Journal articles on the topic 'Allergen'
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1
JACKSON, LAUREN S., FADWA M. AL-TAHER, MARK MOORMAN, JONATHAN W. DeVRIES, ROGER TIPPETT, KATHERINE M. J. SWANSON, TONG-JEN FU, et al. "Cleaning and Other Control and Validation Strategies To Prevent Allergen Cross-Contact in Food-Processing Operations." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.445.
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Food allergies affect an estimated 10 to 12 million people in the United States. Some of these individuals can develop life-threatening allergic reactions when exposed to allergenic proteins. At present, the only successful method to manage food allergies is to avoid foods containing allergens. Consumers with food allergies rely on food labels to disclose the presence of allergenic ingredients. However, undeclared allergens can be inadvertently introduced into a food via cross-contact during manufacturing. Although allergen removal through cleaning of shared equipment or processing lines has been identified as one of the critical points for effective allergen control, there is little published information on the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for removing allergenic materials from processing equipment. There also is no consensus on how to validate or verify the efficacy of cleaning procedures. The objectives of this review were (i) to study the incidence and cause of allergen cross-contact, (ii) to assess the science upon which the cleaning of food contact surfaces is based, (iii) to identify best practices for cleaning allergenic foods from food contact surfaces in wet and dry manufacturing environments, and (iv) to present best practices for validating and verifying the efficacy of allergen cleaning protocols.
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Koeberl, Martina, Dean Clarke, Katrina J. Allen, Fiona Fleming, Lisa Katzer, N. Alice Lee, Andreas L. Lopata, et al. "European Regulations for Labeling Requirements for Food Allergens and Substances Causing Intolerances: History and Future." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0386.
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Abstract Food allergies are increasing globally, including numbers of allergens, the sensitization rate, and the prevalence rate. To protect food-allergic individuals in the community, food allergies need to be appropriately managed. This paper describes current Australian food allergen management practices. In Australia, the prevalence of food allergies, the anaphylaxis rate, and the fatal anaphylaxis rate are among the highest in the world. Interagency and stakeholder collaboration is facilitated and enhanced as Australia moves through past, current, and ongoing food allergen challenges. As a result, Australia has been a global leader in regulating the labeling of common allergens in packaged foods and their disclosure in foods not required to bear a label. Moreover, the food industry in Australia and New Zealand has developed a unique food allergen risk management tool, the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling program, which is managed by the Allergen Bureau. This paper summarizes insights and information provided by the major stakeholders involved to protect food-allergic consumers from any allergic reaction. Stakeholders include government; consumer protection, regulation, and enforcement agencies; the food industry; and food allergen testing and food allergen/allergy research bodies in Australia. The ongoing goal of all stakeholders in food allergen management in Australia is to promote best practice food allergen management procedures and provide a wide choice of foods, while enabling allergic consumers to manage their food allergies and reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.
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He, Ying, Xueting Liu, Yuyi Huang, Zehong Zou, Huifang Chen, He Lai, Lida Zhang, et al. "Reduction of the Number of Major Representative Allergens: From Clinical Testing to 3-Dimensional Structures." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/291618.
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Vast amounts of allergen sequence data have been accumulated, thus complicating the identification of specific allergenic proteins when performing diagnostic allergy tests and immunotherapy. This study aims to rank the importance/potency of the allergens so as to logically reduce the number of allergens and/or allergenic sources. Meta-analysis of 62 allergenic sources used for intradermal testing on 3,335 allergic patients demonstrated that in southern China, mite, sesame, spiny amaranth,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and house dust account for 88.0% to 100% of the observed positive reactions to the 62 types of allergenic sources tested. TheKolmogorov-SmironovTest results of the website-obtained allergen data and allergen family featured peptides suggested that allergen research in laboratories worldwide has been conducted in parallel on many of the same species. The major allergens were reduced to 21 representative allergens, which were further divided into seven structural classes, each of which contains similar structural components. This study therefore has condensed numerous allergenic sources and major allergens into fewer major representative ones, thus allowing for the use of a smaller number of allergens when conducting comprehensive allergen testing and immunotherapy treatments.
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Berzhets, Valentina M., Anna V. Vasilyeva, Nina S. Petrova, Svetlana V. Khlgatian, Stanislava Yu Petrova, Olga Yu Emelyanova, and Lyubov N. Nesterenko. "Treatment forms of house dust mites allergens intended for allergen-specific immunological therapy." Russian Journal of Allergy 18, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1476.
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BACKGROUND: The growth of allergic diseases dictates the necessity to develop new forms of therapeutic allergens since therapy with native water-salt extracts of allergens is unsafe and convenient. The risk of systemic side effects during allergen-specific immunotherapy sets the task for researchers to create modern therapeutic forms of allergens with high immunogenic and low allergenic activity. Our laboratory has been developing preparations for the diagnosis and treatment of house dust mites allergies for many years.
AIMS: To create modern therapeutic forms of allergen preparations from house dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides that are intended for allergen-specific immunotherapy
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicochemical and immunobiological methods, such as electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, micropoint immunoblot, solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the reaction of binding inhibition of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in the sera of patients were used to study the obtained preparations.
RESULTS: A technology has been developed to obtain a granular dosage form of a mixed allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae mites for sublingual use. This treatment form has successfully passed preclinical tests, has a pronounced immunogenic activity, and reduced allergenicity, and is convenient for pediatric practice. Allergoids, which are chemically modified preparations, are obtained to reduce allergenicity and increase therapeutic allergen immunogenicity. A succinylated monomeric house dust mites allergoid Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was created and studied with the National Research Center, Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia. The study of the immunobiological properties of the obtained preparation showed that the monomeric allergoid has increased immunogenic and decreased allergenic activity contrary to the native water-salt extract.
CONCLUSIONS: The created forms of mite allergens can be used to treat patients who are sensitized to house dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides after clinical trials.
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LaFond, Rebecca E., David M. Robinson, and William W. Kwok. "CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals recognize epitopes from the common household allergens Der p 1 and Alt a 1 and secrete Th2 cytokines (36.8)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 36.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.36.8.
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Abstract Allergy is initiated by adaptive Th2-mediated responses; however, little is known about CD4+ T cell epitopes within many common allergens. The objectives of this study were to utilize MHC class II tetramers to identify CD4+ T cell epitopes within household allergens and to isolate allergen reactive T cells for further phenotypic analysis. PBMCs were isolated from the blood of subjects with dust mite and mold (Alternaria) allergies and from non-allergic control subjects, and CD4+ T cells were assayed for responses to sets of allergen-derived peptides. Dust mite allergen epitopes within the Der p 1 protein were mapped for DRB1*0301, *0401, *0701, and *1501 individuals; Alternaria allergen epitopes within the Alt a 1 protein were mapped for DRB1*0301, *0401, *0701, and *1101 individuals. Tetramer-positive responses to allergen epitopes were frequently seen in CD4+ T cells from allergic subjects. A high proportion of tetramer-positive cells from allergic individuals secreted IL-5 while TNF-α, IL-10 and IFN-γ secretion occurred less frequently, indicating that the cytokine response to these allergens is predominantly Th2 polarized. Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes and characterization of T cell responses to allergens will further our understanding of allergic disease and may prove helpful to improve specific immunotherapy.
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Spotz, Kristen. "Allergens: An Enhanced Focus." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0435.
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Abstract Food Allergy Awareness Week was created with the purpose of placing a spotlight on the seriousness of food allergies. Recognized in the United States in mid-May every year, Food Allergy Awareness Week serves as a reminder of the over 15 million Americans who suffer from food allergies. The importance of allergies and allergen labeling can be seen when looking at U.S. Food and Drug Administration recall data: of the 764 recalls in 2016, 305 (representing more than 40%) were due to undeclared allergens. However, recalls for undeclared allergens are a complex issue with numerous factors. The implementation of prevention-based systems with the necessary management components and further error-proofing the systems, along with allergen awareness embedded throughout a company’s food safety culture, can likely help reduce the number of recalls for undeclared allergens. As a resource to manufacturers, the Grocery Manufacturers Association and the Food Allergy Research and Resource Program have developed several resources to assist with developing robust allergen management programs. By reducing the number of recalls for undeclared allergens, the food industry will likely increase and maintain consumer confidence and trust of the food-allergic community. This enhanced consumer confidence and trust could eventually open the door for further collaboration with the food-allergic community and, potentially, advance allergen-related policies.
