Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, France'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 45 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, France.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Brouzes-Goisque, Emmanuelle. "L'automédication : situation en France, Allemagne, Espagne et Royaume-Uni." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P038.
Nantois, Christophe de. "Le député : une étude comparative, France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100167.
The MPs are confronted with similar difficulties to reach their function and to exert it. The nature of the state (unitary Republic, Monarchy, federal Republic) is in this respect indifferent. The individual powers of the MPs are very comparable from one country to another, they converge and will probably continue to do so in the future. However there is a difference in the way they are used : British MPs concentrate on control whereas MdB focus on the legislative process. French MPs are far from being stripped of their powers, as they sometimes think. Traditionally, they mainly passed votes of censure. Nevertheless, today, they do not focus on a particular function. Moreover, this thesis proposes reforms to improve the standing of the French MP and Parliament
Griffaton-Sonnet, Léo. "L'accès aux informations détenues par les agents publics : Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D091.
This thesis aims at finding if the constitutional law of Germany, France and the United- Kingdom allows the citizens of these countries to access information held by public authorities, and to compare the legal mechanisms involved. The question of the existence of a general right of access to information held by public authorities is well known in the field of administrative law. The French (17 July 1978), German (5 September 2005) and British (30 November 2000) legislators have answered to this question. On the contrary, the question of the conformity of these legislative texts (with the exception of the British act) to the local constitutional law has been largely left unanswered. Indeed, a possibility exists that those laws are unconstitutional, be it by creating a too wide or too narrow right of access. Firstly, the German Federal Constitutional Court never clearly stated the existence or non-existence of a constitutional right of access to administrative documents that could be invoked against the legislator. Secondly, the French Constitutional Council never had a say as to the constitutionality of the 1978 law or the recent Code Regarding the Relations Between the Public and the Administration. Thirdly, the British case law is still divided regarding the relationships between the various sources of law on the matter, so that the exact relationship between the Freedom of Information Act 2000, common law and the royal prerogative remains unclear. A comparative analysis allows for a better understanding of the constitutional law regarding access to the information held by public authorities. Through that lens, it appears that in Germany, it is impossible to invoke a general right of access to such information through relying on the words of the Fundamental Law. The legislator is left free. In France, on the contrary, such a right exists within the article 15 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, so that the constitutionality of the laws on the matter could be challenged through individual constitutional litigation. In the United-Kingdom, the said disagreements regarding the ranks and validity of prerogative powers and common law do not weigh on the validity of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which can be considered as the sole constitutional source of public information law. More precisely, the constitutional laws of the compared states present the following situations: a delegation to the legislator of the power to create or not to create a general right of access to information held by public authorities (Germany), a general but highly imprecise right of access (France) and a non-general but highly precisely stated right of access (United-Kingdom)
Der Zweck dieser Doktorarbeit ist zu bemessen, ob die Verfassungen Deutschlands,Frankreichs und des Vereinigten Königreiches den Bürgern dieser Staaten einen Anspruch aufZugang zu Informationen, die im Besitz öffentlicher Stellen sind, vermitteln. Im Zuge dessenwerden auch die damit einhergehenden juristischen Mechanismen verglichen. Die Frage desZugangs zu öffentlichen Dokumenten und den darin enthaltenen Informationen ist heutzutageein wesentliches Themenfeld der Verwaltungsrechtslehre. Sowohl der französische Gesetzgeber (Gesetz vom 17. Juli 1978) als auch der deutsche Bundesgesetzgeber (Gesetz vom 5. September 2005) und das britische Parlament (Gesetz vom 30. November 2000) haben sich damitbefasst. Ob diese Gesetzte dem Einzelnen zu viel oder zu wenig Zugang gewähren und damitgegen die Verfassung verstoßen, ist weitgehend (mit Ausnahme des britischen Gesetzes) ungeklärt geblieben. Zunächst hat das deutsche Bundesverfassungsgericht nie eindeutig geklärt, obsich aus dem Grundgesetz ein Anspruch ableiten lässt, der durch das erlassene Gesetz nichterfüllt wird. Zweitens wurde der französische Verfassungsrat nie mit der Frage der Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Zugangsanspruches befasst. Dieses Problemwurde weder mit dem Gesetzvom 17. Juli 1978 noch mit dem Gesetzbuch über die Beziehungen zwischen Bürgern und Verwaltung aufgelöst. Drittens klärte die britische Rechtsprechung nie völlig die Rechtsbeziehungen zwischen dem ungeschriebenen Recht und dem Gesetz von 2000.Durch eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse wird es möglich, solche Fallkonstellationenbesser zu verstehen und diese verfassungsrechtlichen Fragen zu beantworten. In Deutschlandist es heutzutage nicht möglich, einen allgemeinen verfassungsrechtlichen Anspruch auf Zugang zu Informationen geltend zu machen; die Schaffung eines Verwaltungsinformationsrechtssteht dem Gesetzgeber offen. Im Gegensatz dazu, besteht in Frankreich ein solcher Anspruchaus dem Artikel 15 der Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte, so dass das gesetzlicheRecht auf Zugang durch individuale Verfassungsbeschwerde geltend gemacht werden kann. ImVereinigten Königreich haben die Meinungsverschiedenheiten in der Lehre über Wert und Geltung der Rechtsquellen keinen Einfluss auf die Wirkung des Gesetzes aus dem Jahr 2000.Durch den Vergleich der Verfassungsrechte wird deutlich, dass der Gesetzgeber zur Schaffungeines Rechts auf Zugang zu Informationen im Besitz öffentlicher Stellen ermächtigt wird(Deutschland), dass ein allgemeines, aber unbestimmtes Recht auf Zugang besteht (Frankreich)oder ein nicht allgemeines, aber voll bestimmtes Recht auf Zugang existiert (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Aubert, Flora. "« Communautés énergétiques » et fabrique urbaine ordinaire : analyses croisées Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2016.
