Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alkene hydrogenation'

The work described in this thesis explores the influence of the nature of transition metals, the electronic properties of ligands and the effect of counter-ions in the regioselectivity of transition metal-hydride addition (hydrometalation) to carbon-carbon double bonds. The method used to investigate the regioselectivity of the hydrometalation was based on the established methodology [Mode a (M^δ+ - H^δ-) and Mode b (M^δ- - H^δ+)]. The cis-alkenes were subjected to hydrogenation using deuterium gas. Following the hydrometalation step, the rotation of one end of the substrate would give a trans-conformation, which would transform to the trans-isomer via β-hydride elimination. The location of the deuterium on the double bond would indicate the regioselectivity of the hydrometalation. Chapter 2 investigates the intrinsic nature of transition metal-hydrides, namely Pd/C, Pt/C and Rh/C. The behaviour of each M-H addition to the double bond of alkenes is compared, in an attempt to reveal the periodic trend in the transition metals. Information on the nature of these catalysts would be useful for modification of the catalysts in order to improve selectivity. Chapter 4 demonstrates the effect of the electronic properties of ligands in controlling the regioselectivity of hydrometallation. Wilkinson's catalyst is taken as a model system. A range of ligands bearing different electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents are synthesized and are then used to make Wilkinson's type catalysts. These catalysts are used in the hydrogenation of cis-β-methoxystyrene using deuterium gas. The implication of the findings for chiral induction is discussed. Chapter 5 describes an extension of the methodology to another class of catalyst, Ir-phosphinooxazolines. These complexes have been shown to be efficient catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes. The effect of the counter-ions of the complexes on the regioselectivity of the hydrometalation is investigated.

The work reported in this thesis is concerned with two separated but related studies. The first involved examination of hydrogenation reactions of alkenes, dienes and alkynes using (Rh[sub]2C1(CO)[sub]2(dppm)[sub]2JBPh[sub]4 as a catalyst. Kinetic studies have been performed on the reaction of hexene. The system only well-behaved in the presence of a base, R[sub]3N, where a rst order dependance on both catalyst and hydrogen concentations observed. The order with respect to alkene is of the Michaelis-Menton type. This behaviour suggests that the active catalyst is a neutral monohydride generated by deprotonation of a ionic dihydride. It is proposed that the active catalyst is a dinuclear species, since none of the likely mononuclear breakdown oducts shows any catalytic activity. A catalytic cycle for the reaction is proposed. The second study was an investigation into the use of fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry as a means of anaylsis organometallic compounds which have proved difficult to identify using other ionisation modes. The technique was shown to informative spectra for a series of dinuclear rhodium-dppm mplexes and some dinuclear manganese carbonyl derivatives. FAB ionisation also proved effective for identification of phosphine and phosphite derivatives of [RCC0[sub]3(CO)[sub]9.] (R=CH[sub]3, C1). The technique was also combined with thin layer chromatography (TLC) in examining a reaction of [Mo(CO)[sub]6.] with Ph[sub]2P(CH[sub]2)[sub]2P(O)Ph[sub]2 (dppeO) which yields a mixture of seven products. It was found that good spectra of pure materials could be obtained TLC separation, followed by removal of the appropriate section silica support from the plate. This was subjected directly to FAB mass spectrometry without prior extraction of the product from silica. Using this technique, it proved possible to identify three new dppeO derivatives of [Mo(CO)[sub]4 (dppeO) derivatives of [Mo(CO)[sub]6. These are [Mo(CO)[sub]5 (dppeO)] cis-[Mo(CO)[sub]4 (dppeO)[sub]2] and [Mo[sub]2(CO)[sub] 4 (dppeO)[sub]2].

