike veranderinge in die ekonomiese klimaat asook in die voorkeure van die verbruiker. Een van die belangrikste insetkostes in volstruisproduksie is voer en daarom is dit noodsaaklik om voerformulerings te optimiseer. Die doel van hierdie tesis was om by te dra tot die ontwikkeling van modellering sagteware wat die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis naboots. Die spesifieke doel was om volstruisgroei te bestudeer en te bespreek deur middel van vergelykings wat gebruik kan word om die akkuraatheid van die simulasiemodelle te verhoog. Tydens die eerste studie is die voëls die keuse van vier diëte gegee waarvan die energie- (8.5 of 13.5 MJ ME/kg voer) en proteïen- (180 of 120 g/kg voer) vlakke verskil het. Die voëls het in die hoëdigtheid voer (hoog in energie en proteïen) in elke groeifase gekies. Uit hierdie data, wat aanvaar is om optimale groei te verteenwoordig, is ‘n groeikurwe gekonstrueer wat getoon het dat die chemise komponente van die liggaam nie-linieêr toegeneem het oor tyd. Vergelykings is hieruit afgelei wat die verandering in die liggaamsamestelling oor tyd kan voorspel. In die tweede studie het die voëls ʼn vier-fase geformuleerde groeidieët ontvang en is na gelang van hulle voedings behoeftes gevoer. Groeidata is ingesamel van die individuele liggaams-komponente van die groeiende volstruise. Veer- en velgroei is gedefinieer vir die voëls wat in die somer uitgebroei het. Allometriese vergelykings is opgestel om te bepaal hoe die volstruis se velgrootte, velgewig, sekere bene en organe, asook die kommersiële belangrike spiere gedurende die groei-siklus verander. Die finale studie is uitgevoer om die effek van voedingsvlak (energie- en aminosuurvlak) op die groei van die volstruis se liggaamskomponente te bepaal. ʼn Vier-fase, 3 x 5 (energie x proteïen) faktoriale ontwerp is gebruik met veranderende energie- en proteïenvlakke. Proteïen- (aminosuur) vlakke het geen invloed op die groei van die liggaamskomponente gehad nie. Energievlak het geen effek op die veer-, vel-, velknoppie-, been-, organe- en spiergroei gehad nie. Toenemende vlakke van energie het wel gelei tot ʼn toename in die velgrootte en massa. Die toename in voedingsengergie-vlakke het ook ʼn betekenisvolle effek op die totale liggaamsvet van die voëls gehad. Allometriese vergelykings is opgestel vir elk van die veranderlikes om die effek van dieët op elke komponent van die volstruis te bepaal. Die resultate van hierdie studies verskaf ‘n raamwerk vir die simulering en modellering van die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis. Akkurate voorspellings van die groei en ontwikkeling van die volstruis is noodsaaklik vir akkurate dieëtformulering en verlaagde voedingskostes.
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Goulão, João Pedro Pinto. "Influence of metabolic stress in bovine fetal development : an allometric study." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21168.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaDairy cows go through great metabolic change during the transition period, with several detrimental side effects on health and productivity. The possibility that the stress they undertake on the final phase of gestation can also influence the unborn calf or even have carryover effects that will impact him after birth is not one that should be ignored. The main goal of this study was to determine if calves born from metabolic stressed cows prioritized the development of vital organs, brain and heart specifically, over the development of the long bones, more precisely the radius-ulna and the metatarsus. Additionally, differences between countries, particularly environmental, were also considered as a possible aggravator of metabolic stress and, consequently, of allometric fetal development. For the purposes of this study, the head diameter and circumference (HD and HC, respectively), chest circumference (HG), forearm and metatarsal lengths (FL and ML, respectively), hip and shoulder width (HW and SW, respectively), height (WH) and diagonal length (DL) of 171 newborn Holstein Friesian calves from one farm in Portugal and two farms in Belgium were measured with callipers and a measuring tape. The dam’s milk production for the year (M305d), parity and gemelarity, as well as the season when the measurements were performed, were also registered. Measurement ratios (HC/ML, HC/FL, HD/ML, HD/FL, HG/ML and HG/FL) were used as an indicator of prenatal allometric growth and analysed against the data obtained from the mothers. Some significant correlations were evidenced (P<0.05) in the belgian calves, between the ratios with parity and season, demonstrating a tendency towards higher ratios with the increase of these two variables. However, the portuguese calves supported none of these results. This discrepancy obtained from the analysis of the portuguese and belgian calves, probably the result of an insufficient sample size, led us to believe that the conclusions drawn from this study are most likely premature and that further studies should be conducted in order to clarify them. Subsequently, the relation between metabolic stress and fetal development also remains unclear and should be the subject of further investigation.
RESUMO - Efeitos do stress metabólico no desenvolvimento do feto bovino: estudo sobre alometria - Durante o período de transição as vacas de leite enfrentam enormes alterações metabólicas com repercussões na sua saúde e produtividade. Face à possibilidade de que o stress nesta última fase da gestação pode também influenciar o feto, ou até mesmo ter efeitos secundários que irão afetar o vitelo, esta é uma área de estudo que não pode ser ignorada. O objetivo deste estudo pretende determinar se, na presença de stress metabólico materno, há prioridade no desenvolvimento de órgãos vitais no feto, como o cérebro e o coração em específico, sobre o desenvolvimento dos ossos longos, mais precisamente o rádio-ulna e o metatarso. Adicionalmente as diferenças entre países, particularmente ambientais, foram consideradas como um possível fator agravante do stress metabólico que, consequentemente, poderia realçar diferenças na alometria dos órgãos em estudo. Para os propósitos deste estudo, várias medições foram realizadas em 171 vitelos recém-nascidos de raça Holstein Frísia com um medidor ósseo e uma fita métrica. Foram medidos o diâmetro e a circunferência da cabeça (HD e HC, respetivamente), a circunferência do peito (HG), o comprimento do antebraço e do metatarso (FL e ML, respetivamente), a largura das ancas e dos ombros (HW e SW, respetivamente), a altura (WH) e o comprimento diagonal (DL). Os vitelos em questão foram medidos nas respetivas explorações, uma exploração de vacas leiteiras em Portugal e duas na Bélgica. Também foram recolhidos outros dados provenientes dos registos das explorações como a produção leiteira do ano (M305d), a paridade e a gemelaridade das mães, e a época e temperatura em que foram realizadas as medições. Os rácios das medições (HC/ML, HC/FL, HD/ML, HD/FL, HG/ML e HG/FL) foram utilizados como indicadores de alometria dos órgãos fetais em estudo e analisados em relação aos dados obtidos das vacas. Algumas conexões significativas (P<0.05) foram evidenciadas nos vitelos belgas, entre os rácios com a paridade e a época de medição. Os rácios demonstram uma tendência em crescer com o aumento dessas duas variáveis. No entanto, os vitelos portugueses não comprovaram nenhum destes resultados. Esta discrepância entre as análises dos vitelos portugueses e belgas, provavelmente causada por uma amostra insuficiente, levam-nos a crer que as conclusões tiradas deste estudo são prematuras e que deveriam ser realizados estudos adicionais de modo a esclarecê-las. Subsequentemente, a relação entre o stress metabólico e o desenvolvimento do feto também se mantém incerta e deverá continuar a ser investigada.
N/A
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Zhang, Da. "Evaluation of the Allometric Exponents in Prediction of Human Drug Clearance." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3533.
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Background. Allometric scaling (AS) is widely used in predicting human clearance (CL) based on animal data. Substantial prediction errors have been commonly observed and various modifications to AS have not provided a broad reliable improvement. In this study, an extensive data set was assembled including animal and human systemic CL and physiochemical properties. The allometric exponents were calculated based on multiple species AS and single-species AS methods. The correlations between the allometic exponents and physiochemical properties were evaluated in an attempt to find covariates that may explain the inter-compound variability in the allometric exponents. Lastly, the statistical approaches in analyzing the allometric function were evaluated with the collected data. Methods. 1- A nonlinear mixed effect modeling (MEM) approach was performed to investigate the central tendency and distribution of AS exponents as well as to identify whether there are any correlations between the allometric exponent, and coefficient, with the physicochemical and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties of the compounds. 2- Single-species AS was performed to estimate the single-species AS exponent distributions and their corresponding central tendencies. The correlation between the estimated single-species AS exponents and the physicochemical and DMPK properties of the compounds were also examined. 3- The methodologies of log-log transformation followed by linear regression (LL-LR) and direct nonlinear regression methods (NLS) with different weighting schemes on the AS power function were investigated. The central tendency and distribution of the allometric exponents were evaluated and compared across methods. Furthermore, the human CL prediction performance was evaluated among methods. Results. The estimated central tendency and distribution of AS exponents from the nonlinear MEM as well as the single-species AS approaches were consistent with literature reports. There were no significant correlations identified between the estimated AS exponents and the physicochemical or DMPK properties. The methods of LL-LR and the NLS with 1/w2 weighting (variance weighted by CL2 during the variance minimization process) results in the most similar allometric exponent with central tendency around 0.668 and provided the best human CL prediction among methods investigated. Conclusion. The knowledge gained in this work by extensive modeling and simulations contributed to a better understanding of the variability in AS exponents and better practice in performing AS in human CL prediction
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George, Keith Phillip. "Left ventricular morphology : the impact of menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use, body size, body composition and athletic training." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246262.
