Journal articles on the topic 'Allocation and impact of depletion'
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Schneider, James C., David P. Ahlfeld, and Charles P. Spalding. "Allocation of Streamflow Depletion Impacts under Nonlinear Conditions." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 53, no. 3 (April 27, 2017): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12525.
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Koltun, P., and A. Tharumarajah. "Life Cycle Impact of Rare Earth Elements." ISRN Metallurgy 2014 (May 4, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/907536.
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The diverse properties of rare earth elements have seen broad and growing applications in clean energy technologies, hybrid vehicles, pollution control, optics, refrigeration, and so on. This study presents a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment of the energy use, resource depletion, and global warming potential resulting from the production of rare earth elements (REEs) using the Bayan Obo rare earth operation in Inner Mongolia, China, as a representative system. The study aggregates data from the literature, LCI databases, and reasonable estimations. A novel economic value-based allocation method for the multiple coproducts of the process is proposed. It is found that four of the high priced REEs scandium, europium, terbium, and dysprosium have very high GWPs from production relative to the rest. A mass-based allocation is also provided for comparison. Impacts on immediate local environment from waste streams that can be toxic are not included in this study.
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Gerber, Nicolas, and Anik Bhaduri. "Producers' Well-Being and Natural Resource Extraction: The Eaglewood Trade in Papua New Guinea." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 46, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2016.33.
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We illustrate how natural resource dependent and isolated communities manage their forest stock. Our model is based on field observations of the Eaglewood trade in Papua New Guinea. Using a dynamic model of household utility maximization and simulations, we analyze the impact of variations in the (monopsonistic) resource price on the households’ consumption choices and their allocation of effort across depletive and nondepletive activities. The stock of forest is embedded directly in the households’ utility function (existence value) and in their (nonseparable) production and consumption functions. We show that poverty (in production assets) does not inevitably lead to stock depletion.
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Xin, Jialu. "All for One and One (Space) for All!" Academic Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v4i2.4193.
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Global equity is the common pursuit of most people all over the world. Although fairness is not absolute, we should try our best to achieve global fairness in resource allocation and opportunity supply. But it’s hard to make the distribution of the resources and development opportunities fair enough with the limited resources on the earth. With the depletion of the earth's resources, more and more people realize that the earth's resources are not enough for people to use permanently, so scientists have created a great idea of asteroid mining. With the limitation of technology and the economy, there is still a long way to go. After solving the problems above, it’s still hard to achieve global equity while allocating mineral resources. Aiming at rationalizing the allocation of resources mined on the asteroids, we try to establish a global equity model. At the same time, we will also study the feasibility and vision of asteroid mining. The impact of variability and volatility factors on the model will be analyzed.
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Teklewold, Hailemariam. "The impact of shadow prices and farmers' impatience on the allocation of a multipurpose renewable resource in Ethiopia." Environment and Development Economics 17, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 479–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1200023x.
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AbstractIn a mixed farming system in which farmyard manure (FYM) is considered an important multipurpose renewable resource that can be used to enhance soil organic matter, provide additional income and supply household energy, soil fertility depletion could take place within the perspective of the household allocation pattern of FYM. This paper estimates a system of FYM allocation regressions to examine the role of returns to FYM and farmers' impatience on the propensity to allocate FYM to different uses. We parameterize the model using data from a sample of 493 households in Ethiopia. Results indicate a heightened incentive for diverting FYM from farming to marketing for burning outside the household when returns to selling FYM and the farmer's discount rate are high. These reveal the need for policies that will help to reduce farmers' impatience and encourage the substitution of alternative energy sources to increase the use of FYM as a sustainable land management practice.
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Bragaglio, Andrea, Aristide Maggiolino, Elio Romano, and Pasquale De Palo. "Role of Corn Silage in the Sustainability of Dairy Buffalo Systems and New Perspective of Allocation Criterion." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060828.
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This paper aims to compare the cradle-to-farm gate sustainability of two dairy buffalo systems, according to life cycle assessment guidelines (LCA). Primary data were obtained by five intensive farms with feeding plans based on non-corn silage (NCS) and five with corn silage (CS) based rations. Both systems were characterized by the presence of two farms with wheat grain yields, sold for human consumption. All the farms were in Southern Italy and seven were included in the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) area of “Mozzarella di bufala campana”. The functional unit (FU) adopted was 1 kg of normalized buffalo milk (NBM); impact categories investigated were: global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), agricultural land occupation (ALO), water depletion (WD). Two different economic allocation procedures were tested: a first step aimed to mitigate the environmental impacts sharing among wheat grain, where present, and milk. The second stage involved culled buffalo cows. Neither the allocation nor the combination of allocation and feeding system showed significant effects (p > 0.05). Corn silage-based system (CS) showed lower impacts than non-corn silage (NCS) one for AP and EP (p = 0.002 and p = 0.051 respectively). High average dry matter yield per hectare of corn silage probably had a positive effect on SO2 and PO43− equivalents.
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Widyanto, Denny Stevanus, Januar Budiman, and Njo Anastasia. "Is Green Concept in Residential Expensive?" Petra International Journal of Business Studies 3, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ijbs.3.1.64-74.
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A house, especially landed housing is one of the primary needs and yet scarcity continues to occur due to the depletion of land quantity and increasingly rising selling prices. In order for the development of a residential area to be more directed and productive, it is necessary to analyze the appropriate land allocation and generate maximum land value. Through this paper, the author examines the effect of a residential planning with green concepts along with housing support facilities in relevance with highest and best use analysis, especially its impact on costs and revenues.
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Suvanova, Kurkam, Changmin Lee, and Hyoung-Goo Kang. "Will Uzbekistan’s oil and gas industry benefit from international listing?" Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(2-2).2016.01.
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Uzbekistan’s oil and gas industry is experiencing declining production due to the depletion of existing oil and gas fields and aging production infrastructure. A multi-level organizational structure at Uzbekneftegaz is another reason for low efficiency of the industry, which causes the problems of increased bureaucracy, increased tax burden and inefficient allocation of resources. Partial privatization of Uzbekneftegaz can be an efficient tool in attracting alternative financing without putting the burden on the state budget and not ceding government control. Being listed on the international market, Uzbekneftegaz will have to follow internationally accepted corporate governance standards. This will have a positive impact on the efficiency and productivity of the industry
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Pamminger, Rainer, Sebastian Glaser, and Wolfgang Wimmer. "Modelling of different circular end-of-use scenarios for smartphones." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01869-2.