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Jacquet, Alain. "Innate Immune Responses in House Dust Mite Allergy." ISRN Allergy 2013 (February 28, 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/735031.
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Sensitizations to house dust mites (HDM) trigger strong exacerbated allergen-induced inflammation of the skin and airways mucosa from atopic subjects resulting in atopic dermatitis as well as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Initially, the Th2-biased HDM allergic response was considered to be mediated only by allergen B- and T-cell epitopes to promote allergen-specific IgE production as well as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 to recruit inflammatory cells. But this general molecular model of HDM allergenicity must be revisited as a growing literature suggests that stimulations of innate immune activation pathways by HDM allergens offer new answers to the following question: what makes an HDM allergen an allergen? Indeed, HDM is a carrier not only for allergenic proteins but also microbial adjuvant compounds, both of which are able to stimulate innate signaling pathways leading to allergy. This paper will describe the multiple ways used by HDM allergens together with microbial compounds to control the initiation of the allergic response through engagement of innate immunity.
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LAFFER, Sylvia, Said HAMDI, Christian LUPINEK, Wolfgang R. SPERR, Peter VALENT, Petra VERDINO, Walter KELLER, et al. "Molecular characterization of recombinant T1, a non-allergenic periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) protein, with sequence similarity to the Bet v 1 plant allergen family." Biochemical Journal 373, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030331.
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More than 25% of the population suffer from Type I allergy, an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disease. Allergens with homology to the major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen, Bet v 1, belong to the most potent elicitors of IgE-mediated allergies. T1, a cytokinin-inducible cytoplasmic periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) protein, with significant sequence similarity to members of the Bet v 1 plant allergen family, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant T1 (rT1) did not react with IgE antibodies from allergic patients, and failed to induce basophil histamine release and immediate-type skin reactions in Bet v 1-allergic patients. Antibodies raised against purified rT1 could be used for in situ localization of natural T1 by immunogold electron microscopy, but did not cross-react with most of the Bet v 1-related allergens. CD analysis showed significant differences regarding secondary structure and thermal denaturation behaviour between rT1 and recombinant Bet v 1, suggesting that these structural differences are responsible for the different allergenicity of the proteins. T1 represents a non-allergenic member of the Bet v 1 family that may be used to study structural requirements of allergenicity and to engineer hypo-allergenic plants by replacing Bet v 1-related allergens for primary prevention of allergy.
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Gupta, Ruchi S., Steve L. Taylor, Joseph L. Baumert, Lauren M. Kao, Erik Schuster, and Bridget M. Smith. "Economic Factors Impacting Food Allergen Management: Perspectives from the Food Industry." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 10 (September 14, 2017): 1719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-060.
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ABSTRACT Food allergies affect up to 8% of children in the United States and may occasionally lead to severe life-threatening reactions. Because there is currently no cure for food allergies, strict avoidance of the allergen-containing foods is the only means of preventing an allergic reaction. Consumers rely on food manufacturers to reliably track and declare the presence of food allergens in products. Over the past 10 to 20 years, the food industry has increasingly adopted allergen control approaches in its processing facilities. However, the major industry costs related to food allergen management have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to characterize the factors that contribute to the economic impact of food allergen control practices on the food industry. A focus group (n = 100) was conducted with food industry professionals to identify key areas of cost for food allergen management. A survey based on the domains identified was then developed and disseminated to a convenience sample (n = 50) of quality control food industry specialists with knowledge of their company's food allergen management practices. Nearly all companies (92%) produced food products containing one or more of the top eight allergenic foods recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or sesame seeds. Cleaning procedures, employee training, and the potential for a recall due to allergen cross-contact were most frequently rated as the important factors in food allergen management. Recalls due to food allergen cross-contact, cleaning procedures, equipment and premises design, and employee training were ranked as the greatest allergen management expenses. Although 96% of companies had a food allergen control plan in place, nearly half (42%) had at least one food allergen–related recall within the past 5 years. The industry appears to endorse a willingness to unify precautionary allergen labeling to communicate a clear message more effectively to consumers.
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Volpicella, Mariateresa, Claudia Leoni, Maria C. G. Dileo, and Luigi R. Ceci. "Progress in the Analysis of Food Allergens through Molecular Biology Approaches." Cells 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091073.
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Food allergies associated with class E immunoglobulins (IgE) are a serious health problem that affects between 1% and 10% of the population of developing countries, with a variability that depends on the geographical area and age range considered. These allergies are caused by a cross-link reaction between a specific food protein (the allergen) and the host IgE. Allergic reactions can range from mild itching to anaphylactic shock and there are no clues to predict the effects of an allergen. Strict avoidance of allergenic food is the only way to avoid possible serious allergic reactions. In the last 30 years a growing number of molecular studies have been conducted to obtain information on the diffusion of food allergens and to establish the structural basis of their allergenicity. At the same time, these studies have also allowed the development of molecular tools (mainly based on synthetic peptides and recombinant allergens) that can be of great help for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of food allergies. Accordingly, this review focuses on advances in the study of food allergens made possible by molecular technologies and how results and technologies can be integrated for the development of a systematic food molecular allergology. The review may be of interest both to scientists approaching this field of investigation and to physicians who wish to have an update on the progress of research in diagnosis and therapy of food allergies.
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Vrtala, Susanne, Tanja Ball, Susanne Spitzauer, Budhi Pandjaitan, Cenk Suphioglu, Bruce Knox, Wolfgang R. Sperr, Peter Valent, Dietrich Kraft, and Rudolf Valenta. "Immunization with Purified Natural and Recombinant Allergens Induces Mouse IgG1 Antibodies That Recognize Similar Epitopes as Human IgE and Inhibit the Human IgE-Allergen Interaction and Allergen-Induced Basophil Degranulation." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 12 (June 15, 1998): 6137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6137.
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Abstract Molecular characterization of allergens by recombinant DNA technology has made rapid progress in the recent few years. In the present study we immunized mice with aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed purified recombinant major timothy grass pollen allergens (rPhl p 1, rPhl p 2, rPhl p 5), dog albumin, a major animal dander allergen, and proteins with low (β-lactoglobulin) or no (ribulose diphosphate carboxylase) allergenic potential in humans. Allergens that bind high levels of IgE in humans (Phl p 1, Phl p 5, dog albumin) induced high IgE and IgG1 levels in mice, whereas proteins with little or no allergenic activity in humans failed to induce significant IgE and IgG1 levels in mice. Continuous immunization for a period of 27 wk resulted in the production of mouse IgG1 Abs that recognized recombinant allergen fragments/epitopes defined by IgE Abs of allergic patients. As a consequence, allergen-specific mouse Abs strongly inhibited human IgE binding to the allergens and suppressed the allergen-induced histamine release from human basophils. In summary, our data indicate that 1) the allergenic potency of a protein may be related to its overall immunogenicity and 2) prolonged immunization with single purified recombinant allergens induces protective IgG Abs. The presented experimental in vivo/in vitro system allows the evaluation of Ag preparations (e.g., recombinant allergens) to be used for immunotherapy in humans.
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Rani, Kirti, Vishal Kondal, and Karn Pratap Singh. "Rapid and sensitive real-time PCR-DNA based method to detect Arachis hypogea allergens in various food samples." Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access 11, no. 2 (2023): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jbmoa.2023.11.00349.
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Peanut allergy is life threatening health concern that caused by allergenic proteins termed as Arachis hypogea that present in peanut. The most fatal allergic reaction to peanuts is anaphylaxis that is harmful to the individuals who are allergic to peanut allergens. Sometimes, traces of peanut allergens contamination are also occurred during food processing. Hence, it is very much important to detect peanut allergen in food products and our proposed study was carried out to detect peanut allergens (Arachis hypogea allergen) in various processed and unprocessed foods using real-time Polymerase Chain reaction (real-time PCR) technique as a rapid and sensitive method. First, DNA was extracted from the food samples using commercially available DNA extraction kit and further quantity & quality of the extracted DNA were tested. The extracted DNA was further observed for amplification to test the presence of peanut allergens in chosen food samples to detect Arachis hypogea allergen (peanut allergen) positive food samples. The sensitivity and specificity of proposed method was assayed for its limit of detection which was found to be 0.01% and obtained efficiency was 101.2%. Spiking of peanut powder in maize flour was performed at different concentrations.
