Academic literature on the topic 'Allen County (Ind.) – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Allen County (Ind.) – History"
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Pedley, Martyn. "New light on the 1824 William Smith Northumberland County map: A joint work by Smith and Phillips." Earth Sciences History 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-35.1.99.
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Smith's geological map of Northumberland probably was the most challenging of his 21 county maps to complete. It combined at least two earlier sets of data together with additional fieldwork in 1821 by his nephew John Phillips. This account focuses on two extant pre-publication maps and relates them to the published version. The earliest is a Smith field map drawn onto an Andrew Armstrong base map dated 1769 and the other is a pre-publication map drawn by an unknown hand onto a John Cary 1821 base map, possibly for use by Phillips as a reference map during his 1821 field work. There were significant gaps in the compilation of field data into a final master map caused by misfortunes ranging from Smith's wife's deteriorating mental state, his debt problems, brief incarceration, and a devastating fire at the Cary print works. Advancing old age also encouraged Smith to increasingly draw on the assistance of John Phillips for the final Northumberland field work. This was Phillips' first important piece of solo field mapping and was carried out late in 1821. His itinerary was designed in liaison with Smith who was concurrently working in Cumbria. Unfortunately, Phillips' field reference map misinterpreted Smith's inland Whin Sill outcrops drawn on the 1769 Armstrong base map. Consequently, Phillips in1821 did not recognise their significance and failed to include them in the 1824 published map. Nevertheless, Phillips did solve Smith's geological problems in the southwest of the county where the Hartley Burn (Midgeholme) coalfield appeared to be out of sequence along its unexposed southern margins. This was correctly interpreted as a major fault contact and was indicated by a dashed line on the 1824 published map. This is believed to be the first fault line to be drawn on any Smith map and fits closely to the northern master fault of the Alston Block now known as the Stublick Fault. Phillips also identified the northerly extension of the Burtreeford Disturbance into the area. This is also marked by a bold dashed north-south line along the valley of the River East Allen. A third (unnamed) fault-line with a northwest-southeast trend in the West Allen valley was identified on the basis of truncated mineralisation within deep mines in the High Chapel area.
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Houghton, Damon E., Michael Desarno, Peter Callas, Allen B. Repp, Mary Cushman, Samuel A. Merrill, John P. Winters, and Neil A. Zakai. "Validation Of Medical Inpatient Venous Thrombosis Risk Assessment (MITH) Score." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2931.2931.
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Abstract Introduction Governmental agencies recommend risk assessment of venous thrombosis (VT) for medical inpatients at admission and provision of VT prophylaxis for moderate to high risk patients. While several risk factor models for predicting hospital-acquired VT have been proposed, none have been widely accepted and few have been prospectively validated. We sought to validate the recently published MITH VT risk assessment model in an independent cohort of medical inpatients (Zakai et al, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2013). Methods Hospital-acquired VT and risk factors present at admission were collected from adult inpatients between June 2009 and April 2012 admitted to the medicine, medical intensive care, hematology/oncology, or cardiology services at Fletcher Allen Hospital (500 bed teaching hospital for the University of Vermont). Hospital-acquired VT was defined using VT discharge ICD-9 codes (flagged as not present on admission) and record of an imaging study that could diagnosis VT (such as duplex ultrasound, computed tomography angiography, or ventilation perfusions scan). Inpatients with VT ICD-9 codes flagged as present on admission were excluded. The sensitivity and specificity of the definition was confirmed by chart review of 30 cases of hospital-acquired VTE and 30 non-cases. Risk factors for hospital-acquired VT were captured using ICD-9 codes from the problem list, discharge codes, vital signs, and laboratory values at admission. The MITH score was calculated for each patient based on the points for each risk factor: history of heart failure = 5 pts, history of rheumatologic disease = 4 pts, history of fracture in past 3 months = 3 pts, history of cancer in past 12 months = 1 pt, tachycardia (HR>100 at admission) = 2pt, respiratory dysfunction (SpO2<90% at admission or intubated on hospital day 1) = 1 pt, white blood cell count >11 = 1 pt, platelet count >350 = 1 pt. The absolute rates of hospital-acquired VT for different cut points of the score were calculated and compared qualitatively to those previously published for the MITH score. Results There were 120 hospital-acquired VT events complicating 20,334 medical admissions (5.9 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions). The sensitivity and specificity of our definition of hospital-acquired VT was 100% and 91%, respectively. The table presents the prevalence of the MITH score at various cut-offs in cases and non-cases as well as the incidence of VT. In the derivation of the MITH score, the rate of VT per 1000 admissions for a score <1, <2, or <3 was 1.0, 1.5, and 2.1 compared with 0.7, 1.8, and 2.2 VT per 1000 admissions for the validation cohort. The incidence of VTE in the derivation of the MITH score for a score ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 was 6.0, 8.9, and 12.4 per 1000 admissions compared with 7.9, 9.0, and 10.3 per 1000 admissions in the validation cohort. Conclusions We have validated a previously published VT risk score for hospitalized medical patients in an independent population. Determination of a patient's risk of VT at admission using readily available clinical and laboratory data could allow physicians to make informed decisions about risks and benefits of DVT prophylaxis. Further work is required to determine at what level of risk pharmacologic VT prophylaxis is warranted in this patient population. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Winters, John P., Michael Desarno, Damon Houghton, Samuel A. Merrill, Peter Callas, Allen B. Repp, Mary Cushman, and Neil A. Zakai. "Identifying Bleeding Risk In Medical Inpatients." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2933.2933.
