Relevant bibliographies by topics / Allergen

Academic literature on the topic 'Allergen'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Allergen"

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JACKSON, LAUREN S., FADWA M. AL-TAHER, MARK MOORMAN, JONATHAN W. DeVRIES, ROGER TIPPETT, KATHERINE M. J. SWANSON, TONG-JEN FU, et al. "Cleaning and Other Control and Validation Strategies To Prevent Allergen Cross-Contact in Food-Processing Operations." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.445.

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Food allergies affect an estimated 10 to 12 million people in the United States. Some of these individuals can develop life-threatening allergic reactions when exposed to allergenic proteins. At present, the only successful method to manage food allergies is to avoid foods containing allergens. Consumers with food allergies rely on food labels to disclose the presence of allergenic ingredients. However, undeclared allergens can be inadvertently introduced into a food via cross-contact during manufacturing. Although allergen removal through cleaning of shared equipment or processing lines has been identified as one of the critical points for effective allergen control, there is little published information on the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for removing allergenic materials from processing equipment. There also is no consensus on how to validate or verify the efficacy of cleaning procedures. The objectives of this review were (i) to study the incidence and cause of allergen cross-contact, (ii) to assess the science upon which the cleaning of food contact surfaces is based, (iii) to identify best practices for cleaning allergenic foods from food contact surfaces in wet and dry manufacturing environments, and (iv) to present best practices for validating and verifying the efficacy of allergen cleaning protocols.
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2

Koeberl, Martina, Dean Clarke, Katrina J. Allen, Fiona Fleming, Lisa Katzer, N. Alice Lee, Andreas L. Lopata, et al. "European Regulations for Labeling Requirements for Food Allergens and Substances Causing Intolerances: History and Future." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0386.

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Abstract Food allergies are increasing globally, including numbers of allergens, the sensitization rate, and the prevalence rate. To protect food-allergic individuals in the community, food allergies need to be appropriately managed. This paper describes current Australian food allergen management practices. In Australia, the prevalence of food allergies, the anaphylaxis rate, and the fatal anaphylaxis rate are among the highest in the world. Interagency and stakeholder collaboration is facilitated and enhanced as Australia moves through past, current, and ongoing food allergen challenges. As a result, Australia has been a global leader in regulating the labeling of common allergens in packaged foods and their disclosure in foods not required to bear a label. Moreover, the food industry in Australia and New Zealand has developed a unique food allergen risk management tool, the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling program, which is managed by the Allergen Bureau. This paper summarizes insights and information provided by the major stakeholders involved to protect food-allergic consumers from any allergic reaction. Stakeholders include government; consumer protection, regulation, and enforcement agencies; the food industry; and food allergen testing and food allergen/allergy research bodies in Australia. The ongoing goal of all stakeholders in food allergen management in Australia is to promote best practice food allergen management procedures and provide a wide choice of foods, while enabling allergic consumers to manage their food allergies and reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.
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He, Ying, Xueting Liu, Yuyi Huang, Zehong Zou, Huifang Chen, He Lai, Lida Zhang, et al. "Reduction of the Number of Major Representative Allergens: From Clinical Testing to 3-Dimensional Structures." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/291618.

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Vast amounts of allergen sequence data have been accumulated, thus complicating the identification of specific allergenic proteins when performing diagnostic allergy tests and immunotherapy. This study aims to rank the importance/potency of the allergens so as to logically reduce the number of allergens and/or allergenic sources. Meta-analysis of 62 allergenic sources used for intradermal testing on 3,335 allergic patients demonstrated that in southern China, mite, sesame, spiny amaranth,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and house dust account for 88.0% to 100% of the observed positive reactions to the 62 types of allergenic sources tested. TheKolmogorov-SmironovTest results of the website-obtained allergen data and allergen family featured peptides suggested that allergen research in laboratories worldwide has been conducted in parallel on many of the same species. The major allergens were reduced to 21 representative allergens, which were further divided into seven structural classes, each of which contains similar structural components. This study therefore has condensed numerous allergenic sources and major allergens into fewer major representative ones, thus allowing for the use of a smaller number of allergens when conducting comprehensive allergen testing and immunotherapy treatments.
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Berzhets, Valentina M., Anna V. Vasilyeva, Nina S. Petrova, Svetlana V. Khlgatian, Stanislava Yu Petrova, Olga Yu Emelyanova, and Lyubov N. Nesterenko. "Treatment forms of house dust mites allergens intended for allergen-specific immunological therapy." Russian Journal of Allergy 18, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1476.

