Journal articles: 'All-hydrocarbon'

1

Hees, Timo, Fan Zhong, Markus Stürzel, and Rolf Mülhaupt. "Tailoring Hydrocarbon Polymers and All-Hydrocarbon Composites for Circular Economy." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 40, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 1800608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800608.

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Sink, Charles W., Dennis R. Hardy, and Mei-Hsia Alice Huang. "AN ACCURATE HYDROCARBON TYPE ANALYSIS OF ALL FUEL TYPES." Fuel Science and Technology International 12, no. 7-8 (January 1994): 1081–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843759408916223.

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Yang, Yu-Dong, and Han-Yuan Gong. "Thermally activated isomeric all-hydrocarbon molecular receptors for fullerene separation." Chemical Communications 55, no. 26 (2019): 3701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09911a.

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Verdine, Gregory L., and Gerard J. Hilinski. "All-hydrocarbon stapled peptides as Synthetic Cell-Accessible Mini-Proteins." Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 9, no. 1 (March 2012): e41-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.01.004.

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Shi, Xiaodong, Kuan Hu, Hao Geng, Zhihong Liu, Feng Yin, and Zigang Li. "Effects of chiral center on an all‐hydrocarbon tethered peptide." Peptide Science 111, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): e24110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pep2.24110.

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Heiß, Patricia, Julius Hornung, Christian Gemel, and Roland A. Fischer. "A combinatorial coordination-modulated approach to all-hydrocarbon-ligated intermetallic clusters." Chemical Communications 58, no. 27 (2022): 4332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc00396a.

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We introduces a new concept for experimental design of cluster growth investigation in the Ni(cod)2/ECp* (E = Al, Ga) system with 3-hexyne as a coordination modulator by in situ analysis of cluster mixtures combined with theoretical modelling.

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Mulhearn, William D., and Richard A. Register. "Lower Critical Ordering Transition of an All-Hydrocarbon Polynorbornene Diblock Copolymer." ACS Macro Letters 6, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00443.

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Sahu, Lumeshwari, and Ranjana Shrivastava. "Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Efficiency by Four Indigenous Bacterial Strains Isolated From Contaminated Soils." International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijsem/09.10.a008.

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Nineteen hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms were isolated from Ten hydrocarbon contaminated sites and were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics as Acenetobacter junii, pantoea dispersa, Bacillus spizizenii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study illumined high density of bacteria acclimatized for biodegradation of hydrocarbon in soil. The isolates were examined for other hydrocarbon degradation in media supplemented with Diesel, Benzene, Petrol and Cyclohexane at three different concentrations viz 5%, 10% and 15% incubated for 3 different time intervals 5, 10 and 15 days. The results indicated that all the isolates possessed potential to degrade the wide variety of hydrocarbons. The most efficient among them was Acenetobacter junii which degraded all tested hydrocarbon showing maximum growth at 5% concentration and 10 days incubation. It could be concluded that native flora of hydrocarbon contaminated site adapt to the environmental condition and could be implicated to remove hydrocarbons.

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Houck, Richard T., Adrian Ciucivara, and Scott Hornbostel. "Accuracy and effectiveness of three-dimensional controlled source electromagnetic data inversions." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): E83—E95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0142.1.

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Unconstrained 3D inversion of marine controlled source electromagnetic data (CSEM) data sets produces resistivity volumes that have an uncertain relationship to the true subsurface resistivity at the scale of typical hydrocarbon reservoirs. Furthermore, CSEM-scale resistivity is an ambiguous indicator of hydrocarbon presence; not all resistivity anomalies are caused by hydrocarbon reservoirs, and not all hydrocarbon reservoirs produce a distinct resistivity anomaly. We have developed a method for quantifying the effectiveness of resistivities from CSEM inversion in detecting hydrocarbon reservoirs. Our approach uses probabilistic rock-physics modeling to update information from a preexisting prospect assessment, based on uncertain resistivities from CSEM. The result is an estimate the probability of hydrocarbon presence that accounts for uncertainty in the resistivity and in rock properties. Examples using synthetic and real CSEM data sets demonstrate that the effectiveness of CSEM inversion in identifying hydrocarbon reservoirs depends on the interaction between the uncertainty associated with the inversion-derived resistivity and the range of rock and fluid properties that were expected for the targeted prospect. Resistivity uncertainty that has a small effect on hydrocarbon probability for one set of rock property distributions may have a large effect for a different set of rock properties. Depending on the consequences of this interaction, resistivities from CSEM inversion might reduce the risk associated with predictions of hydrocarbon presence, but they cannot be expected to guarantee a specific well outcome.

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Chen, Yuan-Yuei, Tung-Wei Kao, Chung-Ching Wang, Chen-Jung Wu, Yi-Chao Zhou, and Wei-Liang Chen. "Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and bone turnover in adults." European Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 3 (March 2020): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-19-0750.

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Background Cigarette smoking is a risk factor of osteoporosis and bone fracture. Tobacco smoke contains several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, we hypothesized that environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is associated with bone loss and fracture risk. The present study examined the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and bone turnover in the general adult population. Methods A total of 1408 eligible participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001–2006) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The levels of urinary N-telopeptide and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, which are biomarkers of bone resorption and formation, respectively, were assessed. Meanwhile, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure was evaluated using the concentrations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. The association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures and N-telopeptide, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels was assessed using a multivariate linear regression model. Results All polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites except 3-phenanthrene were significantly associated with increased N-telopeptide levels (P < 0.05) after adjustment of relevant covariables. However, no significant relationship was observed between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels. This relationship remained significant after the participants were assessed according to sex (P < 0.05). Additionally, all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites showed a positive association with N-telopeptide levels in participants aged <60 years (P < 0.05). Conclusion Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is associated with increased bone resorption among the general adult population in the United States. Further studies must assess the potential mechanisms associated with the adverse effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on bone loss.