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The synthesis of a range of siloxane functionalized Ru(arene)Cl(N,N) complexes allowing for the synthesis of novel MCM-41 and SBA-15 immobilized ruthenium(II) catalysts, is described in this thesis. Two distinctly different approaches were envisaged to achieve successful heterogenization of these siloxane functionalized complexes. Condensation of the siloxane functionalized complexes, C2.4-C2.6 (siloxane tether attached to imine nitrogen) and C3.5-C3.7 (siloxane tether via the arene ring), with the surface silanols of the synthesized silica support materials MCM-41 and SBA-15, afforded immobilized catalysts IC4.1-IC4.6 (siloxane tether attached to imine nitrogen) and IC4.7-IC4.12 (siloxane tether via the arene ring). Model and siloxane functionalized complexes C2.1-C2.6 were prepared by the reaction of diimine Schiff base ligands L2.1-L2.6 with the [Ru(p-cymene)2Cl2]2 dimer. A second, novel, approach involved the introduction of the siloxane tether on the arene ligand of the complex. Cationic arene functionalized Ru(arene)Cl(N,N) complexes, C3.1-C3.4, were prepared with varying N,N ligands including bipyridine and a range of diimine ligands, with either propyl or diisopropyl(phenyl) substituents at the imine nitrogen (greater steric bulk around the metal center). The reaction of these propanol functionalized complexes with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate, afforded urethane linked siloxane functionalized complexes C3.5-C3.8, where the siloxane tether is attached to the arene ring of the complex. The complexes were fully characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, ESI-MS analysis and microanalysis. Suitable crystals for the alcohol functionalized complex C3.1 were obtained and the resultant orange crystals were analyzed by single crystal XRD. The heterogenized catalysts, IC4.1-IC4.12, were characterized by smallangle powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET) surface analysis to name but a few. ICP-OES allowed for direct comparison of the model and immobilized systems during catalysis ensuring that the ruthenium loadings were kept constant. The application of the model complexes C2.1-C2.3 and C3.1-C3.3, as well as their immobilized counterparts, IC4.1-IC4.12, as catalyst precursors in the oxidative cleavage of alkenes (1-octene and styrene), were investigated. The proposed active species for the cleavage reactions was confirmed to be RuO4 (UV-Vis spectroscopy). In general it was observed that at lower conversions, aldehyde was formed as the major product. Increased reaction times resulted in the conversion of the formed aldehyde to the corresponding carboxylic acid. For the oxidative cleavage of 1-octene using the systems with the siloxane tether attached to the imine nitrogen, the immobilized systems outperformed the model systems in all regards. Higher conversions and selectivities of 1-octene towards heptaldehyde were obtained when using immobilized catalysts IC4.1-IC4.6, as compared to their non-immobilized model counterparts (C2.1-C2.3) at similar times. It was found that the immobilized catalysts could be used at ruthenium loadings as low as 0.05 mol %, compared to the model systems where 0.5 mol % ruthenium was required to give favorable results. Complete conversion of 1-octene could be achieved at almost half the time needed when using the model systems as catalyst precursors. The activity of the model systems seems to increase with the increase in steric bulk around the metal center. These model and immobilized systems were also found to cleave styrene affording benzaldehyde in almost quantitative yield in some case (shorter reaction times). The systems, with the siloxane tether via the arene ring, were found to be less active for the cleavage of 1-octene when compared to the above mentioned systems (siloxane tether attached to the imine nitrogen). The immobilized systems IC4.7-IC4.12 performed well compared to their model counterparts, but could not achieve the same conversions at the shorter reaction times as were the case for IC4.1-IC4.6. This lower activity was ascribed to the decreased stability of these systems in solution compared to the above mentioned systems with the tether attached to the imine nitrogen. This was confirmed by monitoring the conversion of the complex (catalyst precursor) to the active species in the absence of substrate (monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy). It was observed that model complex C3.1 could not be detected in solution after 1 hour, compared to complex C2.2 which was detected in solution even after 24 hours. Experiments were carried out where MCM-41 was added to a solution of model complex C2.2 under typical cleavage reaction conditions. A dramatic increase in the conversion was achieved when compared to a reaction in the absence of MCM-41. An investigation into the effect of the support material on the formation of the expected active species was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of the active species, RuO4, could be observed at shorter reaction times in the presence of MCM-41. This suggested that the silica support facilitates the formation of the active species from the complex during the reaction, therefore resulting in an increased activity. It was also observed that RuO4 is present in solution in reactions where the immobilized catalyst systems are used after very short reaction times, compared to the prolonged times required for this to occur as is the case for the model systems. Model and immobilized catalysts, C2.1-C2.3 and IC4.1-IC4.6, were also applied as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of various ketones. The immobilized systems could be recovered and reused for three consecutive runs before the catalysts became inactive (transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone). Moderate to good conversion were obtained using the immobilized systems, but were found to be less active their model counterparts C2.1-C2.3.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sintese van `n reeks siloksaan gefunksioneerde Ru(areen)Cl(N,N) komplekse, wat die sintese van nuwe MCM-41 en SBA-15 geimmobiliseerede rutenium(II) katalisatore toelaat, word in hierdie tesis beskryf. Twee ooglopend verskillende metodes is voorgestel om die suksesvolle immobilisering van die siloksaan gefunksioneerde komplekse te bereik. Die kondensasie van die siloksaan gefunksioneerde komplekse, C2.4-C2.6 (siloksaan ketting geheg aan die imien stikstof) en C3.5-C3.7 (siloksaan ketting geheg aan die areen ligand), met die oppervlak silanol groepe van die silika materiale MCM-41 en SBA-15, laat die sintese van geimmobiliseerde katalisatore IC4.1-IC4.6 (siloksaan ketting geheg aan die imien stikstof) en IC4.7-IC4.12 (siloksaan ketting geheg aan die areen ligand) toe. Model en siloksaan gefunksioneerde komplekse C2.6-C2.6 is berei deur die reaksie tussen Schiff basis ligande, L2.1-L2.6, en die [Ru(p-simeen)2Cl2]2 dimeer. `n Tweede, nuwe benadering wat die sintese van komplekse met die siloksaan ketting geheg aan die areen ligand behels, is ook gevolg. Kationiese areen gefunksioneerde Ru(areen)Cl(N,N) komplekse, C3.1-C3.4, is berei deur die N,N ligande rondom die metaal sentrum te wissel vanaf bipiridien tot `n reeks diimien ligande met propiel of diisopropielfeniel substituente by die imien stikstof. Hierdie propanol gefunksioneerde komplekse is met 3-(triëtoksiesiliel)propiel-isosianaat gereageer om sodoende die uretaan gekoppelde siloksaan gefunksioneerde komplekse C3.5-C3.8 op te lewer. Al die komplekse is ten volle gekaraktariseer deur van FT-IR spektroskopie, KMR (1H and 13C) spektroskopie, ESI-MS analise en mikroanalise gebruik te maak. In die geval van model kompleks C3.1, is `n kristalstruktuurbepaling ook uitgevoer. Die heterogene katalisatore, IC4.1- IC4.12, is gekaraktariseer deur poeier X-straaldiffraksie, skandeer- en transmissieelektronmikroskopie, termogravimetriese analise (TGA), induktief gekoppelde plasma optiese emissie spektroskopie (IKP-OES) en BET oppervlak analises, om net `n paar te noem. IKP-OES het ons toegelaat om `n direkte vergelyking te tref tussen die model en geimmobiliseerde sisteme tydens die katalise reaksies. Model komplekse C2.1-C2.3 en C3.1-C3.3, sowel as hul geimmobiliseerde eweknieë IC4.1- IC4.12, is vir die oksidatiewe splyting van alkene (1-okteen en stireen) getoets. Die voorgestelde aktiewe spesie wat tydens hierdie reaksie gevorm word, RuO4, is bevestig deur van UV-Vis spektroskopie gebruik te maak. Oor die algemeen is dit gevind dat aldehied oorheersend gevorm word by laer omsetting. Wanneer die reaksietyd verleng is, is daar gevind dat die aldehied na die ooreenstemmende karboksielsuur omgeskakel is. Wanneer die geimmobiliseerde katalisatore gebruik is tydens die oksidatiewe splitsing van 1-okteen, het die sisteme, met die ketting geheg aan die imien stikstof, deurgangs beter as die model sisteme gevaar. Hoër omskakelings van 1-okteen en hoë selektiwiteite vir heptaldehied is behaal wanneer die geimobiliseerded katalisatore IC4.1-IC4.6 met die nie-geimmobiliseerde model sisteme (C2.1- C2.3) vergelyk is by dieselfde reaksietye. Die geimobiliseerde sisteme kon by rutenium beladings van so laag as 0.05 mol % gebruik word. Dit is in teenstelling met die model sisteme waar 0.5 mol % rutenium nodig was om die reaksie suksesvol te laat plaasvind. Die totale omskakeling van 1-okteen is bereik in die helfte van die tyd wat nodig was wanneer die model sisteme gebruik is. Dit is gevind dat die aktiwiteit van die model sisteme toeneem met `n toename in die steriese grootte van die ligand rondom die metaal. Beide die model en geimmobilseerde sisteme kon ook gebruik word vir die oksidatiewe splyting van stireen. Bensaldehied kon in kwantitiewe opbrengs gevorm word in sommige gevalle. `n Laer aktiwiteit vir die oksidatiewe splyting van 1-okteen is vir die sisteme waar die siloksaan ketting aan die areen ligand geheg is, waargeneem. Hoewel die geimmobiliseerde sisteme IC4.7-IC4.12 beter as hul model eweknieë gevaar het, kon die aktiwiteite wat met IC4.1-IC4.6 bereik is nie geewenaar word nie. Hierdie laer aktiwiteit is toegeskryf aan die verlaagde stabiliteit van dié sisteme in oplossing in vergelyking met IC4.1-IC4.6 (ketting geheg aan die imine stikstof). Die stabiliteit van beide sisteme is getoets deur die omskakeling van die model komplekse (C2.2 en C3.1; katalise voorgangers) na die aktiewe spesie te monitor (UV-Vis spektroskopie). Na 1 uur kon die model kompleks C3.1 nie meer in die oplossing waargeneem word nie. In teenstelling kon model kompleks C2.2 nog selfs na 24 uur in die oplossing bespeur word. Om die rol van die silika materiale tydens die reaksie te ondersoek, is `n eksperiment uitgevoer waar MCM-41 by `n oplossing van kompleks C2.2 gevoeg is. `n Toename in die omskakeling van 1-okteen is waargeneem in vergelyking met `n reaksie waar geen silika teenwoordig was nie. UV-Vis spektroskopie is gebruik om die invloed van die silika op die vorming van die aktiewe spesie te ondersoek. In eksperimente waar MCM-41 teenwoordig was, kon die aktiewe spesie, RuO4, by baie korter reaksietye waargeneem word. Dit wil blyk of die silika materiaal die vorming van die aktiewe spesie vanaf die kompleks aanhelp en sodoende `n toename in die spoed van die reaksie bewerkstellig. RuO4 kon ook by baie korter reaksietye waargeneem word wanneer die geimmobiliseerde sisteme gebruik is. Beide model en geimmobiliseerde sisteme, C2.1-C2.3 en IC4.1-IC4.6, is getoets vir die oordrag hidrogenering van verskilende ketone. Dit was moontlik om die geimmobiliseerde sisteme drie keer te herwin en vir daaropvolgende reaksies te gebruik. Vir die geimmobiliseerde sisteme kon egter slegs gemiddelde omskakelings verkryg word en het swakker gevaar as hul model ekwivalente sisteme, C2.1-C2.3.