Renewables development in urban areas has sparked growing interest, stemming from professionals as well as from civil society as a whole, in sharing locally generated energy. Setting out such an objective regularly relies on local energy initiatives. As the energy industry was previously aiming to be invisible in the urban world, deployment of such energy initiatives raises questions on how urban making will relate with such projects. In this thesis, we hypothesized that these local energy initiatives contribute, in their own way, to make reappear energy systems in the urban area, as well as reconfigure its organization and its operation.This research work is built on four case studies located in three countries: Germany, France, and the United-Kingdom. Chosen cases are as follows: Les Colibres, a participatory housing in Forcalquier (France), Klimakommune in Saerbeck (Germany), European project on electrical storage named Sensible in Nottingham (United-Kingdom), and collective self-consumption project Smartmagne in Marmagne (France). The aim of this work is to understand these projects’making, thus, beyond their materiality, to analyse actors and mechanisms that are at stake in the on-going action. The results of the study are threefold. First, while “energy community” is a widely used notion in scientific literature and in national, European communications, the concept of assemblage is more relevant to characterize the energy initiatives this thesis is focused on. The object of study is at the crossover point between actors (enterprises, researchers, collectives of residents, promoters, collectivities, different groups of interests, etc.) and material and technical objects within a specific energy project: “local and urban socio-energetic assemblages” (LU-SEA, or ASE-LU in French). Their links are not based on social nor political affinities but are generated by the further realization of the project itself. From the four case studies analysed in this thesis, it is possible to link these projects and their effects in the field of what we call the ordinary urban making. As a matter of fact, such developments, which common objective can be casted as mutualisation of locally generated energy, are usually not within large development schemes. In this ordinary urban making, the project holders choose to avoid a socio-political confrontation that would be aimed at changing regulations, laws, or the making’ conditions. They rather take advantage of margins and cracks left open by the ordinary urban making to advance their project and process a social and material reality out of it. Lastly, this work is a mean to discuss the convergence of the outcome of the case studies and their analysis with commons. ASE-LU and urban and/or energy commons share similar issues: legal blocking, flaws and interstices mobilisation. They shape social organizations and spatio-technical sets that challenge at least the standard legal and social structures of the energy industry on the one hand, and of the field of urban making on the other hand
Ablard, Thierry. "Le droit d'asile en Allemagne, en France et au Royaume-uni : étude comparative." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010299.
The right of asylum is subject to many restrictions since the beginning of the eighties, period which coincides with the appearance of the economic crisis and the closing of the borders of most western countries, including Germany, France and the United-Kingdom. Nevertheless, these restrictions, which are important, are not unprecedented. A careful historical study of the asylum practice in the three states shows that this "institution" knew in the past many periods of regression. Indeed, the right of asylum has always been held to be a prerogative of states and not a right of the individual. In this connection, the asylum tradition, liberal and generous, claimed by France since a long time, is more a political myth than a juridical and historical reality. Comparison with Germany and the United-Kingdom proves it. However that may be, actual restrictions in the field of asylum exist in the three states and take the same shape : visa requirement imposed to nationals of countries which "produce" the greatest number of asylum-seekers ; financial sanctions imposed to carriers which transport aliens without proper entry documents ; extensive use of the "safe third countries" and "safe countries of origin" criteria ; fast-track procedures used in the "without foundation" cases ; limitation of appeals possibilities and simplification of deportation procedures of rejected asylum-seekers. Finally, it appears that protection mechanism of refugees laid down by the 1951 geneva convention relating to the status of refugees is henceforth maladjusted. A new definition of persecution and refugee is needful ; a definition taking account, among other things, of the persecutions emanating from private groups and not only those from official authorities of the state
Ferro, Coline. "L'image des services de renseignement et de sécurité : France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Belgique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020109/document.
Since the 9/11 attacks, the national intelligence communities have been considerably strengthened in many states, for example in France, in the United Kingdom, in Germany or in Belgium. These also have been reorganised. Furthermore, the intelligence services have been provided with additional means and a larger legal framework following the adoption of the antiterrorism legislation. This exposed the services to the media. Moreover, the information and transparency requirements made by citizens and parliamentarians increased in the last years. This made the intelligence services emerge from the shadows. The question about the services' image then arose. This image is a product of history and culture, but now it also evolves in function ofthe media, the news and the visibility of some actions. However, the failures are more mediatised than the successes. This image has become a challenge for the intelligence and security services because, whether positive or negative, it has consequences on political, organizational and legislative issues. Therefore, most of the French, British, German and Belgian services developed a communication policy and a real strategy: the publication of reports, websites, exhibitions,merchandising... The intelligence services use a wide range of tools. However, their communication efforts are disparate. The UK and Germany have a head start in the field. France is more shy, and Belgium even more
Ridard, Basile. "L'encadrement du temps parlementaire dans la procédure législative : étude comparée : Allemagne, Espagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D075.