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Abstract Introduction Expert guidelines and regulatory agencies recommend that all medical inpatients be assessed for venous thrombosis (VT) risk and pharmacologic prophylaxis provided to at-risk patients. However, anticoagulant prophylaxis may increase the risk of major bleeding in medical inpatients and the incidence and risk factors for major bleeding are not established. Our goal was to determine the rate of hospital-acquired major bleeding in medical inpatients and whether patients at increased risk of hospital-acquired VT were also at increased risk for hospital-acquired major bleeding. Methods All cases of hospital-acquired major bleeding on medical services (cardiology, hematology/oncology, intensive care, internal medicine) were identified at Fletcher Allen Health Care (500-bed teaching hospital for the University of Vermont) between June 2009 and April 2012. Major bleeding was defined as symptomatic bleeding in a critical area (intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal and peritoneal by ICD-9 discharge codes with the present on admission flag marked as ‘no') or any bleeding that caused a fall in hemoglobin of 2g/dL within 24 hours (assessed from the laboratory database after the patient had been admitted for 24 hours) and required a red blood cell transfusion. The sensitivity and specificity of the definition was confirmed by chart review of 20 cases of hospital-acquired major bleeding and 20 non-cases. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for major bleeding for age, use of anticoagulation, and risk factors for hospital-acquired VT contained in the Medical Inpatient Thrombosis (MITH) score (Table). The MITH score was calculated for each patient using data present on admission: history of heart failure = 5 points, history of rheumatologic disease = 4 points, history of fracture in past 3 months = 3 points, history of cancer in past 12 months = 1 point, tachycardia (HR>100 at admission) = 2 points, respiratory dysfunction (SpO2<90% at admission or intubated on hospital day 1) = 1 point, white blood cell count >11 x 103/µL = 1 points, platelet count >350 x 103/µL = 1 point). Major bleeding rate was calculated for MITH score using the following cut off points: 0-1, 2-5, ≥6. Results 241 cases of major bleeding complicated 20,946 medical admissions (11.1 per 1000 admissions). The sensitivity and specificity of our definition of hospital-acquired major bleeding was 100% and 83%, respectively. Prophylactic anticoagulation ordered on admission was not associated with major bleeding (OR 1.1) but full anticoagulation on admission was associated with major bleeding (OR 1.4). Of the MITH score variables, respiratory dysfunction (OR 2.2), prior history of congestive heart failure (OR 2.2) and white cell count ≥11 x 103/µL (OR 2.0) on admission were associated with major bleeding (table 1). For MITH scores 0-1, 2-5, and ≥5, major bleeding occurred in 6, 11, and 19 per 1000 admissions, respectively. The corresponding incidence of hospital-acquired venous thrombosis for a MITH score of 0-1, 2-5, and ≥6 were 2, 7, and 14 per 1000 admissions. Hospital-acquired VT was strongly associated with major bleeding (OR 20.4; 95% CI 12.4, 33.7). Conclusion Major bleeding is a more common complication of hospital admission than VT. Risk factors and an aggregate risk score for hospital-acquired VT were associated with the risk of major bleeding. Evidence-based models which assess both bleeding and thrombosis risk are urgently needed to help risk stratify medical patients for appropriate VT prophylaxis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Coatsworth, Elizabeth. "The ‘robed Christ’ in pre-Conquest sculptures of the Crucifixion." Anglo-Saxon England 29 (January 2000): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100002441.
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In the nineteenth century, John Romilly Allen confidently claimed that the iconography of the Crucifixion with the robed or ‘fully draped’ Christ was a phenomenon of Celtic art, found in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, distinguishable from the ‘Saxon’ type in which Christ wore a loin-cloth. Other features of the Saxon type were the presence of the sun and moon above the arms of the cross, instead of angels as in Ireland; and the figures of the Virgin and St John at the foot of the cross, without the spear- and sponge-bearers, the latter pair appearing only exceptionally at Alnmouth, Northumberland; Aycliffe, County Durham; and Bradbourne, Derbyshire. Clearly two different versions were identified in this analysis, but no attempt was made to clarify the chronological relationship between the examples cited, and only the geographical distribution of a small number of examples was considered. Romilly Allen's confidence in distinguishing ‘Celt’ from ‘Saxon’ on the basis of art styles, even for the pre-Viking period, is not always shared today, as the continuing discussion of the origins of several important manuscripts shows. The terms ‘Insular’ and ‘Hiberno-Saxon’ used to describe much of the art from the sixth century to the eighth underline die perceived difficulties.
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Aalen, F. H. A., D. McCourt, Desmond A. Gillmor, Robin E. Glasscock, T. J. Hughes, J. H. Andrews, J. A. K. Grahame, et al. "Reviews of Books." Irish Geography 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1969.988.