Obtention de particules submicroniques (3 a 4nm) par reduction en milieu thf d'un halogenure de ni ou de pd par etmgbr. Etude de l'activite catalytique lors de l'hydrogenation en phase liquide de l'hexene-1, du cyclohexene, de l'hexyne-1 et -3 et du benzene

A library of iridium complexes featuring oxazoline and imidazol-2-ylidene ligands were synthesized by reaction of a library of imidazoles with a second library of oxazoline iodides. These complexes were active catalysts for hydrogenations of aryl substituted monoenes. Tri- and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes were hydrogenated quantitatively with ee??s up to 99% at 1 atm hydrogen pressure. Catalyst, substrate, temperature and pressure effects were studied. The iridium complexes were also used for the kinetic study of hydrogenation of 2,3- diphenylbutadiene. This hydrogenation is a stepwise reaction: one double bond was hydrogenated first, then the second one. Both step hydrogenations were zero order in alkene. The consumption of 2,3-diphenylbutadiene was first order in catalyst, and probably first order in hydrogen pressure too. The enantioselectivity for the first step hydrogenation was low. There were match and mismatch catalyst-substrate relationships for the second step hydrogenation, and the enantioselectivities for this step were catalyst controlled. NMR studies indicated that the initiation of the reaction involved both hydrogen and alkene substrate. A competitive experiment was designed to explore the formation of meso-alkane at first step hydrogenation, and the results indicated that the alkane was formed predominantly via an associative mechanism. Four types of conjugate dienes were synthesized and hydrogenated. Different reactivities and selectivities were obtained for each type of dienes. In the best case, a diene was hydrogenated quantitatively with an excellent ent/meso ratio of 20:1.0 and 99% enantioselectivity. The scope, limitation and potential applications of the reactions were discussed. A selection of the dienes was hydrogenated with the Crabtree??s catalyst, for comparison, and the yields, conversions and diastereoselectivities were inferior to those from iridium-oxazoline-imidazol-2-ylidene catalysts.