Time is a major element in the Parliament and is usually analyzed from a very political perspective. Time is at the core of the clash between members of parliaments, whose aim would be to prolong the procedure, and members of the Government, who in contrary would attempt to shorten it. While such statement seems to be pertinent talking about the political reality of the Parliament, it can only result from the research of the political parties strategies and not of parliamentary rules.Yet a large number of norms are devoted to parliamentary time, including constitutional texts and rules of procedure of parliaments, which shows its importance for the legislative process. Consequently, this research proposes to conduct a strictly legal analysis of the temporal framework of the legislative procedure in the British, French, German and Spanish parliaments.The use of the comparative method allows to distinguish between two types of legal norms concerning the parliamentary time. Peremptory norms, which impose to parliamentarians and ministers precisely determined deadlines for actions and dispositive norms, that empower them to act throughout the legislative procedure. This legal classification allows to see that temporal rules are mostly very precise though not always respected. Therefore in order to be able to reassess the parliamentary practice, it is essential to start with the analysis of these rules
Vintzel, Céline. "Les armes du gouvernement dans la procédure législative : étude comparée : Allemagne, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni." Paris 1, 2009. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D7982%26nu%3D17%26selfsize%3D1.
Guinaudeau, Isabelle. "L’européanisation de la compétition électorale en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni (1986-2009)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40058/document.
European Union to establish itself as a full-fledged political space whose prerogatives and interventionsbecome more and more palpable at the domestic level. This thesis explores the consequences of thisprocess on party competition. The questioning of the popular distinction between « direct » and« indirect » effects nourishes a reflection about the mechanisms by which parties are affected and leads usto conceptualize European integration as an alteration of parties’ environment and structure ofopportunities, through the europeanisation of public policies and the agenda-setting of new issues. Thisperspective allows both to better integrate in the study of parties the « interactionnist » turn of research oneuropeanisation and to enrich the analysis by anchoring it within ordinary frameworks of parties andelectoral competition. The europeanisation of party competition in France, Germany and the United-Kingdom between 1986 and 2009 is studied from the perspective of opportunities and constraintsgenerated by European integration and, then, from the perspective of partisan actors’ reponses at severallevels. Our inquiry relies on the analysis of a vast corpus of documents, data and literature, notably on themedia coverage of European issues, European orientations in the public opinion of the three countries,europeanization of public policies, discourses held at the congresses of social-democratic parties andelectoral manifestos of the different parties. We observe a differentiated, but significative, europeanisationof parties’ structure of opportunities. Due to the resistances of the actors who dominate inter- and intrapartycompetition, this tendency affects the dynamics of party competition only marginally
Barbé, Vanessa. "Le rôle du Parlement dans la protection des droits fondamentaux : étude comparative, Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni /." Paris : LGDJ-Lextenso éd, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb414643517.
Aliyeva, Vusala. "Impact de la politique familiale de l'Union Européenne pour les pays membres : France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010014.
The policy of the European Union has packed academic debate on its potential impact on the political process at national level. Recent reforms of german and english family policies can be attributed to the European Union influence through its participation in the learning process initiated by this organisation. This examines the potential shifts in the objectives of national families to European Union objectives
Barbé, Vanessa. "Le rôle du Parlement dans la protection des droits fondamentaux : étude comparative : Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010270.
Khristova, Andreana. "Intégration européenne, déterminants sociétaux et insertion professionnelle des jeunes : une comparaison Allemagne, France, Italie et Royaume-Uni." Nancy 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN20006.
Kirsch, Alessandra. "Politique agricole commune, aides directes de l'agriculture et environnement : analyse en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCG001/document.
Does the CAP direct payment distribution benefit to the most environmentally friendly farms? Following an environmental assessment state of the art, a set of environmental indicators has been created to rank farms on their potential environmental impacts using FADN datas. Then, these classes have been connected with the amounts of direct payments received. Results are processed on three types of farm (specialized in cereals and oilseeds, meat cows and milk cows). Associated with a comprehensive study of the reforms of the CAP since 1992, this empirical study allows to stand back on the consequences of the political decisions. It seems that if the 2nd pillar direct payments are directed in favour of the more environmental friendly farms, their weight remains too low compared with the aids of the 1st pillar, which are higher in the less virtuous farms. This is largely connected to the weight of the DPU in the direct payments, and to the French choice to base their calculation with regard to the history of the farm. That is why the simulations of the redistribution of the subsidies of the 1st pillar on horizon 2019 show that the rebalancing of these payments between the farms by a national harmonization will contribute to level the gap of 1st pillar direct payments by hectare between french farms. The comparison with the United Kingdom and Germany shows the effects of the subsidiarity, in particular during the decoupling: the harmonization of the decoupled payments allows the most environmental friendly farms to get higher direct payments per hectare
Brenner, Tatiana. "La sémiosphère des discours politiques sur Twitter : une analyse contrastive de quatre pays (France, Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, Russie)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH031.