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BACKGROUND: The growth of allergic diseases dictates the necessity to develop new forms of therapeutic allergens since therapy with native water-salt extracts of allergens is unsafe and convenient. The risk of systemic side effects during allergen-specific immunotherapy sets the task for researchers to create modern therapeutic forms of allergens with high immunogenic and low allergenic activity. Our laboratory has been developing preparations for the diagnosis and treatment of house dust mites allergies for many years. AIMS: To create modern therapeutic forms of allergen preparations from house dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides that are intended for allergen-specific immunotherapy MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicochemical and immunobiological methods, such as electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, micropoint immunoblot, solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the reaction of binding inhibition of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in the sera of patients were used to study the obtained preparations. RESULTS: A technology has been developed to obtain a granular dosage form of a mixed allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae mites for sublingual use. This treatment form has successfully passed preclinical tests, has a pronounced immunogenic activity, and reduced allergenicity, and is convenient for pediatric practice. Allergoids, which are chemically modified preparations, are obtained to reduce allergenicity and increase therapeutic allergen immunogenicity. A succinylated monomeric house dust mites allergoid Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was created and studied with the National Research Center, Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia. The study of the immunobiological properties of the obtained preparation showed that the monomeric allergoid has increased immunogenic and decreased allergenic activity contrary to the native water-salt extract. CONCLUSIONS: The created forms of mite allergens can be used to treat patients who are sensitized to house dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides after clinical trials.
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LaFond, Rebecca E., David M. Robinson, and William W. Kwok. "CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals recognize epitopes from the common household allergens Der p 1 and Alt a 1 and secrete Th2 cytokines (36.8)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 36.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.36.8.

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Abstract Allergy is initiated by adaptive Th2-mediated responses; however, little is known about CD4+ T cell epitopes within many common allergens. The objectives of this study were to utilize MHC class II tetramers to identify CD4+ T cell epitopes within household allergens and to isolate allergen reactive T cells for further phenotypic analysis. PBMCs were isolated from the blood of subjects with dust mite and mold (Alternaria) allergies and from non-allergic control subjects, and CD4+ T cells were assayed for responses to sets of allergen-derived peptides. Dust mite allergen epitopes within the Der p 1 protein were mapped for DRB1*0301, *0401, *0701, and *1501 individuals; Alternaria allergen epitopes within the Alt a 1 protein were mapped for DRB1*0301, *0401, *0701, and *1101 individuals. Tetramer-positive responses to allergen epitopes were frequently seen in CD4+ T cells from allergic subjects. A high proportion of tetramer-positive cells from allergic individuals secreted IL-5 while TNF-α, IL-10 and IFN-γ secretion occurred less frequently, indicating that the cytokine response to these allergens is predominantly Th2 polarized. Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes and characterization of T cell responses to allergens will further our understanding of allergic disease and may prove helpful to improve specific immunotherapy.
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Spotz, Kristen. "Allergens: An Enhanced Focus." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0435.

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Abstract Food Allergy Awareness Week was created with the purpose of placing a spotlight on the seriousness of food allergies. Recognized in the United States in mid-May every year, Food Allergy Awareness Week serves as a reminder of the over 15 million Americans who suffer from food allergies. The importance of allergies and allergen labeling can be seen when looking at U.S. Food and Drug Administration recall data: of the 764 recalls in 2016, 305 (representing more than 40%) were due to undeclared allergens. However, recalls for undeclared allergens are a complex issue with numerous factors. The implementation of prevention-based systems with the necessary management components and further error-proofing the systems, along with allergen awareness embedded throughout a company’s food safety culture, can likely help reduce the number of recalls for undeclared allergens. As a resource to manufacturers, the Grocery Manufacturers Association and the Food Allergy Research and Resource Program have developed several resources to assist with developing robust allergen management programs. By reducing the number of recalls for undeclared allergens, the food industry will likely increase and maintain consumer confidence and trust of the food-allergic community. This enhanced consumer confidence and trust could eventually open the door for further collaboration with the food-allergic community and, potentially, advance allergen-related policies.
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Jacquet, Alain. "Innate Immune Responses in House Dust Mite Allergy." ISRN Allergy 2013 (February 28, 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/735031.

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Sensitizations to house dust mites (HDM) trigger strong exacerbated allergen-induced inflammation of the skin and airways mucosa from atopic subjects resulting in atopic dermatitis as well as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Initially, the Th2-biased HDM allergic response was considered to be mediated only by allergen B- and T-cell epitopes to promote allergen-specific IgE production as well as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 to recruit inflammatory cells. But this general molecular model of HDM allergenicity must be revisited as a growing literature suggests that stimulations of innate immune activation pathways by HDM allergens offer new answers to the following question: what makes an HDM allergen an allergen? Indeed, HDM is a carrier not only for allergenic proteins but also microbial adjuvant compounds, both of which are able to stimulate innate signaling pathways leading to allergy. This paper will describe the multiple ways used by HDM allergens together with microbial compounds to control the initiation of the allergic response through engagement of innate immunity.
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LAFFER, Sylvia, Said HAMDI, Christian LUPINEK, Wolfgang R. SPERR, Peter VALENT, Petra VERDINO, Walter KELLER, et al. "Molecular characterization of recombinant T1, a non-allergenic periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) protein, with sequence similarity to the Bet v 1 plant allergen family." Biochemical Journal 373, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030331.