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Abstract Purpose Repairing, refurbishing and remanufacturing are three strategies of the Circular Economy (CE), aiming at closing product cycles and maintaining materials and resources in the product cycle as long as possible. This paper analyses the environmental impacts of these three circular end-of-use scenarios (repairing, refurbishing and part remanufacturing) when performed on a common, “non-circular” smartphone. The underlying data used for this paper partly have been result of the Horizon 2020 project sustainablySMART, where circular product concepts have been developed and analysed in detail. Methods To analyse the environmental impacts of different circular end-of-use scenarios of smartphones, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed. For considering the impact of a smartphone’s first life (e.g. materials, production), an economic allocation is used. Since the goal of the study was to better understand the environmental impacts of processing routes that enable multiple life cycles of a product, allocation according to the economic value is applied instead of applying system expansion. As system expansion provides just an aggregated view of the first and second product life cycles and no decision support at the end of the first life regarding the relevant CE strategy can be given. The economic allocation is based on the ratio between the residual market value and the original price from the scenario’s input stream of smartphones of the respective end-of-use scenario. To reach comparability of the results, a second-use-time-parameter is defined for each scenario. This parameter takes into account that the second use time reaches only a certain share from the average smart phone use time. Results This study shows that through all three circular strategies, a reduction in the investigated impact categories—Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP)—can be achieved. Conclusions The analysed end-of-use scenarios repairing and refurbishing show the highest potential for smartphones in terms of Circular Economy, as most of the environmental impacts can be allocated to the device production, and the impact of additional steps to perform CE-strategies (e.g. collection of discarded phones, refurbishing) is rather low.
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Khan, Md Musharof Hussain, Ivan Deviatkin, Jouni Havukainen, and Mika Horttanainen. "Environmental impacts of wooden, plastic, and wood-polymer composite pallet: a life cycle assessment approach." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): 1607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01953-7.
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Abstract Purpose Waste recycling is one of the essential tools for the European Union’s transition towards a circular economy. One of the possibilities for recycling wood and plastic waste is to utilise it to produce composite product. This study analyses the environmental impacts of producing composite pallets made of wood and plastic waste from construction and demolition activities in Finland. It also compares these impacts with conventional wooden and plastic pallets made of virgin materials. Methods Two different life cycle assessment methods were used: attributional life cycle assessment and consequential life cycle assessment. In both of the life cycle assessment studies, 1000 trips were considered as the functional unit. Furthermore, end-of-life allocation formula such as 0:100 with a credit system had been used in this study. This study also used sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation to determine the best performing pallet. Result and discussion In the attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets had the lowest environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential (fossil), acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential (including biogenic carbon), global warming potential (including biogenic carbon) with indirect land-use change, and ozone depletion potential. In contrast, wooden pallets showed the lowest impact on global warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon). In the consequential life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets showed the best environmental impact in all impact categories. In both attributional and consequential life cycle assessments, plastic pallet had the maximum impact. The sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation showed that wood-polymer composite pallets can be a better choice over plastic and wooden pallet. Conclusions The overall results of the pallets depends on the methodological approach of the LCA. However, it can be concluded that the wood-polymer composite pallet can be a better choice over the plastic pallet and, in most cases, over the wooden pallet. This study will be of use to the pallet industry and relevant stakeholders.
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Wirapati, Bagus Arya, and Niken Astria Sakina Kusumawardhani. "IS ACFTA A PROPER STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION?: PROOF FROM THE DEPLETION OF SAVING RATE." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 13, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i1.385.
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The outcome of Regional Free Trade Area (R-FTA) still remains a conundrum. Regional free trade area (R-FTA) is one of the manifestations of the economy integration phenomenon. R-FTA brings many pros and cons to the economists. It allows better allocation of resources especially by eliminating tariffs, thus making people have higher purchasing power for goods. While the increase of purchasing power is good for growth engine and poverty alleviation progress, this paper proves that there is potency for the agreement to be detrimental in the long run.The main focus in this paper is the potential impact of ACFTA to the saving rate as the shock buffer for the poor in time of recessions and crises, where purchasing power decreases significantly. We view the ACFTA impact through the series of net import, defined as the difference between imports from export. We use Dynamic Panel Data (DPD) to estimate the impact of net import to the saving rate, assuming that there is a dynamic relationship between saving rate and its lagged value. The estimation result proves that there is a negative relationship between import and the saving per capita, which indicates the consumptive behavior of ASEAN people under high import. Moreover, the dynamic relationship shows that saving per capita is not persistent, meaning that the saving rate will be decreased gradually.Therefore, we can expect that in the long rung, the savings will be depleted into nothing if we keep letting the import flooded domestic market without imposing any pre-emptive and reactive policies. This paper provides a set of historical estimation of the potential impact of ACFTA on saving rate and its policy implication to endure the impact.JEL Classification Code: E38, F15Keywords: Free Trade, Poverty Alleviation, Saving Behavior
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Havrysh, Valerii, Antonina Kalinichenko, Anna Brzozowska, and Jan Stebila. "Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Agricultural Residue Feedstock for Bioenergy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052009.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and climate change concerns are drivers for the development and expansion of bioenergy. Promoting biomass is vital to move civilization toward a low-carbon economy. To meet European Union targets, it is required to increase the use of agricultural residues (including straw) for power generation. Using agricultural residues without accounting for their energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions distorts the energy and environmental balance, and their analysis is the purpose of this study. In this paper, a life cycle analysis method is applied. The allocation of carbon dioxide emissions and energy inputs in the crop production by allocating between a product (grain) and a byproduct (straw) is modeled. Selected crop yield and the residue-to-crop ratio impact on the above indicators are investigated. We reveal that straw formation can consume between 30% and 70% of the total energy inputs and, therefore, emits relative carbon dioxide emissions. For cereal crops, this energy can be up to 40% of the lower heating value of straw. Energy and environmental indicators of a straw return-to-field technology and straw power generation systems are examined.
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Pazmiño, Mayra L., and Angel D. Ramirez. "Life Cycle Assessment as a Methodological Framework for the Evaluation of the Environmental Sustainability of Pig and Pork Production in Ecuador." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111693.
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Pork is one of the proteins of greatest demand worldwide. This study has evaluated the environmental sustainability of pig production by applying the life cycle assessment methodological framework. The system boundaries include feed production, pig production, slaughtering, and slaughterhouse by-product management. Within this context, three scenarios have been proposed: the first related to the management of slaughter by-products in an open dump, the second contemplates a model for using these by-products in a rendering plant, and a third where the environmental burden of slaughterhouse co-products is portioned according to economic allocation. The primary data collected correspond to the period of 2019 for the facilities of a producer in a coastal province of Ecuador. Three functional units were used—“1 kg of pig carcass at the slaughterhouse gate”, “1 kg pig live weigh at the farm gate”, and “1 kg of feed at the plant gate”. The impact categories included were global warming, fossil depletion, marine eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidation formation, and terrestrial acidification. The results revealed that the production of ingredients for feed is the largest contributor to the environmental burden of pig and pork. The rendering of slaughter by-products that avoid the production of other fats and proteins results in a lower environmental impact than the other scenarios in almost all categories.
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Barbier, Edward B. "The challenges for environment and development economics." Environment and Development Economics 19, no. 3 (June 2014): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x14000175.
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I consider that the field of environment and development economics (EDE) began with the publication of The Control of Resources by Partha Dasgupta (1982). Although he did not confine his focus to developing countries, Dasgupta (1982: 10) suggested that managing environmental resources was much broader than conventional resource stock depletion or pollution control: To sum up: environmental discussions need to be conducted in the face of a clear recognition that, (a) these resource are often common property, (b) resolutions of environmental problems usually involve changes in the allocation of property rights, (c) resource use may well be irreversible (e.g. it may lead to their exhaustion when in fact this could have been avoided), (d) resource stocks often affect welfare directly, (e) the environmental impact of certain types of activity are cumulative and only become noticeable at some time in the future, and (f) the environmental impact of certain types of activity are uncertain. It is no wonder that environmental problems are formidable to analyse, let alone solve.