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11

Wang, Feng-Liang, Ye Guo, Si-Jian Li, Qing-Xiang Guo, Jing Shi, and Yi-Ming Li. "Diaminodiacid-based solid-phase synthesis of all-hydrocarbon stapled α-helical peptides." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 22 (2015): 6286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob00741k.

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An alternative stapling strategy is described herein using Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis (SPSS) that employed pre-prepared diaminodiacid building blocks to introduce all-hydrocarbon staples into peptides by on-resin cyclization.

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12

Kota, M. F., Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini, A. Zulkharnain, and H. A. Roslan. "Bioremediation of Crude Oil by Different Fungal Genera." Asian Journal of Plant Biology 2, no. 1 (July 2, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/ajpb.v2i1.83.

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One of the major environmental problems today is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Bioremediation is the promising technology for treatment of these contaminated sites as it is cost effective and lead to complete mineralization. This research attempts to study the potential of different fungal genera in bioremediation of hydrocarbon. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Bionectria ochroleuca, Penicillium chermisinum and Trichoderma virens was selected for the bioremediation purpose. Screening of fungi species sensitivity towards hydrocarbons was first conducted. To enhance the growth of fungi on hydrocarbon contaminated soil, suitable bulking agent was selected prior to addition into the soil. For the period of six weeks, hydrocarbon degradation trial was conducted followed by post-treatment tests. All fungal species shows high tolerance towards hydrocarbon. Sago waste (sago hampas) is the most suitable bulking agent as all fungal species capable to grow on it. Significant differences were found in the ability of Bionectria ochroleuca to degrade hydrocarbon. Bionectria ochroleuca was able to degrade more than 70 % of the C12 to C28, with 100 % degradation of C12 and C28.

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13

Atlas, Ronald M. "Fate of Petroleum Pollutants in Arctic Ecosystems." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0016.

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Both experimental oil release field studies, in Arctic tundra, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, and follow-up studies after Arctic and subarctic oil spillages indicate long persistence times for hydrocarbon contaminants and slow rates of microbial biodegradation. The slow rates of petroleum biodegradation in Arctic ecosystems are not due to a lack of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms since virtually all Arctic ecosystems contain numbers of naturally occurring populations of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, and generally numbers of hydrocarbon degraders increase following addition of oil. Low temperatures alone also can not explain the limited rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Rather the limitation to microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Arctic ecosystems appears to be due to the combination of several factors, including the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen. Although the potential for hydrocarbon degradation exists, the actual rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in Arctic ecosystems are slow; microbial hydrocarbon degradation can decontaminate Arctic ecosystems but the time frame after a major spillage will be decades rather than years.

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14

Kim, Young-Woo, and Gregory L. Verdine. "Stereochemical effects of all-hydrocarbon tethers in i,i+4 stapled peptides." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19, no. 9 (May 2009): 2533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.022.

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15

Kawase, Takeshi, Yohko Seirai, Hossein R. Darabi, Masaji Oda, Yasuyuki Sarakai, and Kohji Tashiro. "All-Hydrocarbon Inclusion Complexes of Carbon Nanorings: Cyclic [6]- and [8]Paraphenyleneacetylenes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42, no. 14 (April 11, 2003): 1621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200250727.

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16

Remizovschi, Alexei, and Rahela Carpa. "Biologically-oriented mud volcano database: muddy_db." PeerJ 9 (November 9, 2021): e12463. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12463.

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Mud volcanoes (MVs) are naturally occurring hydrocarbon hotbeds with continuous methane discharge, contributing to global warming. They host microbial communities adapted to hydrocarbon oxidation. Given their research value, MVs still represent a niche topic in microbiology and are neglected by hydrocarbon-oriented research. All the data regarding MVs is sporadic and decentralized. To mitigate this problem, we built a custom Natural Language Processing pipeline (muddy_mine), and collected all the available MV data from open-access articles. Based on this data, we built the muddy_db database. The muddy_db represents the first biologically oriented database rendered as a user-friendly web app. This database includes all the relevant MV data, ranging from microbial taxonomy to hydrocarbon occurrence and geology. The muddy_mine and muddy_db tools are licensed under the GPLv3. muddy_db R Shiny web app: https://muddy-db.shinyapps.io/muddy_db/ muddy_db R package: https://github.com/TracyRage/muddy_db muddy_mine Conda package: https://github.com/TracyRage/muddy_mine.

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17

Chen, Mei Tao, Ning Yang, and Shang Ming Yang. "Reservoirs Distribution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Ordovician Carbonate in Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 3195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.3195.

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Many types of marine carbonate reservoirs are discorvered in Tazhong Uplift, and the later alteration is obvious. The marine sources rock including the Cambrian-lower Ordovician and the mid-upper Ordovician provided a great deal of hydrocarbon for the hudrcarbon accumulation. The hydrocarbon filled into all kinds of reservoirs many times to form the different types of reservoirs in later Caledonian to early Hercynian epoch, later Hercynian to early Indo-Chinese epoch, later Yanshanian to Himalayan epoch. All these made the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation complex very much.

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18

Peekate, P. L., J. L. Konne, and T. K. S. Abam. "Remediation of Artificially Hydrocarbon Polluted Vadose Zone Soil in Glass Column through Percolation with Solution of Nutrient, Nutrient-Surfactant or Surfactant." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i6.9.