This research aims to deepen present-day scientific knowledge about politicians’ communication on Twitter in different national contexts. Namely, it proposes a new angle of analysis through the notion of semiosphere. The PhD examines components of political discourse on Twitter, by means of Lotman’s theory of the semiosphere, particularly their structure as a coherent semiotic space created around an “event” on a digital platform. This analysis deals with the questions of modelling, representing and interpreting of an “event” within the discourses put in different cultural contexts. The PhD is based on the quantitative but especially qualitative analysis of different language-based corpora (French, British, German, Russian). The research mobilises a variety of theoretical approaches, in order to set up a contrastive as well as comprehensive approach to the analysis of political communication on Twitter
Abid, Samih. "Les fiscalités nationales face aux produits dérivés et à l'innovation financière : études comparées: Allemagne, France, Luxembourg, Royaume Uni." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0059.
Korzilius, Pierre. "Soutien public et programmation de musique contemporaine en France, en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et aux Etats-Unis." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0100.
Isidoro, Cécile. "L'ouverture communautaire du marché de l'électricité à la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre (Allemagne, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni)." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020098.
Isidoro, Cécile Delvolvé Pierre. "L'ouverture du marché de l'électricité à la concurrence communautaire et sa mise en oeuvre : Allemagne, France, Italie, Royaume-uni /." Paris : LGDJ, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40186474d.
Isidoro, Cécile. "L' ouverture du marché de l'électricité à la concurrence communautaire et sa mise en œuvre : (Allemagne, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni) /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/515331635.pdf.
Ruffray-Fontaine, Sabine de. "Analyse comparative et prospective des procédures d'initiation des essais cliniques en France, en Allemagne, en Espagne et au Royaume Uni." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P079.
Baudou, Estelle. "Une archéologie du commun : mises en scène du chœur tragique dans les théâtres nationaux (1973-2010 – Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100044/document.
Analysing productions of Aeschylus’ The Oresteia, Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Euripides’ The Bacchai in national theatres in France, Germany and the United-Kingdom between 1973 and 2010, this thesis proposes an archaeology of the common (in the sense of « what we have in common ») both exploring the political implications of the concept – thrown into sharp relief by the various ways ancient choruses were staged – and studying the productions themselves through the type of community that they make manifest. This work intends to highlight the construction and the circulation of contemporary discourses about the common within, and between, these three countries. Performance analyses first focus on the elements that make, or intend to make, the chorus into an incarnation of the common and put these choices into perspective through the reception of Greek tragedy. The discourse about the common thus built in theatres, is then confronted with philosophical and anthropological discourses, as well as with economic, political and sociological events in order to call attention to echoes, analogies, disruptions and discontinuities. Thus, between 1973 and 1980, performances of choruses in The Bacchai were built upon rituals, putting forward a utopian conception of the common. From 1980 onward, as Peter Stein’s and Peter Hall’s Oresteia became established models, the chorus morphed into a collective in which individuals had their singularity in common. Following this, until 1999, the performances of Oedipus the King hailed the birth of the modern individual, for whom the chorus acts as archaic backdrop. Lastly, and despite attempts in performances of The Oresteia at the turn of the millennium to rebuild a community out of common memory, Greek tragedies staged in the 2000s show the despair of, and about, communities. This archaeology of the common, reflecting the globalisation of European societies, is therefore indirectly an archaeology of the individual
Engels, Xavier. "Réforme de l’Etat et mobilisation des agents publics : le cas des collectivités locales en Allemagne, en France et au Royaume Uni." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100177.
This thesis intends to analyze the transformations of mobilizinglocal publicworkforcethrough the years 1990 - 2000 in Germany, France and United Kingdom. It questions the patterns of national and supranational arrangements in the context of mobilizing local authorities’ workforce as “mobilization system”. It then proposes to construct an analytical framework based on both labour sociology and political sociology. To complete our analysis, we have developed an analytical tool that overcomes the raw data to allow international comparison of current transformations in regard to specific socio-historical contexts, yet linked. This is done through researching the determinants weighing mobilization systems in apprehending their categorical cutting beyond the common statisticalhorizon. The discontinuity introduced by the reform of the State comes to full meaning only in the light of the comparison with the previous situation, so the historicity of the phenomenon is at the heart of our analysis
Rekik, Bouguecha Chédia. "Le marché et l'environnement de l'audit en Europe : Analyse comparative des honoraires d'audit et de "non-audit " (France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne)." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010017.
Kananovich, Katsiaryna. "Comparaison internationale des systèmes de santé de onze pays : Allemagne, Biélorussie, Canada, Cuba, Danemark, EtatsUnis, France, Norvège, Royaume-Uni, Russie, Suède." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021HESAC002.
This dissertation proposes a vision on the comparative analysis of health care systems and the transmission of knowledge through the exchange of organisational practices. The dissertation focuses on the analysis of the components of health care systems, the interaction between these different elements and the external environment to study the advantages and disadvantages of each organisational model. The dissertation involves the analysis and synthesis of information from 4 foreign languages
Gout, Michel. "Le rapport entre langue et intégration dans les dispositifs linguistiques pour migrants nouveaux arrivants en Allemagne, Belgique, France et Royaume Uni." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3038.