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Bhagat, G. V., and P. P. Savoikar. "Auditing carbon reduction potential of green concrete using life cycle assessment methodology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 850, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012002.
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Abstract The production of concrete in its traditional form have reported a notable impact on the environment in terms of resource depletion and the carbon footprint it generates in the entire life cycle. To reduce these impacts, the ‘Green Concrete’ concept is at focal point of research in the construction industry. The advantage of resource conservation of ‘Green concrete’s is evident from usage of industrial by-products like fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume etc. as alternative binder materials and recycled wastes like construction and demolished waste and other industrial wastes as aggregate fillers. However, the quantification of environmental impact of such concretes in terms of most crucial emissions, like CO2 emissions in an objective way would confirm the eco-friendly face of ‘Green concrete’. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most trusted tools to arrive at carbon score of such green concrete. This paper presents a step-by-step procedure of estimation of carbon footprint of a green concrete considering all possible phases of the life cycle of concrete including the post use phase. The conclusive findings from available literature for different types of ‘Green concrete’ are also presented to reflect the environmental advantage/disadvantage. The effect of system boundary, carbon uptake and allocation of impact are also discussed with reference to the results available in the literature.
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Sousa, Bruno, Francisca Rodrigues, Cristiano Soares, Maria Martins, Manuel Azenha, Teresa Lino-Neto, Conceição Santos, Ana Cunha, and Fernanda Fidalgo. "Impact of Combined Heat and Salt Stresses on Tomato Plants—Insights into Nutrient Uptake and Redox Homeostasis." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030478.
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Currently, salinity and heat are two critical threats to crop production and food security which are being aggravated by the global climatic instability. In this scenario, it is imperative to understand plant responses to simultaneous exposure to different stressors and the cross-talk between underlying functional mechanisms. Thus, in this study, the physiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to the combination of salinity (100 mM NaCl) and heat (42 °C; 4 h/day) stress were evaluated. After 21 days of co-exposure, the accumulation of Na+ in plant tissues was superior when salt-treated plants were also exposed to high temperatures compared to the individual saline treatment, leading to the depletion of other nutrients and a harsher negative effect on plant growth. Despite that, neither oxidative damage nor a major accumulation of reactive oxygen species took place under stress conditions, mostly due to the accumulation of antioxidant (AOX) metabolites alongside the activation of several AOX enzymes. Nonetheless, the plausible allocation of resources towards the defense pathways related to oxidative and osmotic stress, along with severe Na toxicity, heavily compromised the ability of plants to grow properly when the combination of salinity and heat was imposed.
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Karimi, P., W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, and D. Molden. "Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – a water accounting procedure for complex river basins based on satellite measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 4, 2013): 2459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2459-2013.
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Abstract. Coping with water scarcity and growing competition for water among different sectors requires proper water management strategies and decision processes. A pre-requisite is a clear understanding of the basin hydrological processes, manageable and unmanageable water flows, the interaction with land use and opportunities to mitigate the negative effects and increase the benefits of water depletion on society. Currently, water professionals do not have a common framework that links depletion to user groups of water and their benefits. The absence of a standard hydrological and water management summary is causing confusion and wrong decisions. The non-availability of water flow data is one of the underpinning reasons for not having operational water accounting systems for river basins in place. In this paper, we introduce Water Accounting Plus (WA+), which is a new framework designed to provide explicit spatial information on water depletion and net withdrawal processes in complex river basins. The influence of land use and landscape evapotranspiration on the water cycle is described explicitly by defining land use groups with common characteristics. WA+ presents four sheets including (i) a resource base sheet, (ii) an evapotranspiration sheet, (iii) a productivity sheet, and (iv) a withdrawal sheet. Every sheet encompasses a set of indicators that summarise the overall water resources situation. The impact of external (e.g., climate change) and internal influences (e.g., infrastructure building) can be estimated by studying the changes in these WA+ indicators. Satellite measurements can be used to acquire a vast amount of required data but is not a precondition for implementing WA+ framework. Data from hydrological models and water allocation models can also be used as inputs to WA+.
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Yang, Deyue, Daniel D. Seaton, Johanna Krahmer, and Karen J. Halliday. "Photoreceptor effects on plant biomass, resource allocation, and metabolic state." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (June 21, 2016): 7667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601309113.
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Plants sense the light environment through an ensemble of photoreceptors. Members of the phytochrome class of light receptors are known to play a critical role in seedling establishment, and are among the best-characterized plant signaling components. Phytochromes also regulate adult plant growth; however, our knowledge of this process is rather fragmented. This study demonstrates that phytochrome controls carbon allocation and biomass production in the developing plant. Phytochrome mutants have a reduced CO2 uptake, yet overaccumulate daytime sucrose and starch. This finding suggests that even though carbon fixation is impeded, the available carbon resources are not fully used for growth during the day. Supporting this notion, phytochrome depletion alters the proportion of day:night growth. In addition, phytochrome loss leads to sizeable reductions in overall growth, dry weight, total protein levels, and the expression of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes. Because cellulose and protein are major constituents of plant biomass, our data point to an important role for phytochrome in regulating these fundamental components of plant productivity. We show that phytochrome loss impacts core metabolism, leading to elevated levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, amino acids, sugar derivatives, and notably the stress metabolites proline and raffinose. Furthermore, the already growth-retarded phytochrome mutants are less responsive to growth-inhibiting abiotic stresses and have elevated expression of stress marker genes. This coordinated response appears to divert resources from energetically costly biomass production to improve resilience. In nature, this strategy may be activated in phytochrome-disabling, vegetation-dense habitats to enhance survival in potentially resource-limiting conditions.
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Quintana Ashwell, Nicolas E., and Jeffrey M. Peterson. "The Impact of Irrigation Capital Subsidies on Common-Pool Groundwater Use and Depletion: Results for Western Kansas." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 03 (September 2016): 1550004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500046.
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We examine the effects of irrigation technology subsidies using a model of inter-temporal common pool groundwater use with substitutable technology and declining yields from groundwater stocks, where pumping cost and stock externalities arise from the common property problem. We develop and simulate an optimal control analytical model parameterized for Sheridan County, Kansas, overlying the Ogallala aquifer. We contrast competitive and optimal allocations and account for endogenous and time-varying irrigation capital on water use and groundwater stock. In our analysis, we account for the labor-savings from improved irrigation technologies. We find that in the absence of policy intervention, the competitive solution yields an early period with underinvestment in efficiency-improving irrigation technology relative to the socially efficient solution, followed by a period of overinvestment. This suggests a potential role for irrigation capital subsidies to improve welfare over certain ranges of the state variables. In contrast to previous work, we find evidence that significant returns may be achieved from policy intervention. We simulate a policy scenario where an irrigation technology subsidy is implemented to explore whether such a program can capture significant portions of the potential welfare gain.
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Karimi, P., W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, and D. Molden. "Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – a water accounting procedure for complex river basins based on satellite measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2012): 12879–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-12879-2012.