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Remediation of hydrocarbon polluted vadose zone (HPVZ) through percolation with solution of nutrient, nutrient-surfactant, or surfactant in glass columns was investigated in this study using standard methods. Percolated liquids from the columns and soils retrieved at the end of the experiment were analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, total-petroleum hydrocarbon, and selected microbial groups. Results obtained showed that there were nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate in the percolated liquids. Cumulative hydrocarbon in the percolated liquids was 5.35 – 7.59 % of cumulative hydrocarbon start-up concentration in the columns. Cumulative hydrocarbon attenuation across soil layers in column flooded with solution of nutrients (column NT), nutrient-surfactant (column NTS), and surfactant (column SF) were 89.29, 95.27, and 66.92 % respectively. There was more phosphate reduction in column NTS, and more sulphate reduction in column NT. Hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi in columns NT and NTSincreased from 3.5 Log10 CFU.g-1 to between 4.0 – 5.0 Log10 CFU.g-1, whereas a decrease was observed for column SF. Hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria in all the columns increased from between 1.0 – 2.5 Log10 CFU.g-1 to between 2.0 - 3.5 Log10 CFU.g-1. Emergence of hydrocarbon utilization among anaerobic bacteria population was also observed in all the columns. It is concludedthat percolation with nutrient-surfactant solution will be more effective in remediation of HPVZ, and that consequential migration of nutrients alongside hydrocarbons into groundwater canaid in enhancing biodegradation of the infiltrated hydrocarbons. Keywords: Biodegradation; petroleum hydrocarbons; vadose zone; inorganic nutrients; surfactant

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19

Rashid, Alidu, Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Cornelius Borecho Bavoh, AKM Eahsanul Haque, Muhammed Usman, Sani Ado Kasim, Mohamed A. K. ElGhali, and Syahrir Ridha. "Organic Matter Distribution and Characteristics among Rock Formations in Malaysia: Implications on Hydrocarbon Generation Potential." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 9470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199470.

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Numerous studies have been done to determine the hydrocarbon potential of Malaysia’s formations and basins due to the need to identify more conventional or unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Due to the fact that none of these investigations were carried out with any prior knowledge in the relevant regions with hydrocarbon potential, some of them did not, however, yield the expected results. This study aims to provide researchers with all the necessary information about potential hydrocarbon-producing areas in Malaysia and the various lithologies connected to them by analyzing all earlier studies carried out in Malaysia. This was accomplished by determining patterns in the distribution of organic matter and characteristics of the formations in Malaysia. Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Generic Potential (GP), Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro), and Hydrocarbon Yield (S2) were the most important hydrocarbon generation potential indicators discussed. A heat map was created using a statistical weight ranking with a weight of 45% for the TOC value and 30%, 15%, and 10% for the GP, S2, and Ro values, respectively. According to the data, the Bintulu, Pinangah, Begrih, Liang, and Tanjong formations have the highest potential to generate hydrocarbons in Malaysia, while the Kroh, Setap, Kalabakan, Temburong, and Belaga have the least potential. Majority of formations with high hydrocarbon potential are tertiary in age and consist primarily of coal and carbonaceous shale formations. The most promising formations are mostly immature, with type II or type III kerogen quality. It is recommended that critical exploration activities be focused on the tertiary-aged formations, particularly those in East Malaysia, in order to increase Malaysia’s hydrocarbon production.

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Kuttan, K., J. B. Kulla, and R. G. Neumann. "FRESHWATER INFLUX IN THE GIPPSLAND BASIN: IMPACT ON FORMATION EVALUATION, HYDROCARBON VOLUMES, AND HYDROCARBON MIGRATION." APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85023.

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The recognition and quantitative evaluation of hydrocarbon zones in the Gippsland Basin is complicated by the presence of a freshwater aquifer system. This aquifer system has been verified and documented using data obtained from wireline logs. The presence of freshwater aquifers below the hydrocarbon sands leads to (i) difficulty in distinguishing the hydrocarbon zones from the water sands using well logs, and (ii) difficulty in determining accurate water saturation values used in estimating hydrocarbon volumes.Water saturations calculated from logs require the input of a formation water salinity. In conventional log analysis the formation water salinity in the hydrocarbon zones is assumed to be the same as that of the underlying water sands. In reservoirs in the Gippsland Basin underlain by freshwater aquifers, calculated water saturations using the salinities of the water sands are inconsistent with capillary pressure, Repeat Formation Tester (RFT*-Schlumberger), and production test data. All available evidence suggests that the formation water salinities within the hydrocarbon zones are significantly greater than in the freshwater aquifers. The water saturations derived using the higher salinity values lead to the calculation of greater hydrocarbon volumes.The occurrence of saline formation waters within the hydrocarbon zones leads to the interpretation that significant volumes of hydrocarbon were emplaced prior to the formation of the freshwater aquifer system. Subsequent freshwater influx did not flush the emplaced hydrocarbons.

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21

Kim, Young-Woo, Tom N. Grossmann, and Gregory L. Verdine. "Synthesis of all-hydrocarbon stapled α-helical peptides by ring-closing olefin metathesis." Nature Protocols 6, no. 6 (May 12, 2011): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2011.324.

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22

Villavicencio, Bianca, Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun, and Hugo Verli. "All-Hydrocarbon Staples and Their Effect over Peptide Conformation under Different Force Fields." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 58, no. 9 (August 10, 2018): 2015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00404.

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23

Sakagami, Koki, Toshihiro Masuda, Kenichi Kawano, and Shiroh Futaki. "Importance of Net Hydrophobicity in the Cellular Uptake of All-Hydrocarbon Stapled Peptides." Molecular Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 1332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01130.

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Schmitz, Jürgen, Fritz Vögtle, Martin Nieger, Karsten Gloe, Holger Stephan, Olaf Heitzsch, and Hans-Jürgen Buschmann. "all-Homocalixarenes: Large hydrocarbon rings with numerous ligand-arms as selective host compounds." Supramolecular Chemistry 4, no. 2 (December 1994): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10610279408029870.

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Kerimov, V. Yu, E. A. Lavrenova, R. N. Mustaev, and Yu V. Shcherbina. "Hydrocarbon potential and prospects for exploration of Eastern Arctic oil and gas deposits." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200556.