This sociolinguistic research addresses the links between the knowledge of the official language of the host country and the integration. Indeed, the knowledge of the language of the country of immigration is presented, even in the speeches of Council of Europe, as the key of migrants’ integration and we have been facing for about ten years, in all countries, the deployment of compulsory host language learning schemes intended to solve the integration difficulties for the newcomers. Yet, is it sufficient to speak the language of a country to integrate this country?This study carried out in four large countries of immigration in Europe (Germany, Belgium, France and United-Kingdom) deals with two aspects of the question.In the first part, the institutional conceptions of the integration by the language in these countries are examined and the four national linguistic learning schemes for migrants are compared. The second part of the research is based on a vast field study and analyses the various teaching practises of the languages and cultures and their impacts on the integration process. After cross-fertilizing the perspectives of these various educational processes, this thesis suggests, as a conclusion, a few didactic approaches to an integrative host language teaching and for training the teachers
Diese soziolinguistische Studie handelt sich um die Verbindungen zwischen der Kenntnis der Sprache des Gastlandes und der Integration. Die Kenntnis der Sprache des Immigrationslandes ist, eigentlich, bis in den Reden des Europarates, als sei sie der Schlüssel zur Integration der Migranten präsentiert und seit einem Jahrzehnten bemerken wir, in allen Ländern, die Umsetzung von obligatorischen Lehrprogrammen der Aufnahmesprache für Neuankömmlinge, die die Schwierigkeiten zur Integration lösen sollen. Ist es aber genug die Sprache eines Landes anzuwenden, um sich in diesem Land zu integrieren?Diese in vier großen europäischen Immigrationsländern durchgeführte Studie (Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und Gross-Britannien) beantwortet zwei Aspekte der Frage.In dem ersten Teil wird der Institutionelle Begriff der durch-die-Aufnahmesprache Integration in diesen Ländern behandelt. Diese erste vergleichende Analyse ermöglicht der vier nationalen für Migranten Sprachbildungssystemen nebeneinander zu setzen.Der zweite Teil der Studie stützt sich auf einer umfangreichen Feldstudie und analysiert die didaktische Praktiken der Sprache und Kultur des Gastlandes, und die Auswirkungen auf dem Integrationsprozess.Nachdem sie die Blickwinkel dieser verschiedenen Lehrmethoden berücksichtigt und die Gedanken von vielen Akteuren aus der Praxis gegenübergestellt hat, schließt sich diese Studie mit didaktischen Vorschlägen für eine integrative Bildung der Sprache des Gastlandes und für die Lehreausbildung ab
Thevenon, Olivier. "Les relations emploi-famille en Europe. Fondements socio-économiques des comportements féminins en Allemagne, Espagne, France, aux Pays-Bas et Royaume-Uni." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424833.
Thévenon, Olivier. "Les relations emploi/famille en Europe : fondements socio-économiques des comportements féminins en Allemagne, Espagne, France, aux Pays-Bas et Royaume-Uni." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100001.
Bonati, Charles. "Essais sur les déterminants des dépenses publiques en France, Allemagne, Italie, et Royaume-Uni (UE-04), du XIXe siècle à nos jours." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010042.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, from the 19th century to 2010, the politico-economic determinants of the public expenditures level, expressed in percentage of GDP, of the four major European countries. (France, Germany, Italy, and United Kingdom; group that will be abbreviated "UE-04") In Chapter 1, a presentation of the various measures of the "size of government" is undertaken, and the increase of public expenditures since the 19th century is highlighted. The most important monofactorial models determining public expenditures are reviewed and tested: Wagner's law, Rostow's development model, Peacock and Wiseman's Displacement effect, Granger causality between expenditures and receipts, and international budgetary interactions. These models can only explain partially and superficially the long-term evolution of expenditures: they are too simple to grasp the deep complexity of the determination processes. Public expenditures levels are more and more interdependent, because of the intensification of the globalization process. The levels vary more and more in a similar way: this comovement (or international cycle) is probably linked to the emergence of a "European budgetary federalism" and to the expansion of the integration. Finally, they do not seem to converge, because of the persistence of strong and old differences, especially institutional ones. Chapter 2 is a first systematic analysis of the episodes of the public expenditures' reduction from the 19th century. The literature is reviewed, and a quantitative analysis is carried out. The number of years of increase is approximately equal to the number of years of reduction. Nonetheless, the average intensity of increases is greater than the average intensity of reductions. These movements are more and more coordinated across economies. The politico-economic chronicles establishes that GDP and war-related expenditures are fundamental factors, and that in the contemporary period the institutional configurations and the will of the political leaders exert a major influence. Finally, there are few episodes of sustainable reduction. They are generally implemented when the overall economic situation is favorable, and cuts are then employed in the three major categories of public expenditures: consumption, investment, and transfers. In Chapter 3, the abundant literature related to the determinants of public expenditures is reviewed. There are several dozens of potential factors. The determination process of the public expenditures is very complex, and thus the interpretive content of theoretical models is rather limited. The literature disregards two elements that are henceforth fundamental: the budgetary interactions between countries, and the influence of the institutions of the European Union. The growing public debt and the public finance crisis have led to a homogenization of governments: budgetary decisions are henceforth largely unrelated to the ideological orientation of political leaders, as well as to the level of popularity that these leaders enjoy. An econometric analysis of panel data is performed to study the determinants of the main categories of public expenditures on the period 1992-2010 for the UE-04. GDP growth's impact is significantly negative. The other traditional politico-economic variables barely explain the evolution of public expenditures. The role played by the lagged dependent variable is estimated using a dynamic panel. There is a restoring force for the total of public expenditures, for which the transfers play a paramount role
Fieschi-Brévost, Stéphanie. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte contre l'évasion fiscale : le régime des sociétés étrangères contrôlées en Allemagne, en Espagne, aux États-Unis, en France et au Royaume-Uni." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40010.