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Petersen, Arnd, Wolf Becker, and Uta Jappe. "What makes peanuts so allergenic?" Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 3 (2013): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc121105007p.
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Peanut allergy belongs to one of the most severe food allergies. So far 12 peanut allergens have been registered by the IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee. Here, we describe the different peanut allergens and factors that contribute to allergenicity. Peanut contains several class I food allergens (especially Ara h 1, 2, 3) that are stable against heat denaturation and proteolytic digestion and represent storage proteins. These allergens are often associated with severe allergic reactions. Additionally, peanut contains class II food allergens (Ara h 5 and 8), where the IgE reactivity is caused by cross reactions to inhalant allergens. These allergens are mostly associated with mild to moderate allergic reactions. But the severity of symptoms may change by involvement of additional factors. The peanut matrix consists of about 50% of lipids, and allergen - lipid associations have been shown for several peanut allergens. Further factors influencing allergenicity depend on peanut varieties, geographical differences and alterations in food processing. Finally, the physiological function of allergens and the mechanisms, by which they interact with the immune system, are further modulating factors. Thus, the specific allergen structure, matrix, genetic variations, geographic alterations and further augmentation factors are important parameters that induce and influence allergenicity.
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Białek, Sławomir, and Katarzyna Białek-Gosk. "Modern diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy – molecular diagnosis of allergies." Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 52, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0008.9630.
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Diagnostic difficulties resulting from the imperfections of natural allergen extracts inspired to use genetic engineering techniques to produce recombinant allergens or obtaining highly purified components (component) allergen. This led to the development of modern diagnostic technique in allergy or molecular diagnostics. The basis for understanding the molecular diagnosis of allergies is to know the properties of allergens. Each allergen is composed of various proteins known. component capable of sensitizing allergen, and each component includes a plurality of epitopes that can be divided into one species-specific epitopes, and the identical amino acid structure of the epitopes derived from different species. Specific epitopes are responsible for primary sensitization, while the epitopes with similar structures are responsible for cross-reactions. Finding sensitization several epitopes is a strong indication of the occurrence of much more dangerous allergic reactions than only one epitope. In addition, molecular diagnosis of allergies allows for personalized diagnosis of allergic patients. It enables the assessment of individual risk of allergic symptoms and allows you to distinguish the original from allergy symptoms caused by cross-reactions. It should be noted, however, that the diagnosis of allergy should be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the results and their confrontation with data from the interview. The mere detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, even the method of molecular diagnostics, without the presence of clinical symptoms does not confirm an allergy or illness. Only goes to confirm that the body of such a person is allergic and that the symptoms of this condition may at some point reveal but not necessarily.
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TODEA, Doina Adina, Iuliu SUATEAN, Andreea Codruta COMAN, and Loredana Elena ROSCA. "The Effect of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Allergenic Potential of Pollens." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4129291.
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Climate change is associated with atmospheric warming due to continuous increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentration following the industrial revolution. The urban areas are more responsible for these changes. Europe for example has experienced a progressive warming +0.9°C for 1901-2005. Climate change is unequivocal and represents a possible threat for patients affected by allergic conditions because it is related with an increased distribution and concentration of pollen. Higher temperature, wet condition (especially thunderstorms), wind speed, transition of cold fronts, environmental changes (allergenic pollens arrived in new areas), are mechanisms which involve changes of production, dispersion and allergen content of pollen. Prolonged and more severe pollen seasons are leading to worsened asthma and allergies. The interaction of pollen with urban air pollutants could also lead to an increased effect of aero allergens on allergic patients, with a greater likelihood of the development of an allergic respiratory disease in sensitized subjects and exacerbation of symptomatic patients. Air pollution could induce damage to airways mucosa, thus promoting sensitization of the airways; also it could increase the expression of allergenic proteins (allergen contents of pollen produce by plants is increased by higher temperature and CO2 enriched atmosphere). By increasing pollen concentration or making the airways susceptible to allergens, the climate change and air pollution have a negative impact on human health.
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Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K. "Pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins identified as allergens." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300930.
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Type 1 allergies are recognized as an important disease affecting around 25% of the population of industrialized countries of the Northern hemisphere. Allergic patients produce specific IgE antibodies after frequent exposure to either inhaled or nutritive allergens. Of the plant allergens listed in the Official Allergen Database of the International Union of Immunological Societies, approx. 25% belong to the group of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins). PR-proteins are defined as proteins that are induced upon stress, pathogen attack and abiotic stimuli. This inhomogeneous group of proteins has been classified into 14 PR-protein families. So far, plant-derived allergens have been identified with sequence similarities to PR-protein families 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 and 14. In general, both protein groups, i.e. PR-proteins and allergens, comprise rather small proteins, which are stable at low pH and resistant to proteolysis. These features, and their level of expression, make PR-proteins good candidates for evoking an immune response in predisposed humans, when coming into contact with mucosal surfaces. The identification of PR-proteins with allergenic potential and their homologues is of importance for the allergic patient and the management of this disease. Firstly, plant foods derived from genetically modified plants could represent new allergen sources, and therefore should be evaluated carefully for their potential allergenicity. Secondly, complex plant-derived foods should be analysed for hidden allergens and labelled accordingly.
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KOROGLU, Mustafa, Ibrahim Halil KILIC, Isik Didem KARAGOZ, and Mehmet OZASLAN. "Extraction and Purification of the Potential Allergen Proteins from Botryotinia Fuckeliana." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 12 (December 31, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.99247600000.
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An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.
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KOROGLU, Mustafa, Ibrahim Halil KILIC, Isik Didem KARAGOZ, and Mehmet OZASLAN. "Extraction and Purification of the Potential Allergen Proteins from Botryotinia Fuckeliana." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 12 (December 31, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.992476.
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An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.
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Lee, Jae-Hyun. "Utilization of Component-Resolved Diagnosis in Precision Allergology." Korean Journal of Medicine 95, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2020.95.1.13.
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It is very important to identify the causal allergen of each patient in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. An experimental method of specific IgE testing for single clinically meaningful antigens is called component resolved diagnosis (CRD). Since the introduction of CRD, many single antigens with clinical significance from animal and plant allergenic source have become known. Bet v 1, the major allergen of white birch pollen, can be an indication marker for allergen-specific immunotherapy if the patient is sensitized. Phl p 1, the group I allergen of timothy grass pollen, is an important marker that suggests that patients are truly sensitized to grass pollen. The major allergen of ragweed pollen, Amb a 1 and Art v 1, which is the major allergen of mugwort pollen, are clinically important to distinguish true sensitization. House dust mites have several clinically useful component allergens. Der p 1 and Der p 2 are the initiation molecules in the molecular spreading of allergic diseases caused by house dust mites. Among food allergens, Ara h 2 from peanut, which is closely related to anaphylaxis among several clinical manifestation of peanut allergy. Tri a 19, well known to omega-5 gliadin is important in patients with wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. It is conceivable that the molecular biological concept of CRD methods should lead to ‘patient-customized treatment’ beyond ‘diagnosis’ in the future. Primary prevention of the allergic diseases will apply, which will conceptually be called ‘allergen immunprophylaxis’. This is the right direction of future precision allergology.
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Lei, Dawn K., and Leslie C. Grammer. "An overview of allergens." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 40, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2019.40.4247.
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Most allergens are proteins or glycoproteins that range in molecular weight from 5000 to 100,000 Da, although polysaccharides and low-molecular-weight substances may also be allergenic. Common allergens include pollens, fungal spores, house-dust mites, and animal epithelial materials but can also include drugs, biologic products, and insect venoms. The allergic response is dependent on the route of exposure. If the exposure is to an inhaled aeroallergen, then the allergic response will be respiratory in nature. Ingested or injected exposure gives rise to gastrointestinal, cutaneous, or anaphylactic reactions. The size of the pollen determines the clinical manifestation of allergy. For example, particles between 20 and 60 μm in diameter can be carried by the wind and cause nasal and ocular symptoms (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis). Particles of <7 μm can deposit in the airways and cause symptoms of asthma. Animals produce allergens in forms unique to each species. Cat allergen, most importantly Fel d 1, is buoyant and “sticky,” which means it easily remains airborne and may last in a home for up to 6 to 9 months after the source is removed. Cat allergen adheres to clothes and can be found in public places, e.g., schools. Dog allergen, particularly Can f 1, is present in dander, saliva, urine, and serum. All dog breeds produce allergenic proteins (even poodles and “hairless” dogs).