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Fritz, Julia. "Allometrie der Kotpartikelgröße von pflanzenfressenden Säugern, Reptilien und Vögeln." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-75540.
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Bennett, P. M. "Comparative studies of morphology life history and ecology among birds." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379453.
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Hackney, John W. "Morphometric variability and allometric relationships in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay /." Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/hackneyj/johnhackney.pdf.
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Wiff, Rodrigo. "Predicting food consumption and production in fish populations : allometric scaling and size-structured models." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/935.
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Life-history traits in fish populations are highly correlated. A subset of these correlations are called allometric scaling, they refer to biological processes which can be described using body size as independent variable. Particularly, allometric scaling related with food consumption (Q) and biomass production (P) has gained the attention of ecologists for several decades. This thesis proposes a quantitative framework for food consumption, which allows both the identification of the mechanisms underlying the allometric scaling for Q and the development of a predictive model for consumption to biomass ratio (Q/B) in fish populations. This thesis is based on the fact that food consumption can be inferred from first principles underlying the von Bertalanffy growth model. In addition, it has been noticed in the literature that biomass production and food consumption show similar allometric scaling dependence, therefore, both can be derived from these first principles. Thus, a similar quantitative framework was used to produce models for P/B in fish populations. Once functional forms for production and food consumption were identified, a third model was developed for the ratio between production and consumption (P/Q). This ratio is usually named ecological efficiency because it determines how efficiently a population can transform ingested food into biomass. Several authors have noticed that P/Q remains invariant (independent of body size) across species. From a theoretical point of view, the results presented here allow the first quantitative explanation for the existence of the allometric scaling for Q/B and the invariance of P/Q across fish species. These results, together with the explanation for allometry in P/B reported in the literature, suggest that the regular across-species pattern for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} can be explained by basic principles that underpin life-history in fish populations. This quantitative framework for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} is based on an explicit dependence with body size, which simplifies the estimation of these quantities. Model complexity depends, in part, on which data are available. Models were applied to real data from commercially important species fished in Chile. Statistical properties of the new models were evaluated by an intensive resampling approach. The simplest possible model for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} rests on the assumption of a stable age distribution. These quantities have a key importance in ecosystem modelling because they determine population energetics in terms of food intake by predation and the transformation of this energy into population biomass of predators. Application of the new models produces results which were comparable to those given by standard methods. This thesis is a result of multidisciplinary research which attempts to make a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the allometric scaling of food consumption and production in fish populations. It proposes models for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} and thus, has the potential to be widely applicable in fisheries science.
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Smith, Joanna McLellan. "Effects of allometric growth and toe pad morphology on adhesion in hylid tree frogs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398660.
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Tod, Steven Peter. "What drives invertebrate communities in a chalk stream : from trophic relationships to allometric scaling." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28174.
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Despite a slow start freshwater meiofauna research is now gathering pace. Evidence is accumulating which indicates the importance of their inclusion in lotic metazoan studies. Here I contribute towards this research effort by conducting an investigation of meiofauna and macrofauna from a chalk stream. I sampled meiofauna for a 19 month period, and macrofauna for a 12 month period between April 2004 and October 2005 from the subsurface, macrophyte stands and gravel beds. The chalk stream community was highly diverse with 57 taxa identified from the subsurface and 186 from the benthos. Meiofauna outnumbered macrofauna in all habitats in terms of density. Both meio- and macroinvertebrates preferred macrophyte stands over gravel beds as habitat, indicated by higher densities, biomass and species richness. Speciesabundance relationships and density-size spectra indicated the invertebrate assemblages of the benthos to be stable over the period of the study as patterns varied little between sampling months and habitats. Production and standing biomass were dominated by the macroinvertebrates which suggests meiofauna had a limited role within functioning of the stream. However, gut content data indicated meiofauna may play an important trophic role, linking basal resources and top consumers. Combined gut content and stable isotope analysis suggested a strong pattern of generalist feeding throughout the whole spectrum of body size in the community, rejecting the concept of functional feeding groups. Predominance of generalist feeding also suggested a large number of weak interactions in food webs. While higher species richness lower in food webs indicated greater functional redundancy of lower trophic levels. Density-body size distributions were shallow with a biased distribution of energy towards larger size classes. Moreover, testing of production, standing biomass and PIB body size allometry was inconclusive with regards to theoretical predictions. The interrelationship ofbiodiversity, stability, and trophic dynamics, with body size determine the structure and dynamics of the chalk stream community, not metabolism.
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Gowda, Vishwas, and Vishwas Gowda. "Allometric Scaling of Brain, Brain Components and Neurons with Body Size of Social Bees." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621438.
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Animals in general vary immensely in body size, which greatly affects their morphology, physiology, survival, and nutritional requirements. The nervous system is also affected by variation in body size, which, in turn, shapes the perception of environmental stimuli and the behavior of animals. Comparative studies of vertebrates suggest that larger brains and their integrative centers comprise more and generally larger neurons (Jerison, 1973; Kaas, 2000), but much less is known about brain - body size relations in invertebrates. Closely related social bee species are well suited to study correlations between body size and brain composition. Different honey bee species vary in body size yet differ little in their ecological requirements and behavior and bumble bees feature a large range of body sizes even within a single colony.
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Brown, Calum. "The metabolism of living space : allometric scaling of energy use in UK domestic buildings." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/81388/.
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Understanding and reducing domestic energy usage is seen as key to achieving national greenhouse gas emission targets, as well ensuring sustainable consumption at a domestic level. Domestic buildings represent a well-defined unit of space with numerous, easily measurable characteristics. They can also be perceived as being the terminal, end-use elements of a global resource distribution network, as defined by Jarvis et al., (2015). Such networks have drawn comparisons to biological organisms in how they acquire, transform, use and dispose of resources from their surrounding environment through a metabolic system of processing. This thesis aims to more deeply understand interrelations between, people, energy and space at a domestic level, assessing the influence of building geometry and social practices on scaling relationships relating to domestic energy consumption. Scaling relationships relating to the physical building properties have been studied extensively, however none directly assess how total energy usage scales across the domestic building stock. Data is abstracted form the 2012 English Housing Survey (EHS) housing stock dataset, which contains physical and demographic data relating to ~14k randomly sampled households across England. Scaling relationships are established between household size and total energy usage, both across the entire housing stock and by selected building characteristics, revealing scaling effects pertaining to specific domestic properties. Across the entire housing stock, a scaling exponent of 0.8032 ± 0.013 is observed for the relationship between household total floor area and total energy consumption, indicating a decrease in energy use per unit space with increased household size. This result is set within a context of building geometric properties and theories of societal metabolism, drawing extensively on current literature and this researches own findings. Understanding the origins of such scaling could potentially hold important implications for how individuals perceive their energy consumption, both in relation to physical domestic buildings and wider society.