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Conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon systems and prospects for searching for accumulations of oil and gas in the waters of the Eastern Arctic are considered. Significant hydrocarbon potential is predicted in the sedimentary basins of this region. All known manifestations of oil hydrocarbons are installed on land adjacent to the south, as well as on the east of the shelf. The East Arctic waters are included in a single model in order to perform an adequate comparative analysis of the evolution of hydrocarbon systems. The purpose of the research was to build space-time digital models of sedimentary basins and hydrocarbon systems, and to quantify the volume of generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbons for the main horizons of source rocks. To achieve this goal, a spatiotemporal numerical basin simulation was carried out, based on which the distribution of probable hydrocarbon systems was determined and further analyzed. Following to the data obtained the most probable HC accumulation zones and types of fluids contained in potential traps were predicted. Keywords: numerical space-time basin modeling; modeling of hydrocarbon systems; evidence of oil and gas presence; Eastern Arctic; elements of hydrocarbon systems; oil and gas reservoirs; migration; accumulation; perspective objects

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Rudini, Abd Nasir Matori, Jasmi Ab Talib, and Abdul-Lateef Balogun. "Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) to Model the Hydrocarbon Migration: Case Study from North-East Malay Basin, Malaysia." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402027.

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The purpose of this study is to model the migration of hydrocarbon using Geographic Information System (GIS). Understanding hydrocarbon migration is important since it can mean the difference between success and failure in oil and gas exploration project. The hydrocarbon migration modeling using geophysical method is still not accurate due to the limitations of available data. In recent years, GIS has emerged as a powerful tool for subsurface mapping and analysis. Recent studies have been carried out about the abilities of GIS to model hydrocarbon migration. Recent advances in GIS support the establishment and monitoring of prediction hydrocarbon migration. The concept, model, and calculation are based on the current geological situation. The spatial data of hydrocarbon reservoirs is determined by its geometry of lithology and geophysical attributes. Top of Group E horizon of north-east Malay basin was selected as the study area due to the occurrence of hydrocarbon migration. Spatial data and attributes data such as seismic data, wells log data and lithology were acquired and processed. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was constructed from the selected horizon as a result of seismic interpretation using the Petrel software. Furthermore, DEM was processed in ArcGIS as a base map to shown hydrocarbon migration in north-east Malay Basin. Finally, all the data layers were overlaid to produce a map of hydrocarbon migration. A good data was imported to verify the model is correct.

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Sani,, A., A. M. Isah, U. K. Adamu, I. A. Adam, M. D. Garba, N. Abdullahi, M. A. Dandago, et al. "Effect of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Irrigation Water On Some Selected Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Sudan Savannah Alfisols." Global Journal of Agricultural Research 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2022): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjar.2013/vol10n52846.

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Due to fresh water scarcity challenges around the world, high increase in the demand for agricultural irrigation water from different sources including hydrocarbon contaminated wastewater increases. However, these wastewaters can alter soil physical and chemical properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the hydrocarbon contaminated irrigation water on some selected soil physical and chemical properties from three phases of Sharada industrial area, Kano, Nigeria. Soil and water samples were collected from three different phases of the industrial area and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The hydrocarbon irrigation water quality analyses indicated that the hydrocarbon concentration in all phases was low and below irrigation reuse standard. However, the major irrigation water quality parameters; chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), hydrogen carbonate (HCO3), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl) and orthophosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) in all phases were all high and above irrigation reuse standard in comparison to other parameters that were compliant to standard according to literature. Pertaining the impact of the hydrocarbon irrigation water on soil properties, results revealed that soil texture was sandy loam and loamy sand, pH was neutral while bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and phosphorus (P) were increased and higher compared with control soils. However, they are low in terms of concentration when compared with literature rating standard except P. Moreover, Ca, Mg, CEC and P of the soils showed significant variation statistically (P<0.05) in comparison to the remaining soil properties that recorded no significant statistical difference (P>0.05) in all phases and control soils after irrigation with the hydrocarbon wastewater. Overall, the research indicated that, the hydrocarbon wastewater was not fit for irrigation and has impacted relatively on some physical and chemical soil properties. Hence, all industries in Sharada should be directed by authorities to avoid direct discharge of their effluents without thorough quality investigation. In addition, farmers should also be educated to periodically monitor and assess the irrigation water quality of the effluents prior to application as well as incorporation of organic and inorganic amendments in the irrigated soils to uplift the concentration of the soil properties with concomitant improvement in soil fertility and quality of the study area.

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Zavyalov, Dmitry. "IMPROVED SYSTEM OF PROJECT-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS." Automation and modeling in design and management 2020, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2020-1-4-8.

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Management of hydrocarbon reservoir development is associated with the continuous implementation of many projects and it is project-oriented management. Many provisions of the existing hydrocarbon reservoir development management system are regulated, however, there is a contradiction between the need to take into account all aspects of management in a complex and the lack of such an opportunity in the existing management system. The work presents an improved system of project-oriented management of hydrocarbon reservoir development, as well as the results of its testing on real data in comparison with the existing management system.

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Huang, Yan Ran, Zhi Huan Zhang, and Ji Yong Liu. "Hydrocarbon Generation Process Investigation of Permian and the Low Triassic Source Rocks on Lower Yangzte Region." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2929.

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On Lower Yangtze region source rocks of Permian and the Lower Triassic activation energy distribution suggests that source rocks experienced some hydrocarbon generation reaction, generally high activation energy mainly because of high maturity, the weighted average activation energy has good positive correlation with maturity. The time of hydrocarbon generation in Huang Qiao area is short, and it’s speed is fast; the time in Ju Rong area is longer, characteristics is prone to early and multi-period; source rocks in Chao Hu region been uplifted to surface, the thermal evolution is lowest of all, and the time is longest. Source rocks secondary hydrocarbon generation exists in many area in Lower Yangtze region, the degree of hydrocarbon generation is mainly depend on sedimentary burial history.