Lepri, Charlotte. "Le contrôle parlementaire des services de renseignement en France et dans les démocraties occidentales (Royaume-Uni, Allemagne, États-Unis) : raison d'État contre exigence démocratique." Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA084162.
Parliamentary oversight of intelligence agencies is a barometer of a democracy. It reflects the balance of power between the executive and the legislative branches regarding a core competence of the executive power, and it highlights a paradox: a democracy requires transparency and accountability as much as protecting national interests requires secrecy. Most of modern democracies have been built against arbitrary power; and yet, State secrecy and covert actions are vital for national security. Intelligence services have always operated in the realm of exception as far as rule of law is concerned. That is why establishing a system of intelligence agencies accountability is one of the most daunting challenges faced by modern States. External accountability, and especially parliamentary oversight, is a very sensitive issue. In France, intelligence was a ‘no-go’ zone for parliament during years. That was the starting point of this thesis: filling the gap between to different worlds. Since 2007, an intelligence parliamentary commission has been set up in France. Its impact went well beyond its initial scope. It has helped developing an « intelligence culture » in France and reforming the whole intelligence organisation. Along with the British, German and US experiences, the French case shows that there is no a single model of democratic oversight which works for all countries. Each experience reflects a political history, a culture, an institutional approach and the place of intelligence in the State
Koumpli, Christina. "Les données personnelles sensibles : contribution à l'évolution du droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles : étude comparée : Union Européenne, Allemagne, France, Grèce, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D003.
Before the GDPR, protection of sensitive personal data consisted of a prior check by an independent authority despite limiting their free movement. This has been replaced by the obligation of the controller to prepare a privacy impact assessment. With this modification, one can assume a risk of pre-legitimization of data processing, putting the controller at an advantage. Is that compatible with the fundamental right to the protectionof personal data ? This thesis questions the content of this right and the validity of the GDPR. It is based on a comparative study from 1970s until present day between four European countries and the European Union, in which sensitive data are chosen as a meanto the analysis due to their particular protection. Research shows that in legal termsthe preventive conception is a part of the history of protection in the European Union. By limiting freedom of processing it gives meaning to protection and its only subject,the individual. Such an interpretation is compatible with National Constitutions despite their variations. However, the preventive conception of data protection is not so easily compatible with article 8 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. The thesis puts forward that this article contains the safeguard of a balancing, between EU liberties and individuals’ freedoms, which implicates reduced protection. It is up to the European Court of Justice to identify the essence of this right, an aim to which this thesis could contribute
Beauvironnet, Eloïse. "L'encadrement des finances publiques des États membres par le droit européen : analyse comparée du cas français à d’autres modèles budgétaires européens (Allemagne, Belgique, Italie, Roumanie et Royaume Uni)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB021.
Since 2011, European integration bears testimony to a change which has led various commentators to evoke the beginnings of a new budgetary law. Shaped by the reform of the Stability Pact and the growth, initially in favour of the six pack, followed by the Stability Treaty on coordination and Governance, and finally the two pack, the novelty of this law derived from its principal characteristics, to erect a budgetary discipline at the centre of its interests and framed by the European authorities, invested with a reinforced sanctioning power with regard to Member States. Firstly, economic, then monetary, European integration will be in addition, budgetary, dynamic; breaking with the concept of public finances which prevailed until now, that of a bastion of state sovereignty, no longer forming part of European law. The object of this research is also to analyse the manifestation of the consequences of this budgetary integration, by means of a comparable study of the French case, and the budgetary models of Germany, Belgium, Italy, Rumania and the United Kingdom. How was the supervision of the European Union on the public finances of Member States exerted? If this question is posed with acuity in the present context, the fact is that if a novel setting is offered to budgetary policy in future years it will be characterised by an intervention of new actors, new procedures and new principles. From profound changes there must be expected, both in the relations that exist in the European Union and its Member States, and within the national legal orders, which is what her research proposes to analyse
Dammak, Soulef. "Impact de la fiscalité sur les décisions et modalités de financement des investissements, ainsi que sur la valeur de la firme : analyse comparative (France, Allemagne, Royaume Uni, Etats Unis et Tunisie)." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0035.