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More than 25% of the population suffer from Type I allergy, an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disease. Allergens with homology to the major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen, Bet v 1, belong to the most potent elicitors of IgE-mediated allergies. T1, a cytokinin-inducible cytoplasmic periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) protein, with significant sequence similarity to members of the Bet v 1 plant allergen family, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant T1 (rT1) did not react with IgE antibodies from allergic patients, and failed to induce basophil histamine release and immediate-type skin reactions in Bet v 1-allergic patients. Antibodies raised against purified rT1 could be used for in situ localization of natural T1 by immunogold electron microscopy, but did not cross-react with most of the Bet v 1-related allergens. CD analysis showed significant differences regarding secondary structure and thermal denaturation behaviour between rT1 and recombinant Bet v 1, suggesting that these structural differences are responsible for the different allergenicity of the proteins. T1 represents a non-allergenic member of the Bet v 1 family that may be used to study structural requirements of allergenicity and to engineer hypo-allergenic plants by replacing Bet v 1-related allergens for primary prevention of allergy.
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Gupta, Ruchi S., Steve L. Taylor, Joseph L. Baumert, Lauren M. Kao, Erik Schuster, and Bridget M. Smith. "Economic Factors Impacting Food Allergen Management: Perspectives from the Food Industry." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 10 (September 14, 2017): 1719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-060.

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ABSTRACT Food allergies affect up to 8% of children in the United States and may occasionally lead to severe life-threatening reactions. Because there is currently no cure for food allergies, strict avoidance of the allergen-containing foods is the only means of preventing an allergic reaction. Consumers rely on food manufacturers to reliably track and declare the presence of food allergens in products. Over the past 10 to 20 years, the food industry has increasingly adopted allergen control approaches in its processing facilities. However, the major industry costs related to food allergen management have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to characterize the factors that contribute to the economic impact of food allergen control practices on the food industry. A focus group (n = 100) was conducted with food industry professionals to identify key areas of cost for food allergen management. A survey based on the domains identified was then developed and disseminated to a convenience sample (n = 50) of quality control food industry specialists with knowledge of their company's food allergen management practices. Nearly all companies (92%) produced food products containing one or more of the top eight allergenic foods recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or sesame seeds. Cleaning procedures, employee training, and the potential for a recall due to allergen cross-contact were most frequently rated as the important factors in food allergen management. Recalls due to food allergen cross-contact, cleaning procedures, equipment and premises design, and employee training were ranked as the greatest allergen management expenses. Although 96% of companies had a food allergen control plan in place, nearly half (42%) had at least one food allergen–related recall within the past 5 years. The industry appears to endorse a willingness to unify precautionary allergen labeling to communicate a clear message more effectively to consumers.
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Volpicella, Mariateresa, Claudia Leoni, Maria C. G. Dileo, and Luigi R. Ceci. "Progress in the Analysis of Food Allergens through Molecular Biology Approaches." Cells 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091073.

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Food allergies associated with class E immunoglobulins (IgE) are a serious health problem that affects between 1% and 10% of the population of developing countries, with a variability that depends on the geographical area and age range considered. These allergies are caused by a cross-link reaction between a specific food protein (the allergen) and the host IgE. Allergic reactions can range from mild itching to anaphylactic shock and there are no clues to predict the effects of an allergen. Strict avoidance of allergenic food is the only way to avoid possible serious allergic reactions. In the last 30 years a growing number of molecular studies have been conducted to obtain information on the diffusion of food allergens and to establish the structural basis of their allergenicity. At the same time, these studies have also allowed the development of molecular tools (mainly based on synthetic peptides and recombinant allergens) that can be of great help for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of food allergies. Accordingly, this review focuses on advances in the study of food allergens made possible by molecular technologies and how results and technologies can be integrated for the development of a systematic food molecular allergology. The review may be of interest both to scientists approaching this field of investigation and to physicians who wish to have an update on the progress of research in diagnosis and therapy of food allergies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Allergen"

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Goodman, Neil. "Electrostatic allergen control." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249630.

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Oldfield, William Laurence George. "Allergen-derived T cell peptides in the treatment of cat allergy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398029.

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Beuraud, Chloé. "Identification et caractérisation d'une population de cellules lymphoïdes innées de type 2 (ILC2) associée à la sévérité de la rhinite allergique et de l'asthme." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS475.