The research described in this thesis is directed toward the efficient, enantioselective synthesis of chiral products that have useful functionality. This goal was pursued through catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, a reaction class that selectively introduces one or two stereocenters into a molecule in an atom-efficient step. This reaction uses a small amount (often <1 mol%) of a chiral catalyst to impart stereoselectivity to the product formed. Though catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation is not a new reaction type, there remain many substrate classes for which it is ineffective. The present thesis describes efforts to extend the reaction to some of these substrates classes. Some of the products synthesized in these studies may eventually find use as building blocks for the production of chiral pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, or flavouring or colouring agents. However, the primary and immediate aim of this thesis was to develop and demonstrate new catalysts that are rapid and effective in the asymmetric hydrogenation of a broad range of compounds. Paper I describes the design and construction of two new, related chiral iridium compounds that are catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation. They each contain an N,P-donating phosphinooxazoline ligand that is held together by a rigid bicyclic unit. One of these iridium compounds catalyzed the asymmetric hydrogenation of acyclic aryl imines, often with very good enantioselectivities. This is particularly notable because acyclic imines are difficult to reduce with useful enantioselectivity. The second catalyst was useful for the asymmetric hydrogenation of two aryl olefins. In Paper II, the class of catalysts introduced into Paper I is expanded to include many more related compounds, and these are also applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral imines and olefins. By studying a range of related catalysts that differ in a single attribute, we were able to probe how different parts of the catalyst affect the yield and selectivity of the hydrogenation reactions. Whereas iridium catalysts had been applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of imines and largely unfunctionalized olefins prior to this work (with varied degrees of success), they had not been used to reduce fluoroolefins. Their hydrogenation, which is discussed in Paper III, was complicated by concomitant defluorination to yield non-halogenated alkanes. To combat this problem, several iridium-based hydrogenation catalysts were applied to the reaction. Two catalysts stood out for their ability to produce chiral fluoroalkanes in good enantioselectivity while minimizing the defluorination reaction, and one of these bore a phosphinooxazoline ligand of the type described in Papers I and II. Enol phosphinates are another class of olefins that had not previously been subjected to iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. They do, however, constitute an attractive substrate class, because the product chiral alkyl phosphinates can be transformed into chiral alcohols or chiral phosphines with no erosion of enantiopurity. Iridium complexes of the phosphinooxazoline ligands described in Papers I and II were extremely effective catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of enol phosphinates. They produced alkyl phosphinates from di- and trisubstituted enol phosphinate, β-ketoester-derived enol phosphinates, and even purely alkyl-substituted enol phopshinates, in very high yields and enantioselectivities.

Ceroxid (CeO2) wurde in den letzten Jahren als Katalysator für die Hydrierung von Alkinen zu Alkenen entdeckt und hat als solcher großes wissenschaftliches Interesse geweckt. Um weitere Einblicke in die Funktion von CeO2 in der Reaktion zu gewinnen, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit der Adsorption von H2, CO2 und Propin, sowie mit der Interaktion von Hydroxylgruppen und Propin auf CeO2(111)-Oberflächen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der Rolle von Sauerstoffleerstellen.
In recent years, ceria (CeO2) has attracted much scientific interest due to its activity as a catalyst in the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes. To gain further insights into the role of CeO2 in propyne hydrogenation, this thesis explores the fundamental processes of H2, CO2, and propyne adsorption, as well as the interaction of hydroxyls and propyne on well-defined CeO2(111) surfaces. A special emphasis thereby lies on the role of oxygen (O) vacancies in these processes.

Compreender a correlação entre as características de um catalisador particular e seu desempenho catalítico tem sido um dos principais objetos da pesquisa em catálise heterogênea a fim de usar esse conhecimento para o desenho racional de catalisadores mais ativos, seletivos e estáveis. A seletividade é um dos fatores mais importantes a ser controlado pelo desenho de catalisadores, podendo ser alcançada de diversas maneiras, levando-se em consideração mudanças do tipo estrutural, química, eletrônica, de composição, de cinética e de energia. O trabalho descrito nessa tese de doutorado compreende a síntese e caracterização de catalisadores compostos de nanopartículas de óxido de cobre, paládio e cobre-paládio e seu estudo em reações de hidrogenação e oxidação seletivas de hidrocarbonetos insaturados. Os catalisadores foram preparados através da deposição de nanopartículas dos metais cataliticamente ativos sobre suportes magneticamente recuperáveis compostos de nanopartículas de magnetita revestidas por sílica com superfícies funcionalizada com diferentes grupos orgânicos. A natureza magnética do suporte permitiu a fácil separação do catalisador do meio reacional pela simples aproximação de um ímã na parede do reator. O catalisador pôde ser completamente separado da fase líquida, fazendo com que a utilização de outros métodos de separação como filtração e centrifugação, comumente utilizados em sistemas heterogêneos líquidos, fossem completamente dispensados. Os catalisadores foram inicialmente testados em reações de hidrogenação de alquenos e alquinos. As reações de hidrogenação foram realizadas utilizando hidrogênio molecular como agente redutor, dispensando a utilização de agentes redutores mais agressivos. Os catalisadores compostos de NPs de Pd mostram excelente atividade e capacidade de reutilização na hidrogenação de cicloexeno, podendo ser utilizados em até 15 ciclos sem perda de atividade. Nas reações de hidrogenação de alquinos, os catalisadores que contêm cobre mostraram maior seletividade para a obtenção dos produtos de semi-hidrogenação, com destaque para o catalisador composto de NPs de CuPd, que não apresenta nem traços do produto de hidrogenação completa na amostra final. Esse catalisador bimetálico alia as características do paládio (elevada atividade) e do cobre (elevada seletividade) para fornecer um catalisador ativo e seletivo para a transformação desejada. Além disso, os grupos funcionais presentes na superfície do suporte catalítico mostraram influência na atividade e seletividade para a hidrogenação de alquenos e alquinos. Os catalisadores sintetizados também foram testados na reação de oxidação de cicloexeno e mostraram seletividade para a produção do composto carbonílico α,β-insaturado, cicloex-2-en-1-ona, que é um reagente de partida de grande interesse para a síntese de diversos materiais na indústria química. As reações de oxidação foram realizadas utilizando-se apenas O2 como oxidante primário, dispensando o uso de oxidantes tóxicos como cromatos, permanganatos ou compostos halogenados, que não são recomendados do ponto de vista ambiental. Os catalisadores sintetizados puderam ser reutilizados em sucessivos ciclos de oxidação, mostrando seletividade para a formação dos produtos alílicos em todos os ciclos. Os catalisadores foram estáveis sob as condições reacionais e não apresentaram problemas de lixiviação da espécie ativa para o meio reacional, que é comum na catálise heterogênea. Um estudo cinético mostrou que, mesmo no início da reação, o catalisador tem seletividade para a ocorrência de oxidação alílica em detrimento da reação de oxidação direta que dá origem ao epóxidos correspondente, e se mostrou condizente com o mecanismo proposto na literatura para a reação de oxidação de alquenos via radicalar.
Understanding the correlation between the characteristics of a particular catalyst and its catalytic performance has been the main goal in heterogeneous catalysis research in order to use this knowledge for the rational design of more active, selective, and stable catalysts. Selectivity is one of the most important factors to be controlled by catalyst design as it can be tuned in several ways such as by structural, chemical, electronic, compositional, kinetic and energy considerations. This PhD thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of catalysts composed of palladium, copper oxide and copper-palladium nanoparticles and their study for selective hydrogenation and oxidation reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The catalysts were prepared by deposition of the catalytic active metal nanoparticles on magnetically recoverable supports comprised of magnetite and silica-coated magnetite functionalized with different organic groups. The magnetic nature of support allowed the easy separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium by the approximation of a magnet on the reactor wall. The catalyst could be completely separated from the liquid phase, making unnecessary further uses of other separation methods, e.g. as filtration and centrifugation, commonly used in heterogeneous systems. Catalysts were initially tested in hydrogenation reactions of alkenes and alkynes. The hydrogenation reactions were carried out using molecular hydrogen as reducing agent, eliminating the use of more aggressive reducing agents. The Pd NPs catalyst showed excellent activity and recyclability for up to 15 cycles of hydrogenation of cyclohexene without losing activity. In alkyne hydrogenation, the catalysts containing copper showed the highest selectivity to obtain the semi-hydrogenation products, especially the CuPd NP catalyst, which does not display any traces of the complete hydrogenated product. This bimetallic catalyst combines the best characteristics of palladium (high activity) and copper (high selectivity) to provide an active and selective catalyst for the desired transformation. The functional groups present on the support surface showed influence on the activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. The synthesized catalysts were also tested in the cyclohexene oxidation reaction and showed selectivity for the carbonyl α,β-unsaturated compound, cyclohex-2-en-1-one, which is a starting material of great interest for the synthesis of various materials in the chemical industry. The oxidation reactions were carried out using only O2 and primary oxidant, eliminating the use of toxic oxidants such as permanganates and chromates, which are not recommended from an environmental point of view. The synthesized catalyst could be reused in successive oxidation cycles, showing selectivity for the formation of the allylic products in all cycles. The catalysts were stable under reaction conditions and there was no leaching of the active species in the reaction medium, a common problem in heterogeneous catalysis. A kinetic study showed that even at the beginning of the reaction the catalyst has selectivity for the occurrence of allylic oxidation at the expense of direct oxidation reaction that gives rise to the corresponding epoxide, which is consistent with the mechanism proposed in the literature for a radical-chain oxidation of olefins.