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Pang, Xiongqi, Ian Lerche, Chen Fajin, and Chen Zhangming. "Hydrocarbon Expulsion Threshold: Significance and Applications to Oil and Gas Exploration." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 16, no. 6 (December 1998): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879801600603.

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Hydrocarbon explusion threshold (HET) is the critical condition for hydrocarbon expulsion in separate phase from a source rock when the generated hydrocarbon amount has satisfied all needs for absorption by minerals, solution in water, and blocking of capillary pressure. Research results show that the HET varies mainly with three geological parameters: total organic carbon content (C%), kerogen type index (KTI) and thermal maturation degree (R0). Source rocks with low C% and KTI cross the HET at a high level of maturation degree (larger R0); source rocks with lower R0 and C% can also cross the HET if the kerogen has a larger KTI. Under general geological conditions, a source rock first crosses the methane expulsion threshold (HETgl), then the heavy hydrocarbon gas threshold (HETgn), and finally the liquid hydrocarbon expulsion threshold (HET0). In this paper the concept of HET, and its critical conditions, are applied to establish the scientific validity of the concept and grade the source rocks, to study the phases of hydrocarbons in migration and the mechanisms of hydrocarbon accumulation, and to divide the hydrocarbon expulsion into stages. Applications to different basins in China show that HET provides an accurate and efficient method to guide oil and gas prospecting.

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Aris, Muhammad Naeim Mohd, Hanita Daud, Sarat Chandra Dass, and Khairul Arifin Mohd Noh. "Gaussian Processes for Hydrocarbon Depth Estimation in Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 24, no. 3 (September 2019): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.3.399.

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Seabed logging (SBL) is an application of the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) technique to discover offshore hydrocarbon reservoirs underneath the seabed. This application is based on electrical resistivity contrast between hydrocarbon and its surroundings. In this paper, simulation and forward modeling were performed to estimate the hydrocarbon depths in one-dimensional (1-D) SBL data. 1-D data, consisted offset distance (input) and magnitude of electric field (output), were acquired from SBL models developed using computer simulation technology (CST) software. The computer simulated outputs were observed at various depths of hydrocarbon reservoir (250 m–2,750 m with an increment of 250 m) with frequency of 0.125 Hz. Gaussian processes (GP) was employed in the forward modeling by utilizing prior information which is electric field (E-field) at all observed inputs to provide E-field profile at unobserved/untried inputs with uncertainty quantification in terms of variance. The concept was extended for two-dimensional (2-D) model. All observations of E-field were then investigated with the 2-D forward GP model. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) were utilized to compare the acquired and modeled data at random untried hydrocarbon depths at 400 m, 950 m, 1,450 m, 2,100 m and 2,600 m. Small RMSE and CV values have indicated that developed model can fit well the SBL data at untried hydrocarbon depths. The measured variances of the untried inputs revealed that the data points (true values) were very close to the estimated values, which was 0.003 (in average). RMSEs obtained were very small as an average of 0.049, and CVs found as very reliable percentages, an average of 0.914%, which implied well fitting of the GP model. Hence, the 2-D forward GP model is believed to be capable of predicting unobserved hydrocarbon depths.

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Sarker, M., M. M. Rashid, M. S. Rahman, and M. Molla. "Fractional Distillation Process Utilized to Produce Light Fractional Fuel from Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Waste Plastic." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01205010039.

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Plastics are not easily biodegradable; and because of these characteristics they can remain under landfill and water for a very long period of time. All over the world only 6% of waste plastics are recycled and the rest of all waste plastics are dumped into landfills. An experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale batch process under Labconco’s fume hood utilizing low density polyethylene (LDPE). The experiment was carried out to obtain a hydrocarbon fuel product utilizing thermal degradation. Many research studies have successfully demonstrated that waste plastics such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) can be converted to valuable liquid hydrocarbon fuels. For experimental purposes we used 500 gm of LDPE as raw materials. This particular experiment is a two step process; the first step process involves extracting hydrocarbon fuels as mixture of both short and long chain hydrocarbon compounds. During the second step the fuel obtained in the first process is refractionated by thermal degradation process utilizing a distillation column. This process yields a short hydrocarbon chain liquid fuel that has similar properties to gasoline grade fuels. Analysis of these fuels was conducted by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS), FT-IR Spectrum 100 and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The results show that the produced fuels are good quality fuels with high energy content. ASTM test result indicates that fuel has low sulfur level (3.2 ppm) and the fuel hydrocarbon range shown by GC/MS analysis is C4-C10.

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Maahury, Mirella Fonda, Mario Rowan Sohilait, and Semuel Simra Pada. "Pelatihan Penggunaan Software Avogadro untuk Pemodelan Senyawa Hidrokarbon Sederhana kepada Siswa Kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 5 Maluku Tengah." Jurnal Gema Ngabdi 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jgn.v3i2.138.

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Learning Hydrocarbon at the High School requires qualified teaching aids. The limitations of teaching aids make students' knowledge of the spatial structure (3 dimensions) of hydrocarbon compounds not following the content being studied so that they do not achieve the expected competence. In the end, this impacts the difficulty of understanding the same material at a higher level, high school. For this reason, the training on the use of the Avogadro software is expected to provide knowledge to students on how to operate the software, and students can do modeling for simple hydrocarbon compounds. In the end, the students understand how the three-dimensional structure of hydrocarbon compounds looks. We need the help of software that students can use in studying molecular structures, especially hydrocarbon compounds. In this service process, a training method is carried out using demonstrations of the operating steps of the Avogadro software and is followed by all training participants. The results obtained are that the participants (Science class students of SMA Negeri 5 Maluku Tengah) can perform modeling with Avogadro software, drawing 3-dimensional structures, optimizing geometry and determining structural parameters of simple hydrocarbon molecules.