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Identification et caractérisation d'une population d'ILC2 associée à la sévérité de la rhinite allergique et de l'asthmeTrois catégories de cellules lymphoïdes innées (innate lymphoid cells, ILC) ont été décrites récemment sur la base de leurs phénotypes et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles : les ILC1, ILC2 et ILC3. Les ILC2 semblent avoir un rôle pro-inflammatoire important dans l’allergie en raison de leur capacité à produire de grandes quantités de cytokines TH2.Pour mieux comprendre le rôle de ces cellules dans l’allergie respiratoire, nous avons comparé les ILC sanguines de patients atteints d’une rhinite allergique associée ou non à un asthme, à celles de sujets non allergiques. Cette étude révèle de multiples différences fonctionnelles entre les ILC circulantes de sujets sains et allergiques. Notamment, la fréquence d’ILC2 exprimant le récepteur aux chimiokines CCR10 est augmentée dans le sang de patients asthmatiques sévères.CCR10 pouvant permettre le recrutement des ILC vers les organes cibles, le rôle des ILC2 CCR10+ dans la physiopathologie de l’asthme a été étudié. Leur présence dans les poumons humains a été observée. Des analyses fonctionnelles et phénotypiques ont révélé que cette sous-population cellulaire était peu activée mais présentait une plasticité leur conférant des caractéristiques proches des ILC1. La déplétion de ces cellules dans un modèle murin d’asthme allergique aggrave l’hyperréactivité bronchique.Les travaux de cette thèse documentent le rôle des ILC dans l’asthme. En particulier, la fréquence sanguine d’ILC2 CCR10+ augmente avec la sévérité de la maladie. Les résultats obtenus dans les modèles animaux suggèrent que ces cellules auraient un rôle bénéfique dans le contrôle de l’asthme. La voie du CCR10 pourrait représenter une nouvelle cible pour le développement de traitements innovants contre l’asthme ou une source prometteuse de biomarqueurs
Identification and characterization of an ILC2 subset linked to allergic rhinitis and asthma severityInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been classified into ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 subsets based on their respective phenotypes and functions. Considering the strong ability of ILC2s to produce TH2 cytokines, these cells likely play a significant role in allergic diseases.To better understand the role of these cells in respiratory allergies, we compared blood ILCs from allergic patients with or without asthma to non-allergic individuals. Together our results show multiple functional differences between ILC from allergic and healthy subjects. In particular, ILC2s expressing the chemokine receptor CCR10 are specifically enriched in the blood of patients with severe allergic asthma.Considering that CCR10 could allow the recruitment of ILCs to target organs, the role of CCR10+ ILC2s in asthma physiopathology has been studied. This ILC2 subtype is present in human lungs. Functional and phenotypic analyses revealed that these cells are less activated than other ILC2s and show ILC1-like properties. CCR10+ ILC2s depletion in a mouse model of allergic asthma exacerbate airway hyperreactivity.Together, this work documents the role of ILCs in asthma. Specifically, circulating CCR10+ ILC2 frequency increases with asthma severity. The results obtained in mouse models suggest that these cells could have a beneficial role in asthma control. CCR10 pathway could represent a new target to elaborate breakthrough treatments against asthma or a source of promising biomarkers
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Al-Shabib, Nasser Abdlatif. "Allergen proteins on surfaces." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.581874.

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Cleaning of processing equipment in the food industry and of surfaces in catering and domestic environments is a key issue in prevention of accidental exposure of individuals with a food allergy to allergens. Ovomucoid was adsorbed onto different surfaces (stainless steel, formica and glass) in various amounts for different periods of time. Generally, when ovomucoid was in contact with any of the surfaces, more protein remained on the surface (as determined using the Bradford method) and more immunoreactivity remained (as determined by ELISA) when more protein was put on the surface or when it was left for a longer time. Ovomucoid adsorbed onto stainless steel and formica yielded higher protein remaining and immunoreactivity than was observed for the glass surface. Ovomucoid was heated in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at different temperatures for 10 min, and heated in different aqueous solutions for various times, and also heated on different surfaces for various times. The results indicated that different antibody-based methods had different sensitivities in detecting the heated ovomucoid. When using one particular immunoassay, the immunoreactivity of ovomucoid increased rapidly after heating in water whereas immunoreactivity declined after heating in alkaline buffer (pH 10). Ovomucoid appeared more immunoreactive when dissolved in PBS (pH 7.4) and heated on a stainless steel surface. Isolated ovomucoid and ovomucoid within a model food mixture were adsorbed onto different surfaces until dry at ambient temperature before investigating removal of ovomucoid using different cleaning solutions. In general, NaOH and HCI solutions were more effective for removal of ovomucoid from surfaces even though some ovomucoid still remained on some surfaces. Isolated ovomucoid and ovomucoid present within a food mixture behaved differently as regards removal from different surfaces. To our knowledge, this is the first time that antibody-based methods have been applied for the detection of ovomucoid adsorbed onto different surfaces under various conditions. The results obtained suggest that food processors need to be aware of specific problems generated by particular food matrices and the type of surfaces and processes involved. False assurance will be given with the use of inappropriate, non-validated immunoassays such as those available commercially as 'Swab' tests. A greater understanding of antibody-protein interaction after processing of a protein is required.
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Gardner, Leanne M. (Leanne Margaret) 1977. "Modulation of the allergen-specific Tcell response." Monash University, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5817.

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Karlsson, Anne-Sophie. "Cat allergen exposure at school : evaluation of sampling methods and allergen avoidance strategies /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-847-5/.

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Codispoti, Christopher D. "Allergen wheal area during early childhood predicts allergic rhinitis phenotypes at age four." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1338581769.

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Böttcher, Malin, Jenny Fredriksson, Anna Hellquist, and Maria Jenmalm. "Effects of breast milk from allergic and non-allergic mothers on mitogen- and allergen-induced cytokine production." Linköpings universitet, Pediatrik, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-26400.