This thesis describes synthesis of new chiral N,P ligands and their evaluation in two types of asymmetric transition-metal catalyzed reactions. The first part of the thesis describes studies in iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. A new class of chiral N,P ligands, imidazole-phosphines, was synthesized and evaluated in the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins (Paper I). The new ligands proved to be highly efficient and enantioselective in the reaction. Because the substrate scope of Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation is still limited to certain types of test substrates, new substrate classes with importance in medicinal and materials chemistry were investigated. Vinyl fluorides were efficiently hydrogenated to fluorine-containing chiral centers by the iridium catalysts with imidazole-phosphine ligands (Paper I). To obtain CF3-bearing chiral centers, we hydrogenated CF3-substituted olefins (Paper II). Ir-catalyzed asymmetric  hydrogenation was highly enantioselective for the functionalized CF3-substituted olefins and the resulting chiral products can be valuable in design of materials such as LCD screens. Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation was also evaluated as a route to diarylmethine chiral centers (Paper III). A wide range of new chiral compounds possessing a diarylmethine chiral center was obtained. The second part of the thesis deals with asymmetric intermolecular Heck reaction utilizing N,P ligands. The N,P ligand class of thiazole-phosphines was evaluated in the Heck reaction (Paper IV) and gave high enantioselectivity. Further, the intermolecular Heck reaction was examined using computational and experimental studies (Paper V). This study led to a better understanding of the enantioselectivity in the reaction.

Une des voies privilégiées pour réduire la teneur en soufre dans les essences commerciales est l'hydrodésulfuration sélective (HDS) des essences issues du procédé de FCC. Une essence étant composée d'un mélange de composés soufrés (1000 ppm) et d'oléfines (20-40%pds). Il est important de comprendre leur transformation de manière à améliorer l'HDS tout en minimisant l'hydrogénation (HYD) des oléfines. Par conséquent, la transformation de plusieurs molécules modèles soufrées (2-méthylthiophène, 3-méthylthiophène et le benzothiophène) et oléfiniques (hex-1-ène, 4-méthylpent-1-ène, 3,3-diméthylbut-1-ène et 2,3-diméthylbut-2-ène) a été étudiée dans les conditions opératoires d'HDS. Par une approche expérimentale couplée à de la modélisation cinétique, nous avons établi une échelle de réactivité entre les composés soufrés d'une part et les oléfines d'autre part. Le benzothiophène est le composé le plus réactif, mais aussi celui qui est le plus inhibiteur pour la transformation des autres composés soufrés. Concernant les oléfines, l'hex-1-ène est la plus réactive par rapport aux autres oléfines ramifiées. Lorsque ces composés sont en mélange, on constate des inhibitions mutuelles plus au moins conséquentes selon la structure des composés modèles. Ces effets qui résultent de compétitions à l'adsorption entre les molécules à la surface du catalyseur ont été modélisés et quantifiés (constantes cinétique et d'adsorption) à partir d'un modèle unique en considérant le formalisme de Langmuir-Hinshelwood
A preferred route to reduce the sulfur content on the commercial gasoline is the selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process of FCC gasoline. A typical gasoline is composed by a mixture of sulfur (1000 ppm) and olefins (20-40%wt) compounds. Therefore, it is important to understand their transformation in order to improve the HDS and minimizing the olefin hydrogenation (HYD). Consequently, the transformation of various sulfur (2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene and benzothiophene) and olefins (hex-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene) has been studied under HDS operating conditions.By experimental and theoretical (kinetic modeling) approaches, a reactivity scale has been established between the sulfur compounds on one hand and olefins compounds on the other hand. The benzothiophene is the most reactive compound. However it is the most inhibitor compound for the transformation of others sulfur compounds. Regarding the olefins, the hex-1-ene is the most reactive compound among the others branched compounds. A mutual inhibition has been observed when those compounds are studied in mixture according with their structures. These effects result from competitive adsorption between the molecules on the catalyst surface. These results could be modeled and quantified (adsorption and kinetic constants) from a unique model considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism