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Tannenbaum, Stacey Jill. "Pharmacokinetic principles of allometry and allometric, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic analyses of cocaine and ethanol." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280341.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation deals with two major topics: allometric (or interspecies) scaling of pharmacokinetic parameters, and the interaction of cocaine and ethanol. These topics are tied together by the inclusion of allometric analyses of both cocaine and ethanol. Currently, to make initial predictions of human pharmacokinetic parameters using allometry, allometric slopes of 0.75, 1.0, or 0.25 (for clearance, volume, and half-life, respectively) are applied to the appropriate parameter value measured in a single species. Chapter 1 demonstrates the validity of this practice, and, using literature data on many diverse compounds, suggests that the monkey is the best species for predicting human data. Chapter 2 uses allometric principles to show that hepatic extraction ratio (ER) is independent of body weight, and thus constant across species. This is due to the fact that ER is the ratio of two parameters with identical allometric slopes, hepatic clearance and blood flow. Chapter 3 demonstrates that cocaine can be scaled using allometric relationships, leading to reasonably accurate predictions of the parameters in humans. Chapter 4 shows that the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol can be scaled allometrically. This was previously thought to be impossible, since ethanol undergoes saturable elimination, and as a result, the pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance and half-life) are dose-dependent. By scaling other parameters that are dose-independent, such as the Michaelis-Menten parameters, predictions of human concentration-time plots can be simulated. The co-administration of cocaine and ethanol is shown to cause a superadditive response. This is a result of two mechanisms: ethanol inhibits cocaine clearance, thus increasing cocaine concentrations, and, an active metabolite, cocaethylene, whose effects are similar to that of cocaine, is formed in vivo after co-administration of the two drugs. Because this drug combination is so common, and because of the resultant increased risk of toxicity and death, it is important to understand how much cocaethylene is formed after co-administration of cocaine and ethanol. Chapter 5 outlines a procedure used to calculate the fraction of cocaethylene formed after co-administration of the two drugs. Chapter 6 then summarizes the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of cocaine given alone, compared to the combination.
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Bailey, Susan J. "Climate change : carbon partitioning in plants." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263166.
Full text
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Wirkes, André Franz [Verfasser]. "Allometrie des intrazellulären Surfactants der Lunge bei Säugetieren / André Franz Wirkes." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1065320639/34.
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Blossman-Myer, Bonnie Burggren Warren W. "A contravention of established principles of interspecific allometric metabolic scaling in developing silkworms, Bombyx mori." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3704.
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Blossman-Myer, Bonnie. "A Contravention of Established Principles of Interspecific Allometric Metabolic Scaling in Developing Silkworms, Bombyx Mori." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3704/.
Full textAbstract:
Established interspecific metabolic allometric relationships do not adequately describe the complexity and variable physiological states of developing animals. Consequently, intraspecific allometric relationships of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production as a function of body mass; the respiratory quotient; the function of the silk cocoon; and body composition were investigated for each distinct developmental stage of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Whole animal O2 consumption in Bombyx ranged from 0.00064 + 0.000047 ml O2 .hr-1 at larval instar I to 0.77 + 0.06 ml O2 .hr-1 in pre-pupal, falling to 0.21+ 0.01 ml O2 .hr-1 in the pupae. Those instars having a significant relationship between O2 consumption as a function of body mass, the slope of the line relating O2 consumption to body mass varied between 0.99 and 1.02, while across all instars the slope was 0.82. Developmental allometry should be presented for individual developmental stages because the individual allometric exponents of the stages can be significantly different from the overall allometric exponent throughout development and in some cases, the overall allometric exponent can be a statistical artifact. The first larval instar of Bombyx mori has the lowest cross sectional area of high metabolic tissue of the midgut (27%) and had one of the highest percentages of some metabolically inert tissues (i.e. lipid, 7.5%). Body composition of the first instar does not support the idea that smaller mass animals having the highest O2 consumption are composed of a greater percentage of metabolically active organs when compared to larger animals. However, this developmental stage has the highest percentage of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase, which correlates well with the high O2 consumption rate of the smaller mass. Therefore, established interspecific principles should not be assumed to function as valid models for intraspecific developmental relationships of metabolism as a function of body mass. Developmental allometry should include an analysis of individual stages of development as well as an analysis of development as a whole to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of allometry of the developing animal such as the silkworm.
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Wei, Xiaofang, Subramania I. Sritharan, Ramanitharan Kandiah, and John Osterberg. "Allometric Equations for Predicting Above-ground Biomass of Tamarix in the Lower Colorado River Basin." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556805.
Full textAbstract:
Allometric equations are essential for quantitative study of aboveground biomass. The paper presents an effort in acquisition and validation of allometric equation for salt cedar (Tamarix spp.), a species that has been criticized for its invasion and negative impacts on the riparian ecosystem in the western United States. In the summers of 2009 and 2011, biomass destructive samplings were conducted to harvest and collect salt cedar samples at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. The allometric equations were developed by establishing the relationship between aboveground biomass with average basal diameter, tree height, and total basal area. The validity and the strength of the allometric models were examined with the adjusted coefficient of determination (r²), standard error of estimate (SSE), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Total basal area was identified as the best predictor for salt cedar biomass, followed by tree height. Average basal diameter was a poor predictor. In linear equations, total basal area accounted for 78.4 percent of the total variation in aboveground biomass. In logarithmic equations, tree height and total basal area together explained 87.7 percent and yielded the small AIC and SSE. These equations will advance the quantitative estimation of salt cedar biomass and provide useful information for studying evapotranspiration, water consumption, and carbon storage.
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Yáñez, Enrique Alejandro [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento relativo dos tecidos e características da carcaça de cabritos Saanen, com diferentes pesos e níveis nutricionais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104975.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2002-10-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
yanez_ea_dr_jabo.pdf: 472965 bytes, checksum: 1e3d450b0ba9483da550c43e4a8cf69f (MD5)Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando cabritos machos da raça Saanen. O primeiro teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento relativo dos componentes do peso vivo (PV), dos cortes comerciais e dos tecidos de caprinos leiteiros em crescimento. Tomando como referência o corte perna, o tecido ósseo apresentou crescimento precoce, o muscular isométrico e o adiposo crescimento tardio, sendo a gordura subcutânea depositada mais tardiamente. Os cortes comerciais apresentaram coeficiente de alometria isogônico com exceção dos cortes 6a a 13a costelas e peito/fralda. O desenvolvimento da carcaça e dos não-componentes da carcaça acompanhou o peso de corpo vazio, enquanto que a pele e cabeça+patas apresentaram coeficiente heterogônico negativo e o trato digestório coeficiente isogônico. Os cabritos com 35 kg de PV e 15,5 kg de carcaça apresentaram adequadas proporção de músculo e relação músculo:osso, mas maior proporção de gordura que os animais abatidos com 20 kg de PV. O segundo experimento foi desenvolvido em duas fases (5 a 20 e 20 a 35 kg de PV) e teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da restrição alimentar sobre as características da carcaça, e estimar equações para predizer características da carcaça a partir de medidas biométricas. Foram determinadas as medidas biométricas e a condição corporal nos animais vivos, e após o abate e resfriamento de 24 h, as medidas e compacidade da carcaça. As carcaças foram seccionadas em sete cortes e a perna dissecada em osso, músculo e gordura. O aumento da restrição alimentar produziu diminuição na proporção do lombo e aumento na do pescoço, na Fase 1. Na Fase 2 o lombo e 6a a 13a costelas diminuíram sua participação com o aumento da restrição e a paleta e o pescoço aumentaram. A proporção de ossos aumentou e a de gordura total diminuiu com o aumento da restrição nas duas fases...
Two experiments were developed with male Saanen kids. The objective of the first was to evaluate the relative development of the live weight components, of the commercials joints and of the kids dairy goat at growing tissues. The bones showed earlier development, the muscle was isometric and the fat later developing, but the subcutaneous fat was later developing than intermuscular fat. The commercials joints exhibited isogonic allometric coefficient with except of the 6a to 13a ribs and brisket. The development of the carcass and non-carcasses components followed the empty body weight, but the skin and head+paw showed earlier development and the gastrintestinal tract showed isometric coefficient. The kids goat with 35 kg LW and 15,5 kg of the carcass exhibited adequate muscles proportion and muscle:bone rate, but with higher fat rate than animals slaughter with 20 kg LW. The second experiment was developed in two phases (5 to 20 and 20 to 35 kg LW) and the objective was to evaluate the feed restriction effects in the carcass characteristics, and to estimate the equation that was allowed predict the characteristics of the carcass from the biometrics measures. It were determinated the biometrics measures and the corporal condition in the live animals, and after of the slaughter and chilling at 24 h, it were established the measures and compactness of the carcass. The carcasses were sectioned in seven commercials joints and the leg dissected in bone, muscle and fat. The increase of the feed restriction provide decrease in the loin proportion and the neck increase, of the Phase 1. On the Phase 2, the loin and the 6a to 13a ribs decreased their participation with the increase of the restriction and the shoulder and the neck increased. The proportion of the bones increased and the total fat decrease due high feed restriction in both phases... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
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Schneider, Florian Dirk [Verfasser], Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Brose, and Nico [Akademischer Betreuer] Blüthgen. "Predator diversity and ecosystem functioning: An allometric approach / Florian Dirk Schneider. Betreuer: Ulrich Brose ; Nico Blüthgen." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1106257219/34.