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IRELAND : A GENERAL AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY, by T. W. Freeman, Fourth edition. London : Methuen, 1909. xx + 558 pp. £5.THE IRISHNESS OF THE IRISH, by E. Estyn Evans. Belfast: the Irish Association for Cultural, Economic and Social Relations. 1908. pp. 8. 2s. 6d.ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF IRELAND. Dublin : Allen Figgis, 1968. 463 pp. 120s.AN INTRODUCTION TO MAP READING FOR IRISH SCHOOLS, by R. A. Butlin. Dublin : Longmans, Browne & Nolan Limited, 1968. 123 pp. with four half‐inch O.S. map extracts. 10s.AN OUTLINE OF THE RE‐TRIANGULATION OF NORTHERN IRELAND, by W. R. Taylor. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1907. 27 pp. 4s. 6d.A REVIEW OF DRUMLIN SOILS RESEARCH, 1959–1966, by J. Mulqueen and W. Burke. Dublin : An Foras Talúntais, 1967. 57 pp. 5s.FAMILY AND COMMUNITY IN IRELAND, by Conrad M. Arensberg and Solon T. Kimball. Harvard : the University Press, 2nd edition, 1968. 417 pp. $7.95.LONDONDERRY AREA PLAN. James Munce partnership. Belfast, 1968. 156 pp. 32s 6d.AN AGRICULTURAL ATLAS OF COUNTY GALWAY, by J. H. Johnson and B. S. MacAodha. Social Sciences Research Centre, University College, Galway, Research Papers Numbers 4 and 5. Dublin : Scepter Publishers Ltd., 1967. 66 pp.LIFE IN IRELAND, by L. M. Cullen. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd. New York : G. P. Putnams's Sons. 1968. xiv + 178 pp. 25s.PHASES OF IRISH HISTORY, by Eoin MacNeill. Dublin : Gill, 1968. 364 pp. 10s 6d.ANGLO‐IRISH TRADE, 1660–1800, by L. M. Cullen. Manchester : the University Press, 1968. 252 pp. 60s.IRISH PEASANT SOCIETY, by K. H. Connell. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968. 167 pp. 35s.THE COUNTY DONEGAL RAILWAYS (Part One of a History of the Narrow‐Gauge Railways of North‐West Ireland), by Edward M. Patterson. Newton Abbot: David and Charles : 2nd edition, 1969. 208 pp. 40s.THE IRISH LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE, by T. G. Wilson. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1908. 149 pp. 42s.REPORT OF THE DEPUTY KEEPER OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS, 1960–65. Cmd. 521. 1908. 244 pp. 17s Cd. SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF LOCAL HISTORY IN NORTHERN IRELAND. 102 pp. 2s 6d. IRISH ECONOMIC DOCUMENTS. 37 pp. 1s. All published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Belfast.IRISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY, Volume I, numbers 1 (1967), 2 and 3 (1968). Dublin : An Foras Talúntais (Agricultural Institute). Each number 10s.JOURNAL OF THE KERRY ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. No. 1, 1968, 116 pp. No. 2, 1969, 150 pp.Maps and map cataloguesTHE KINGDOME OF IRELAND, by John Speed. Dublin : Bord Fáilte Éireann, 1966. Obtainable from the Library, Trinity College, Dublin. 12s. 6d.MAP CATALOGUE. Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1908. 40 pp. 5s.CATALOGUE OF SMALL SCALE MAPS AND CHARTS. Ordnance Survey of Ireland. Dublin : Government Publications Office, 1968. 11pp. 1s.EIRE. Dublin : Ordnance Survey office. 1:350,000. 1968. 58 × 43 in. £5 10s.NORTHERN IRELAND, Sheet 4 (the south‐east). 1:126,720. 1968. 40 × 30 in. Paper, flat, 5s. Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland, Belfast.WICKLOW AND DISTRICT. Teaching extract. l:63,360, fully coloured. 1968. 1s.ICAO. Aeronautical chart: Ireland 1:500,000. 1968. Two sheets, 38 in. 29 in and 40 in. × 29 in. 5s.ICAO. World aeronautical chart: Ireland. 1:1,000,000. 1968. 21 1/2 in. × 27 in. 5s.INTERNATIONAL MAP OF THE WORLD. Ireland. 1:1,000,000. 1968. 183/4 in. 29 1/4 in. 5s.
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Wyse Jackson, Patrick N., M. Robinson, and W. E. N. Austin. "Arthur Earland (1866–1958) and his links with Ireland." Journal of Micropalaeontology 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.21.2.167.
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Abstract. INTRODUCTIONIn a recent paper, Robinson & Austin (2001) document the foraminiferal slide collection of Arthur Earland, and the correspondence between him and D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, held at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. A number of slides are of material collected in Irish waters, and an interesting photograph is reproduced showing Earland standing on the Irish Fisheries cruiser Helga in the company of two men. This brief note examines Earland’s links with Ireland, discusses the provenance of some of Earland’s Irish material, confirms the date the photograph was taken, suggests who the photographer was, and provides biographical information on the two additional men portrayed in it – G. P. Farran and R. Southern.EARLAND IN IRELAND IN 1911Figure 1 (of Robinson & Austin, 2001) shows Earland, Farran and Southern on the deck of the cruiser Helga. This cruiser was used for a large number of research cruises carried out by the Irish Fisheries board between the early 1900 s and 1914. The photograph dates from the middle of August 1911 when the ship was used during the celebrated Clare Island Survey off the west coast of County Mayo, Ireland (Praeger, 1949). This ambitious project brought together over 200 European naturalists and experts (including Earland), in order to carry out a comprehensive survey of all aspects of the natural history in and around Clare Island (Collins, 1985). Southern directed the dredging operations from the Helga.Edward Heron-Allen and Arthur Earland were asked to work up the Foraminifera and arrived at . . .