Etude experimentale des reactions d'hydrocrackage d'une huile vegetale en autoclave, sous pression d'hydrogene, entre 623 et 708**(o)k, en presence de catalyseurs hydrogenants. On a mis en evidence les sequences detaillees des reactions qui transforment les composes insatures et les triglycerides en hydrocarbures du type "gazole". Le deplacement de l'equilibre global vers la formation d'hydrocarbures a ete realise pour une pression finale d'hydrogene de 200 bars. Un taux de conversion proche de 100% molaire a ete obtenu pour deux huiles vegetales a 633**(o)k, avec des catalyseurs ni-mo/gamma -al::(2)o::(3) et ni-mo/sio::(2)-al::(2)o::(3) sulfures

Chemical catalysts are divided into two traditional categories: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Although homogeneous (molecular) catalysts tend to have high activity and selectivity, their wide application is hampered by the difficulties in catalyst separation. In contrast, the vast majority of industrial scale catalysts are heterogeneous catalysts based on solid materials. Immobilized catalysts, combining the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, have developed into an important field in catalysis research. This dissertation presents synthesis, characterization and evaluation of several novel immobilized catalysts. In the first part, MNP supported aluminum isoproxide was developed for ROP of Є-caprolactone to achieve facile magnetic separation of catalysts from polymerization system and reduce toxic metal residues in the poly(caprolactone) product. Chapter 3 presents a silica coated MNP supported DMAP catalyst that was synthesized and displayed good activity and regio-selectivity in epoxide ring opening reactions. In Chapter 4, hybrid sulfonic acid catalysts based on polymer brush materials have been developed. The unique polymer brush architecture permits high catalyst loadings as well as easy accessibility of the active sites to be achieved in this catalytic system. In Chapter 5, aminopolymer-silica composite supported Pd catalysts with good activity and selectivity were developed for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes. In this case, the aminopolymer composite works as a stabilizer for palladium nanoparticles, as well as a modifier to tune the catalyst selectivity. All in all, the general theme of the thesis is developing new immobilized catalysts with improved activity/selectivity as well as easy separation via rational catalyst design.

Surface catalysed reactions play an important role in chemical productions. Developments of catalyst requiring high activity whilst improving on product selectivity can potentially have a profound effect in the chemical industry. Traditional catalyst modifications were focused on tuning the size, shape and foreign metal doping to form well defined metal nanoparticles of unique functionalities. Here, we show new approach to engineering of metal nanocatalysts via a subsurface approach can modify the chemisorption strength of adsorbates on the surface. Carbon modified nanoparticles were synthesised using glucose to stabilise Pd nanoparticles at a molecular level. Upon heat treatment, the carbonised glucose encapsulated the Pd nanoparticles with carbon atoms take residence in the octahedral holes (15 at.%). These materials were tested in liquid phase stereoselective hydrogenations of 3-hexyn-1-ol and 4-octyne. The former has importance in the fragrance industry towards the production of leaf fragrance alcohol. It was shown for the first time that the geometrically and electronically modified Pd with interstitial carbon atoms reduced the adsorption energy of alkenes, ultimately leading to higher reaction selectivity. Boron modified Pd nanoparticles was synthesised using BH₃.THF in the liquid phase. The material possess high B interstitial saturation (20 at.%), which can be synthesised for the first time below 100°C. These materials were tested in the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of various alkynes and 2-chloronitrobenzene, of which the latter has importance in the pesticides industry. Kinetic modelling on the hydrogenation of 4-octyne suggests these subsurface occupied B does play a pivotal role on increasing the reaction selectivity, as removal of these species lead to decreased selectivity. Au nanoparticles were synthesised and characterised using H¹³COOH NMR. The new liquid NMR characterisation method is successfully applied to examine the chemisorption strength of metal nanoparticles. An attempt to synthesise PVP capped B modified Pd nanoparticles with the above NMR characterisation was investigated. It is believed the examples of subsurface atom modifications as shown here may offer future catalyst developments in this area.

Hydrogenation of "largely unfunctionalized" alkenes has been an active area of research for about a decade. Many catalysts have been prepared but we noticed that comparatively few substrates have been studied and none of these hydrogenations provided useful chirons for the organic synthesis area. That motivated us to investigate asymmetric hydrogenations of chiral acyclic alkenes, which are seldom used for hydrogenations and usually the reactions are fully substrate controlled. It emerged that such reactions could provide a concise entry points into chirons that can be used to prepare many natural products. Asymmetric hydrogenations of functionalized, but not coordinatively functionalized, alkenes have been used to prepare several chirons for syntheses ofpolyketide natural products using our N,carbene Crabtree's catalyst analog. Starting from optically active starting materials (eg Roche esters, lactic acid, glyceraldehyde dimethyl ketals, amino acids), highly optically active chiral alkenes can be made in several steps with high yield. With the iridium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations, chiral ethers, 1,3-hydroxymethyl chiron, alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxy-gamma-methyl chiron, alpha-methyl-gamma-alkyl-gamma-amino acid can be obtained with high stereoselectivities. With those well developed methodologies, (-)-dihydromyoporone, (-)-spongidepsin, (-)-invictolide have been prepared with high efficiency. Not like the vinyl acetate, which can be hydrogenated quite well with many Rh catalysts, the alkyl vinyl ether does not have a coordination functional group nearby, hence it is a difficult substrate for asymmetric hydrogenation and there are relatively few iv reports. Also the simple alkyl enol ether is quite acid sensitive and the Pfatlz's type N,PIr catalysts cannot hydrogenate the simple alkyl enol ethers well under the standard hydrogenation conditions. We explored many alkyl enol ethers and found some of them can be hydrogenated efficiently (50 bar H2, 1 mol percent N,carbene-Ir catalyst, 25 degree C) with high enantioselectivities (up to 98 percent ee). This study led us to suspect that more protons were produced when N,P-Ir catalyst precursors were used relative to the corresponding carbene catalyst since the former only gave complex mixture when being used. DF calculations and several other experiments supported this postulation.