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Breast milk contains several components that provide specific immunity and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of breast milk, on mitogen- and allergen-induced cytokine production from cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and if those effects differ between allergic and non-allergic mothers. The cells were incubated for 96 h with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), ovalbumin or cat dander in the presence of various dilutions of colostrum. Colostrum inhibited both mitogen- and cat-induced IFN-γ and mitogen-induced interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. The inhibition on IFN-γ production was to some extent caused by TGF-β, as the effect was modified when an anti-TGF-β antibody was added to the cultures. In contrast, colostrum enhanced allergen-induced production of the Th2-like cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, and this was accompanied with increased production of IL-10. No differences were found between allergic and non-allergic mothers. The inhibitory effect of breast milk on IFN-γ production, which was partly due to the high levels of TGF-β, together with the enhancing effect on IL-10 secretion, confirm that breast milk is anti-inflammatory. Although the production of IL-5 and IL-13 was enhanced by colostrum, this was accompanied with an increased production of IL-10. Together with the high levels of TGF-β in breast milk and inhibitory effect of colostrum on IL-4 production, this suggests a possible mechanism whereby breast-feeding may protect against the development of allergy. Despite differences in the composition of breast milk between allergic and non-allergic mothers, the effects of breast milk on cytokine production from CBMC were independent of the atopic status of the mothers.
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Barua, Utpal. "Allergen specific immunoglobulins during pregnancy." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1993. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19325/.

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In this study the serum concentration of IgE and IgG4 (total and allergen specific taking Timothy grass pollen as the model allergen) have been investigated prospectively during and after pregnancy in healthy women and women suffering from allergic rhinitis. The results show that the total serum IgG concentration remained unchanged in both groups during pregnancy. There was no significant difference in the serum concentration of IgG 4 between pregnant allergic women and non-pregnant allergic women. Levels of IgG4 were approximately twice as high (p< 0.01) in non-allergic pregnant women compared to the non-allergic nonpregnant control group. Total IgG4 concentrations were similar in allergic and non-allergic women during pregnancy; however, in the non-pregnant state allergic women had significantly (p = 0.017) higher levels of IgG4 than non-allergic women. The results show that both during pregnancy and in the non-pregnant state there was a highly significantly (p< 0.001) greater serum concentration of total IgE in allergic than non-allergic subjects. Although the level of IgE was significantly (p=0.004) lower in pregnancy, the differences are relatively small and seem unlikely to be of great physiological significance. Allergic symptomatology did not correspond to IgE levels during pregnancy. In both the pregnant and non-pregnant women the serum concentration of antigen-specific IgE was highly significantly greater in the allergic than the non-allergic subjects. However, in allergic women, the concentration of antigen-specific IgE was very much lower during pregnancy, at about 6% of the non-pregnant level (p < 0.001). The concentration of antigen-specific IgG4 was also reduced in pregnancy in allergy sufferers, being about half of the level found in the non-pregnant individuals (p < 0.001). There appeared to be an increase in spontaneous first trimester abortion in women who suffered symptoms of allergy. From the case histories of all 418 pregnancies at the Langold Health Centre ante-natal clinic attending between September 1976 and December 1990, 192 were to allergy sufferers and 226 were to normal women. The abortion rate was 16.7% in the allergic group and 5.3% in the normal pregnant women (p < 0.001).
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Cameron, Elizabeth Anne. "Local isotype switching to IgE within allergic nasal mucosa in response to allergen exposure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0035/NQ64528.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Allergen"

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F, Lockey Richard, Bukantz Samuel C, and Bousquet Jean Ph D, eds. Allergens and allergen immunotherapy. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004.

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Lockey, Richard F., and Dennis K. Ledford, eds. Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208994.

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F, Lockey Richard, and Bukantz Samuel C, eds. Allergen immunotherapy. New York: M. Dekker, 1991.

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Siragakis, George, and Dimosthenis Kizis, eds. Food Allergen Testing. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118519219.

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Klimov, Vladimir V. Textbook of Allergen Tolerance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04309-3.

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Emerton, Victoria, ed. Food Chain Allergen Management. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849730730.

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Huntington, Lucy. Creating a low-allergen garden. San Diego: Lauren Glen, 1998.

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1955-, Mohapatra Shyam S., and Knox R. B, eds. Pollen biotechnology: Gene expression & allergen characterization. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Boye, Joyce I., and Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy, eds. Allergen Management in the Food Industry. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470644584.

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Boye, Joyce I., and Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy. Allergen management in the food industry. New York: Wiley, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Allergen"

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Breiteneder, Heimo, Rick Goodman, Martin D. Chapman, and Anna Pomés. "Allergen nomenclature." In Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 49–63. Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208994-4.

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Ashok, S., and P. Vedanthan. "Allergen Immunotherapy." In Allergy and Allergen Immunotherapy, 427–53. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207520-24.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Allergen." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_108-2.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Allergen." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_108.

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Srinivasan, Ramachandran. "Allergen." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_966.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Allergen." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 873. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_13092.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "allergen." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_342.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Allergen." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_343.

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Fitzhugh, David, Sheldon G. Cohen, and Richard Evans. "Historical perspectives of allergen immunotherapy." In Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 3–23. Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208994-1.

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Codina, Rosa, Fernando Pineda, and Ricardo Palacios. "Tree pollen allergens." In Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 141–54. Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208994-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Allergen"

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Khor, Pei Lin, and Wong Jee Keen Raymond. "Food Allergen Detection in Malaysian Food Using Convolutional Neural Networks." In International Technical Postgraduate Conference 2022. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.141.15.