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Tadjieva, G. Z., O. S. Mirzaev, and Kh N. Shadieva. "Skin Test Results in Patients with Allergies in Samarkand Region." Doctor.Ru 19, no. 11 (2020): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-11-56-60.
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Study Objective: To assess skin test results in patients with some allergies. Design: Perspective comparative study. Materials and Methods. We examined 1,963 patients with allergies who presented to Tadjieva Allergo-Medical Service LLC (Samarkand) in 2018–2019. 895 patients consented to and underwent allergy testing with scarification skin tests; they had various allergies (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria). We used 76 types of most common allergens, including 24 plant allergens, 7 domestic allergens, 13 fungal allergens, 3 epidermal allergens, 27 food allergens, histamine and control test. Results. Most common, positive test results were seen with saltwort (42.9%), plantain (39.5%), wormwood (33.7%), pigweed (26.6%), quitch grass (27.3%), cultivated plant mix (corn, rye, barley, oats, wheat) (41.8%), wild grasses (dart grass, scleranthus, bluegrass, ryegrass, brome grass, couch grass, red-tailed fescue grass, foxtail, timothy) (40.4%). In domestic allergens, the highest number of positive test results accounted for Acarus siro (29.1%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (24.6%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (21.8%), D. farinae (20.9%) mites. Still, the most severe are the diseases caused by hypersensitivity to fungal allergens Аlternaria alternatа (8.7%), Candida (8.9%). Polyvalent sensibilization was recorded in the majority of cases; but it was not a factor of severity and did not correlated with the duration of the disease. Conclusion. The results allow verifying aetiological factors of allergies in each case; later it can be used for targeted molecular diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Keywords: allergies, allergen-specific immunotherapy, skin tests, plant, domestic, fungal allergens, polysensitization.
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Foong, Ru-Xin, and Alexandra F. Santos. "Oral Tolerance Induction—Opportunities and Mechanisms." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 3386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213386.
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Oral tolerance is the active absence of response to food allergens, which involves complex mechanisms in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Food allergy results from the disruption of such tolerance or the absence of its establishment in the first place. It follows allergic sensitization with the production of allergen-specific IgE and results from the degranulation of basophils and mast cells on subsequent exposure to the allergen. Oral tolerance induction has been explored in the contexts of prevention and treatment of food allergy. Early introduction of allergenic foods (i.e., egg and peanut) in the diet of infants, before allergic sensitization occurs (i.e., via inflamed skin affected with eczema) has shown to be beneficial. Guidelines have changed to recommend the introduction of these allergenic foods by 6 months of age. For food allergic individuals, oral tolerance induction has been attempted using allergen-specific immunotherapy, which involves the administration of an allergen, modified or not, through various possible routes, including oral, sublingual, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous, with or without concomitant administration of antibody-based biologics. Further research into the immune mechanisms of food allergy and oral tolerance can lead to the identification of novel targets to suppress the food allergic response and reverse the current food allergy epidemic.
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Chernukha, I. M., E. V. Kryuchenko, Yu A. Kuzlyakina, and V. S. Zamula. "Qualimetric assessment of methods for the determination of allergens in meat products." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1052, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1052/1/012125.
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Abstract People with food allergies (there are up to 10% of them in the world) must follow a special diet to prevent the manifestation of allergic reactions. WHO regularly specifies and updates the list of allergens. In the world there is no single approach to determine the minimum concentration of an allergen that can cause an allergic reaction, known as a threshold dose. The controlling authorities of many countries, realizing the seriousness of threats to the health of citizens associated with food allergies, are adopting laws, regulations and standards which require the indication of the possibility of allergens on the labeling of food products, thereby ensuring that they are not consumed by the population vulnerable to food allergies. The scope of food allergen management is much broader than just food labeling and is not possible without modern methodology and analytical methods. Various methods are used to control the presence of allergens in food products, both qualitative and quantitative. The concentration of an allergen that can cause a serious threat to health can be calculated in micro- and nanograms. Therefore, approaches are constantly being developed to increase the sensitivity of methods for detecting allergens in food. These are immune-analytical, mass spectrometric, chromatographic, histological methods, methods based on amplification of nucleic acids, proteomic analysis and methods using biosensors. The paper considers these methods, their advantages and disadvantages. The authors carried out a qualimetric assessment of these methods in order to determine the most effective method for detecting allergens. It will provide consumers with high-quality and safe products.
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Brand, Paul L. P., Richard M. Brohet, Olof Schwantje, and Lambert D. Dikkeschei. "Association between allergen component sensitisation and clinical allergic disease in children." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i2.598.
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Background: Allergen component sensitisation testing is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of peanut allergy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between sensitisation and symptoms of allergic disease in children by testing a large panel of inhalants, food allergens, and allergen components. Methods: For 287 children visiting our laboratory for allergy testing, symptoms of allergic disease were recorded by standardised validated questionnaires. Specific IgE to 11 whole allergens was assessed by ImmunoCAP, and to 112 allergen components by ISAC ImmunoCAP assay. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to distinguish clinical phenotypes. Results: Inhalant and food allergen sensitisation was common, irrespective of the children’s allergic symptom type. Less than 10% of the variance in symptom scores was explained by variations in the number of allergens (components) that the child was sensitised to. In LCA, 135 children (50.2%) had mild allergy, with few symptoms and sensitisation to no or few allergens, 74 children (27.5%) had more symptoms and sensitisation to inhalant allergens (respiratory allergy) and 60 children (22.3%) showed polysensitisation to a median of six allergens and had more severe symptoms of different organ systems. Adding allergen component test results to LCA failed to result in identifiable classes of allergic disease in children. Conclusions: In this group of children with allergic symptoms, referred for allergy testing by their physician, broad screening for allergen component sensitisation did not contribute to distinguishing phenotypes of allergic disease.
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Nazaruddin, Nazaruddin, Hamdani Budiman, Basri A. Gani, Subhaini Jakfar, M. Hasan, and Muhammad Hanafiah. "PROFILE OF ALLERGY HYPERPLASMA PATHOLOGIC ANTIBODY AND IMMUNOGENIC CHARACTERISTIC." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v11i1.5299.
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The objective of this research was to determine the allergy hyperplasma pathologic antibody and to evaluate the immunogenic characteristics. Blood and serum were collected from human suffering rhinitis, skin, eye and asthma allergies. To obtain a cloned allergen plasma protein (protein allergen that had been induced with the serum from human with allergic rhinitis, skin, eye and asthma), the goat was used as an intermediate animal. Hematological analysis showed that the leukocyte cell such as neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil increase in allergic-suffered human. The blood smear test exhibited that the mastocyte cell was dominant which contributes to allergy activities in human body. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay detected protein allergens with molecular weight of 188 kDa (IgE) and 60-62 kDa (mastocyte cell). The reactivity assay using enzyme linked immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) revealed that cloned-allergens (whole hyperplasma allergen from goat isolates) express the best reactivity at various concentrations of IgE than the leukocyte cells. This research concluded that the clones of protein allergen have better immunogenic characteristic and those proteins can be recommended as the candidate of allergen to induce the humoral immunity on host and deliver specific product of anti-allergy such as milk.
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Zbîrcea, Lauriana-Eunice, Maria-Roxana Buzan, Manuela Grijincu, Elijahu Babaev, Frank Stolz, Rudolf Valenta, Virgil Păunescu, Carmen Panaitescu, and Kuan-Wei Chen. "Relationship between IgE Levels Specific for Ragweed Pollen Extract, Amb a 1 and Cross-Reactive Allergen Molecules." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044040.