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Stone, Clarence N. "Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough." PS: Political Science & Politics 19, no. 03 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096500018187.
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Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
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Stone, Clarence N. "Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough." PS 19, no. 3 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900626334.
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Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
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Janick, Herbert, Stephen S. Gosch, Donn C. Neal, Donald J. Mabry, Arthur Q. Larson, Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson, Paul E. Fuller, et al. "Book Reviews." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 14, no. 2 (May 5, 1989): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.14.2.85-104.
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Anthony Esler. The Human Venture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Volume I: The Great Enterprise, a World History to 1500. Pp. xii, 340. Volume II: The Globe Encompassed, A World History since 1500. Pp. xii, 399. Paper, $20.95 each. Review by Teddy J. Uldricks of the University of North Carolina at Asheville. H. Stuart Hughes and James Wilkinson. Contemporary Europe: A History. Englewood Clifffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Sixth edition. Pp. xiii, 615. Cloth, $35.33. Review by Harry E. Wade of East Texas State University. Ellen K. Rothman. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. xi, 370. Paper, $8.95. Review by Mary Jane Capozzoli of Warren County Community College. Bernard Lewis, ed. Islam: from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Volume I: Politics and War. Pp.xxxvii, 226. Paper, $9.95. Volume II: Religion and Society. Pp. xxxix, 310. Paper, $10.95. Review by Calvin H. Allen, Jr. of The School of the Ozarks. Michael Stanford. The Nature of Historical Knowledge. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Pp. vii, 196. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $14.95. Review by Michael J. Salevouris of Webster University. David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. The Past Meets The Present: Essays On Oral History. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. Pp. 151. Paper, $11.50. Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University. Peter N. Stearns. World History: Patterns of Change and Continuity. New York: Harper and row, 1987. Pp. viii, 598. Paper, $27.00; Theodore H. Von Laue. The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xx, 396. Cloth, $24.95. Review by Jayme A. Sokolow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean R Quataert, eds. Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xvii, 281. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $10.95. Review by Samuel E. Dicks of Emporia State University. Dietrich Orlow. A History of Modern Germany: 1870 to Present. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Pp. xi, 371. Paper, $24.33. Review by Gordon R. Mork of Purdue University. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield. Out of the Cage: Women's Experiences in Two World Wars. Pandora: London and New York, 1987. Pp. xiii, 330. Paper, $14.95. Review by Paul E. Fuller of Transylvania University. Moshe Lewin. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 176. Cloth, $16.95; David A. Dyker, ed. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev: Prospects for Reform. London & New York: Croom Helm, 1987. Pp. 227. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson of Northern Essex Community College. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. Pp. viii, 308. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Arthur Q. Larson of Westmar College. Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. 237. Cloth $29.95; paper, $9.95. Review by Donald J. Mabry of Mississippi State University. Earl Black and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. ix, 363. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. The Lessons of the Vietnam War: A Modular Textbook. Pittsburgh: Center for Social Studies Education, 1988. Teacher edition (includes 64-page Teacher's Manual and twelve curricular units of 31-32 pages each), $39.95; student edition, $34.95; individual units, $3.00 each. Order from Center for Social Studies Education, 115 Mayfair Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15228. Review by Stephen S. Gosch of the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Media Reviews Carol Kammen. On Doing Local History. Videotape (VIIS). 45 minutes. Presented at SUNY-Brockport's Institute of Local Studies First Annual Symposium, September 1987. $29.95 prepaid. (Order from: Dr. Ronald W. Herlan, Director, Institute of Local Studies, Room 180, Faculty Office Bldg., SUNY-Brockport. Brockport. NY 14420.) Review by Herbert Janick of Western Connecticut State University.
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Perttula, Timothy, Robert Z. Selden, and Bo Nelson. "A Catalog of Selected Caddo Ceramic Vessels in the Buddy Jones Collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State 2014, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2014.1.11.
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This publications presents information and images of 420 Caddo ceramic vessels from several different parts of East Texas. These vessels are in the Buddy Calvin Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum (GCHM) in Longview, Texas. They represent unassociated funerary objects under the provisions of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). Our purpose in producing this publication is to make this information available to those in the professional and avocational archaeological community with a serious interest in the native history of the Caddo Indian peoples; as well as to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma; and to the general public. The information presented here on Caddo ceramic vessel forms and decorative styles should be useful in current and future syntheses of East Texas Caddo ceramic traditions from ca. A.D. 1200 to the late 17th century, if not later. The provenience of these vessels by site and/or burial feature is not known, but because Caddo ceramic vessels from different parts of East Texas have distinctive decorations, vessel forms, and rim/ lip treatment, we have been able to sort much of this vessel assemblage by age and/or region. This includes several vessels of Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200- 1450) age that are likely from the mid-Sabine River basin, vessels from sites in the ca. A.D. 1450-1680 Titus phase area in the Big Cypress and mid-Sabine River basins, and vessels from sites in the upper Neches River basin from ca. A.D. 1400-1650 Frankston phase and post-A.D. 1650 Allen phase sites. Unfortunately, there remain a number of vessels in this assemblage that are undecorated or have less distinctive stylistic characteristics, and at the present time they are considered to be from unknown ceramic assemblage contexts in East Texas Caddo sites. Hopefully further study of the entire Buddy Calvin Jones collections, along with the examination of all available records and notes (including records and notes not yet provided to the GCHM), will lead to the identification of more specific provenience assignments to the latter group of vessels.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Allen County (Ind.) – History"
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Parish, Cindy K. "Wabash and Erie Canal Gronauer lock #2 : historical documentation versus the archaeological record." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902501.