: The objective of this research is to study to what extent the imperfection of the market, the result of corporate direct taxation and personal taxation in different financial, accounting and fiscal contexts, affects the investment and financing decisions of the firm and its value. In the first part, we have presented the theoretical framework of the relation between taxation and the investment decision focusing on the effect of corporate direct taxation and personal taxation on investment decision in the neoclassical theory and Tobin's q theory. Next, we have developed the framework that includes the financial and fiscal theories regarding the choice of investment financing modes and firm value. The fiscal theoretical framework developed arises from the neutrality hypothesis without taxation, integration corporate taxation hypothesis, integration personal taxation and substitution debt hypothesis while the financial theories are concerned with static trade off theory, agency theory, pecking order theory and information asymmetry. In the second part, we have realized an empirical study in different contexts to justify the repercussions of taxation on the investment decision on their financing modes and on the firm value. By applying generalized method moment to level panel data during the period 1997 until 1999, three models are estimated to use variables that explain the effect of taxation on fixed investment decision, on investment financing and the impact of these two decisions on the firm value in five countries where each adopts different taxation system: France, Germany the United Kingdom, The United States and Tunisia. The results permitted to answer, in part, the problematic of research in so far as we have noticed that some fiscal variables introduced in the valued models had an impact, which differs from context to another, on the level of investment as well as on the modes of financing and firm value
Hoeffler, Catherine. "Les politiques d'armement en Europe : "l'Adieu aux armes" de l'État nation ? : une comparaison entre l'Allemagne, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne de 1976 à 2010." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0016.
The topic of this dissertation in political science is the transformation of defence procurement policies in Germany, France, the UK, as well as at the European level, from 1976 to 2010. It is based on the analysis of national institutional changes as well as evolutions in European co-oeperative programmes through the cases of antitank missiles TRIGAT programmes. This study examines the redefinition of the role and instruments of States in this policy sector as they are confronted to European developments (OCCAR, European defence agency, and the directive on public contracts for defence procurement) and to national liberal reforms (privatization, new public management). In so doing, it explains why governments initiate these changes, and analyses the concrete machinery of cooperation. It shows that the apparently increasing role of Europe can be explained by a process characterized by a « double movement » : on the one hand, the implementation of liberal reforms, on the other hand, the strengthening of governmental strategies of defence industrial policies. The multiplication of arenas and modes of coordination indicates the evolution of state-led strategies of « economic patriotism », in their traditional and liberal versions, at various levels. Rather than a policy transfer from one level to another, these developments create a multi-level European governance that cannot be reduced to the European Union. In this context, governments remain crucial, while European organizations participate to a negative integration based on market making
Oukrid, El-hassane. "Anticipations et politiques conjoncturelles : théorie et vérifications empiriques sur le cas de la France, de la R.F.A. et du R.U. : 1970-1983." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF10019.
The expectations take a prominent part in the apprehension of economic phenomena. Through their omnipresence, they continuously influence the labor market by acting upon its two components (supply and demand); they become integrated into the monetary market by acting upon the interest rates evolution; at last they control the destiny of the exchange market by acting upon the exchange rates. The expectations formation process takes also an essential part in the conjunctural policy running. Based on an adaptive formulation hypothesis of expectations, Friedman’s monetarism allows some arbitrage between actual and nominal variables and therefore a partial efficiency of conjectural policy. On the other hand, the “new-classical” monetarism based on the rational expectations hypothesis, denies conjectural policy any efficiency, even at a short term. Many objections have been formulated against these two propositions: the limited information of auto-regressive expectations and the excessive hypothesis of rational expectations. The inefficiency of the first and the excess of the second lead some economists to develop the concept of economically rational expectations. Empirical analysis in France, Federal Public of Germany and United Kingdom cases, has led to draw some lessons from the conjectural policy running and from the relations between state and private agents. Expectations errors being due to the results of the high degree of conjectural policy instability and uncertainty, the public authorities should act in a steady and a transparent framework. The main message of the analysis is as follows: the economic management with people and not against them in “pareto-optimal”
Debizet, Gilles. "Déplacements urbains de personnes : de la planification des transports à la gestion durable de la mobilité : mutations d'une expertise." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006468.
Vassal, Serge. "Recherches sur la géographie des ensembles universitaires en Europe occidentale : France République Fédérale Allemande, Royaume-Uni : problématique d'un système spatial." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010650.
Vassal, Serge. "Recherches sur la géographie des ensembles universitaires en Europe occidentale France, République fédérale allemande, Royaume-Uni, problématique d'un système spatial /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376017205.
Yang, Keun-Yul. "La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe occidentale : les conséquences de la libéralisation des chemins de fer sur l'entreprise ferroviaire et les rôles de l'Etat dans le transport ferroviaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529485.
Auzanneau, Marjolaine. "L'obligation de sécurité de l'employeur : étude de droit comparé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0014.
The field of occupational health and safety is constantly expanding. At the same time, the prevention of occupational hazards is a major objective for companies, a real imperative. Thus, the employer's obligation to ensure the health and safety of his employees has become an essential obligation arising from the employment relationship. The employer's liability in the event of the occurrence of an occupational hazard, or a simple failure to meet his preventive obligations, hinges on the essential notion of the safety obligation. While this obligation is also enshrined in the legislation of our German and English neighbours, it has undergone an unprecedented development in France, making it unique and original obligation
Chiou, Theodoros. "Vers un droit européen des contrats d'exploitation de propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA005/document.