Full text
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Roberts, David Gordon. "An allometric analysis of the cardiac and pulmonary systems of the blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62568.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes the growth of the blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) cardiac and pulmonary systems with ontogenetic allometric equations, contributing an additional species to the small collection of ontogenetic allometric studies on mammals.
Allometric equations of the form 𝑦𝑦=𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 were derived to describe the changes in cardiac or pulmonary measurements (𝑦𝑦), with change in body mass and heart or lung mass (𝑥𝑥). The body masses used in these equations were calculated from external body measurements, to compensate for temporary changes in individual body mass. Different mass estimation equations were investigated to choose the most suitable method.
Forty-three post-natal blue wildebeest (22 male, 21 female; body mass 74 - 258 kg), and five foetuses, with (12 and 15 kg; gestational age approximately 7 months) were measured. All animals were sourced from culling operations on the Bubye Valley Conservancy in southern Zimbabwe, in different seasons, over three years.
Body mass (𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏) in kilograms was most accurately predicted from body length (𝐿𝐿) and girth (𝐺𝐺) in meters: 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏=39.08(𝐿𝐿𝐿 2)0.909 (R2 = 0.935, PPEA=8.2%) or 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏=64.34𝐺𝐺2.58 (R2 = 0.911, PPEA=9.4%). These equations are mildly affected by both sex and season. The equations predict significantly lower body masses (p<0.001) than similar equations for East African subspecies.
Blue wildebeest heart mass (𝑀𝑀ℎ) scales hypoallometrically with body mass and ranges from approximately 0.8% of body mass in the foetus to 0.5% of body mass in adult. Heart growth follows the allometric equation: 𝑀𝑀ℎ=0.0118𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏0.832 (R2 = 0.846, PPEA=10.9%) in the post-natal animal. While the dimensions of the left heart grow isometrically with heart mass, the thickness of the right ventricular wall does not appear to change significantly after birth. This change in thickness may be due to the change in the function of the right ventricle at birth.
The lung mass in kg (𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙) and tracheal volume in ml (𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡) follow the allometric equations: 𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙=0.0260𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏0.816 (R2 = 0.71, PPEA=16) and 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡=3.31𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏0.905 (R2 = 0.78, PPEA=16) in the post-natal animal, which are not significantly different from isometry (p>0.05). The relative lung masses of foetal wildebeest are significantly greater and the foetal trachea relatively narrower than in post-natal animals.
Growing wildebeest heart masses are lower than found in horses and giraffes, larger than in buffalo and similar to those of cattle of the same body mass. Their lung masses are smaller than those of horses but larger than those of giraffes.
Interspecific equations for mammals predict larger heart and lung masses than measured in post-natal wildebeest, but not significantly so (heart: p=0.11 and lung: p=0.83). However, the difference between measured and predicted heart mass, when only adult wildebeest are considered, is statistically significant (p=0.016).
In conclusion, blue wildebeest body mass can be predicted from external body measurements and heart, lung and tracheal measurements scale with body mass. Heart growth is hypoallometric to body mass and lung mass scales isometrically with body mass. Throughout growth, the heart and lung masses of wildebeest are not different from those predicted for average mammals.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Production Animal Studies
MSc
Unrestricted
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Oliver, Gabriel. "A Wall Building." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34951.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates a constructive technique, within the materials and methods of conventional practice, which allows for a common building material such as concrete block to carry form and beauty. Furthermore, this project seeks to demonstrate the role human ingenuity, patience, attention, and perception can continue to play in architecture and construction.
The project focuses on an experimental wall type consisting of regular eight inch concrete half-block masonry units, stack-bonded in elevation and subtly transformed in plan to reveal a gradual shift of the exposed faces of the units. A wall was constructed at the Building Research and Demonstration Facility to investigate one example of this wall type.Master of Architecture
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Ruiz, Marta Felip. "Validation of the method used by the SUBER model for the estimation of extracted cork dry weight with more and less than 9 years of growth." Master's thesis, ISA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14823.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado MEDFOR - Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management / Instituto Superior de AgronomiaExtraction of cork from montados or cork oak forests is one of the main activities in Portugal. 23% of Portuguese forests are from Quercus suber and Portugal is the main producer of cork in the world. Commonly, every 9 years, but also 10 or more, the cork of the stem and branches with perimeter at breast height greater than 70 cm is removed. Possibly this intervals are not the optimum for the production of cork. Most of the models that exist only predict cork weight for 9 or 10 years of cork age. But a new model developed by Paulo and Tomé (2010) allows the prediction of mature cork biomass with t years of growth, based in one measurement taken at any other age. The model is based on two sub-models; the first one predicts cork biomass with 9 years of age using four alternative models with different variables as inputs; and a second one that estimates cork back weight proportion at 9 years of age. The method has already been validated for 9, 10 and 11 years of cork age, and the objective of this work was doing the validation of the model for that ages and also adding new data of 8 and 13 years of cork age. The evaluation was done by comparing the observed and the estimated values of cork biomass from corks with 8, 9, 10, 11 and 13 years of age. According to previous validation, it was confirmed that the model work better as more input variables are added in the model and it was also found that as the ages of cork biomass move away from 9 years, as well as the extremes of cork thickness classes, the worst is the performance of the model
N/A
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Yáñez, Enrique Alejandro. "Desenvolvimento relativo dos tecidos e características da carcaça de cabritos Saanen, com diferentes pesos e níveis nutricionais /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104975.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Kleber Tomás de ResendeBanca: Juan Ramón Olalquiaga Perez
Banca: Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro
Banca: Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves
Banca: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni
Resumo: Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando cabritos machos da raça Saanen. O primeiro teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento relativo dos componentes do peso vivo (PV), dos cortes comerciais e dos tecidos de caprinos leiteiros em crescimento. Tomando como referência o corte perna, o tecido ósseo apresentou crescimento precoce, o muscular isométrico e o adiposo crescimento tardio, sendo a gordura subcutânea depositada mais tardiamente. Os cortes comerciais apresentaram coeficiente de alometria isogônico com exceção dos cortes 6a a 13a costelas e peito/fralda. O desenvolvimento da carcaça e dos não-componentes da carcaça acompanhou o peso de corpo vazio, enquanto que a pele e cabeça+patas apresentaram coeficiente heterogônico negativo e o trato digestório coeficiente isogônico. Os cabritos com 35 kg de PV e 15,5 kg de carcaça apresentaram adequadas proporção de músculo e relação músculo:osso, mas maior proporção de gordura que os animais abatidos com 20 kg de PV. O segundo experimento foi desenvolvido em duas fases (5 a 20 e 20 a 35 kg de PV) e teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da restrição alimentar sobre as características da carcaça, e estimar equações para predizer características da carcaça a partir de medidas biométricas. Foram determinadas as medidas biométricas e a condição corporal nos animais vivos, e após o abate e resfriamento de 24 h, as medidas e compacidade da carcaça. As carcaças foram seccionadas em sete cortes e a perna dissecada em osso, músculo e gordura. O aumento da restrição alimentar produziu diminuição na proporção do lombo e aumento na do pescoço, na Fase 1. Na Fase 2 o lombo e 6a a 13a costelas diminuíram sua participação com o aumento da restrição e a paleta e o pescoço aumentaram. A proporção de ossos aumentou e a de gordura total diminuiu com o aumento da restrição nas duas fases... (Resumo completo, clicar no acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two experiments were developed with male Saanen kids. The objective of the first was to evaluate the relative development of the live weight components, of the commercials joints and of the kids dairy goat at growing tissues. The bones showed earlier development, the muscle was isometric and the fat later developing, but the subcutaneous fat was later developing than intermuscular fat. The commercials joints exhibited isogonic allometric coefficient with except of the 6a to 13a ribs and brisket. The development of the carcass and non-carcasses components followed the empty body weight, but the skin and head+paw showed earlier development and the gastrintestinal tract showed isometric coefficient. The kids goat with 35 kg LW and 15,5 kg of the carcass exhibited adequate muscles proportion and muscle:bone rate, but with higher fat rate than animals slaughter with 20 kg LW. The second experiment was developed in two phases (5 to 20 and 20 to 35 kg LW) and the objective was to evaluate the feed restriction effects in the carcass characteristics, and to estimate the equation that was allowed predict the characteristics of the carcass from the biometrics measures. It were determinated the biometrics measures and the corporal condition in the live animals, and after of the slaughter and chilling at 24 h, it were established the measures and compactness of the carcass. The carcasses were sectioned in seven commercials joints and the leg dissected in bone, muscle and fat. The increase of the feed restriction provide decrease in the loin proportion and the neck increase, of the Phase 1. On the Phase 2, the loin and the 6a to 13a ribs decreased their participation with the increase of the restriction and the shoulder and the neck increased. The proportion of the bones increased and the total fat decrease due high feed restriction in both phases... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
Doutor
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Genet, Astrid. "Quantification of fuelwood potentials from French beech forests : updated allometric modeling tools and robustness to differences in soil fertility." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS040.