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Pang, Xiongqi, Zhenxue Jiang, Shengjie Zuo, and Ian Lerche. "Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Expulsion from Shale Source Rocks." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 23, no. 5 (October 2005): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459805775992735.

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Expulsion of hydrocarbons from a shale source rock can be divided in four stages. In the first stage, only a small amount of hydrocarbons can be expelled in water solution and by diffusion. Compaction and hydrocarbon concentration gradient are the major driving forces, whereas their corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion amounts make up 30% and 70% to the total, respectively. In the second stage, in addition to transport by water solution and by diffusion, source rocks expel a large quantity of gas in free phase. In the third stage, the most important feature is that source rocks expel oil as a separate phase and gas in oil solution. Hydrocarbon expulsion by diffusion through the source rock organic network, dehydration of clay minerals, and thermal expansion of fluids and rocks are the three major driving forces in the second and the third stages, whereas the corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion accounts for 40–60%, 10–20%, and 5–10%, respectively, of the total amount expelled. In the fourth stage, source rocks mainly expel dry gas as a free phase. Volume expansion of kerogen products and capillary force are the two major driving forces for hydrocarbon expulsion. The expulsion accounts for 60% and 30% to the total gas expulsion of this stage, respectively, for each driving force. Hydrocarbon expulsion, including the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold (HET), the relative phases and the dynamics, are controlled by two factors: the hydrocarbon generation amount, and the ability of source rocks to retain hydrocarbons. Source rocks cross the HET and begin to expel a large quantity of hydrocarbons when the generated hydrocarbons have met all of the needs for hydrocarbon retention. HET is divides the processes of hydrocarbon expulsion into the various four stages.

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Leonov, M. G. "Crystalline protrusions as the typical stryctural-tectonic model of intragranite hydrocarbon accumulation." Геотектоника, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-853x2019324-41.

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The paper deals with issues related to the study questions on magmatic tectonics and intragranitic hydrocarbon accumulating formation: (i) post-magmatic structure of granitic massifs containing hydrocarbons; (ii) mechanisms of structure-material processing, exhumation and forming porosity in granitic bodies on post-magmatic evolutional stage; (iii) availability and distribution of hydrocarbon deposits in granitic massifs located in different geodynamic settings and different regions; (iv) description of crystal piercing bodies – granite protrusions. The role of structural tectonic factor in intra-granitic hydrocarbon accumulating was estimated. An evolutionary structural-tectonic model of their formation within granitic massifs and, above all, granitic protrusions is proposed.

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Townsend, Richard T., James S. Bonner, and Robin l. Autenrieth. "The Effect of Bioremediation on Microbial Populations in an Oil-Contaminated Coastal Wetland." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-477.

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ABSTRACT A series of controlled crude oil applications was carried out in a Texas coastal wetland to determine the effectiveness of bioremediation in these sensitive areas. The first application, conducted in 1996, was performed to assess the use of diammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate plus a potential electron acceptor (nitrate) to stimulate microbial growth and subsequent hydrocarbon degradation. The second application, conducted in 1997, was performed to determine the potential of two commercial bioaugmentation products to enhance hydrocarbon biodegradation. Diammonium phosphate was also re-evaluated during this phase as a bio stimulation treatment. For both applications, sediment samples from all oiled test plots showed exponential increases in the numbers of aliphatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading microorganisms. Average numbers of aliphatic-degrading and PAH-degrading microorganisms were slightly higher (though not significantly higher) than populations on oiled control plots on most sample days. The bioaugmentation products and diammonium phosphate treatment examined during the second application did not significantly increase the numbers of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms (aliphatic-degraders or PAH-degraders). Overall, the microbial populations from both phases of research illustrated a well-documented response to a petroleum hydrocarbon input. Although the bioremediation treatments did not appear to significantly increase these populations, this data will be evaluated with nutrient and petroleum hydrocarbon data to determine the effectiveness of bioremediation in wetland areas.

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Luong, Huy Xuan, Hai Thi Phuong Bui, and Truong Thanh Tung. "Application of the All-Hydrocarbon Stapling Technique in the Design of Membrane-Active Peptides." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 65, no. 4 (February 3, 2022): 3026–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01744.

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Kutchukian, Peter S., Jae Shick Yang, Gregory L. Verdine, and Eugene I. Shakhnovich. "All-Atom Model for Stabilization of α-Helical Structure in Peptides by Hydrocarbon Staples." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 13 (April 8, 2009): 4622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja805037p.

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Ebrahimian, V., and C. Habchi. "Towards a predictive evaporation model for multi-component hydrocarbon droplets at all pressure conditions." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 15-16 (July 2011): 3552–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.03.031.

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Bachrach, Steven M., and Ann E. Andrews. "All-Carbon, Neutral Analogue of ExBox4+: A DFT Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Binding." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 118, no. 31 (July 24, 2014): 6104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp504408u.

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Masuda, T., T. Nakamura, and M. Endo. "Output power enhancement of all gas-phase iodine laser by addition of hydrocarbon gases." Applied Physics B 103, no. 4 (November 23, 2010): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4299-9.

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Klose, Carolin, Torben Saatkamp, Andreas Münchinger, Luca Bohn, Giorgi Titvinidze, Matthias Breitwieser, Klaus‐Dieter Kreuer, and Severin Vierrath. "All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 14 (February 25, 2020): 1903995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903995.

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43

Pikula, P. A., A. K. Golovko, and V. F. Kamyanov. "The Composition and properties of Straight-Run and Mechanoactivated 360-400°C Distillate from Yakut Petroleum." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 3 (March 10, 2007): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj570.