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Food allergy is a rising, global epidemic. Some Malaysian cooking contains food-allergic-reaction-causing ingredients that may cause severe allergic reactions. A food allergen detection system in Malaysian food is proposed for tourists with food allergies who are unfamiliar with the wide variety of Malaysian dishes to prevent severe allergic reactions. This work focuses on three major food allergens, which include peanuts, cow’s milk, and shellfish. A new Malaysian food image dataset was prepared, and transfer learning on the custom dataset was done via fine-tuning and feature extraction techniques. Comparisons on the ResNet50, InceptionV3, and VGG16 architectures are done based on the accuracy of each model on the testing data. The VGG16 architecture is concluded as the most suitable neural network model for food allergen detection in Malaysian food. The proposed classifier achieved an accuracy of 80.56% on the test samples. The final model is loaded into a Graphical User Interface (GUI) application to demonstrate the results of the Malaysian food classification model.
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Yamamura, Yuki, Tomoaki Iwai, and Yutaka Shokaku. "ELISA Analysis of Latex Allergens on Wear Particles of Natural Rubber During Rolling-Sliding Contact." In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2009-15237.

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The wear particles generated from a tire model made of vulcanized natural rubber were analyzed using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Antibodies to 4 different allergens were used to analyze the extracted proteins from the wear particles. Latex allergens were detected when the slip ratio was large. However, no clear relationship between the latex allergen content extracted from the wear debris and either the average size or the number of wear particles was observed.
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L'Hocine, Lamia, Allaoua Achouri, Emily Mason, and Mélanie Pitre. "Allergenicity risk assessment of glabrous canaryseed as novel food protein source." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/hyzq5376.

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Glabrous canaryseed, a novel cereal grain, is emerging as a valuable source of plant proteins due to its high content in protein (22%). This true cereal was approved for human consumption in Canada and the United States, and as part of the regulatory safety assessment, its allergenic potential was evaluated. Canaryseed was found to be gluten-free and thus, suitable for individuals with celiac disease, however, possible allergic cross-reactivity between canaryseed and wheat was also revealed. Based on these findings, a cautionary labelling alluding to the potential of allergic reaction is requested on canaryseed food products, and further research to clarify the relationship between canary seed proteins and known wheat allergens was recommended. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further assess the immunological cross-reactivity risks of canary seed to phylogenetically related grains, including wheat and oat, using wheat-allergic sera IgE based 1D and 2D- immunoblots and ELISA, followed by proteomic/bioinformatics identification of IgE-binding proteins. The results demonstrated extensive serological cross-reactivity between wheat, oat and canaryseed proteins, where the less abundant protein fractions showed the strongest IgE-binding. The in-gel tryptic digestion and LC-MS/MS identification of the IgE-binding canaryseed proteins showed high homology to proteins from wheat, barley, oat and Brachypodium distachyon (also known as stiff brome), which all belong to the Pooideae botanical subfamily. A majority of the IgE-binding proteins were mostly minor metabolic enzymes or uncharacterized proteins. Low sequence homology was observed for the 11-12S globulin storage proteins. Positive serological testing cannot ascertain allergic reaction to canaryseed, it does not rule out, however, the risks for wheat, oat or barley sensitized atopic population. Clinical oral food challenge remains the ultimate tool to conclude on the allergenicity of canaryseed. Until then, these data serve the reinforcement of the regulatory requirement to use allergen precautionary labeling for products containing canaryseed proteins.
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SANJAR, S., D. SMITH, J. MORLEY, L. MAZZONI, and C. TAPPARELLI. "PAF ANTAGONISM AND THE RESPONSE TO ALLERGEN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644865.

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Intravenous infusion of platelet activating factor (PAF) causes platelets to aggregate and accumulate within the lung. A similar effect is observed when allergen is injected into sensitised animals. Since PAF is released in allergic reactions, it might be considered to be a mediator of this phenomenon. Intrathoracic accumulation of 111-Indium labelled platelets was detected by use of collimated sodium iodide crystal detectors as a part of an automated isotope monitoring system (AIMS 8000, Mumed ltd.). Intravenous infusion of PAF (600 ng/kg/h) caused progressive increase of the intrathoracic platelet content (TPC) (59%). Infusion of small doses of allergen (BGG, 300 ug/kg/h) produced comparable increase of TPC, whether animals were sensitised actively (1 mg/kg BGG+FCA i.p. and boosted two weeks later) (30%) or passively (i.v. injection of 0.25 ml anti-BGG serum) (53%) or received intravenous injections of preformed immune complexes. At a dose of 2 mg/kg/h, ginkgolide B (−5%) or kadsuranone (−1%) fully inhibited increased TPC in response to PAF. However, at higher doses (6 mg/kg/h) ginkgolide B did not diminish TPC in animals that were actively (33%) or passively (60%) sensitised, nor did kadsuranone (6 mg/kg/h) diminish the response in passively sensitised animals (42%) compared to vehicle animals (43%). These observations can be extended to acute bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity which are secondary to platelet activation in these animals. It can be concluded that PAF formation appears to be a minor determinant of the acute response to allergen in the guinea-pig.
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Gauvreau, GM, LP Boulet, B. Davis, RM Watson, F. Deschesnes, J. Milot, G. Obminski, et al. "Safety of Allergen Inhalation Challenge in Allergic Asthmatic Subjects." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2849.