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Abstract. Coping with the issue of water scarcity and growing competition for water among different sectors requires proper water management strategies and decision processes. A pre-requisite is a clear understanding of the basin hydrological processes, manageable and unmanageable water flows, the interaction with land use and opportunities to mitigate the negative effects and increase the benefits of water depletion on society. Currently, water professionals do not have a common framework that links hydrological flows to user groups of water and their benefits. The absence of a standard hydrological and water management summary is causing confusion and wrong decisions. The non-availability of water flow data is one of the underpinning reasons for not having operational water accounting systems for river basins in place. In this paper we introduce Water Accounting Plus (WA+), which is a new framework designed to provide explicit spatial information on water depletion and net withdrawal processes in complex river basins. The influence of land use on the water cycle is described explicitly by defining land use groups with common characteristics. Analogous to financial accounting, WA+ presents four sheets including (i) a resource base sheet, (ii) a consumption sheet, (iii) a productivity sheet, and (iv) a withdrawal sheet. Every sheet encompasses a set of indicators that summarize the overall water resources situation. The impact of external (e.g. climate change) and internal influences (e.g. infrastructure building) can be estimated by studying the changes in these WA+ indicators. Satellite measurements can be used for 3 out of the 4 sheets, but is not a precondition for implementing WA+ framework. Data from hydrological models and water allocation models can also be used as inputs to WA+.
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Bazzana, Davide, Aidin Mobasser, and Sergio Vergalli. "Less Water, Less Oil: Policy Response for the Kenyan Future, a CGE Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 11273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811273.
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The continuous depletion of nonrenewable natural resources and climate change may lead to a future characterized by a higher frequency of extreme natural events (i.e., flooding, hurricanes, and droughts) and resource supply shocks (i.e., oil price shock). Sub-Saharan African countries will be particularly exposed to these types of shock due to their socioeconomic conditions and geographical conformation. This study investigates the impact of two contemporaneous covariant sudden shocks (i.e., drought and price oil shock) and the possible coping strategies through a static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Kenya. The results suggest that a mitigation policy as public transfers is an effective mitigation tool for drought effects, improving welfare and GDP in the short run. However, adopting public transfers during an oil crisis may have regressive effects on population income and welfare. Because the mitigation effectiveness is strongly affected by the complex interaction of combined shocks, the public authorities should pay attention to policy implementation. These findings call for a new scheme of transfer allocation where rural and low-income household quantiles should receive more attention by postdrought mitigation policy, being that they are more vulnerable to external shocks.
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Romano, Elio, Pasquale De Palo, Flavio Tidona, Aristide Maggiolino, and Andrea Bragaglio. "Dairy Buffalo Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Affected by a Management Choice: The Production of Wheat Crop." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 11108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911108.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed in dairy buffalo farms representative of Southern Italian farming systems, similar due to several characteristics, with the exception of wheat production. This work evaluated the impacts derived from this management choice, comparing farms with wheat crop (WWC) or not (NWC). In agreement with the literature, economic allocation was chosen as a useful strategy to attribute equivalents to by-products, i.e., culled animals; the same criterion was also adopted to assign pollutants to wheat grain, limited to WWC farms. Environmental impacts in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP, kg CO2 eq), Acidification Potential (AC, g SO2 eq), Eutrophication Potential (EU, g PO43-eq), Agricultural Land Occupation (ALO, m2y) and Water Depletion (WD, m3) were estimated. The production of wheat crop significantly affected (p < 0.05) the Agricultural Land Occupation (ALO) category as WWC farms need adequate land. WWC farms could allow a significant reduction in eutrophication (EU) compared to NWC farms (p < 0.05).
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Guo, Biying, Xiaorong Huang, Kai Ma, Linyun Gao, and Yanqiu Wang. "Discussion on water resources value accounting and its application." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-279-2018.
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Abstract. The exploration of the compilation of natural resources balance sheet has been proposed since 2013. Several elements of water resources balance sheet have been discussed positively in China, including basic concept, framework and accounting methods, which focused on calculating the amount of water resources with statistical methods but lacked the analysis of the interrelationship between physical volume and magnitude of value. Based on the study of physical accounting of water resources balance sheet, the connotation of water resources value is analyzed in combination with research on the value of water resources in the world. What's more, the theoretical framework, form of measurement and research methods of water resources value accounting are further explored. Taking Chengdu, China as an example, the index system of water resources balance sheet in Chengdu which includes both physical and valuable volume is established to account the depletion of water resources, environmental damage and ecological water occupation caused by economic and social water use. Moreover, the water resources balance sheet in this region which reflects the negative impact of the economy on the environment is established. It provides a reference for advancing water resources management, improving government and social investment, realizing scientific and rational allocation of water resources.
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Bruce, L. C., P. L. M. Cook, I. Teakle, and M. R. Hipsey. "Hydrodynamic controls on oxygen dynamics in a riverine salt wedge estuary, the Yarra River estuary, Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (April 10, 2014): 1397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1397-2014.
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Abstract. Oxygen depletion in coastal and estuarine waters has been increasing rapidly around the globe over the past several decades, leading to decline in water quality and ecological health. In this study we apply a numerical model to understand how salt wedge dynamics, changes in river flow and temperature together control oxygen depletion in a micro-tidal riverine estuary, the Yarra River estuary, Australia. Coupled physical–biogeochemical models have been previously applied to study how hydrodynamics impact upon seasonal hypoxia; however, their application to relatively shallow, narrow riverine estuaries with highly transient patterns of river inputs and sporadic periods of oxygen depletion has remained challenging, largely due to difficulty in accurately simulating salt wedge dynamics in morphologically complex areas. In this study we overcome this issue through application of a flexible mesh 3-D hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model in order to predict the extent of salt wedge intrusion and consequent patterns of oxygen depletion. The extent of the salt wedge responded quickly to the sporadic riverine flows, with the strength of stratification and vertical density gradients heavily influenced by morphological features corresponding to shallow points in regions of tight curvature ("horseshoe" bends). The spatiotemporal patterns of stratification led to the emergence of two "hot spots" of anoxia, the first downstream of a shallow region of tight curvature and the second downstream of a sill. Whilst these areas corresponded to regions of intense stratification, it was found that antecedent conditions related to the placement of the salt wedge played a major role in the recovery of anoxic regions following episodic high flow events. Furthermore, whilst a threshold salt wedge intrusion was a requirement for oxygen depletion, analysis of the results allowed us to quantify the effect of temperature in determining the overall severity and extent of hypoxia and anoxia. Climate warming scenarios highlighted that oxygen depletion is likely to be exacerbated through changes in flow regimes and warming temperatures; however, the increasing risk of hypoxia and anoxia can be mitigated through management of minimum flow allocations and targeted reductions in organic matter loading. A simple statistical model (R2 > 0.65) is suggested to relate riverine flow and temperature to the extent of estuary-wide anoxia.
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Basharat, Muhammad, S. Umair Ali, and Aftab H. Azhar. "Spatial variation in irrigation demand and supply across canal commands in Punjab: a real integrated water resources management challenge." Water Policy 16, no. 2 (October 18, 2013): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.060.