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Archaeological investigations of the Gronauer lock #2 revealed the presence of the well-preserved lower portion of the lock and associated cribbing. Clearing of the fill in the lock proper and wing area and test excavations in the southern cribbing provided important details on the construction of the lock which were not completely consistent with the historical documentation and building specifications. Few artifacts directly associated with the construction and use of the lock were found although significant numbers of secondarily deposited artifacts from the adjacent lockkeeper's house were recovered. Dating of the artifacts was consistent with the recorded history of the construction and use of the lock. In general, without the physical details recovered through the archaeological investigations, interpretations of the site from the written records alone would have presented an inaccurate view of the actual situation.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306Department of Anthropology
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Yodlowski, Shane. "Alien Tort Statute: A Discussion and Analysis of the History, Evolution, and Future." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1657.
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The Alien Tort Statute is a short, thirty-two word section of the United States Code enacted in 1789 as part of the Judiciary Act. The Alien Tort Statute, or ATS, has an uncertain and controversial beginning and remains controversial in current jurisprudence. The ATS reads as follows: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for
a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." It is my intent for this thesis to be an academic discussion of the mysterious history, intent, and court cases that have evolved the ATS; and the way in which the evolution took place. Having lain dormant for almost two decades, it is important to understand how the ATS was finally utilized and how this affected the statutes ability to become a tool for human rights persecution abroad; until the decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum. Examining the language of two opinions by the District Court of the Second Circuit and the Supreme Court in Kiobel we will be able to understand, but reject, the arguments of both these courts.B.A.
Bachelors
Legal Studies
Health and Public Affairs
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Morton, Elizabeth Laura. "Building faith : a history of church construction from 1821 to 1910 in Henry County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117110.
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This thesis is a comprehensive study of the church buildings built between 1821 and 1910 in Henry County, Indiana. The dramatic transformation from wilderness to an agricultural landscape dotted with small towns is echoed in the pattern of churches constructed. From member homes, congregations next moved into hewn-log buildings, that were replaced by vernacular frame buildings, and sometimes later with architect-designed brick or stone edifices. Congregations of the many different denominations organized during this time period in Henry County (Quaker, Methodist, and Church of Christ were the most numerous ) followed this pattern, though at varying speeds. The result of this cycle of building replacement, as well as the decline of individual congregations and occasional natural disasters, is that the forty-two existing buildings represent only about a quarter of the total number of church buildings erected during these ninety years. A survey of these forty-two buildings can be found in Appendix B.The research focused on where congregations built, how they built-obtaining land, raising funds, and what they built-materials, forms, and architectural styles, such as Greek Revival, Italianate, and Gothic Revival. Possible sources of plans and designs, including architects and nineteenth-century pattern books are discussed, although the influence of these sources was difficult to determine based on the brief accounts usually found in original church records. The thesis concludes with an overview of what has happened to pre-1910 Henry County church buildings after they were completed. Case studies of eight structures, including frame gable-front churches and masonry auditoriumplan churches illustrate the life-cycles of these Midwestern church buildings, revealing that continuous change has been their fate.Department of Architecture
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Hoffman, Aaron. "German immigrants in Dubois County, Indiana, and the temperance movement of the 1850s." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041886.
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In the 1850s, many of Indiana's native-born Protestant population perceived the traditions and customs of German immigrants, specifically those concerning drinking alcoholic beverages and beer, as a threat to their "American way of life." They believed that the Germans' public drinking habits and behavior were the source of social problems causing instability and disorder prevalent in many of their communities. Although these problems were caused by Indiana's rapid industrialization and urbanization, older-stock Hoosiers blamed them on the readily identifiable immigrants. During the 1850s, temperance advocates in Indiana sought to force the German immigrants to conform to native-born Anglo-American culture to solve these problems of societal order and control. The temperance movement in Indiana was a fight to impose American cultural values on immigrants. Though temperance was a powerful social and political force in Indiana in the 1850s, it could not alter the tight-knit German Catholic community of Dubois County.The numerical strength of the German community and their strong opposition to assimilation hindered the temperance movement in Dubois County. The prominent role of the local Catholic Church and the Germans' common ethnic and cultural identity were two main factors in keeping temperance out of the county. Other significant factors were the permanent nature of the Germanimmigrants' settlement, the rural isolation of the county, the domination of the local Democratic party, and the prominence of beer in the German-Americans' culture.This study is historically important for several reasons. First, the reaction of this specific community to the antebellum temperance campaign provides a more complete understanding of how German immigrants in Indiana and the Midwest dealt with the problems of assimilation. Second, by focusing on a rural area, the German reaction to the issues of assimilation and temperance can be identified and examined independent of the urban problems of industrialization, overcrowding, and unemployment. Finally, it also constitutes the only known interpretation of the Indiana temperance movement from the perspective of those it most affected: the immigrants themselves.Department of History
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Bubb, Louis A. "The Aussom Cabin : an early nineteenth century residence in Huntington County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318609.