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The group hydrocarbon composition of 360-400°C straight-run distillate of the petroleum from Talakanskoye oil-field (Yakutia − Republic of Saha) has been studied in detail using clathrate formation, liquid adsorption chromatography, thermodiffusion methods and mass spectrometric analysis of obtained thermodiffusion fractions. The fundamental physical constants of all isolated narrow hydrocarbon fractions were measured. The regularities of thermodiffusion separation of saturated hydrocarbons having different amounts of rings in molecules as well as the relations between properties and composition of the concentrates obtained were traced. It is established that a mechanoactivation of petroleum distillate leads to a change of its hydrocarbon composition, first of all to a decrease of its paraffin content, as well as to respective changes of its physicalchemical characteristics (to a decrease in pour point and an increase in density and viscosity values).

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Puspawiningtiyas, Endar, Tirto Prakoso, Meiti Pratiwi, Subagjo Subagjo, and Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja. "Production of Biogasoline via Pyrolysis of Oleic Acid Basic Soaps." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 54, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 220311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2022.54.3.11.

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In this study, an investigation on the effect of the Ca/Mg/Zn mixing ratio on gasoline-range hydrocarbon production by oleic basic soap pyrolysis was carried out. The ratios of calcium to magnesium used were 15%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 85% with constant Zn. Oleic basic soap was obtained by saponification with the modified fusion method. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at 450 °C using a semi-continuous reactor with a feed flow rate of 5 g/15 min. The process produced three fractions, i.e., gas, solid, and liquid (bio-hydrocarbon + water). The gas products were characterized by GC-TCD, and the results showed the presence of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and methane. Based on the GC-FID and FT-IR results, the bio-hydrocarbon comprised mainly homologous hydrocarbon from carbon number C7 to C19 containing n-alkanes, alkenes, various iso-alkanes, and some oxygenated compounds. All calcium ratios in the oleic basic soap produced hydrocarbon in the range of gasoline (C7-C11) as the dominant product. The maximum yield of gasoline (74.86%) was achieved at 15% calcium.

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Kharey, Gurpreet, Gabrielle Scheffer, and Lisa M. Gieg. "Combined Use of Diagnostic Fumarate Addition Metabolites and Genes Provides Evidence for Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Contaminated Groundwater." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101532.

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The widespread use of hydrocarbon-based fuels has led to the contamination of many natural environments due to accidental spills or leaks. While anaerobic microorganisms indigenous to many fuel-contaminated groundwater sites can play a role in site remediation (e.g., monitored natural attenuation, MNA) via hydrocarbon biodegradation, multiple lines of evidence in support of such bioremediation are required. In this study, we investigated two fuel-contaminated groundwater sites for their potential to be managed by MNA. Microbial community composition, biogeochemical indicators, fumarate addition metabolites, and genes diagnostic of both alkane and alkyl-monoaromatic hydrocarbon activation were assessed. Fumarate addition metabolites and catabolic genes were detected for both classes of hydrocarbon biodegradation at both sites, providing strong evidence for in situ anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation. However, relevant metabolites and genes did not consistently co-occur within all groundwater samples. Using newly designed mixtures of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primers to target diverse assA and bssA genes, we measured assA gene abundances ranging from 105–108 copies/L, and bssA gene abundances ranging from 105–1010 copies/L at the sites. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of investigating fuel-contaminated sites using both metabolites and genes diagnostic of anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation for different classes of hydrocarbons to help assess field sites for management by MNA.

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Jurelevicius, Diogo, Vanessa Marques Alvarez, Joana Montezano Marques, Laryssa Ribeiro Fonseca de Sousa Lima, Felipe de Almeida Dias, and Lucy Seldin. "Bacterial Community Response to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Amendments in Freshwater, Marine, and Hypersaline Water-Containing Microcosms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 19 (July 19, 2013): 5927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02251-13.

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ABSTRACTHydrocarbon-degrading bacterial communities from freshwater, marine, and hypersaline Brazilian aquatic ecosystems (with water salinities corresponding to 0.2%, 4%, and 5%, respectively) were enriched with different hydrocarbons (heptadecane, naphthalene, or crude oil). Changes within the different microcosms of bacterial communities were analyzed using cultivation approaches and molecular methods (DNA and RNA extraction, followed by genetic fingerprinting and analyses of clone libraries based on the 16S rRNA-coding gene). A redundancy analysis (RDA) of the genetic fingerprint data and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the clone libraries revealed hydrocarbon-enriched bacterial communities specific for each ecosystem studied. However, within the same ecosystem, different bacterial communities were selected according to the petroleum hydrocarbon used. In general, the results demonstrated thatAcinetobacterandCloacibacteriumwere the dominant genera in freshwater microcosms; theOceanospirillalesorder and theMarinobacter,Pseudomonas, andCycloclasticusgenera predominated in marine microcosms; and theOceanospirillalesorder and theMarinobactergenus were selected in the different hydrocarbon-containing microcosms in hypersaline water. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in all microcosms after 32 days of incubation showed a decrease in the hydrocarbon concentration compared to that for the controls. A total of 50 (41.3%) isolates from the different hydrocarbon-contaminated microcosms were associated with the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) obtained from the clone libraries, and their growth in the hydrocarbon contaminating the microcosm from which they were isolated as the sole carbon source was observed. These data provide insight into the general response of bacterial communities from freshwater, marine, and hypersaline aquatic ecosystems to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.

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Hamamura, Natsuko, Sarah H. Olson, David M. Ward, and William P. Inskeep. "Microbial Population Dynamics Associated with Crude-Oil Biodegradation in Diverse Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01015-06.