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The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is more than a century old. Water allowances and canal water distributions responded to increasing crop water requirements in a southward direction, e.g. higher water allowance in Sindh as compared to Punjab. But within a province, the canal water supplies do not address the issue of difference in irrigation demand. The consequence is unprecedented groundwater depletion in Bari Doab and waterlogging in certain other canal commands. After the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, gradually reduced flows and ultimate desiccation of eastern rivers have also contributed towards falling groundwater levels of adjoining aquifers. In this study, water allocations in the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991, annual average canal water diversions, and irrigation demand were compared for canal commands in Punjab. Rainfall was taken as an ultimate source of water that has a beneficial impact in integration with canal and groundwater. It is concluded that the efficiency of existing irrigation systems can be improved by adopting the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM). Thus, to avoid waterlogging and groundwater depletion, reallocation of canal water supplies amongst the irrigation units in Punjab, in proportion to the relative irrigation water demand and cropping intensities, is recommended.
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Abdul Hadi, Anis Aniza, Puspa Liza Ghazali, Nik Hazimi Mohamad Foziah, Izzat Ismail, and Eni Noreni Mohamad Zain. "Risk Indicator To Estimate The Potential In Business." Asean International Journal of Business 1, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54099/aijb.v1i2.127.
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Purpose – This paper is to review the comparison of risk indicator in order to estimate the potential in business. While solving the challenges of budgetary wealth distribution in a work plan, the judgement might consider of not just the profitability and cost of the project, and perhaps its sustainable development.
Methodology/approach – Our main contribution to this literature is to make the comparison of the results in previous research study for risk of indicator.
Findings – The globe is facing severe ecological and sustainability difficulties as a result of the country's rapid urbanisation, depletion of natural resources, and the fight against climate change. As a result, there is a lot of hope in the notion of company improvement. The index was built utilising multi-criteria decision-making techniques. A development's synthesis impact assessment, which incorporates all of these characteristics, may indeed be helpful in analyzing the long-term viability of a company task and make judgments about construction management diversification and economic capital allocation.
Novelty/value – While solving the challenges of budgetary wealth distribution in a work plan, the judgement might consider of not just the profitability and cost of the project, and perhaps its sustainable development. This study's insight should assist enterprises to actualize potential in business, which may also contribute to the long-term growth of organisations and so strengthen their competitive strength.
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Claviez, Alexander, Markus Tiemann, Heike Lueders, Reza Parwaresch, Guenther Schellong, and Wolfgang Doerffel. "The Impact of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on Outcome in Children and Adolescents with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3121.3121.
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Abstract The prognostic significance of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is debated controversially. Especially in the pediatric age group, no conclusive data are available due to small series. 842 children and adolescents (55% male) with a median age of 13.7 years (range, 2–20) from consecutive pediatric DAL/GPOH multicenter treatment studies HD-90 and HD-95 were studied for the presence of latent EBV infection in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells by immunostaining against latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1). Histology subtypes were as follows: nodular sclerosis (NSHL) 549, mixed cellularity (MCHL) 190, lymphocyte predominance (NLPHL) 90, lymphocyte depletion (LDHL) 6, lymphocyte-rich classical HL (LRCHL) 5, not specified 2. 88 patients had stage I, 470 had stage II, 172 had stage III and 112 had stage IV. B symptoms were present in 274 patients (33%). LMP status was compared with clinical parameters and established risk factors. A total of 263 patients (32%) were LMP positive. EBV infection correlated with gender (male 39% vs. female 23%; p<.001), histological subtype (MCHL 69% vs. NSHL 22% vs. NLPHL 6%; p<.001) and age (<10 years 67% vs ≥10 years 28%, p<.001. With a median follow-up of 4.9 years (0.3–12) 820 patients (97%) are alive. Probability of overall survival at 10 years (±SD) for EBV negative and positive patients was 98±1% and 95±1%, respectively (p=.017 by log-rank test). Probability of failure-free survival (FFS) in LMP positive and negative patients was 89±2% and 84±4%, respectively (p=.86). With respect to LMP status, a negative effect of latent EBV infection on overall survival became evident only for patients treated for advanced stages (p=.003), those with nodular sclerosis subtype Bennett II (p=.02) and B symptoms (p=.05). In a multivariate regression analysis, allocation to treatment group (RR=3.7) and LMP positivity (RR=3.01) were independent factors for overall survival and presence of B symptoms (RR=2.4) for FFS. Under current highly effective polychemotherapy with or without involved field radiotherapy in pediatric HL, latent EBV infection has no influence on FFS in univariate and multivariate analysis. LMP positivity, however, seems to be associated with an inferior overall survival in some subgroups.
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Meagher, Kate. "Shifting the Imbalance." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 1-2 (1997): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007283.
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In many African countries, high rates of migration have often been blamed on the "urban bias" in the resource allocations of the state. While the urban areas have benefited from investments, the rural areas have suffered depletion, thereby widening the gap in incomes and basic facilities between the two areas. Inevitably, there has been massive migration from rural to urban areas in search of the "good life." This population explosion in urban areas has had its attendant strain on facilities. One school of thought has suggested that the Structural Adjustment Program would address imbalances by shifting rural-urban terms of trade decisively in favour of rural producers and thereby encouraging a "return migration." Another school of thought has disputed the predictions that SAP would relieve the urban areas of their burden, however. An examination of the impact of SAP on population movement between rural and urban areas in northern Nigeria supports this sceptical view; SAP has not stemmed rural-urban migration.
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Matchaya, Greenwell, Luxon Nhamo, Sibusiso Nhlengethwa, and Charles Nhemachena. "An Overview of Water Markets in Southern Africa: An Option for Water Management in Times of Scarcity." Water 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051006.
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Southern Africa faces acute water scarcity challenges due to drought recurrence, degradation of surface water resources, and the increasing demand of water from agriculture, which has to meet the growing food demands of an increasing population. These stressors require innovative solutions that ensure the sustainability of water resources, without which the consequences could be dire for a region exposed to a host of vulnerabilities, including climate change. This review outlines the role of water markets in water management in times of water scarcity, highlighting the drivers of water markets in southern Africa, such as water scarcity, transboundary nature of water resources, and their uneven distribution. The review further discusses the role of water markets in climate change adaptation. Related institutional and legal frameworks as well as water allocation mechanisms are explored, aiming at improving water markets governance. The impact of adaptation to new water regimes in the face of scarcity are assessed by considering characteristics of current markets as related to future opportunities. In a diverse region such as southern Africa with unevenly distributed water resources, advancing the concept of water markets could play an important role in mitigating water scarcity challenges and promoting regional integration through coordinated transboundary water transfers. The emergence of water markets in the region is influenced by the continued depletion of water resources, which is resulting in the adoption of innovative water marketing strategies, such as inter-farm sharing or farm joint venture systems and inter-basin and intra-basin water transfers. As the concept is new in the region, it still has challenges that include general market inefficiencies, high transaction costs, market information asymmetries, imperfect competition, and weak or absent robust institutional frameworks that can facilitate market development.
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Guo, Qiang, Yuki Yoshida, Ian T. Major, Kun Wang, Koichi Sugimoto, George Kapali, Nathan E. Havko, Christoph Benning, and Gregg A. Howe. "JAZ repressors of metabolic defense promote growth and reproductive fitness inArabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (October 22, 2018): E10768—E10777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811828115.