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Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen is a major endemic allergen source responsible for severe allergic manifestations in IgE-sensitized allergic patients. It contains the major allergen Amb a 1 and cross-reactive allergen molecules, such as the cytoskeletal protein profilin, Amb a 8 and calcium-binding allergens Amb a 9 and Amb a 10. To assess the importance of Amb a 1, profilin and calcium-binding allergen, the IgE reactivity profiles of clinically well-characterized 150 ragweed pollen-allergic patients were analysed regarding specific IgE levels for Amb a 1 and cross-reactive allergen molecules by quantitative ImmunoCAP measurements, IgE ELISA and by basophil activation experiments. By quantifying allergen-specific IgE levels we found that Amb a 1-specific IgE levels accounted for more than 50% of ragweed pollen-specific IgE in the majority of ragweed pollen-allergic patients. However, approximately 20% of patients were sensitized to profilin and the calcium-binding allergens, Amb a 9 and Amb a 10, respectively. As shown by IgE inhibition experiments, Amb a 8 showed extensive cross-reactivity with profilins from birch (Bet v 2), timothy grass (Phl p 12) and mugwort pollen (Art v 4) and was identified as a highly allergenic molecule by basophil activation testing. Our study indicates that molecular diagnosis performed by the quantification of specific IgE to Amb a 1, Amb a 8, Amb a 9 and Amb a 10 is useful to diagnose genuine sensitization to ragweed pollen and to identify patients who are sensitized to highly cross-reactive allergen molecules present in pollen from unrelated plants, in order to enable precision medicine-based approaches for the treatment and prevention of pollen allergy in areas with complex pollen sensitization.
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Rakhmatullina, N. M., Yu V. Pastushenko, O. R. Trofimova, N. A. Sibgatullina, D. G. Akhmedzyanova, and G. N. Zakirov. "Modern methods of allergen-specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis treatment." Kazan medical journal 97, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2016-288.
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The article presents the modern methods of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergen-specific immunotherapy - a method of treating allergic diseases, involves reducing the organism’s sensitivity to the allergen effects by repeated administration of allergen extract, starting with the minimum dose. Given the allergic rhinitis high prevalence, as well as its tendency to increase, strong interest in effective methods of its treatment is fully justified. Over the last 20 years, it has become clear that asthma and rhinitis are two types of manifestations of a single pathological process in the airways. It has been proven that allergic disease clinical features may change over time. In addition, patients with allergy are prone to multivalent sensitization. Currently none of the drugs used to relieve allergic rhinitis symptoms can not change the organism’s response to an allergen. Allergen-specific immunotherapy can reduce allergic disease symptoms severity, reduces the need in drugs use, decreases the chance of additional sensitization to other allergens, prevents the asthma development. This therapy has become one of the most widely used effective methods of atopic diseases treatment: seasonal and perennial rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic asthma. Allergen-specific immunotherapy can lead to a change in the immunological response to the relevant allergens in early stages, acting through regulatory cells. Current studies are aimed, on the one hand, at reducing the therapeutic allergovaccines ability to cause allergic reactions, on the other - to maintain or enhance their immunogenic properties. Achieving this goal is possible by changing the route of administration and delivery of therapeutic allergens (non-injection methods of allergen-specific immunotherapy), and using a variety of allergens modification techniques.
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Besedovsky, Luciana, Mona Benischke, Jörg Fischer, Amir S. Yazdi, and Jan Born. "Human sleep consolidates allergic responses conditioned to the environmental context of an allergen exposure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (May 4, 2020): 10983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920564117.
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Allergies are highly prevalent, and allergic responses can be triggered even in the absence of allergens due to Pavlovian conditioning to a specific cue. Here we show in humans suffering from allergic rhinitis that merely reencountering the environmental context in which an allergen was administered a week earlier is sufficient to trigger an allergic response—but only if participants had slept after allergen exposure. This context-conditioning effect was entirely absent when participants stayed awake the night after allergen exposure or were tested in a different context. Unlike in context conditioning, cue conditioning (to an odor stimulus) occurred independently of sleep, a differential pattern that is likewise observed for conditioning in the behavioral domain. Our findings provide evidence that allergic responses can be conditioned to contextual information alone, even after only a single-trial conditioning procedure, and that sleep is necessary to consolidate this rapidly acquired maladaptive response. The results unravel a mechanism that could explain part of the strong psychological impact on allergic responses.
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Pavón-Romero, Gandhi F., Maria Itzel Parra-Vargas, Fernando Ramírez-Jiménez, Esmeralda Melgoza-Ruiz, Nancy H. Serrano-Pérez, and Luis M. Teran. "Allergen Immunotherapy: Current and Future Trends." Cells 11, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11020212.
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Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. This article reviews the possibility of a new AIT to improve the treatment of allergic illness.
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Lehmann, Katrin, Kristian Schweimer, Gerald Reese, Stefanie Randow, Martin Suhr, Wolf-Meinhard Becker, Stefan Vieths, and Paul Rösch. "Structure and stability of 2S albumin-type peanut allergens: implications for the severity of peanut allergic reactions." Biochemical Journal 395, no. 3 (April 11, 2006): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20051728.
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Resistance to proteolytic enzymes and heat is thought to be a prerequisite property of food allergens. Allergens from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) are the most frequent cause of fatal food allergic reactions. The allergenic 2S albumin Ara h 2 and the homologous minor allergen Ara h 6 were studied at the molecular level with regard to allergenic potency of native and protease-treated allergen. A high-resolution solution structure of the protease-resistant core of Ara h 6 was determined by NMR spectroscopy, and homology modelling was applied to generate an Ara h 2 structure. Ara h 2 appeared to be the more potent allergen, even though the two peanut allergens share substantial cross-reactivity. Both allergens contain cores that are highly resistant to proteolytic digestion and to temperatures of up to 100 °C. Even though IgE antibody-binding capacity was reduced by protease treatment, the mediator release from a functional equivalent of a mast cell or basophil, the humanized RBL (rat basophilic leukaemia) cell, demonstrated that this reduction in IgE antibody-binding capacity does not necessarily translate into reduced allergenic potency. Native Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 have virtually identical allergenic potency as compared with the allergens that were treated with digestive enzymes. The folds of the allergenic cores are virtually identical with each other and with the fold of the corresponding regions in the undigested proteins. The extreme immunological stability of the core structures of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 provides an explanation for the persistence of the allergenic potency even after food processing.
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Khan, Faisal, Aito Ueno-Yamanouchi, Bazir Serushago, Tom Bowen, Cathy Lu, Joanne Luider, and Jan Storek. "Allergen-Specific B Cell Quantity Is Similar in Allergic and Nonallergic Individuals, Whereas Allergen-Specific T Cells May Be Increased in Allergic Individuals." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4912.4912.
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Abstract Allergen-specific IgE production is a hallmark of allergic asthma, rhinitis or eczema. Theoretically this could be due to a high number of allergen-specific B cells, a high number of allergen-specific T cells helping allergen-specific B cells to differentiate into IgE plasma cells, or other mechanisms. In this study, we compared the number of allergenspecific B cells and T helper (Th) cells in 41 patients with allergic asthma/rhinitis/eczema (allergic individuals) and 34 nonallergic individuals. Allergen-specific B and Th cells were enumerated by culturing CFSE-loaded blood mononuclear cells for 7 days with allergen (cat, dog, D.pteronyssimus, Timothy or birch), and determining by flow cytometry the number of B or Th cells that had proliferated (diluted CFSE). The quantities of B cells specific for each of the 5 allergens were similar in individuals allergic to the allergen (per skin prick test result) compared to nonallergic individuals. The quantity of Timothy-specific Th cells was 3-times higher in Timothy-allergic individuals compared to nonallergic individuals (p=0.023). In contrast, the quantity of cat-specific Th cells was similar in cat-allergic and nonallergic individuals. The quantities of dog, D.pteronyssimus and birch-specific Th cells were slightly higher in dog, D.pteronyssiumus and birch-allergic compared to nonallergic individuals. No significant change in the number of allergen specific B and Th cells was found when blood drawn from the same individual at different time points was compared for 3 allergic and 3 non-allergic individuals. We conclude that for some allergens (eg, Timothy), a high number of allergen-specific Th cells, but not B cells, may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma/rhinitis/eczema. For other allergens (eg, cat), the pathogenesis may be different.
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Gowda, G., S. Lakshmi, B. G. Parasuramalu, C. Nagaraj, B. V. C. Gowda, and K. G. Somashekara. "A study on allergen sensitivity in patients with allergic rhinitis in Bangalore, India." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 10 (October 2014): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001984.