碩士
國立中興大學
化學系所
107
Metal–NHC complexes such as ruthenium–, rhodium–, and iridium–NHC complexes used to perform catalytic hydrogenation had been widely studied. However, there have been less successful examples of Pd–NHC in hydrogenation catalysis. It has been observed that hydrido–palladium complexes of NHC may undergo reductive elimination leading to catalyst deactivation. In this study, the bis-NHC–Pd complex derived from the bis-NHC–Ag complex 31 with Pd(OAc)2 in situ was examined. The bis-NHC–Ag complex is not easily deactivated in air and moist atmosphere and the transmetallation reaction can be carried out under organic solvent and/or water. The bis-NHC–Pd complex successfully performed transfer hydrogenation reaction without inert gas protection during the reaction. Triethylammonium formate was employed as the hydrogen donor for the transfer hydrogenation. The by-product is carbon dioxide which requires no purification. In between 60 oC to 80 oC, the alkynes were effectively reduced to the corresponding alkene or alkane products in a mixed solvent of DMF and water with good yields. Thus, an easily prepared bis-NHC–Pd complex has been developed, which can successfully catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of alkynes under mild conditions. The experiment could be operated under air without tedious protocol and harsh experimental conditions. The hydrogenation reaction performed well for a wide range of alkynes (alcohol, amide, ester, alkyl, pyridyl, nitro group) and afforded Z-olefins as the major products. It is compatible with a variety of functional groups, exhibits high stereo- (>70%) and chemoselectivity (>99%).

Project I: [Ru(OH2)3(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)](OTf)2 as a Homogeneous Hydrogenation Catalyst for Biomass Derived Substrates. The complex [Ru(OH2)3(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)](OTf)2 has been shown to be an active ionic hydrogenation catalyst for selected carbonyls, diols and glycerol by the Schlaf group. It was postulated to also be active for other biomass derived substrates such as levulinic acid (LA), furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). Synthesis of the complex was optimized and full characterization carried out by 1H/13C –NMR. The complex was tested against LA in aqueous sulfolane medium and the furfural/HMF model system 2,5-hexanedione in water. Activity of the complex was compared to the analogous metal-ligand bifunctional (MLB) system described in Project II. The complex exhibited good thermal stability up to 200 oC in 90/10 wt% sulfolane/water mixtures and was capable of hydrogenation of LA to γ-valerolactone in 95% yield. Addition of protic acids to the reaction mixture and increasing proportions of water decreased the activity of the complex towards the hydrogenation of LA. Project II: [Ru(OH2)3(di(picolyl)amine)](OTf)2 as an acid-, water- stable, metal-ligand bifunctional deoxygenation catalyst. The complex [Ru(OH2)3(di(picolyl)amine)](OTf)2 was postulated to be an active MLB ionic hydrogenation catalyst under acidic aqueous conditions. Using the substantially labile [Ru(DMF)6](OTF)3 ruthenium complex as the precursor, the desired complex was prepared insitu by coordination of the DPA ligand and concomitant reduction of Ru3+ to Ru2+. The complex was characterized by 1H/13C-NMR and tested for the hydrogenation of LA, 2,5-hexanedione, furfural and HMF under acidic aqueous conditions. The complex exhibited thermal stability up to 150 oC and was active for the hydrogenation of carbonyls, as demonstrated by the conversion of 2,5-hexanedione to 2,5-hexanediol in 94% yield in water. Addition of H3PO4 as an acid cocatalyst resulted in nearly complete conversion to dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) but further deoxygenation could not be achieved. Direct comparision of [Ru(OH2)3(di(picolyl)amine)](OTf)2 and [Ru(OH2)3(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)](OTf)2 under identical conditions against LA and 2,5-hexanedione demonstrated that the[Ru(OH2)3(di(picolyl)amine)](OTf)2 catalyst is more active than the [Ru(OH2)3(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)](OTf)2 complex in all cases, suggesting that the di(picolyl)amine complex operates through a MLB ionic hydrogenation mechanism.
NSERC