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Plant immune responses mediated by the hormone jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) are metabolically costly and often linked to reduced growth. Although it is known that JA-Ile activates defense responses by triggering the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) transcriptional repressor proteins, expansion of theJAZgene family in vascular plants has hampered efforts to understand how this hormone impacts growth and other physiological tasks over the course of ontogeny. Here, we combined mutations within the 13-memberArabidopsis JAZgene family to investigate the effects of chronic JAZ deficiency on growth, defense, and reproductive output. A higher-order mutant (jazdecuple,jazD) defective in 10JAZgenes (JAZ1–7,-9,-10, and-13) exhibited robust resistance to insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, which was accompanied by slow vegetative growth and poor reproductive performance. Metabolic phenotypes ofjazDdiscerned from global transcript and protein profiling were indicative of elevated carbon partitioning to amino acid-, protein-, and endoplasmic reticulum body-based defenses controlled by the JA-Ile and ethylene branches of immunity. Resource allocation to a strong defense sink injazDleaves was associated with increased respiration and hallmarks of carbon starvation but no overt changes in photosynthetic rate. Depletion of the remaining JAZ repressors injazDfurther exaggerated growth stunting, nearly abolished seed production and, under extreme conditions, caused spreading necrotic lesions and tissue death. Our results demonstrate that JAZ proteins promote growth and reproductive success at least in part by preventing catastrophic metabolic effects of an unrestrained immune response.
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Song, Jian, Yun Yang, Xiaomin Sun, Jin Lin, Ming Wu, Jianfeng Wu, and Jichun Wu. "Basin-scale multi-objective simulation-optimization modeling for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater in northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 2323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2323-2020.
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Abstract. In the arid inland basins of China, the long-term unregulated agricultural irrigation from surface water diversion and groundwater abstraction has caused the unsustainability of water resources and the degradation of ecosystems. This requires the integrated management of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) at basin scale to achieve scientific decisions which support sustainable water resource allocation in China. This study developed a novel multi-objective simulation-optimization (S-O) modeling framework. The optimization framework integrated a new epsilon multi-objective memetic algorithm (ε-MOMA) with a MODFLOW-NWT model to implement real-world decision-making for water resource management while pondering the complicated groundwater–lake–river interaction in an arid inland basin. Then the optimization technique was validated through the SW–GW management in Yanqi Basin (YB), a typical arid region with intensive agricultural irrigation in northwest China. The management model, involving the maximization of total water supply rate, groundwater storage, surface runoff inflow to the terminal lake, and the minimization of water delivery cost, was proposed to explore the trade-offs between socioeconomic and environmental factors. It is shown that the trade-off surface can be achieved in the four-dimensional objective space by optimizing spatial groundwater abstraction in the irrigation districts and surface water diversion in the river. The Pareto-optimal solutions avoid the prevalence of decision bias caused by the low-dimensional optimization formulation. Decision-makers are then able to identify their desired water management schemes with preferred objectives and achieve maximal socioeconomic and ecological benefits simultaneously. Moreover, three representative runoff scenarios in relation to climate change were specified to quantify the effect of decreasing river runoff on the water management in YB. Results show that runoff depletion would have a great negative impact on the management objectives. Therefore, the integrated SW and GW management is of critical importance for the fragile ecosystem in YB under changing climatic conditions.
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Rasoulkhani, Kambiz, Brianne Logasa, Maria Presa Reyes, and Ali Mostafavi. "Understanding Fundamental Phenomena Affecting the Water Conservation Technology Adoption of Residential Consumers Using Agent-Based Modeling." Water 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080993.
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More than one billion people will face water scarcity within the next ten years due to climate change and unsustainable water usage, and this number is only expected to grow exponentially in the future. At current water use rates, supply-side demand management is no longer an effective way to combat water scarcity. Instead, many municipalities and water agencies are looking to demand-side solutions to prevent major water loss. While changing conservation behavior is one demand-based strategy, there is a growing movement toward the adoption of water conservation technology as a way to solve water resource depletion. Installing technology into one’s household requires additional costs and motivation, creating a gap between the overall potential households that could adopt this technology, and how many actually do. This study identified and modeled a variety of demographic and household characteristics, social network influence, and external factors such as water price and rebate policy to see their effect on residential water conservation technology adoption. Using Agent-based Modeling and data obtained from the City of Miami Beach, the coupled effects of these factors were evaluated to examine the effectiveness of different pathways towards the adoption of more water conservation technologies. The results showed that income growth and water pricing structure, more so than any of the demographic or building characteristics, impacted household adoption of water conservation technologies. The results also revealed that the effectiveness of rebate programs depends on conservation technology cost and the affluence of the community. Rebate allocation did influence expensive technology adoption, with the potential to increase the adoption rate by 50%. Additionally, social network connections were shown to have an impact on the rate of adoption independent of price strategy or rebate status. These findings will lead the way for municipalities and other water agencies to more strategically implement interventions to encourage household technology adoption based on the characteristics of their communities.
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Liao, Chin-Wen, Jen-Hui Lin, and Tzu-Wen Chen. "Research on a Framework for Sustainable Campus Eco-Architecture Selection: Taking a Taiwan High School as an Example." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106265.
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With the advancement of human science and technology, the continuous increase in the construction and functional improvement of campus buildings and school teaching infrastructure cannot avoid adverse impacts on the overall environment. Therefore, sustainability assessments of buildings are indispensable for the sustainable development of the surrounding region. The main goal of the sustainable design of campus buildings is to reduce the depletion of key resources, such as water and energy, as well as to lower carbon emissions; this, in turn, creates a safe and effective campus environment. Comprehensive assessments of campus buildings have become critical to achieving national and regional sustainability. Therefore, this study compiles a set of building construction indicators suitable for a framework for high school campus architecture and ecological development in Taiwan, conforms these indicators to climatic characteristics, and considers an evaluation model for sustainable building concepts. This research uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and the Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Procedure Method (FAHP) to gather data using expert questionnaires. We examine three relevant factors: (1) the main factor, campus space architecture, is the most important measure of sustainable buildings; (2) the second factor is the campus ecological environment; (3) the third measure of the sustainable campus buildings is a healthy environment. The top 20 elements of the sustainable campus building evaluation index were obtained through FAHP analysis, with an overall cumulative weight value of 81.06%. This research may provide a resource allocation reference for government bodies or the construction industry, assisting them in building sustainable buildings in the future.
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Alhuthali, Ahmed, Adedayo Oyerinde, and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Optimal Waterflood Management Using Rate Control." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 05 (October 1, 2007): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/102478-pa.