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AbstractBackground:Allergic rhinitis is the most common form of non-infectious rhinitis, affecting 500 million people worldwide, with one-fifth of those affected living in the Indian subcontinent. The skin prick test is the most valuable test for detecting offending allergens, and can be helpful for patient education, allergen avoidance and immunotherapy planning.Method:The skin prick test was performed with 49 allergens in 486 patients who presented with symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and the allergen profile was studied.Results:Of the 486 allergic rhinitis patients, 335 (68.93 per cent) showed allergen positivity to the skin prick test. Dust mite was the most common allergen, with positive results in 44.65 per cent of cases.Conclusion:The most common offending allergen in our study was the dust mite. Identification of specific allergens for a particular geographical area aids patient education and enables allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Spasov, Mire, and Icko Gjorgoski. "THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAUCUS CAROTA AS ALERGOGEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN WHITE LABORATORY RAT." Teacher of the future 31, no. 4 (June 5, 2019): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3104969s.
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The allergic reaction or type I hypersensitivity is a hypersensitive disorder to the immune system, which occurs by ingress of non-pathogenic agents from the external environment in the body. Antigens, in this case allergens, are substances from the environment that are harmless to most people. In allergies there is an inherent tendency to inherit the genes that make these people susceptible to allergies. Rapid sensitization may occur as a local reaction, which is just unpleasant (seasonal rhinitis or hay fever), severe exhaustion (asthma), or culminating in a fatal systemic disorder (anaphylaxis). Allergens in the body are inserted by inhalation, ingestion or injection, and move to mucous membranes, where they are accepted by T-lymphocytes. TN2 lymphocytes produce IL-4, which stimulate B-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells. These cells excrete IgE, which recognize allergens. Excreted IgE antibodies sensitize mast cells that originate from the bone marrow. When sensitized individuals again expose themselves to an allergen from the external environment, they bind to specific IgE-antibodies to the mast cells (memory cells), whereby various mediators are excreted, causing inflammatory response, mucus secretion, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, and spasm of the airways. The aim of the study was to investigate the allergenic effect of Daucus carotte on the change in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, basophils, and immunoglobulins as important components of the immune system. From the pollen of this plant, recombinant allergen is extracted, in the form of injections with a volume of 150μI. In the experiments, as experimental models were used Wistar white rats at the age of 6 to 9 weeks. We injected the allergen into the first, second, third and fourth week in a group of 6 rats in an amount of 5 μl and a second group of 6 rats in an amount of 2.5 μl allergen absorbed in 100 μl AI (OH) 3 (Serva, Heidelburg, Germany, 2 μg / mI) in a total volume of 150μI sterile PbS. The third group of 6 rats was a control group. The results showed that the Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction in Wistar white rats and its intensity depends directly on the volume of the allergen and the individuals that come into contact with it. Once we compared the values of blood parameters, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and basophils, as well as the IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE concentrations, we concluded that the higher concentration of Daucus carota causes a higher elevation in blood parameters and concentrations of immunoglobulins, compared to the smaller concentration of the same allergen. From the studies conducted over a period of one month, it was found that Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction, which is classified in Type I hypersensitivity in white laboratory rats of the Wistar strain.
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Almeida, Flavia J., Jasmin Surana, Alap Christy, Raj Jatale, and Shibani Ramchandani. "Relevance of allergen specific immunoglobulin e testing in Indian population: A retrospective study." International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 10, no. 1 (April 15, 2023): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2023.002.
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Prevalence of allergies has increased dramatically in recent decade and is now considered major chronic disease at the global level. Measurement of total and allergen specific IgE (Immunoglobulin E) is often requested to assess possible allergy. The main objective of our study was to understand the relevance of allergen specific IgE testing in Indian population. This retrospective study was conducted at a Global Reference Laboratory in Mumbai from May 2020 to May 2022. Total available data of 65431 patients was included in the study. The data was sub grouped as per age group, gender, and positivity for specific allergens. Of the total 65431 patients, 34601 (52.88%) were Females and 30830 (47.12%) were Males. Among those tested for specific IgE allergen, positivity was found to be 30%. The dust allergy was the most prevalent (62.18%) followed by Insect allergy (52.69%) and food allergy (51.78%). Out of the 18377 patients tested for Specific allergens, 7340 (39.94%) had at least one allergen positive. The availability of multiple and allergen specific panels has proved to be a major tool for the detection and diagnosis of multiple allergies. Detection of allergy is necessary to avoid wrong diagnosis and mismanagement of disease. Combination of total IgE with specific IgE can be used as evidence of allergy along with clinical findings. It is recommended to proceed with clinically appropriate allergen specific IgE tests, regardless of total IgE concentration in patients with a history of an acute allergic reaction.
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Roger, Albert, Maria Basagana, Aina Teniente-Serra, Nathalie Depreux, Yanina Jurgens, Clara Padro, Sira Miquel, Carolina Elduque, and Eva M. Martinez-Caceres. "Immunotheraphy in Allergic Diseases." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 11 (June 27, 2018): 1174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180116094048.
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The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that more than 30% of the world population is now affected by one or more allergic conditions and a high proportion of this increase is in young people. The diagnosis of allergy is dependent on a history of symptoms on exposure to an allergen together with the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Accurate diagnosis of allergies opens up therapeutic options. Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only successful disease-modifying therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases. New therapeutic strategies have been developed or are currently under clinical trials. Besides new routes of administration, new types of allergens are being developed. The use of adjuvants may amplify the immune response towards tolerance to the antigens. In this review, we analyze different antigen-specific immunotherapies according to administration route, type of antigens and adjuvants, and we address the special case of food allergy.
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Sakshi, Sakshi, Rupa Mazumder, Monika Monika, Neha Singh, and Bimlesh Kumar. "Novel approaches for allergen-specific immunotherapy—An overview." Trends in Immunotherapy 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2026.
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Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific treatment for people with IgE-related allergies. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is used to treat allergic disorders when symptoms persist despite medication and allergen avoidance. The therapy is presumed effective if it reduces the use of medications, improves the quality of life even after discontinuation of treatment, as well as prevents the conversion of one type of allergy to the other and the development of new sensitization. The allergen-specific immunotherapeutic agents can be administered sublingually, subcutaneously, or through some other routes, such as intra-lymphatically and epicutaneously to induce allergen tolerance by modifying immune responses (innate and adaptive). The primary mechanism of AIT is the induction of functional regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells, follicular T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and natural killer cells, which results in the control of the functions of type 2 inflammatory cells. However, there are several downsides to AIT, including the contentious treatment period resulting in high cost, systemic allergic reactions, and the lack of a biomarker for forecasting treatment responders. Vaccine adjuvants, adjunctive therapies, and novel vaccine technologies are currently being researched to address the issues associated with AIT. This article focuses on defined molecular approaches for improving the potential of specific immunotherapy that use recombinant allergen derivatives, allergen-derived peptides, virus-coupled allergens, nanoparticles, and specific adjuvants.
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Álvarez-López, Sabela, María Fernández-González, Estefanía González-Fernández, Alejandro Garrido, and Fco Javier Rodríguez-Rajo. "Tree Allergen Pollen-Related Content as Pollution Source in the City of Ourense (NW Spain)." Forests 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111129.
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Allergies became a major public health problem, identified as an important global pandemic with a considerable impact on the worldwide economy. In addition, a higher prevalence of pollen Type I sensitization cases in urban environments in comparison with the rural territories was detected. Our survey sought to assess the main biological pollution episodes caused by the aeroallergens of the major allergenic tree species in urban environments. A Hirst-type volumetric device was used for pollen sampling and a Burkard Cyclone sampler for the detection of tree atmospheric allergens over two years. The main allergens of Alnus, Fraxinus, Betula, Platanus and Olea, were detected in the atmosphere. Three peaks of important pollen concentrations were recorded throughout the year. The developed regression equations between pollen counts and allergen proteins registered great R2 values. The number of days with probability of allergenic symptoms was higher when the pollen and allergen data were assessed altogether. Fraxinus allergens in the atmosphere were detected using Ole e 1 antibodies and the Aln g 1 allergens with Bet v 1 antibodies, demonstrating the cross-reaction processes between the principal allergenic proteins of the Oleaceae and Betulaceae families. Long Distance Transport processes (LDT) showed that pollen from Betula populations located in mountainous areas increased the secondary peaks of pollen and allergen concentrations, and air masses from extensive olive orchards of North-Eastern Portugal triggered the highest concentrations in the atmosphere of Olea pollen and Ole e 1 allergens.
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Mondol, Ernesto, Karen Donado, Ronald Regino, Karen Hernandez, Dilia Mercado, Ana Carolina Mercado, Inés Benedetti, Leonardo Puerta, Josefina Zakzuk, and Luis Caraballo. "The Allergenic Activity of Blo t 2, a Blomia tropicalis IgE-Binding Molecule." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 5543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065543.