Full textAbstract:
Un jeu d'équation de biomasse robuste a été développé pour le hêtre sur des arbres provenant de trois pays Européens. Les paramètres des modèles sont apparus âge-dépendants, et l'introduction de l'âge des peuplements dans les équations a permis d'en augmenter significativement la performance pour tous les compartiments aériens de l'arbre. Cet effet a été relié à des changements de forme et de densité du bois dans le tronc, et à des changements dans la conductance hydraulique des tissus pour le houppier. L'introduction de l'âge des peuplements parmi les variables prédictives du modèle est la clé de la précision des équations développées, la sylviculture et la fertilité du site étant à l'origine des faibles variations résiduelles. Afin de confirmer ce résultat, nous sommes parvenus à homogénéiser la plupart des équations hêtre publiées en prenant en compte l'âge des peuplements utilisés en calibration donné dans chaque papier original. En perspective, nous avons remarqué que nos résultats suivaient le même schéma que ceux obtenus sur l'Eucalyptus. Sur la base de mesures expérimentales, nous avons évalué l'impact des propriétés du sol sur les schémas de répartition de la biomasse et les immobilisations en éléments minéraux dans l'arbre. Nous avons mis en évidence l'importance de la fertilité des sols lors de l'intensification des prélèvements forestiers pour le bois-énergie. L'exploitation des rémanents, sauf compensée par fertilisation, doit être limitée aux sols riches où les exportations minérales seront compensées par les cycles externes. L'écorçage peut-être une solution pour compenser les pertes en Ca sur sols acides. Enfin, un modèle économique qualitatif met en évidence les déterminants de l'offre et de la demande en bois-énergie. Ces observations ont permis de défini des hypothèses quant aux propriétés d'un modèle économétrique. Il n'a cependant pas pu être ajusté faute de données disponibles. Une réflexion sur la procédure statistique à mettre en œuvre a été menéeWorking on European beech, a set of robust biomass allometric equations was developed using trees from hree European countries. Models allometric parameters were round to vary with stand age and its introduction in the equations significantly improved the performances of aboveground biomass equations. Age effect was related to changes in bath form and wood density of the trunk and to changes in hydraulic conductance of the crown. Introducing stand age among the parameters is the key of the accuracy of our equations, management option and stand fertility standing for the low residual variations. To confirm this result, we were able to homogenize most of the published biomass equations by accounting for the stand age given in each original paper. With stand age in perspective, we noticed that our results matched the patterns observed for Eucalyptus. At a larger scale and based on experimental measurements, we assessed the impact of varying soil properties on biomass partitioning pattern and nutrient immobilisations in tree. Using the model we developed, we highlighted the importance of considering soil fertility when planning intensified harvesting practices, particularly in the case of fuelwood-oriented scenarios. The removal of forest residues, unless compensated by fertilisation, should be considered carefully and limited to nutrient-rich soils where external inputs could guarantee the durability of the nutrient cycle. By debarking stem, Ca exportations on critical acid soils can be seriously limited. On soils we studied along the pedosequence, whole tree harvesting scenarios could be considered on rendisol-calcisols and oligosatured-brunisols. In a last time, we were interested in assessing social implications of the system studied. A qualitative economic model highlighting the economic, social and environmental determinants of supply and demand for fuelwood was established. Hypotheses regarding the properties of an econometric model were drawn from those observations. Model specifications could not be tested because available information was not sufficient to carry on with robust econometric estimation. A reflexion about implementable statistical procedure was carried out. A system GMM approach seems indicated in this context
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Brym, Zachary T. "An Allometric Approach to Evaluate Physiological and Production Efficiencies in Tree Size for Tart Cherry and Apple Orchard Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4970.
Full textAbstract:
Improving production efficiency is a major challenge for modern orchard systems. The primary response in horticulture is to develop high-density orchard systems that use dwarfing rootstocks and intense management strategies to maintain small tree size. As development and evaluation of novel orchard systems may help improve understanding of plant physiology for the development of high-density systems. The effect of tree size and architecture on physiological and production efficiency was evaluated for tart cherry (Prunus cerasus, P. mahaleb) and apple (Malus spp.) orchard systems using a physiologically driven modeling approach, called allometry. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions and biomass were measured for 24-year-old tart cherry individuals and 10-year-old 'Golden Delicious' apple individuals on various rootstocks in experimental blocks at the Kaysville Research Farm in Davis Co., Utah. Tree size was related to annual fruit biomass that had been collected over the duration of the apple trial. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions, yield, and fruit quality were collected in commercial tart cherry orchards of Utah Co.
Tree size, architecture, and biomass of tart cherry and apple expressed strong allometric relationships that were broadly consistent among the two orchard tree species and the theoretical expectations derived from wild plants. The most consistent relationship was the trunk diameter (or trunk cross sectional area) - stem biomass relationship, which broadly followed the 8/3-power law. Branch and canopy dimensions that include a measure of length, such as branch length and canopy height, demonstrated architecture indicative of high water efficiency and metabolic activity that is relieved from biomechanical constrains of weight bearing. The apple rootstocks differed from each other in production efficiency with individuals that express smaller branch and canopy dimensions producing a higher proportion of fruit relative to tree size. In the commercial tart cherry orchards, smaller individuals with relatively higher canopy height and spread expressed higher yield and fruit quality.
Overall, this research supported the continued development of training systems that maintain small trees to improve physiological and production efficiency. Further research must reconcile other consequences of intense management and overproduction that arise with the increased efficiency facilitated by small tree size and high-density orchard systems to maintain sustainable fruit production.
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Nyein, Chan. "Biomass Recovery of Swidden Fallow Forests in the Mountains of Myanmar and Lao PDR." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215659.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第19833号
地博第189号
新制||地||66(附属図書館)
32869
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 古澤 拓郎, 教授 神﨑 護
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Lukšys, Nerijus. "Alometrijos metodų taikymas ekstrapoliuojant antimaliarinės medžiagos farmakokinetinius parametrus į žmogų." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060710_103139-23354.
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Every year Malaria ruins millions of lives. Can we change it? There are more and more resistant Malaria forms so efficacy of drugs is lesser. I participated on non clinical trials with new malaria drug in France, Montpellier1 University, faculty of pharmacy, clinical pharmacokinetic laboratory. It’s always necessary investigate pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, half-life, volume of distribution etc.) in study with animals. Can we calculate these parameters to human using parameters of animals? In this work you can find malaria aetiology and epidemiology, the ways how to protect from this disease and revue of drugs for treatment. There you can find structure-activity action of new molecule. Also there explained choice of analytical method and allometry. In practice part of my work there is quantity analysis and preparation for it, stability and method validation results. Analytical samples prepared with pig’s, dog’s, monkey’s, rat’s and mouce’s plasma. All calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were used in allometric analysis and extrapolation to the man. The main tasks of my work were: • Calculate concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters for animals; • Verify allometric relation for the new drug; • Calculate pharmacokinetic parameters for the man by using allometric methods. From obtained information we can indicate prior drug absorbsion, metabolism and efficacy to the man.
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Onthank, David C. "Prediction of "First Dose in Human" for radiopharmaceuticals/imaging agents based on allometric scaling of pharmacokinetics in pre-clinical animal models." Link to electronic dissertation, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-011006-132234/.
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Onthank, David C. "Prediction of "First Dose in Human" for Radiopharmaceuticals/Imaging Agents Based on Allometric Scaling of Pharmacokinetics in Pre-Clinical Animal Models." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/443.