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Summary Field-scale rate optimization problems often involve highly complex reservoir models, production-and-facilities related constraints, and a large number of unknowns. These factors make optimal reservoir management through rate- and flood-front control difficult without efficient optimization tools. Some aspects of the optimization problem have been studied before mainly using an optimal control theory. However, the applications to date have been rather limited to small problems because of the computation time and the complexities associated with the formulation and solution of adjoint equations. Field-scale rate optimization for maximizing waterflood sweep efficiency under realistic field conditions has remained largely unexplored. This paper proposes a practical and efficient approach for computing optimal injection and production rates, thereby managing the waterflood front to maximize sweep efficiency and delaying the arrival time to minimize water cycling. Our work relies on equalizing the arrival times of the waterflood front at all producers within selected subregions of a waterflood project. The arrival-time optimization has favorable quasilinear properties, and the optimization proceeds smoothly even if our initial conditions are far from the solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the arrival time with respect to injection and production rates can be calculated analytically using a single-flow simulation. This makes our approach computationally efficient and suitable for large-scale field applications. The arrival time optimization ensures appropriate rate allocation and flood-front management by delaying the water breakthrough at the producing wells. Several examples are presented to support the robustness and efficiency of the proposed optimization scheme. These include several 2D-synthetic examples for validation purposes and a 3D field application. In addition, we demonstrate the potential of the approach to optimize the flow profile along injection/production segments of horizontal-smart wells. Introduction Waterflooding is by far the most commonly used method to improve oil recovery after primary depletion. In spite of its many favorable characteristics, reservoir heterogeneity—particularly permeability contrast—can have an adverse impact on the performance of waterflooding. The presence of high-permeability streaks can severely reduce the sweep efficiency, leading to an early water arrival at the producers and bypassed oil. Also, an increased cost is associated with water recycling and handling. One approach to counteract the impact of heterogeneity and improve waterflood sweep efficiency is optimal rate allocation to the injectors and producers (Asheim 1988; Sudaryanto and Yortsos 2001; Brouwer et al. 2001; Brouwer and Jansen 2004; Grinestaff 1999; Grinestaff and Caffrey 2000). Through optimal rate control, we can manage the propagation of the flood front, delay water breakthrough at the producers, and also increase the recovery efficiency. Previous efforts to optimize waterflooding relied on optimal control theorem to allocate injection/production rates for fixed well configurations. Asheim (1988) investigated the optimization of waterflood based on maximizing net present value (NPV) for multiple vertical injectors and one producer where the rate profiles change throughout the optimization time. Sudaryanto and Yortsos (2001) used maximizing the displacement efficiency at water breakthrough as the objective for the optimization with two injectors and one producer. The optimal injection policy was found to be bang bang type. That is, the injectors were operated only at their extreme values—either at the maximum allowable injection rate or fully shut. The optimization then involved finding the switch time between the two injectors to ensure simultaneous water arrival at the producing well. Brouwer et al. (2001) studied the static optimization of waterflooding with two horizontal smart wells containing permanent downhole well-control valves and measurement equipment. The static optimization implies that the flow rates of the inflow-control valves (ICVs) along the well segments were kept constant during the waterflooding process until the water arrived at the producer. Various heuristic algorithms were utilized to minimize the impact of high-permeability streaks on the waterflood performance through rate control. The results indicated that the optimal rate allocation can be obtained by reducing the distribution of water-arrival times at various segments along the producer. Subsequently, Brouwer and Jansen (2004) extended their work to dynamic optimization of waterflooding with smart wells using the optimal control theory. The optimization was performed on one horizontal producer and one horizontal injector. Each well is equipped with 45 ICVs. The objective was to maximize the NPV, and it was achieved through changing the rate profile along the well segments throughout the optimization period. Both rate-constrained and bottomhole-pressure-constrained well conditions were studied.
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Fesiuk, Vasyl, and Andrij Slusarchuk. "GEOECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE RIVER OKONKA BASIN AND ITS OPTIMIZATION." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 51, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.19.
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The impact of economic activity on the environment can best be traced in the scale of small river basins. One of such rivers is the Okonka River, which flows through the territory of the former Manevychi (Kamin-Kashyrskyi according to the new administrative-territorial structure) district. Among the environmental problems of the basin, the most acute are: surface water pollution due to runoff from agricultural fields, livestock farms, unauthorized landfills, etc. Improving the geo-ecological condition of the Okonka River basin on the basis of ecologically safe sustainable development is an urgent problem of the territory's development. The Okonka River Basin is one of the least explored regions of the Volyn Region. Materials from the Regional Office of Water Resources in Volyn Oblast, the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Volyn Oblast State Administration, own expeditionary research, cartographic materials, electronic maps (Google Map, OpenStreetMap) and satellite images were used to prepare the publication. Also, more than 20 literature sources and electronic resources, laws and regulations of Ukraine in the field of rational use and protection of water resources were developed. The following methods were used during the research: collection and processing of archival, literary, graphic, cartographic and tabular material, regime quantitative and qualitative observations of river characteristics; field research of channel processes; mathematical and engineering calculations, mathematical modeling, analysis of anthropogenic impact on water resources of the studied region, constructive-geographical method and method of expert assessments. The natural conditions of the basin contribute to the settlement and development of the economy. Particularly favorable are the terrain, climate, inland waters. Within the basin there are 7 objects and territories of the nature reserve fund. The impact of anthropogenic activity on the river basin is quite significant. This is due to intensive agricultural and residential use, the development of drainage reclamation. The level of radiation pollution is assessed as "satisfactory", the use of land resources - "close to normal. The water quality of the Okonka River in the upper line (leak) is assessed by the second class of the third category (water is quite good in quality, quite clean in purity). The environmental index is 2.92. Environmental protection measures are proposed to improve the geoecological condition of the river basin. The complex of environmental protection measures should include: development of a local eco-network; creation of new and expansion of the network of existing nature reserves; improvement of the situation with waste management, elimination of spontaneous dumps; monitoring of soils to protect them from degradation and pollution; monitoring of surface waters in order to protect them from depletion and pollution; an inventory of drainage systems in order to establish the feasibility of further use in agricultural separate areas, the allocation of parts of the drainage systems that can be renaturalized in the future; prevention of peat and forest fires.
Key words: river, river basin, geological condition of the river basin, geographical features of the basin, ecological assessment of river water quality, measures to improve the geoecological condition of the basin.
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Hoseinbor, Nasser, Seyed Nematollah Mousavi, and Abbas Aminifard. "DCNN-GCM: A Deep CNN and Granger Causality Models for Forecasting Welfare Level of Energy-Producing Countries and Evaluating the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Sustainable Economic Welfare." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (January 21, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5321485.
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From the beginning of creation, human beings have realized the importance of energy for survival. They have always devoted a significant part of their energy to provide the required energy. Moreover, it can be said that energy resources have an essential role in the life and evolvement of societies. On the contrary, with the depletion of energy resources, severe environmental pollution caused by the consumption of petroleum products, and high cost of energy in the production cycle, allocating these resources must be carried out carefully. This paper aims to look at the connection between energy consumption and sustainable economic welfare in OPEC countries (Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ecuador, and Venezuela) during 2019–2009, utilizing the panel data method. Finally, we presented a CNN architecture for forecasting welfare levels in the case study countries. As a result, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth among selected countries from energy-producing countries was compared in this analysis, which used the standard Granger causality test and the Granger causality test in several domains. The findings suggest that economic growth and inflation positively impact energy consumption in the countries studied. In addition, energy consumption positively impacts these countries’ sustainable economic welfare, while inflation has a negative effect. In addition, the findings of the standard Granger causality test indicate a one-way causal association between energy consumption and economic development in Iran and Venezuela, as well as one-way causality from GDP to energy consumption in Ecuador, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. Also, based on the results of the CNN method, the RMSE are 1.75, 3.81, 1.39, 0.52, 0.69, and 1.72 for Ecuador, Emirates, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Venezuela, respectively.