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Only few allergens derived from house dust mite (HDM) species have been evaluated in terms of their potential to induce allergic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate different aspects of the allergenicity and allergenic activity of Blo t 2, a Blomia tropicalis allergen. Blo t 2 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Its allergenic activity was tested in humans by skin prick test and basophil activation assays, and in mice, by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and a model of allergic airway inflammation. Sensitization rate to Blo t 2 (54.3%) was similar to that found to Blo t 21 (57.2%) and higher than to Der p 2 (37.5%). Most Blo t 2-sensitized patients showed a low intensity response (99.5%). Blo t 2 elicited CD203c upregulation and allergen induced skin inflammation. Additionally, immunized animals produced anti-Blo t 2 IgE antibodies and passive transfer of their serum to non-immunized animals induced skin inflammation after allergen exposure. Immunized animals developed bronchial hyperreactivity and a strong inflammatory lung reaction (eosinophils and neutrophils). These results confirm the allergenic activity of Blo t 2 and supports its clinical relevance.
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Kryuchenko, E. V., Yu A. Kuzlyakina, I. M. Chernukha, and V. S. Zamula. "Food allergens: threshold levels and methodologies for risk management." Food systems 4, no. 4 (January 5, 2022): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-4-246-254.
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Food allergies and allergen management are important problems of the public health and food industry. The idea of determining allergen concentrations in food ingredients and food products that are capable of causing severe allergic reactions is of great interest for regulatory bodies as well as consumer associations and the industry all over the world. In this connection, scientists proposed different approaches to determining the basis for assessment of severity of risks of food allergens for health of patients suffering from food allergy similar to methods of risk assessment for other hazards associated with food products (for example, chemical, microbiological). To assess risk of allergens, three different approaches were proposed: i) traditional risk assessment using the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)) and uncertainty factors; (ii) approach based on the benchmark dose (BMD)) and margin of exposure (MoE)); and (iii) probability models. These approaches can be used in risk management in food production and in the development of warning marking about the presence of allergens. The reliability of risk assessment will depend on a type, quality and quantity of data used for determining both population threshold levels (or threshold distributions) and an impact of an allergenic product/ingredient on a particular individual.
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Abdel-Gadir, Azza, Amir H. Massoud, and Talal A. Chatila. "Antigen-specific Treg cells in immunological tolerance: implications for allergic diseases." F1000Research 7 (January 10, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12650.1.
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Allergic diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders in which there is failure to mount effective tolerogenic immune responses to inciting allergens. The alarming rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases in recent decades has spurred investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of breakdown in tolerance in these disorders and means of restoring it. Tolerance to allergens is critically dependent on the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells, which mediate a state of sustained non-responsiveness to the offending allergen. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms governing the generation and function of allergen-specific Treg cells and their subversion in allergic diseases. We will also outline approaches to harness allergen-specific Treg cell responses to restore tolerance in these disorders.
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Tuppo, Lisa, Ivana Giangrieco, Maurizio Tamburrini, Claudia Alessandri, Adriano Mari, and Maria Antonietta Ciardiello. "Detection of Allergenic Proteins in Foodstuffs: Advantages of the Innovative Multiplex Allergen Microarray-Based Immunoassay Compared to Conventional Methods." Foods 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060878.
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Several factors can affect the allergen content and profile of a specific food, including processing procedures often leading to a decrease in allergenicity, although no change, or even an increase, have also been reported. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a processing procedure requires the availability of reliable methodologies to assess the variation in molecules able to induce allergic reactions in the analyzed food. Conventional and innovative strategies and methodologies can be exploited to identify allergenic proteins in foodstuffs. However, depending on the specific purposes, different methods can be used. In this review, we have critically reviewed the advantages of an innovative method, the multiplex allergen microarray-based immunoassay, in the detection of allergens in foodstuffs. In particular, we have analyzed some studies reporting the exploitation of an IgE-binding inhibition assay on multiplex allergen biochips, which has not yet been reviewed in the available literature. Unlike the others, this methodology enables the identification of many allergenic proteins, some of which are still unknown, which are recognized by IgE from allergic patients, with a single test. The examined literature suggests that the inhibition test associated with the multiplex allergen immunoassay is a promising methodology exploitable for the detection of IgE-binding proteins in food samples.
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Jeong, Kyoung Yong, Woo Kyung Kim, Jae Sik Lee, Jongweon Lee, In-Yong Lee, Kyu-Earn Kim, Jung Won Park, Chein-Soo Hong, Han-Il Ree, and Tai-Soon Yong. "Immunoglobulin E Reactivity of Recombinant Allergen Tyr p 13 from Tyrophagus putrescentiae Homologous to Fatty Acid Binding Protein." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 5 (May 2005): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.5.581-585.2005.
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ABSTRACT The storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, is one of the important causes of allergic disorders. Fifteen allergenic components were demonstrated in storage mite by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, but only the group 2 allergen Tyr p 2 has been cloned and characterized. In this study, we attempted to identify and characterize new allergens from T. putrescentiae, which is a dominant species of storage mite in Korea. Expressed sequence tags were analyzed to identify possible storage mite allergens, and the cDNA sequence encoding a protein homologous to fatty acid binding protein, a mite group 13 allergen, was identified and named Tyr p 13. Its deduced amino acid sequence showed 61.1 to 85.3% identity with other mite group 13 allergens. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli using a pET 28b vector system, and its allergenicity was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The recombinant allergen was detected in 5 of 78 (6.4%) T. putrescentiae-positive sera tested, and it inhibited 61.9% of immunoglobulin E binding to crude extract at an inhibitor concentration of 10 μg/ml by inhibition ELISA using serum from the patient who showed the strongest reaction by ELISA. In this study, a novel allergen was identified in T. putrescentiae. This allergen could be helpful for more-detailed characterizations of storage mite allergy.
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Rosskopf, Sandra, Beatrice Jahn-Schmid, Barbara Bohle, Claire Battin, Klaus Schmetterer, Winfried F. Pickl, and Peter Steinberger. "The role of coinhibitory pathways in allergen-specific CD4+ T cell responses." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 194.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.194.15.
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Abstract More than 25% of the population suffers from IgE-mediated immune reactions and its related symptoms. T lymphocytes have a crucial role in initiating and promoting allergies and their responses are tightly regulated by numerous activating and inhibitory signals provided by APCs. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the role of inhibitory pathways in allergen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. To address this issue, patients allergic against house dust mites, birch pollen, mugwort pollen and grass pollen were recruited. PBMCs were isolated and then stimulated with allergenic extracts to evaluate coinhibitory pathways using blocking antibodies (e.g. nivolumab, ipilimumab) and to assess the expression of coinhibitory receptors on allergen-specific T cells. Allergenic extracts were analyzed for presence of TLR triggering molecules using NF-κB-eGFP reporter cells expressing TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR5. Furthermore, allergen-specific T cell reporters, T cell lines or T cell clones from allergic patients were cocultivated with engineered APCs that present allergenic peptides on MHC class II molecules and express different coinhibitory molecules. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis strongly enhanced proliferation of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells in response to allergenic extracts. No correlation was found between IgE concentration and T cell proliferation. Preliminary results show a distinct expression pattern of coinhibitory molecules on allergen-specific T cells. In a next step Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns will be analyzed. Research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approval of the local ethics committee was obtained (EK1538/2014).
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Li, Lisha, Kai Guan, and Song Guo Zheng. "Biochemical Characteristics and Allergenic Activity of Common Fungus Allergens." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190712121243.
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Fungi form a large kingdom with more than 1.5 million species. Fungal spores are universal atmospheric components and are generally recognized as important causes of allergic disorders, including allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The 4 genera which have the closest connection with allergic disorder are Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium. The cDNA sequences of many fungi allergens and the amino acids involved in their immunoglobulin E binding and T-cell activation have already been elucidated. Until now, 111 allergens from 29 fungal genera have been approved by the International Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee. This review mainly focuses on the biochemical characteristics and allergenic activity of important allergens from common environmental fungi.
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Monteseirín, J., M. J. Camacho, R. Montaño, E. Llamas, M. Conde, M. Carballo, P. Guardia, J. Conde, and F. Sobrino. "Enhancement of Antigen-specific functional responses by neutrophils from allergic patients." Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.6.2571.