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It is an FDA requirement that the“first in human" dose be based on pre-clinical animal model efficacy and safety testing to ensure a safe entry into Phase I clinical trials. Pre-clinical safety and efficacy models range from mouse to non-human primates. Interspecies scaling of pharmacokinetic parameters is therefore important for predicting drug doses in human clinical trials, although it continues to be less than optimal. Understanding the disposition of the compound in different species through in vitro and in vivo experiments is necessary to ensure appropriate species are selected for human estimates. Data for three imaging agents and a pharmacological stress agent (Oncology tumor agent (DPC-A80351), Thrombus agent (DMP-444), Infection agent (RP-517) Pharmacological stress agent (DPC-A78445-00)) that entered clinical trials and an imaging agent being developed (RP845), were assessed for scaling accuracy. Initially, pharmacokinetic data from animal models were used to extrapolate to human though body weight allometric scaling. Subsequently, the impact of adjusting for plasma protein binding and the impact of metabolic stability in the different models were examined. Allometric scaling of animal pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance (CL), half-life (t½) and volume of distribution (Vdss)) achieved a prediction of the human pharmacokinetic parameter within 13 to 109% of the observed values. This prediction was further improved by adjusting for plasma protein binding of the drug, and achieved an estimate within 5 to 57% of the clinically observed values. Since the parent compound was the dominant species (>95%) in the circulation, metabolic stability was not used as a correction factor. Weight based allometric scaling was further examined for an atherosclerotic plaque targeted radiopharmaceutical imaging agent, RP845-Tc-99m, currently in development. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in mouse, rat and rabbit followed by allometric scaling to predict the non-human primate values. Differences between predicted versus observed non-human primate Cl, t½ and Vdss were 40%, 52% and 8%, respectively. Correcting for plasma protein binding improved the prediction for Cl and t½ to within 12 and 3 %, respectively. The Vdss prediction, however became less accurate (38% difference). Since blood clearance is the major parameter in predicting human dose, the improvement from 40% to 12% was important. The plasma protein binding adjusted animal data was then used with allometric scaling to predict human CL, t½ and Vdss. The predicted values were 7.6 mL/min/kg, 70.6 minutes and 0.87 L/kg respectively. Based on the predicted human blood clearance and the dose required to image atherosclerosis in a rabbit model, the estimated human dose would be unacceptably high. This demonstrates how allometric scaling can be used in research projects to assess clinical feasibility. The impact of metabolism differences influencing the reliability of various species to predict for man was highlighted by DPC-A78445-00. DPC-A78445-00 is being developed as an alternative to exercise in myocardial perfusion imaging for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. DPC-A78445-00 was rapidly metabolized to the carboxylic acid by mouse and rat blood in vitro and in vivo, however longer stability was observed in the dog. In vitro human blood data was consistent with the dog, suggesting that mouse and rat would not be representative species. DPC-A78445-00 plasma protein binding was at a similar, moderate level in rat, dog and human plasma and metabolism by hepatocytes was similar in dog and human. Phase I human clinical trial testing determined the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) and clearance predicted by the dog were within 32% of the human values. Overall, body weight based allometric scaling of pharmacokinetic parameters from animal models, when corrected for plasma protein binding, yielded reliable predictions of the human pharmacokinetics (within 50%) for radiopharmaceutical imaging agent. However, although predictive scaling from animal data can give insight into feasibility of compounds working in human, it is important to identify species differences with respect to metabolic stability. This allometric scaling method provides an additional tool to better predict doses in human for novel Medical Imaging agents.
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Lorenzi, Thiago Del Corona. "Testes de corrida/caminhada de 6 e 9 minutos: validação e determinantes metabólicos em crianças e adolescentes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25517.
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O entendimento da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em crianças e jovens é hoje uma estratégia fundamental de controle da saúde em geral. No entanto, avaliar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, de forma direta, demanda um custo financeiro alto, pessoal especializado e um tempo excessivo. Nesta perspectiva, inúmeros estudos vêm propondo testes que avaliem, de forma indireta, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória de crianças e jovens. Assim, o objetivo geral do estudo foi compreender os testes de corrida/caminhada de 6 e de 9 minutos e as relações que estes estabelecem com o VO2máx, economia de movimento (EM) e limiar anaeróbio (LA). O estudo propõe uma abordagem de validação de técnica de medida. A amostra foi do tipo não aleatória por conveniência, de corte transversal. Foram avaliados 96 sujeitos, sendo 46 do sexo masculino e 50 do sexo feminino, na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos de idade. O estágio maturacional foi determinado de acordo com a pilosidade púbica através de Tanner (1962). Os testes de corrida/caminha de 6 e de 9 minutos foram avaliados pela maior distância alcançada no tempo determinado de cada teste. Os componentes da aptidão cardiorrespiratória foram obtidos através de um teste em esteira de carga progressiva até a exaustão, acompanhado pelo ergoespirômetro MedGraphics Cardiorespiratory Diagnostic Systems, modelo MGC/CPX-D. O valor médio de VO2 registrado durante o 4° minuto, a uma velocidade constante, foi considerado o valor de EM. VO2máx que foi obtido pelo maior valor alcançado durante o teste. O limiar ventilatório (LV) foi entendido como o VO2 expresso pelo segundo ponto de inflexão na curva de ventilação e do custo ventilatório de CO2 de cada indivíduo. Para todas as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa estatístico SPSS for Windows 10.0. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os principais resultados apontam que os índices alcançados no teste de 9 minutos (r= 0,632) apresentam melhor relação com o VO2máx de simples razão (ml.kg-1.min-1 ou kg-1) do que os mesmos no teste de 6 minutos (r=0,393). No entanto, o valor de r aumenta para 0,704 e 0,728 nos testes de 6 e de 9 minutos, respectivamente, quando os relacionamos com o VO2máx em expoentes alométricos (kg-0,67). Quanto ao comportamento dessas variáveis durante a puberdade, notamos incremento nos dois testes aeróbios e no VO2máx quando expresso em kg-0,67. No VO2máx (kg-1), os valores médios durante a puberdade se mantiveram estáveis. Quanto às diferenças entre os sexos, percebemos que os valores obtidos pelos meninos superam os das meninas em todas as variáveis. No entanto, percebemos que as diferenças são potencializadas quando expressamos o VO2máx em escalas alométricas (kg-0,67). No âmbito dos componentes da aptidão cardiorrespiratória constatamos que o VO2máx (kg-0,67), aliado a EM (%VO2máx) foram as variáveis que apresentaram maior poder preditivo sobre os testes aeróbios de campo analisados neste estudo, representando geralmente mais de 60% da explicação desses. Já o LV não estabeleceu relações suficientemente capazes de ser apontado como variável preponderante no desempenho dos testes de corrida/caminhada de 6 e de 9 minutos. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que os dois testes analisados são válidos para a avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória se assumirmos que o VO2máx é mais bem representado pelo expoente de massa corporal kg-0,67. Além disso, constatamos que a EM, aliado à capacidade aeróbia máxima é fundamental no desempenho de testes de características aeróbias. Sendo assim, podemos sugerir a utilização do teste de corrida de 6 minutos à professores de educação física como parâmetro da aptidão cardiorrespiratória de seus alunos, pois além de ser um teste simples, de fácil compreensão e que permite sua aplicação em diferentes estruturas físicas, apresentou uma alta relação com o consumo máximo de oxigênio (kg-0,67).The knowledge about the cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents is a basic strategy of control of the health, considering that low indices of this capacity in this period of age can point important associations with hypokinetic disease in the adult age. However, to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness by direct methods demand a high financial cost, specialized people and excessively time. In this perspective, innumerable studies has been considering tests that measure by indirect methods the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents. Thus, the general objective of this study was to understand the of Run/walk in 6 minutes and Run/walk in 9 minutes tests and the relations that these establish with the VO2max. Moreover, we tried to identify the variables capable to determine the performance of both tests in individuals in the period of infancy and adolescence. The study considers an approach of validation of measuring technique. The sample was a not random type for convenience, with transversal cut analysis. 96 subjects had been evaluated, being 46 masculine and 50 feminine, with ages between 10 and 14 years old. The maturational status was determined by pubic hair according to Tanner (1962). The tests of Run/walk in 6 minutes and Run/walk in 9 minutes had been understood by the biggest distance reached in the definitive time of each test. The components of the cardiorespiratory fitness were gotten through a gradual load test in treadmill until the exhaustion, measured through a gas meter model (MedGraphics Cardiorespiratory Diagnostic Systems – MGC/CPX-D). The average value of VO2 registered during the 4th minute, in a constant speed, was considered the value of movement economy (ME). The VO2max was gotten by the highest value reached during the test. The ventilatory threshold was understood as the VO2 expressed for the second point of inflection in the curve of ventilation and CO2 ventilatory cost for each individual. For all the statistical analyses the statistical program SPSS for Windows 10.0 was used. The level of significance adopted for all the analyses was of 5%. The main results point that the indices reached in the test of 9 minutes (r = 0,632) present better relationship with the VO2max of simple reason (ml.kg-1.min-1 or kg-1) than the same ones in the test of 6 minutes (r=0,393). However, the value of r increases for 0,704 and 0,728 in the tests of 6 and 9 minutes, respectively, when we relate them with the VO2max in allometric exponents (kg-0,67). About the behavior of these variables during the puberty, we notice an increment in the two aerobic tests and in the VO2max expressed in kg-0,67. In the VO2max (kg-1), the average values during the puberty remained steady. About the differences between sexes, we perceive that the values gotten for the boys surpass of the girls in all variables. However, we perceive that the differences are powered when we express the VO2max in allometric scales (kg-0,67). About the components of the cardiorespiratory fitness, we evidence that the VO2max (kg-0,67), ally to the ME (%VO2max) had been the variables that had presented greater predictive power on the field aerobic tests analyzed in this study, representing generally more than 60% of the explanation of these. However, the ventilatory threshold did not establish relationships capable enough to be pointed as the preponderant variable in the performance of Run/walk in 6 minutes and Run/walk in 9 minutes tests. This way, we can conclude that the two analyzed tests are valid for the evaluation of the cardiorespiratory fitness if we assume that the VO2max is better represented by the allometric scales. Moreover, we evidence that the movement economy, ally to the maximum aerobic capacity is basic in the performance of aerobic characteristics tests. Thus, we can suggest the use of the Run/walk in 6 minutes test to any physical education teacher as a parameter of the cardiorespiratory fitness of his students, therefore it is a simple test, of easy understanding, that allows its application in different physical structures and it shows excellent relationship with the maximum oxygen consumption (kg-0,67).