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The wane of the North American Fur Trade (ca. 1800-1850) was the result of resource depletion, military action, social unrest, increased European settlement and the increased proximity of diverse cultural groups. The effects of these occurrences upon the residents of Aussom Cabin Site have been analyzed. Both historical and archaeological analyses were utilized, offering a verified and accurate account of the demise of the fur trade and its effect upon a specific population.Attention is paid to the development of the fur trade industry, as well as to the manner in which it affected regional lifeways. The location of the Aussom Cabin, both chronologically and socially, within this process has been explicated. The chain of occupation at the site has been established, the morphology of the cabin, and the lifeways of its inhabitants have been surmised. The manner in which the cabin was razed and the depositional integrity of the Aussom Cabin have also been determined.Department of Anthropology
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Harper, Glenn Allen. "They chose land wisely : historic settlement patterns, agricultural land utilization, and building practices of Mennonite settlers in Southern Adams County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/487916.
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Historic rural settlement patterns and agricultural land utilization appear to have been partially influenced by pre-settlement landscape characteristics (especially drainage and soil fertility). Therefore efforts to document, interpret and ultimately protect and manage rural historic resources (sites, structures and objects) must include a broad survey methodology which integrates traditional architectural inventory procedures with natural landscape history and cultural influences.The preliminary findings of a recent rural landscape survey of southern Adams County, Indiana suggest a possible correlation between landscape characteristics and early Swiss Mennonite settlement patterns. While these settlers were probably not cognizant of the region's geologic history, they seem to have had an appreciation and awareness of certain landscape characteristics (elevation, drainage and vegetation as a clue to soils) as an indication of desirable farmland.This creative project uses the preliminary findings of The Southern Adams County Rural Landscape Survey as the basis for an in depth study of the apparent relationship between nature and culture which exists in this locality.The area which is the focus of the project is the historic home of the majority of Amish and Swiss Mennonite settlers in southern Adams County. It includes portions of French, Monroe, Hartford and Wabash Townships and centers on an uneven morainic belt which parallels the northern side of the Wabash River.The goal of the study is to explore the hypothesis generated by the survey, that: natural features and subculture geographic distribution as revealed in building types (the half-timber house, the white frame summer kitchen and the red Sweitzer barn) seem to correlate. The study is not an attempt to prove empirically the relationship between nature and culture. Rather it is an effort to reveal additional information about these variables which might later serve as the basis for analytical models or methodologies for studying other rural, cultural landscapes.Department of Architecture
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Mohow, James August. "Paleo-Indian and early archaic settlement patterns of the Maumee River Valley in northeastern Indiana." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544133.
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In 1987, the Archaeological Resources Management Service (AXM6) at Ball State University conducted a sampling survey of a seven mile section of the Maumee River Valley in Allen County, Indiana. In addition to the primary survey, the project conducted an experiment in resurveying previously surveyed sample units, interviewed local collectors, and analyzed and tabulated data from a local collection with site level provenience. The project also reevaluated data previously collected from an adjacent section of the river valley and tested four sites in the latter study area.This study summarizes the data from the Maumee Grant Project and presents a general chronology of prehistoric habitation in the study area based upon that data. More specifically, this study has formulated provisional settlement models for the:PaleoIndian and Early Archaic habitation of the Upper Maumee River Valley, circa-10,000 to 6,000 B.C.The data indicate that the earliest peoples to inhabit the study area were Paleo-Indian bands with a preference for floodplain habitation and a subsistence strategy that emphasized hunting. As the post-glacial climate of the region ameliorated, the Early Archaic peoples that followed adapted a more diverse subsistence strategy, thus drawing upon a wider variety of terrace and floodplain resources. In contrast to their PaleoIndian forerunners, Early Archaic groups in the Upper Maumee Valley generally exhibited a preference for terrace habitation. In addition to the general Early Archaic occupation of the valley, three specific lithic traditions, the Kirk, the Bifurcate, and the Thebes, were identified and their settlement practices compared. While the origins of the earliest PaleoIndian bands in the region remained unclear, subsequent groups seem to have extended from and/or been influenced by Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations to the north, west, southwest, south, and east. By contributing to the regional data base and formulating provisional settlement models, this report provides a foundational basis for future research in the region.Department of Anthropology
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Murphy, Michael B. "The Kimberlins Go To War: A Union Family in Copperhead Country." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2230.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010.Title from screen (viewed on July 29, 2010). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): John R. Kaufman-McKivigan, Robert G. Barrows, Kevin C. Robbins. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-151).
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Jessup, Benjamin L. "Eli Lilly and Conner Prairie." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/509743.
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Mann, Rob. "Zachariah Cicott, 19th century French Canadian fur trader : ethnohistoric and archaeological perspectives of ethnic identity in the Wabash Valley." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902490.