Intellectual Property plays an essential rοle in the modern economy based on innovation and intellectual capital. Exploitation contracts of IP rights are the legal instruments that allow the circulation of these assets and enhance their exploitation both at national and European level. This thesis discusses the question of improvement of the actual legal framework of exploitation contracts of IP rights in Europe. More precisely, it aims at demonstrating that, on the one hand, the insufficiency of the law of exploitation contracts is real and far-reaching and, on the other hand, that the insufficiency problem should be dealt with the transversal (re)construction of the specific legal framework of exploitation contracts in a European perspective. The analysis starts with the examination of the deficiencies of the status quo, as reflected in Greek, French, German, British laws, and European acquis and concludes with the recommendation of further steps to be taken for the construction of a true and consistent European law of exploitation contracts of IP rights
Khan, Shaghaghi Legrand Richard. "La régulation de l'accès aux médicaments (aspects de droit comparé)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB099.
While the European countries face increasing spending regarding medicine, the coverage of a new product of health by the public financiers appears as an essential stake in the control of these spending. Most of the countries, as France, use then explicit lists defining products taken care or not taken care by means of public financing. The underlying idea of such a process is to concentrate the public coverage on "useful" said products, that is which not only participate in the treatment of pathologies considered important, but which show themselves also effective and, where necessary, the least expensive. If this idea is simple, the elaboration in practice of such lists remains complex. The definition of the criteria adopted to determine the outlines of a basket of refundable medicine as well as the methods used to estimate if a product answers these criteria, represent stakes important for the public decision-makers and can have direct repercussions on the quality and the costs of the medicinal prescriptions. Theoretically, the decision to take care of a medicine can lean on numerous criteria: efficiency, cost efficiency ratio, revolved by the pathology, the handled symptoms, the impact on the budgets dedicated to the health, etc. Furthermore, the evaluations present a whole series of methodological and technical difficulties to which come to add up the political context and the bargaining power of pharmaceutical companies, which also influence the decisions of care. The present study gets organized around the display of the notion of medicine, modalities of care of the latter and the procedure of their launch on the market under a compared angle enter the French and diverse law other legal systems being a matter of the community frame. Such an analysis lifts certain questioning of which the questioning of the current system of regulation of medicine. Through this research work, it is allowed to notice several failures not only in the mechanism of regulation of the spending, but also in the system of care itself. If the question of an adjustment of the policy of regulation of medicine is then at the heart of the debate, perspectives of evolution take shape nevertheless
RACCAH, Aurélien. "L'application directe du droit de l'Union européenne par les entités décentralisées : approche comparative en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et en France." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13304.
Examining board: John Bell (Cambridge University); Bruno De Witte (EUI); Otto Pfersmann (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Jacques Ziller (Supervisor, former EUI, Università di Pavia)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Devolved bodies are local and regional authorities in the Member States mainly responsible for economic development, environment, transport... In these fields, EU law has progressively become preponderant. How do the devolved bodies implement the European Law? What are the legal consequences and their responsibilities? Firstly, I take a special interest in the foundations of the norms of devolution in Great Britain, federalism in Germany and décentralisation in France. All entities qualified as 'devolved entities' have a power to make subordinate legislation in these matters. It is necessary to note that EC law is uninterested in the form of the national measures applying EC law. It is more a question of degree of decentralization of the state. Secondly, the problem raised results from the legally binding legislation taken on the basis of the EC Treaty. Regulations, directives which are 'sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional' and decisions are directly applicable in national orders. The possibility of confrontation with a national norm, general as individual, is problematic. The Simmenthal jurisprudence implies the national norm should be put aside, even when valid. European law has no competence to regulate the territorial organization of Member States. The principle of institutional autonomy drawn by the ECJ prohibits any interference of the European norm. European institutions are thus limited to the material competences. Consequently, the European norm directly applicable lacks an important element of a normal norm, which is the determination of the organ. That means that this norm cannot be effective without the national norm which is exclusively competent for this determination. Finally, I raise two important problems. On the one hand, the complexity of European law shows the failure to adapt to the coordination between the devolved administration, the national representation and the EU. On the other hand, I underline the lack of direct constraint towards devolved entities which apply European law insofar as the state assumes this responsibility for them. That explains, in part, why the British and French states tend to keep the control of the implementation of European law. The German Länder stand out from this tendency according to general powers enshrined in the Grundgesetz.
Cusson, Jean-Christophe. "Le centenaire de la Grande Guerre au prisme des médias : le cas des quotidiens The Guardian, Le Monde et die Süddeutsche Zeitung." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23766.
This mémoire aims to show that media space, in times of commemoration, is a privileged place for historians who want to capture the dynamics of a community’s memory. Our case study is the media coverage of the centenary of the First World War through the lens of The Guardian, Le Monde and Die Süeddeutsche Zeitung. We analysed in these newspapers the press coverage from June 2014 to July 2017 in the online sections First world war, Centenaire 14-18 and Erster Weltkrieg. This study uses an operative definition of collective memory that allows us to understand the necessity, in the history of memory field, to study journalism not simply as an archive, but also as a discursive space where various complex representations of the past meet and communicate in order to redefine themselves. This discursive space has two points of junction: Practiced history and “mythistory”. The dynamics of this space have been studied for each publication in this research. First, we identify the major historical configurations of the Great War, the role of historians in the coverage, and try to see to which extent these configurations are expressed in the three newspapers studied. Finally, the commemorative intentions of the newspapers are identified and then tested through a study of news-flow and an analysis of the lexical fields of the respective media coverage.