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Brantley, Steven T. "Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Leaf Area Index, Litter Production, and Light Levels in Myrica Cerifera,Shrub Thickets Across a Barrier Island Chronsequence." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1507.
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Leaf area index (LAI), litter production and understory light levels of Myrica cergera shrub thickets were assessed on Hog Island, Virginia to quantify spatial and seasonal variations in leaf area and light attenuation among four thickets representing a successional chronosequence and compare methods of estimating LA1 in shrub- dominated systems. Seasonal LA1 estimates were made seven times throughout the year with a portable integrating radiometer (Li-Cor LAI-2000) and three times by measurement of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and use of the Beer-Larnbert law. Leaf area index was also estimated through leaf litter collection and use of allometric relationships between stem diameter and leaf area. The oldest of the four thickets had the lowest LA1 and litter production throughout the year. Peak LA1 measurements with the portable integrating radiometer ranged from 2.0 ± 0.2 to 4.0 ± 0.3 for the oldest and youngest thickets, respectively which appear to be substantial underestimates of the actual values. According to annual litterfall, LA1 ranged from 4.1 ± 0.5 for the oldest thicket to 10.2 ± 0.4 for a 20 year old thicket. Leaf area index varied from 6.4 ± 0.2 for the oldest thicket to 1 1.4 ± 2.1 for the 40 year old thicket according to the allometric relationships, which may overestimate LA1 in stands with many large stems. The high light attenuation by the shrub canopy and heavy litterfall may contribute to the low diversity within thicket canopies by inhibiting germination and growth of other species. The study demonstrates that these low diversity shrub thickets have a higher LA1 and litter production, and thus higher potential for primary productivity, than many temperate forested systems and that stand age may be the major determinant of productivity.
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Badri, Prajakta. "PREDICTION OF HUMAN SYSTEMIC, BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PHARMACOKINETIC (PK) PROPERTIES BASED ON QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE PHARMACOKINETIC RELATIONSHIPS (QSPKR) AND INTERSPECIES PHARMACOKINETIC ALLOMETRIC SCALING (PK-AS)." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/124.
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This research developed validated QSPKR and PK-AS models for predicting human systemic PK properties of three, preselected, pharmacological classes of drugs, namely opioids, β-adrenergic receptor ligands (β-ARL) and β-lactam antibiotics (β-LAs) using pertinent human and animal systemic PK properties (fu,, CLtot, Vdss, fe) and their biologically relevant unbound counterparts from the published literature, followed by an assessment of the effect of different molecular descriptors on these PK properties and on the PK-AS slopes for CLtot and Vdss from two species (rat and dog). Lipophilicity (log (D)7.4) and molecular weight (MW) were found to be the most statistically significant and biologically plausible, molecular properties affecting the biologically relevant, systemic PK properties: For compounds with log (D)7.4 > -2.0 and MW < 350 D (e.g., most opioids and β-ARL), increased log (D)7.4 resulted in decreased fu and increased Vdssu, CLtotu and CLnonrenu, indicating the prevalence of hydrophobic interactions with biological membrane/proteins. As result, the final QSPKR models using log (D)7.4 provided acceptable predictions for fu, Vdssu, CLtotu and CLnonrenu. CLnonrenu and CLtotu. For both the datasets, inclusion of drugs undergoing extrahepatic clearance worsened the QSPKR predictions. For compounds with log (D)7.4 < -2.0 and MW > 350 D (e.g., β-LA), increased MW (leading to more hydrogen bond donors/acceptors) resulted in a decrease in fu, likely indicating hydrogen bonding interactions with plasma proteins. In general, it was more difficult to predict PK parameters for β-LAs, as their Vdssu approached plasma volume and CLrenu and CLnonrenu were low - as a result of their high hydrophilicity and large MW, requiring specific drug transporters for distribution and excretion. The PK-AS analysis showed that animal body size accounted for most of the observed variability (r2> 0.80) in systemic PK variables, with single species methods, particularly those using dog, gave the best predictions. The fu correction of PK variables improved goodness of fit and predictability of human PK. There were no apparent effects of molecular properties on the predictions. CLren, CLrenu, CLnonren, and CLnonrenu were the most difficult variables to predict, possibly due to the associated interspecies differences in the metabolism, renal and hepatobiliary drug transporters.
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HAGIHARA, Akio, 秋男 萩原, Kazuyoshi YAMAJI, and 和義 山路. "Dimension Relations of Branches in Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.)Endl.)." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8693.
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Bentz, Shannon Carson. "Allometric comparison of brain structure volumes in three species of bowerbird: satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus), spotted bowerbirds (Chlamydera maculata), and green catbirds (Ailuroedus crassirostris)." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2934.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Santos, Heide Vanessa Souza. "Estimativa de biomassa aérea e teor de carbono da espécie Rhizophora mangle L." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2012. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6642.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe interest in quantifying mangrove forest biomass has increased in recent years due to the potential that tropical forests have in accumulating atmospheric carbon. The high organic carbon in mangrove attributes an important role in the estimation of global carbon and the processes of climate change mitigation. The objective of this study was to develop allometric equations for estimating the linear total aboveground biomass and plant compartments of Rhizophora mangle, and quantify the organic carbon present in the compartments of the plant on the estuary of the São Francisco river, located in Sergipe, Brazil. Using a destructive sample of 74 trees, linear models adjusted to estimate total biomass and species Rhizophora mangle compartment. Among the collected trees, 20 trees were selected for verification of the carbon in the compartments of the plant. To determine the levels of carbon in the plant, the method of Walkley-Black with external heat was used, consisting in the determination of organic carbon by oxidation with potassium dichromate in acid medium, with titration of excess dichromate. The regressions the data underwent logarithmic transformation that showed better adjustments, provides an estimation of the total plant biomass of 9395.24 ton of dry biomass, with a determination coefficient of approximately 0.99. A variation in the presence of biomass partition according to the structural development of trees was observed. There were low settings shown in the developed equations for the reproductive parts, attributed to the seasonal occurrence of the compartment. The study showed significant amounts of organic carbon stored in R. mangle (13.11 ton C ha-1) and in general, the woody compartments of the plant showed the highest percentage of carbon stored, especially for the trunk compartment. The generated data could contribute as a basis for future work in conservation ecosystem.