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Following the social unrest of the 1960s, social scientists in America began to examine the persistence of ethnic identity among groups previously viewed in terms of their assimilation into the dominant culture or their geographical and thus cultural isolation. In 1969 social anthropologist Frederick Barth published his seminal essay on the subject. Ethnic identity, he claimed, can persist despite contact with and interdependence on other ethnic groups.This thesis attempts to effectively combine data from both the ethnohistoric and archaeological records in order to better understand the ethnic identity of Zachariah Cicott, a 19th century fur trader living in the central Wabash Valley. At this time the French families living in the United States had managed to maintain a separate sense of being or ethnic identity.The architectural style of an individuals residence has long been regarded as a reflection of the occupant’s ethnicity. French colonists arriving in North America brought with them a distinct architectural style characterized by the use of hand hewn vertical logs. As French communities spread across the North American landscape this style changed in response to the environment and raw materials at hand. Three ethnohistoric accounts of Cicott’s house make a convincing case for the presence of French architecture at the Cicott Trading Post Site (12Wa59).Archaeological excavations at the Cicott Trading Post Site have provided further evidence for French architecture. Found in association with a linear concentration of limestone, which appears to be the partial remains of the house foundation, were several fragments of pierrotage, a type of French mortar.Taken in conjunction with the ethnohistoric accounts, this limestone foundation and the associated pierrotage may be seen to represent the remains of a piece-sur-piece structure.Department of Anthropology
Books on the topic "Allen County (Ind.) – History"
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Allen County Historical Society (Ky.), ed. Allen County Kentucky family history. Nashville, Tenn: Turner Pub. Co., 2004.
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A, St John Philip. Marion County Sheriff's Department. Paducah, KY: Turner Pub. Co., 2002.
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Madison County (Ind.). Sheriff's Department. Madison County Sheriff's Department. Evansville, Ind: M.T. Pub., 2005.
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Stark, Marilyn R. Lima/Allen County, Ohio: A pictorial history. Virginia Beach, Va: Donning Co., 1993.
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Miller, Charles C. History of Allen County, Ohio, and representative citizens. Salem, Mass: Higginson Book Co., 1993.
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McKimmie, Kathy M. Clay times three: The tale of three Nashville, Indiana, potteries : Brown County Pottery, Martz Potteries, Brown County Hills Pottery. Indianapolis, IND: Kathy M. McKimmie, 2009.
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Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana., ed. Jasper County: Interim report. [Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana], 2002.
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Kabrisky, Barbara Tong. Allen and Hyde family history: Oneida County, New York. [S.l.]: B. T. Kabrisky, 2006.
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1960-, Beatty John D., Robb Phyllis, Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society., and Allen County Genealogical Society of Indiana., eds. History of Fort Wayne & Allen County, Indiana, 1700-2005. Evansville, Ind: M.T. Pub. Co., Inc, 2006.
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Slater-Putt, Dawne. Beyond books: Allen County's public library history, 1895-1995. Fort Wayne, Ind. (Box 2270, Fort Wayne 46801): Allen County Public Library, 1995.
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Masschelein, Anneleen. "Introduction: Literary Advice from Quill to Keyboard." In New Directions in Book History, 1–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53614-5_1.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief history of the dominant, Anglo-American literary advice tradition from the nineteenth century to the present as well as a state of the art of the existing scholarship on literary advice. We focus on several key moments for literary advice in the USA and in the UK: Edgar Allan Poe’s “Philosophy of Composition” (1846), the debate between Sir Walter Besant and Henry James surrounding “The Art of Fiction” (1884), the era of the handbook (1880s–1930s), the “program era” (McGurl 2009) and postwar literary advice, the rise of the “advice author” in the 1980s and 1990s, and finally advice in the “digital literary sphere” (Murray 2018). The overview captures both the remarkable consistency and the transformations of advice, against the background of changes in the literary system, the rise of creative writing, changes in the publishing world, and the rise of the Internet and self-publishing. It highlights the role of some specific actors in the literary advice industry, such as moguls, women, and gurus, and draws attention to a number of subgenres (genre handbooks, self-help literary advice, and the writing memoir), as well as to counter-reactions and resistance to advice in literary works and in avant-garde manuals. Advice is regarded both in the context of the professionalization of authorship in a literary culture shaped by cultural and creative industries, and of the exponential increase of amateur creativity.
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"The Notorious “Indian Allen”— Prominent Characters Among the Senecas." In History of Wyoming County, N.Y., 91–94. SUNY Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781438487847-021.
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Davidson, Cathy N. "Introduction: Toward A History Of Texts." In Revolution and the Word, 59–72. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148237.003.0002.
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Abstract Throughout the first decade of the nineteenth century, Ethan Allen Greenwood, a rather pedantic young diarist, each day recorded both the weather and the title of the book he was reading. He sometimes observed that a particular work was “instructive” or “entertaining” and occasionally noted the library from which the volume was borrowed—the Adelphi Fraternity Library, the Social Friends Library, or the unnamed circulating library he joined in 1806. His meticulous account of his activities and expenses—whether living at home in Worcester County, Massachusetts, or at Dartmouth College or later in Boston, or whether traveling around the countryside as an itinerant painter—provides posterity with an unusually comprehensive portrait of “Ethan Allen Greenwood, His Life and Times.” Looking over the record that he left, we can well imagine that we know this serious and sober, parsimonious and abstemious young man Franklinesquely working his way toward fame and fortune.
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Islam, Imrul. "The Making and Unmaking of the Rohingya." In The Politics of Muslim Identities in Asia, 145–58. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466837.003.0009.