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ABSTRACT Soil bacterial population dynamics were examined in several crude-oil-contaminated soils to identify those organisms associated with alkane degradation and to assess patterns in microbial response across disparate soils. Seven soil types obtained from six geographically distinct areas of the United States (Arizona, Oregon, Indiana, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Montana) were used in controlled contamination experiments containing 2% (wt/wt) crude oil spiked with [1-14C]hexadecane. Microbial populations present during hydrocarbon degradation were analyzed using both 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and by traditional methods for cultivating hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria. After a 50-day incubation, all seven soils showed comparable hydrocarbon depletion, where >80% of added crude oil was depleted and approximately 40 to 70% of added [14C]hexadecane was converted to 14CO2. However, the initial rates of hydrocarbon depletion differed up to 10-fold, and preferential utilization of shorter-chain-length n-alkanes relative to longer-chain-length n-alkanes was observed in some soils. Distinct microbial populations developed, concomitant with crude-oil depletion. Phylogenetically diverse bacterial populations were selected across different soils, many of which were identical to hydrocarbon-degrading isolates obtained from the same systems (e.g., Nocardioides albus, Collimonas sp., and Rhodococcus coprophilus). In several cases, soil type was shown to be an important determinant, defining specific microorganisms responding to hydrocarbon contamination. However, similar Rhodococcus erythropolis-like populations were observed in four of the seven soils and were the most common hydrocarbon-degrading organisms identified via cultivation.

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binti Che Abdul Rahim, Azzah Nazihah, Muhammad Ridzuan Zahid, Putri Faizura Megat Khamaruddin, Nik Raikhan Nik Him, Nur Hidayati Othman, and Effah Yahya. "Effect of Organic Nutrient Addition to the Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Marine Sediment in Malaysia." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.74.

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The effect of organic nutrient on the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated marine sediment in Malaysia was investigated. Biodegradation was assessed in microcosm experiments containing 10% (w/w) of crude oil amended with fertilizers in three ways, which were with inorganic nutrients (NP), organic matter in the form of plant-based (Elaeis guineensis) and fish-amendments (Scomber australasicus). It was observed that hydrocarbon degradation occurred in all treatments, with the highest biodegradation rates inS. australasicussupplemented sediment. The addition of S. australasicus managed to reduce the oil concentration to 48% while the addition ofE. guineensisand inorganic NP reduced the final oil concentration to 66% and 63% respectively. All three amendments show faster degradation rate compared to the control. Isolation of the soil sample on specific nutrient agar, centrimide, revealed the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are well known for its ability to degrade hydrocarbon in crude oil.

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Zhang, Liu, Jin-xiu Zhao, Li-fang Yue, Hong-xing Zhou, and Chun-li Ren. "Cycle performance evaluation of various R134a/hydrocarbon blend refrigerants applied in vapor-compression heat pumps." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 168781401881956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819561.

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Blend refrigerants combing hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons are good substitutes to decrease the flammability of hydrocarbons while reducing the global warming potential of hydrofluorocarbons. Four hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon blends (R134a/R290, R134a/R600, R134a/R600a, and R134a/R1270) with various compositions are investigated in vapor-compression heat pump cycles. The effects of hydrocarbon fraction on the blend properties, including critical temperature, critical pressure, latent heat, saturated liquid line, and azeotropic behavior, are comparatively analyzed. Thermodynamic models are established for heat pump simulation. For each R134a/hydrocarbon blend, both the cooling and heating coefficient of performances generally first decrease and then increase with the hydrocarbon mass fraction. The coefficient of performances of R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a have dramatic changes within the hydrocarbon mass fraction of 0.2–1.0, while those of R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 have dramatic changes within the fraction of 0.0–0.4. Lower condensing or higher evaporating temperatures lead to higher coefficient of performances. In addition, the volumetric capacities first increase and then decrease with the increase of hydrocarbon fraction. R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 show much higher volumetric capacities as compared to R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a under higher hydrocarbon fractions, which can greatly reduce the required compressor size of pure R134a. The discharge temperatures are kept in the range of 43.0°C–72.3°C for all the blends. To obtain low global warming potential R134a/hydrocarbon blends, the hydrocarbon fraction need to be greater than 0.9, at which R134a/R1270 performs the best, with cooling/heating coefficient of performances of 5.25/4.70 and cooling/heating volumetric capacities of 4.78/3.53 MJ/m3. Generally, R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 perform much better than R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a at the low global warming potential composition. This study can contribute to the determination of hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon compositions based on comprehensive considerations of cycle efficiency, volumetric capacity, and low global warming potential target.

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Connolly, David L. "Visualization of vertical hydrocarbon migration in seismic data: Case studies from the Dutch North Sea." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): SX21—SX27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0007.1.

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Previous 3D visualization studies in seismic data have largely been focused on visualizing reservoir geometry. However, there has been less effort to visualize the vertical hydrocarbon migration pathways, which may provide charge to these reservoirs. Vertical hydrocarbon migration was recognized in normally processed seismic data as vertically aligned zones of chaotic low-amplitude seismic response called gas chimneys, blowout pipes, gas clouds, mud volcanoes, or hydrocarbon-related diagenetic zones based on their morphology, rock properties, and flow mechanism. Because of their diffuse character, they were often difficult to visualize in three dimensions. Thus, a method has been developed to detect these features using a supervised neural network. The result is a “chimney” probability volume. However, not all chimneys detected by this method will represent true hydrocarbon migration. Therefore, the neural network results must be validated by a set of criteria that include (1) pockmarked morphology, (2) tie to shallow direct hydrocarbon indicators, (3) origination from known or suspected source rock interval, (4) correlation with surface geochemical data, and (5) support by basin modeling or well data. Based on these criteria, reliable chimneys can be extracted from the seismic data as 3D geobodies. These chimney geobodies, which represent vertical hydrocarbon migration pathways, can then be superimposed on detected reservoir geobodies, which indicate possible lateral migration pathways and traps. The results can be used to assess hydrocarbon charge efficiency or risk, and top seal risk for identified traps. We investigated a case study from the Dutch North Sea in which chimney processing results exhibited vertical hydrocarbon pathways, originating in the Carboniferous age, which provided the charge to shallow Miocene gas sands and deep Triassic prospects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'All-hydrocarbon'

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