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Luo, Wenting, Baoqing Sun, and Zehong Wu. "Allergen analysis of 2778 patients with allergic diseases in China." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1093.

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Wagenmann, M., I. Stenin, K. Scheckenbach, F. Sternal, C. Plettenberg, T. Klenzner, and J. Schipper. "The Frequency of Local Allergic Rhinitis after Nasal Allergen Challenge." In Abstract- und Posterband – 89. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Forschung heute – Zukunft morgen. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639806.

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Akkerman, J. W. N., E. Kloprogge, and P. L. B. Bruynzeel. "PLATELETS PLAY A ROLE IN THE IMMEDIATE ALLERGEN-INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTIVE REACTION IN ASTHMATICS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642880.

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Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) is generally considered to play an important role in acute allergic reactions. A special example of such a reaction is allergic asthma and indirect evidence suggests that here too PAF may be involved. Direct proof for a role of PAF, however, is difficult to obtain since in blood PAF has an extremely short half-life due to its inactivation by an acetyl-hydrolase in plasma, its uptake and degradation by many cell types and its lipophilic properties making it easily stick to membranes. Despite these handicaps we report here that during an acute bronchoconstrictive reaction in asthmatics, PAF is liberated into the circulation and binds to platelets. Eight patients with allergic asthma were challenged by inhalation provocation. Four patients responded with an immediate bronchoconstrictive reaction, which was accompanied by a 40% decrease in freely accessible PAF-receptors on their platelets, collected 1 hour after bronchoconstriction (specific bindings of 3H-PAF decreased from 264 ± 44 to 164 ± 45 mol/platelet, p < 0.05). The patients who did qpt respond to allergen provocation failed to show a change in 3H-PAF binding. In both groups platelet counts and PAF-induced aggregation did not change significantly. In view of the high specificity of PAF-receptors on platelets (a 200-fold excess of histamine did not interfere) and the fact that in vitro3H-PAF-binding gradually becomes irreversible, we conclude that during an immediate bronchoconstrictive reaction circulating platelets make contact with PAF. Together with evidence that urtder similar conditions secreted products from platelets appear in the circulation, these data indicate that platelet activation by PAF forms an important step in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.
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Fort, Ada, Marco Mugnaini, Marco Tani, Valerio Vignoli, Simona Barni, Neri Pucci, and Elio Novembre. "Detection of allergen-IgE interaction in allergic children through impedance measurements." In 2016 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sas.2016.7479845.

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Ereshko, Oksana, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, Elena Vishneva, Svetlana Makarova, Marina Snovskaya, Julia Levina, Kamilla Efendieva, and Anna Alekseeva. "Allergen specific immunotherapy efficacy in children with pollen-food allergy syndrome and different IgE profiles to recombinant component-resolved allergens." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa4036.

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Reports on the topic "Allergen"

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Arrowsmith, Helen, Lewis Wallis, Christopher James, Nigel Blitz, and Ann Wood. International review of the literature and guidance on food allergen cleaning. Food Standards Agency, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tad202.

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People with food allergy must avoid eating the foods they are allergic to as they may react to very small amounts of such foods. Allergenic food left on surfaces or equipment could contaminate another food that is also prepared using the same surface or equipment. Cleaning of surfaces and equipment is therefore one way that businesses try to prevent contamination with food allergens. Food businesses let people know that food could be contaminated with allergens using Precautionary Allergen Labelling (PAL) such as ‘may contain’ statements. Evidence gathered from previous food industry consultations shows that there is uncertainty around the effectiveness of allergen cleaning which is a barrier to effective use of PAL.
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Walker, Michael, Gill Holcombe, Clare Mills, Chiara Nitride, and Adrian Rogers. Development of Reference Materials for food allergen analysis. Food Standards Agency, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.hwt621.