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Around the world, the mosaic of Muslim identity is under attack from institutions that benefit from portraying Muslims as a homogenous community uniquely susceptible to violence. In China, the Chinese Communist Party has labelled Islam a ‘contagion’, necessitating the internment of one million Uyghur Muslims in ‘re-education camps’; in the United States, former President Trump’s Muslim ban was set into place ‘to protect the nation from foreign terrorist entry’ (Bridge Initiative 2018). Myanmar continues to whitewash the Rohingya genocide as a counter-terrorism operation against alien insurgents (International Court of Justice 2019). This chapter shows how the transmutation of Muslim identity led to – and retroactively allowed the state to justify – genocide in the state of Rakhine. The chapter consists of three parts: first, it situates the history of the Rohingya within the history of Burma, showing how the continuity of colonial traits culminated in a violent contestation of Muslim identity in the country. Second, it traces how political dissent in Rakhine was weaponised to redefine Rohingya identity in antithesis to the identity of the Buddhist majority state. Third, it reflects on the crisis of 2017, framing genocide as a project of anachronistic remembering mediated by structural and epistemic Islamophobia.
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Waller, Gary. "The Labyrinthine Baroque." In The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721431_ch01.
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This chapter surveys current theories of the Baroque, distinguishing between those that see it historically and those that view it as a recurring stylistic quirk. I draw particularly on José Antonio Maravall to advance a schema of recurring Baroque characteristics – fictionalising, hyperbole, melancholy, kitsch and plateauing. Some concepts will seem unfamiliar to scholars used to considering the Baroque as primarily concerned with music, painting or sculpture, or inextricably connected with the Counter-Reformation. These concepts are concerned less with the surface characteristics of the period’s culture and more with underlying ideological trends. I also ask how we can speak of the ‘English’ Baroque, since it has long seemed an alien concept to the residual tradition of English literary and cultural history.
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Bartrop, Paul R. "“Enemy Aliens” and the Formation of Australia’s 8th Employment Company." In Manpower and the Armies of the British Empire in the Two World Wars, 134–43. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755835.003.0010.
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This chapter talks about “enemy alien” internees that arrived in Australia in 1940, who would be enlisted as soldiers in an Australian Army labor corps and work as noncombatants to do their part in the war against the Axis powers. It considers the story of the enemy aliens from Germany and Austria as one of the most remarkable episodes in the immigration history of twentieth-century Australia. It also highlights the account of the enemy aliens in relation to the manpower management in a country that was manpower poor. The chapter recounts the so-called Phoney War that ended on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries and France, while Britain stood alone awaiting a German invasion. It refers to Sir John Anderson, who declared that the British government would draw a clear distinction between enemy aliens and refugees from Germany and Austria.
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Gordon, Sheriff G. H. "The Report of the Royal Commission: A view from Scotland." In Pressing Problems in the Law, 3–12. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198260424.003.0001.
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Abstract As someone who was a member of the Thomson Committee on Scottish Criminal Procedure, I should like to start by expressing my admiration for the speed with which the Report of the Royal Commission was prepared, as well as for the comprehensive detail of its content, and the amount of research material which was available to its authors. I note, too, that the Report (like Thomson) accepts that systems of criminal procedure are born, not made, so to speak, and that every system is the product of its own distinctive history and culture, which makes attempted transplantation liable to failure. I accept, too, the implications of the comment that the Royal Commission has not found, either in Scotland or elsewhere, ‘a set of practices which has so clearly succeeded in resolving the problems which arise in any system of criminal justice that it furnishes the obvious model which all the others should therefore adopt’. I have not come here to convert you all to the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Acts, but merely to offer some comments from the point of view of an alien from another country, albeit one whose system is not all that unlike your own.
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Sluhovsky, Moshe. "Spirit Possession as Self Transformative Experience in Late Medieval Catholic Europe." In Self and Self-Transformation in the History of Religions, 150–70. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195144505.003.0010.
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Abstract Possession by either divine or demonic spirits is a familiar form of self-transformation. Together with devotional ecstasy, shamanism, trance, and voodoo and Zar ceremonies, possession is included by ethnopsychologists and anthropologists in the large variety of altered states of consciousness, numerous mental states that are “indigenously understood in terms of the influence of an alien spirit, demon, or deity.” These diverse conditions and practices enable individuals and communities to reach beyond their mundane bodies and souls and connect with the supernatural, whether divine or diabolic. Anthropologist Erika Bourguignon has counted more than different societies in which such states are acknowledged. Other anthropologists have identified a marked contrast between two types of possession - central and peripheral. In the former, possession is regarded as a positive experience, and the spirits who take temporary hold over human bodies are viewed positively and typically speak through men. In such societies, possession is sometimes selfinduced, and the state of being possessed supports the moral, political, social, and religious order. In peripheral possessions, the phenomenon is viewed as undesirable, signifying personal or social pathology, and the possessed individuals are usually women. In cultures where possession is viewed negatively, as “the state of a person whose body has fallen under the control of the devil,” the possessing agents are assumed to be demons, Satan himself, or revenants - disembodied souls that return from the realm of the dead. Societies that embrace peripheral possession, seen as dangerous or non-normative behavior, developed healing techniques to cure and reintegrate possessed individuals by means of established ceremonies of exorcism.