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Bohrmann, Thomas F., and Mary C. Christman. "Optimal Allocation of Sampling Effort in Depletion Surveys." Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 18, no. 2 (March 7, 2013): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13253-013-0132-3.
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Lu, Chengpeng, Tianyang Ma, and Zhiliang Liu. "Spatial-temporal Evolution and Its Influencing Factors of Tourism Eco-efficiency in China." Journal of Geographical Research 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i3.4688.
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Eco-efficiency is an invaluable indicator for the measurement of the relationship between production activities and environmental depletion. This study measures the tourism eco-efficiency of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2020 based on the super-efficiency SBM model, and explores its spatial-temporal evolution characteristics using the kernel density function, standard deviation ellipse, and center of gravity model. Then, the influencing factors of the tourism eco-efficiency in China are analyzed by Tobit regression model. The results show that the tourism eco-efficiency of China is generally fluctuating upwards, but has not yet reached the maximum production possibility frontier. The kernel density curve shows a unimodal-bimodal-unimodal pattern, while the inter-provincial differences have been decreasing and becoming more balanced. The center of gravity of tourism eco-efficiency is located at the junction of Henan and Hubei province and generally moves to the south (slightly to the southwest). Meanwhile, it is revealed that the level of economic development and the tourism eco-efficiency has a significant inverted U-shaped relationship. The level of economic openness, traffic conditions, and tourism eco-efficiency is positively correlated. The environmental regulations and industrial structure have a negative but limited impact on tourism eco-efficiency. Finally, recommendations and suggestions for policy formulation to promote quality and sustainable development of the tourism industry are put forward, such as increasing investment in ecological protection and governance in tourism development, improving capacity-building in allocating green and low-carbon technologies and resources, strengthening tourism infrastructure construction, and enhancing environmental governance systems and mechanisms.
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De Winter-Sorkina, Renata. "Impact of ozone layer depletion I: ozone depletion climatology." Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 9 (March 2001): 1609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00436-2.
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Straka, Thomas J. "Timber Basis Allocation with Incomplete Records." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.2.109.
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Abstract Forest owners are required to maintain complete and accurate accounting records of their timber transactions. This allows for proper allocation of basis, calculation of depletion allowance, and accurate calculation of tax due from timber sales. If accounting records are incomplete (basis allocation was not properly performed in the past), the forest owner and his or her accountant and forester will need to calculate the basis allocation that should have taken place in the past. The proper basis allocation and a methodology to allocate basis when records are incomplete are illustrated. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):109–112.
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De Winter-Sorkina, Renata. "Impact of ozone layer depletion II:." Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 9 (March 2001): 1615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00437-4.
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Forsyth, Peter A., Kenneth R. Vetzal, and Graham Westmacott. "Management of Portfolio Depletion Risk through Optimal Life Cycle Asset Allocation." North American Actuarial Journal 23, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2019.1570469.
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FRANZ, K., and J. KURTZ. "Altered host behaviour: manipulation or energy depletion in tapeworm-infected copepods?" Parasitology 125, no. 2 (August 2002): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001932.
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Parasites are able to influence intermediate hosts in a way that optimizes their growth and transmission to the next host. Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda) suffer from a reduced escaping ability and an increased level of general activity, when infected with Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda). This facilitates predation by the subsequent host, the three-spined stickleback. However, instead of adaptive host manipulation by the tapeworm, the altered copepod behaviour might be explained more simply as a constraint of the infection. Energy depletion could lead to decreased muscle performance and increased food searching activity. Furthermore, resource allocation among host tissues might change after infection. We therefore analysed the amount of storage lipids and muscle tissue before and after experimental infection. To determine the amount of muscles, we developed a new polarization-microscopic technique. Irrespective of infection, lipids and muscles were predictors of copepod survival. However, we found no effect of the parasite infection on muscles or lipids, and no indication of a change in resource allocation between these tissues. Our study suggests that behavioural changes in infected copepods are mediated by a mechanism different from energy depletion or a re-allocation of resources between muscles and lipids. We rather propose that the tapeworms directly manipulate copepod behaviour.
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Suplee, Larry, Sharon West, Christine Radolovic, and Richard D. Hasz. "400.6: OPTN Kidney Allocation Policy Change Impact on OPO Resource Allocation." Transplantation 106, no. 9S (September 2022): S370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000887432.14171.e3.
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McShane, Pamela, and Edward Garrity. "Impact of the Lung Allocation Score." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 34, no. 03 (July 2, 2013): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1348461.
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Moselhi, Osama, and Pasit Lorterapong. "Least impact algorithm for resource allocation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-023.
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A new heuristic-based resource-scheduling algorithm called the least impact model is developed. Unlike available heuristic models, the least impact model allocates resources to a set or a group of activities simultaneously rather than sequentially to individual activities, so as to minimize the negative impact on the remaining total float calculated from a project CPM-type network. A new parameter called future float is introduced as an indicator for assigning scheduling priorities to the sets of activities being considered. Activity sets are generated by first considering all possible combinations of current activities experiencing resource conflict and then narrowing them down to those feasible, which in turn are assigned priorities for allocation of resources based on the least negative impact on the duration of the project. Two examples are worked out to illustrate the use and capabilities of the present model. The results indicate that the least impact model is capable of producing better solutions than those generated from the commonly used total float and the recently proposed current float techniques. Key words: planning and scheduling, resource allocation, resource-constraints scheduling, heuristic scheduling.
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Vyas, Neha. "Environmental Aspects of Project Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080205.
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The primary challenge in project management is to achieve all of the defined project goals and objectives while adhering to typical constraints which are usually scope, quality, time, and budget. Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment. A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed. In this paper, the author stresses upon the need for environmental management for successful project completion and discusses the challenges of addressing the key environmental issues. Environmental management is not just about the ‘trees and bees’ but also about health, safety, profits, quality assurance, reduced risks to reputation, and increased global competitiveness, states the author. Overall, it is about efficiency and reducing environmental and legal liabilities. It is argued that sound environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations. The key environmental issues resulting from agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and urban operations include: severe degradation of air quality due to industrial and vehicular pollution contamination of land and water resources due to pesticides, fertilizers, and dumping of hazardous wastes depletion of raw material reserves contamination of surface and ground water sources due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluents deforestation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan. EIA should, however, not be treated just as a tool for regulatory compliance but as an instrument for improving project management per se with proper expertise, time, and budget allocations made for the purpose. In environmental management, the moot question is: How to get started? The author's advice is to start small and simple and gradually turn them into action plans for a worksite and subsequently up-scale them for the entire company. It is ultimately the actions taken at personal or community level or as a project manager that matters the most when it comes to environmental sustainability. Policies and plans merely show the way. It is becoming increasingly important to make environmental management an economic driver that would serve to minimize environmental damages and promote resource efficiency and cost savings to businesses.
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KRIPKE, MARGARET L. "Impact of Ozone Depletion on Skin Cancers." Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology 14, no. 8 (August 1988): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03589.x.
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Takahashi, Stephenie, and Edward Garrity. "The Impact of the Lung Allocation Score." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 31, no. 02 (March 30, 2010): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1249107.
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Sweeney, Joey. "Time allocation: A task’s effort versus impact." Pharmacy Today 23, no. 2 (February 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2017.01.031.
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