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Food hypersensitivity is an increasing problem for many stakeholders with much effort focused on assessment and management of the risks including risk assessment toolkits (for example, the Allergen Bureau (Opens in a new window) Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling VITAL®, the iFAAM consortium (Opens in a new window) and the ILSI-Europe Allergen Quantitative Risk Assessment guidance (Opens in a new window)). These toolkits describe the use of action levels and reference doses to assess the risks. A combination of the estimated eliciting dose of allergenic food, (in milligrams as protein) and the amount of food consumed in a single eating occasion can give a threshold or action level as milligrams (as protein) per kilogram (kg) of food) (mg kg-1 as protein) that would provoke an reaction in a given proportion of the allergic population. The eliciting dose is extrapolated from oral food clinical dose-distribution relationships. The results of analysis can be compared to the thresholds or action levels in risk assessment and risk management. Precautionary allergen labelling, well recognized as sub-optimal, could also be improved via an action level approach. Implementation and regulation depend on the ability to measure allergens properly; yet all current analytical approaches exhibit deficiencies, many of which can be addressed by the proper use of appropriate allergen reference materials (RMs). This report describes a pilot project to: 1) Systematically review allergen analytical targets used in ELISA, PCR and MS to allow the creation of a repository of reliable markers and open access verified allergen sequence sets for the studied allergens; 2) Facilitate a guided stakeholder workshop to achieve consensus on priority allergens, physical format of RMs, incurred concentrations and impact of processing; 3) Prepare a RM kit containing (a) a food matrix shown to be devoid of the target allergens, (b) the food matrix incurred with 5 allergens and (c) the raw materials (the allergenic foods); 4) Disseminate to encourage RM use to achieve tangible improvements in allergen analysis, establish a template of best practice for the future and make recommendations for follow up work to complete a set of RMs for the legislated and priority allergens. The RM matrix is based on that used for clinical dose-distribution studies and the raw allergen materials have been characterised by proteomics. The matrix and incurred allergens are industrially relevant to processed foods and the allergen concentrations are clinically relevant in the light of eliciting dose studies. The RM kit has been prepared following a well-established process that includes prescribed homogeneity and stability studies and a formal sign-off procedure of the statements of measurement, in accordance with ISO 17034:2016 ‘General requirements for the competence of reference material producers’ (an updated standard originally ISO GUIDE 34:2009). In October 2020 following detailed external assessment the RM kit was confirmed within the NML scope of ISO 17034 accreditation. ISO 17034:2016 covers the production of all reference materials, including certified reference materials. It is intended as part of the general quality assurance procedures of the reference material producer. LGC formed a consortium which was awarded this project by the FSA following an open competitive tender. The consortium consisted of LGC, the University of Manchester and Romer Laboratories Ltd. The consortium is world leading in (a) the preparation, curation and distribution of RMs in an accredited environment and (b) the characterisation of allergen proteins. Synergy with other concurrent work (for example, by iFAAM, EFSA, ILSI, MoniQA, JRC, and AOAC) has ensured value for money. This report has been compiled from a review of a broad range of data sources including: the scientific literature the tender documents progress reports and minutes of project meetings LGC internal documents and in particular the Material Report[1] UoM reports Romer Lab reports.
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Jia, Lili, and Steve Evans. Prevent food allergy alerts: an incentive-based approach. Food Standards Agency, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.flm647.

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The majority of UK food recalls are due to allergen mislabelling, misleading allergen claims and/or the unintentional presence of allergens – representing a significant food safety risk and cost to industry. Labelling legislation must be followed to ensure food is safe and what it says it is, and this requires good allergen management and accurate allergen information communication down the supply chain. Distilling this information accurately, to inform labelling and/or communication of allergen information, can be particularly challenging for small to medium food businesses due to the low adoption of advanced labelling technology. In November 2018, a joint FSA/EIT (European Institute of Innovation & Technology) workshop discussed potential solutions to tackling the increase in food allergen mislabelling incidents. It was concluded that the situation could be improved by developing accessible and affordable tools for food businesses, to aid in the automation of food data collection, validation and management. As a result, the FSA are funding this initial development project that aims to develop an online system targeted at small and medium-sized food businesses, to help reduce the number of product recalls due to allergen mislabelling. The tool is also predicted to support more reliable knowledge transfer and incident tracking when things do go wrong.
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Social, Basis, and Bright Harbour. Precautionary Allergen Labelling Report and Non-Gluten Containing Ingredients Labelling Report. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dxq232.

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Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) and precautionary allergen information aims to communicate whether one or more of the fourteen allergens regulated in the UK could be unintentionally present in a food product - for example, via ‘may contain’ or ‘produced in a factory which’ statements. This research explored experiences, interpretations, and views of PAL with businesses and consumers with food hypersensitivities in order to understand and improve how it is applied in future. In addition, the FSA conducted qualitative research with coeliac consumers on experiences, interpretations, and views of NCGI (non-gluten containing ingredients) notices. This research was conducted in tandem with wider research on precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) notices but has been reported separately given the different information provided by PAL and NCGI.
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Svinddal, Siri B. Allergen labelling and use of advisory labelling "May contain traces of [allergen]". Nordic Council of Ministers, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2012-566.

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McPhedran, Robert, Kris Patel, Ben Toombs, Priya Menon, Michelle Patel, Joanna Disson, Katharine Porter, Alice Johns, and Alice Rayner. Food Allergen Communication in-business feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.aya629.

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McPhedran, Robert, Kris Patel, Ben Toombs, Priya Menon, Michelle Patel, Joanna Disson, Katharine Porter, Alice Johns, and Alice Rayner. Food Allergen Communication in-business feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.aya629.

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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.

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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Leas, Brian F., Kristen E. D’Anci, Andrea J. Apter, Tyra Bryant-Stephens, Karen Schoelles, and Craig A. Umscheid. Effectiveness of Indoor Allergen Reduction in Management of Asthma. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer201.

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Sweney, Jill. Combining Systems Methodologies to Reduce Allergen-Related Food Recalls. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2370.

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