O interesse pela quantificação da biomassa florestal vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos, devido ao potencial que as florestas tropicais têm em acumular carbono atmosférico. Os altos estoques de carbono orgânico atribuem ao mangue um papel importante nas estimativas de carbono global e nos processos de mitigação das mudanças climáticas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver equações alométricas lineares para a estimativa de biomassa aérea total e dos compartimentos vegetais da Rhizophora mangle, e quantificar o teor de carbono orgânico presente nestes compartimentos, no estuário do rio São Francisco, Sergipe, Brasil. Utilizando uma amostra destrutiva de 74 árvores, foram ajustados modelos lineares para estimativa de biomassa aérea total e por compartimento da espécie Rhizophora mangle. Dentre as árvores coletadas foram selecionadas 20 árvores para verificação dos teores de carbono nos compartimentos da planta. Para determinação dos teores de carbono foi utilizado o método de Walkley-Black com calor externo, que consiste na determinação do C orgânico por oxidação pelo Dicromato de Potássio em meio ácido, com titulação do Dicromato em excesso. Das análises de regressão os dados que passaram por transformação logarítmica apresentaram melhores ajustes, fornecendo uma estimativa da biomassa aérea total da planta de 9395,24 ton de biomassa seca para espécie, com um coeficiente de determinação ajustado de aproximadamente 0,99. Observou-se existência de variação na partição da biomassa de acordo com o desenvolvimento estrutural das árvores. Verificaram-se baixos ajustes apresentados nas equações desenvolvidas para o compartimento partes reprodutivas, atribuido à sazonalidade de ocorrência do compartimento. O estudo mostrou valores expressivos de C orgânico armazenado na R. mangle (13,11 ton C ha-1) e de maneira geral, os compartimentos lenhosos da planta apresentaram o maior percentual de carbono armazenado, com destaque para o compartimento tronco. Os dados gerados poderão contribuir como base para trabalhos futuros para conservação do ecossistema.
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Fernandes, Rafael Dreux Miranda. "Resposta do almeirão (Cichorium intybus L.) cultivar \"folha larga\" cultivado em estufa agrícola sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-26052015-152116/.
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O almeirão e produzido no Brasil principalmente por pequenos produtores, que geralmente produzem outras culturas hortícolas. O almeirão e principalmente utilizado na alimentação humana, porem com potencial para produção de inulina e também com potencial para alimentação animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de porcentagens da evapotranspiração da cultura por irrigação na produção vegetal do almeirão cultivar \"Folha Larga\" cultivado em casa de vegetação. Dois experimentos consecutivos foram executados em delineamento de blocos inteiramente aleatorizados submetidos a cinco porcentagens de evapotranspiração de cultura (ETc): 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140% aplicadas por irrigação via gotejo. A área experimental foi constituída de 45 parcelas de 1,3 m2 cada, sendo que cada parcela possuía uma válvula solenoide para controlar o tempo de funcionamento da irrigação, totalizando nove repetições por tratamento. A umidade do solo foi monitorada por meio de três sondas de TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry), instaladas a 0,05, 0,30 e 0,50 m de profundidade. As condições meteorológicas foram monitoradas utilizando-se uma estação meteorológica, a qual registrava medidas de umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do ar, radiação solar e velocidade do vento, realizando medidas a cada segundo e armazenando os dados a cada 15 minutos. A partir dos dados meteorológicos, estimou-se a evapotranspiração de referencia pelo método de Penman-Monteith FAO-56, e a evapotranspiração da cultura, utilizando-se um coeficiente de cultura médio igual a 0,76. Foram realizados dois experimentos consecutivos, aplicando-se as porcentagens de ETc durante todo o cultivo do almeirão. As variáveis medidas e analisadas foram: altura de plantas (cm), numero de folhas por planta, massa fresca da parte aérea (g), massa fresca por folha (g folha-1), massa seca da parte aérea (g), umidade da parte aérea (%), área foliar (cm2), comprimento foliar (cm) e largura foliar. Utilizou-se os dados de cada tratamento para se realizar a analise de variância conjunta e teste de media ou analise de regressão, sendo que apenas para as variáveis de massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea foi possível ajustar equações que representassem os dados médios dos dois experimentos. Observou-se que os dados de massa fresca da parte aérea apresentaram-se diretamente proporcionais ao aumento da porcentagem de evapotranspiração, sendo que o tratamento de 140% da ETc foi o que resultou em maior produção de massa fresca da parte aérea, aproximadamente 31,6% superior a produção do tratamento de 60% da ETC. Quanto aos dados de massa seca da parte aérea, observou-se que a porcentagem de 111,1% da evapotranspiração foi a que obteve maior produção de massa seca da parte aérea, sendo 29,3% maior do que a produção em massa seca do tratamento de 60% da evapotranspiração e 9,35% maior do que a obtida no tratamento de 140% da ETc. A partir dos dados de área foliar, comprimento e largura das folhas do primeiro experimento, foi possível ajustar quatro modelos com resíduos tendendo a normalidade e homocedásticos, os quais foram testados pelo método de Bland-Altman com os dados de área, comprimento e largura foliar do segundo experimento.Chicory is grown in Brazil mainly by small landowners, which usually product other horticultural crops. Chicory is mainly used for human feeding, but it has potential for inuin production and also potential for animal feeding. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of applying percentages of crop evapotranspiration by irrigation over vegetable production of \"Folha Larga\" chicory cultivar grown in greenhouse. Two experiments were performed in the of completely randomized design under five percentages of crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 60, 80, 100, 140% applied by drip irrigation. The experimental area was constituted of 45 plots of 1.3 m2 each, each plot had a solenoid valve to control the duration of the irrigation, totaling nine plots for each treatment. Soil humidity was monitored through three TDR probes (Time Domain Reflectometry), installed at 0.05, 0.30, and 0.50 m depth. The meteorological conditions were monitored using a meteorological station, which recorded measures of relative air humidity, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed, taking measures at each second and registering the data at each 15 minutes. From meteorologic data, the reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 method, and the crop evapotranspiration, using an average crop coefficient equal to 0.76. Two consecutive experiments were performed, applying the percentages of ETc during all the chicory growth period. The measured and analyzed variables were: plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, plant fresh mass (g), fresh mass by leaf (g leaf-1), plant dry mass (g), plant humidity (%), leaf area (cm2), leaf length (cm) and leaf width (cm). The data of each treatment was used to perform the joint analysis of variation and average test or regression analysis, resulting that only for the variables of leaves fresh and dry weight it was possible to adjust equations to represent the mean values of both experiments. It was observed that the plant fresh weight presented itself directly proportional to increments of percentages of evapotranspiration, being that the treatment of 140% of ETc was the treatment that resulted higher production of plant fresh weight, approximately 31.6% higher than the production obtained from treatment of 60% of evapotranspiration. For the data of plant dry mass, it was observed that the percentage of 111.1% of evapotranspiration was the one that obtained higher values of plant dry weight, being 29.3% higher than the production of plant dry mass obtained with the treatment of 60% of ETc and 9.35% higher than the one obtained with the treatment of 140% of evapotranspiration. From the data of leaf area, length and width of the first experiment, was possible to adjust four models with residuals with normal tendency and homocedastic, which were tested by the Bland- Altman method with the data of leaf area, length and width of the second experiment.
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Sanders, Shareen. "Increased Drought and Fire Intensity Regimes Reduce the Ecological Resilience of Mediterranean Forests in the South-West Australian Floristic Region." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-419206.
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Future climate projections suggest an increase in average temperature as well as a decrease in average winter rainfall across the south-west Australian floristic region (SWAFR). These adverse future climatic conditions will amplify the intensity and frequency of disturbance events such as drought and fire. Mediterranean forests within the SWAFR are prone to drought and fire disturbance and have acquired resilience through the selection of drought and fire tolerable species. However, shifts in the magnitude of these disturbance events could increase the recovery period required for recruitment, causing a shift in forest structure and decreasing the resilience of these ecosystems to future disturbances. In this study, we investigated above-ground biomass (AGB) accumulation of understorey plants at sites within the Northern Jarrah Forest (NJF) that have experienced different degrees of drought and fire intensity. We found that within a disturbance event, sites experiencing either more severe drought and fire intensities on average accumulated substantially more understorey AGB than sites subjected to both low drought and moderate fire intensities. This suggests that understorey species within the SWAFR gain a competitive advantage in high drought and fire severity conditions and are highly tolerant to drought. However, the increase in understorey AGB accumulation also suggests a shift in overall forest structure to more dense, compact, low-ground small stems, which is known to increase fire probability. An increase in fire probability shortens the time period between fire intervals and can detrimentally affect forest recovery, especially in drought conditions. Therefore, these changes may shift ecosystems within the SWAFR to a state of non-equilibrium and reduce resilience to future disturbance events.
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Loeuille, Nicolas. "Coévolution et fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066209.
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Cyteval, Catherine. "L'osteoporose : retentissement sur le rachis, parametres volumetriques et relations allometriques des corps vertebraux de t10 a l5, la vertebroplastie : resultats chez 20 sujets porteurs de tassements osteoporotiques (doctorat : s.t.a.p.s.)." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON14006.
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Häußler, Susanne. "Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Fötalentwicklung beim Schwein." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-2153.
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