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It has been demonstrated that neutrophils from healthy donors or from patients with inflammatory disorders can bind immunoglobulin (Ig) E proteins through binding to Mac-2/epsilon bp. Functional responses to allergens were assessed by measuring the respiratory burst and intracellular Ca2+ levels, and binding of allergens to neutrophils was assessed by flow cytometry analysis and fluorescence microscopy. In this article, we demonstrate that neutrophils sensitized to specific allergens (from allergic patients), but not from healthy donors, are sensitive to allergens of the same type as those that produce clinical allergic symptoms. The activation of neutrophils was analyzed by the induction of a respiratory burst that was detected with luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Intracellular Ca2+ levels increased parallel to those of the inducing allergens. In addition, the specific binding of allergens on the cell surface was revealed by flow cytometry and allergen-FITC-labeled staining analyses. The present data suggest a restricted recognition of allergen by sensitive neutrophils, probably associated with the specific binding of the allergen to its corresponding IgE molecule, which is bound to the Mac-2/epsilon bp structure. These findings demonstrate a functional role of allergen-associated neutrophils during the allergic state.
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Lei, Dawn K., and Carol Saltoun. "Allergen immunotherapy: definition, indications, and reactions." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 40, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2019.40.4249.
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Specific allergen immunotherapy is the administration of increasing amounts of specific allergens to which the patient has type I immediate hypersensitivity. It is a disease-modifying therapy, indicated for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and Hymenoptera hypersensitivity. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies for appropriate allergens for immunotherapy must be documented. Indications for allergen immunotherapy include (1) inadequate symptom control despite pharmacotherapy and avoidance measures; (2) a desire to reduce the morbidity from allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, or reduce the risk of anaphylaxis from a future insect sting; (3) when the patient experiences undesirable adverse effects from pharmacotherapy; and (4) when avoidance is not possible. Several studies reported that immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis seems to prevent the development of new allergic sensitizations and/or new onset asthma. Humoral-, cellular-, and tissue-level changes occur with allergen immunotherapy, including induction of allergen-specific regulatory T and B cells, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β production; suppression of T-helper type 2 cell proliferation; large increases in anti-allergen IgG4 antibodies; and reduction in basophil, mast cell, and eosinophil mediator release. Allergen immunotherapy can be administered either subcutaneously in the physician's office or sublingually by the patient at home. The use of immunotherapy in food allergy is still under investigation.
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KC, Shiva Raj, G. KC, and P. Gyawali. "Food Allergy." Nepal Medical College Journal 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v20i4.25124.
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Introduction: Any adverse effect on health resulting from repeated exposure to a substance against which the individual has been sensitized against is allergy. Food allergens are one of the many common causes of allergies. The aim of this study is to find out the common food allergens and also specify the type of food suspicious for allergy among the patients with allergic reactions. A total of 178 patients with allergic reactions were included. The test was carried out using kit with an enzyme-labelled antihuman IgE catalysing a colour reaction. The kit contains test stripes coated with 21 different common antigens. Concentration of antibody specific to certain allergen is calculated and graded into different classes. Among the patients sensitized to allergic food, mean age was 34.36 years with female to male ratio of 2.9:1. Ninty two patients (51.7%) patients were sensitized to 1 to 3 allergens, whereas, 3.9% w ere sensitized to more than 10 food allergens. Thirty three (27.9%) patients had definite antibody detection, 11(9.3%) patients had strong antibody titre and 4 (3.3%) patients had very high antibody titre. Most common food allergen was crab (20.1%) followed by potato (25.8%). Cross reactivity was seen in various food allergens. Cereals and rice showed significant reactivity (P <0.001). Other food like soybean with mustard, peanut with coconut and apple with grape also showed significant correlation (P<0.001). The most common food allergens were crab, potato, spinach, peanut, coconut, soybean, mustard, wheat, rice, shrimp/prawn, cucumber and onion. While determining the specific allergen, we should be aware of potential cross-reactivity against one or more food allergens.
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Andersen, KE, SC Rastogi, and L. Carlsen. "The Allergen Bank: a source of extra contact allergens for the dermatologist in practice." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 76, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555576136140.
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The Allergen Bank was established to give dermatologists easy access to special test materials in order to make early diagnoses of special cases of allergic contact dermatitis. The Allergen Bank comprises a computer system to register several hundred contact allergens in appropriate patch test concentrations available at the allergy laboratory and the patch test results. At the request of dermatologists in practice for Allergen Bank may supply special contact allergens for aimed patch testing of contact dermatitis patients. The organization of the Allergen Bank and the procedure of its use are described. During its first 23 months 28 dermatologists asked for 2,209 allergen samples for testing of 386 patients, an average of 6 allergens per patient and 14 patients per dermatologist. A total number of 164 positive reactions have been registered, and 440 of the 540 allergens have been in use. One third of the positive reactions were caused by the 16 most frequently ordered allergens, which amounted to 340 allergen samples. The allergens included plant chemicals, acrylates, animal feed additives, fragrance chemicals and preservatives. Selected allergens were investigated for stability during handling and shipping under varying conditions relevant to the function of the Allergen Bank. The possible inhomogeneity of petrolatum based allergen preparations is discussed in relation to diagnostic patch testing.
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Chafei, Hanin, Marwa Diab El Harake, Imad Toufeili, and Samer A. Kharroubi. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Consumers on Food Allergy and Food Allergen Labeling: A Case of Lebanon." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12050933.
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The epidemiology of food allergies is increasing worldwide. International labeling standards were developed to enhance consumers’ awareness of allergen-free foods. The main objective of the present study is to assess the characteristics of allergen labeling and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes, and purchasing habits of food products with allergens in Lebanon. We evaluated the allergen labeling of 1000 food products form Lebanese supermarkets. A random sample of 541 consumers was recruited through an online survey (November 2020–February 2021). Descriptives and regression analysis were conducted. Results showed that wheat represents the largest group of food allergens on food labels, followed by milk and soybean. Furthermore, 42.9% of supermarket food products had a precautionary allergen labeling with “may contain traces of allergens”. The majority of food products complied with local regulations for locally manufactured and imported products. One-quarter of survey respondents had a food allergy or were caregivers of food-allergic individuals. Regression analyses showed that “previous experience of a severe reaction” was negatively associated with food allergy-related knowledge and attitude scores respectively (β = −1.394, 95% CI: (−1.827, −1.034) and β = −1.432, 95% CI: (−2.798, −0.067)). The findings of this study provide practical insights on food allergy labeling issues for stakeholders and policymakers in the food supply chain.
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Chen, Jou-Han, Jiun-Bo Chen, Yi-Chun Hsieh, Chia-Yu Chu, and Tse-Wen Chang. "Preparation of human IgG1 monoclonal antibody specific for house dust mite allergens Der p 2 and Der f 2 by single B cell PCR of VH and VL segments (HYP7P.275)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 191.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.191.23.
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Abstract In allergic patients sensitive to house dust mite allergens, the inhaled allergenic proteins are dissolved in mucosal fluid, cross mucosal epithelia of the airway, and induce crosslinking of FcεRI-bound allergen-specific IgE on mast cells and basophils, leading to the degranulation of those inflammatory cells. Our group has proposed that allergen-specific IgG, delivered to the airway mucosa, can bind to the incoming allergens and preclude their entry into the mucosal layer. In this work, we prepared human monoclonal antibodies by isolating dust mite allergen-specific single B cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and performing PCR on the VH and VL cDNA of the B cells. One mAb, 1D11, an IgG1 (γ1, λ), bound strongly to both Der p 2 and Der f 2 and recognized a linear epitope in the peptide segment, a.a. residues #41-70, of the two proteins. We proceeded evaluating the ability of 1D11 to trap Der p 2 and Der f 2 in a culture of rat basophilic leukemic (RBL) SX-38 cells, which were charged with allergen-specific IgE contained in patient sera. In the culture, 1D11 was capable of inhibiting the degranulation of RBL SX-38 cells triggered by Der p 2 and Der f 2. Furthermore, the activation was reduced to the background level when protein A-conjugated Sepharose was employed to remove the 1D11-allergen complexes. These results indicate that mAb 1D11 is effective in trapping Der p 2 and Der f 2 allergens and prevent their activation of allergen-specific IgE-sensitized basophils.