Chapter 1: Metal carbenoids in organic synthesis The chapter describes the phenomena of metal carbenoid insertion reactions in two parts: Part A, and Part B. The study of N-tosylhydrazones as diazo precursor was commenced by Jose Barluenga in 2007,1 which demonstrated an in-situ generation of diazo species and trapping of that with low valent palladium catalyst (Scheme 1). Later, this palladium-carbenoid assumption was supported by few reports. Some of these discoveries were by D. F. Taber in 1986 followed by van Vranken in 1999 & 2001.2 These studies of palladium carbenes were supplemented by several groups in subsequent years. The consequent developments with N-tosylhydrazones as diazo source were very fruitful and produced exceptional chemical transformations in recent years. Though the precursor is also vastly customary for other metals such as Cu, Ni, Rh and Co, the primary focus has been given to Pd catalysis due to its wide utility and applicability. 1) Barluenga, J.; Moriel, P.; Valdes, C.; Aznar, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5587. 2) (a) Taber, D. F.; Amedio, J. C., Jr.; Sherrill, R. G. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 3382. (b) Hoye, T. R.; Dinsmore, C. J.; Johnson, D. S.; Korkowski, P. F. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4518. (c) Greenman, K. L.; Carter, D. S.; Van Vranken, D. L Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 5219. 3) Palladium catalysed coupling of tosylhydrazones with aryl and heteroaryl halides in the absence of external ligands: synthesis of substituted olefins, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78, 12136. Modes of reactivity of a metal-carbene Scheme 1 Cascade carbene migratory insertion process Part A: Ligand-free coupling of tosylhydrazones with aryl & heteroaryl halides In this part, Palladium catalysed cross-coupling reaction of hydrazones with aryl halides in absence of an external ligand is reported. The versatility of this coupling reaction has been demonstrated by showcasing the selectivity of coupling reaction in presence of hydroxyl and amine functional groups. This method allows synthesizing a variety of heterocyclic compounds, which are otherwise difficult to access from traditional methods. Application of the present methodology is validated in tandem reaction of ketones to the corresponding substituted olefins in a single pot experiment. Few examples are illustrated below in Scheme 2.3 Scheme 2: Scope of aryl halide coupling with tosylhydrazones Part B: Pd-catalysed Synthesis of Highly Branched Dienes The regioselective formation of highly branched dienes is a challenging task. Design and exploration of alternative working models to achieve such a regioselectivity to accomplish highly branched dienes is considered to be a historical advancement of Heck reaction to construct branched dienes. On the basis of the utility of carbene transfer reactions, in the reaction of hydrazones with Pd(II) under oxidative conditions, we envisioned obtaining a Pd-bis-carbene complex with α-hydrogens, which can lead to branched dienes. Herein, we report a novel Pd catalyzed selective coupling reaction of hydrazones in presence of tert-BuOLi and benzoquinone oxidant to form corresponding branched dienes (Scheme 3).4 The utility of the Pd catalyst for cross-coupling reactions for synthesizing branched conjugated dienes are rare. The reaction is very versatile and compatible with a variety of functional groups and is useful in synthesizing heterocyclic molecules. We anticipate that this Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction will open new avenues for synthesizing useful compounds. 4) Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of hydrazones: regioselective synthesis of highly branched dienes, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 11027. 5) Furrow, M. E.; Myers, A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5436. 6) Taber, D. F.; Guo, P.; Guo, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11179. Scheme 3: diene synthesis via bis-carbene insertion process Chapter 2: Tosylhydrazones: Role in modern day organic synthesis In recent days, hydrazone based reactions are focused on the donor-acceptor ability of the hydrazones or the in-situ generated diazo species (Scheme 4). This commenced with the Myers’s report in 2004,5 which simplifies the Barton vinyl halide preparation with a remarkable revision on synthesis of alkyl-silyl-hydrazones and its applications. Improved methods of using tosylhydrazones were demonstrated by Aggarwal in successive years. Cycloadditions were implemented by Douglass F. Taber. 6 This study was enriched in a quite fascinating way by several groups such as Jose Barluenga, with many reductive coupling reactions and 1, 3-dipolar reactions. Thomson, in a very interesting report shows the traceless petasis reaction with hydrazones and also worked in many other prospects such as three component reactions and the acid catalysed [3+3] sigmatropic reactions of hydrazones. 7 Wang has also impressed with very attractive transformations in the past decade. 8 7) Thomson, R. J. et al. Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 494. 8) Xiao, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 46, 236. 9) Regioselective Synthesis of vinyl halides, vinyl sulfones, and alkynes: A tandem intermolecular nucleophilic and electrophilic vinylation of tosylhydrazones, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 18. Scheme 4: Trapping diazo species in intermolecular fashion Part A: Synthesis of vinyl halides Trapping diazo species in an intermolecular fashion by attack of two independent ions (a cation followed by an anion) in tandem at the carbene center is unprecedented. As part of our efforts on the utility of tosylhydrazones, herein we report a novel approach of using ambiphilic diazo species to perform a tandem attack of a nucleophile followed by an electrophile in an intermolecular fashion for synthesizing various types of vinyl halides. A few representative examples are shown in Scheme 5.9 Scheme5: Synthesis if vinyl halides Part B: Synthesis of vinyl sulfones Vinyl sulfones are potential synthetic targets due to their presence in biologically and pharmaceutically important molecules ranging from small natural metabolites to proteins, and have found widespread applications in biological research as covalent protease inhibitors. Vinyl sulfones represent one of the important sulfur containing functional groups in organic chemistry, which are generally synthesized through elimination reactions, oxidation of vinyl sulfides or witting reactions using multistep sequence. Following this technique, we were able to synthesize a variety of vinyl sulfones with rich mechanistic features in a single step. A few such examples are documented in Scheme 6.9 Scheme 6: synthesis of vinyl sulfones Part C: Synthesis of alkynes The functional group conversion to achieve alkyne frameworks are generally a difficult transformation. There are very few limited and tedious processes are available in literature, mainly containing multi-step procedures. Additionally these reactions are require harsh conditions. Considering all these factors, there is a need for developing methods to synthesize alkynes from common functional groups under mild reactions conditions. In a similar way, to introduce different halogens at the same carbon, we expected the eliminations of the leaving groups in tandem formed alkynes. After extensive screening studies, it was pleasing to find that the reaction of tosylhydrazones with NCS−BTEAC, NBS−TBAB, or NIS−TBAI combination in presence of K2CO3 in dioxane as solvent at 110 °C can furnish corresponding acetylene derivatives in good yields. Few examples are shown in Scheme 7.9 Scheme 7: Trapping diazo species in intermolecular fashion Chapter 3: Pd catalysed hydroboration This chapter shows a hydroboration study of terminal alkynes in a highly regioselective manner (Scheme 8). Organoboron derivatives have become essential intermediates in organic and medicinal chemistry. Pioneering contributions are made by Brown and Akira Suzuki, who both instigated the development of new synthetic tools for the introduction of boron atoms onto organic molecules. 10 10) (a) Barbeyron, R.; Benedetti, E.; Cossy, J.; Vasseur, J.-J.; Arseniyadis, S.; Smietana, M. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 8431. (b) Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457. 11) Pd-Catalysed regioselective borylation of alkynes: A ligand controlled synthesis of α- and β vinyl boronates (manuscript submitted). Scheme 8: possibility of site selectivity in hydroboration Part A: Pd-catalysed regioselective borylation of alkynes: A ligand controlled synthesis of α and β – vinyl boronates The metal catalyzed borylations of alkynes proceeds in a two-step process. Initially M-Bpin species undergo an addition onto the alkynes to generate organometallic species followed by quenching of the organometallic species with electrophiles. The addition M-Bpin species is regioselective governed by the steric and electronics factors of both metal complex as well as alkyne substituents. In this direction, a palladium catalysed α-selective borylation was achieved for terminal alkynes. A broad range of substrates were successfully borylated under optimized reaction conditions with very high selectivity. Interestingly, the selectivity was reversed to terminal site by using a NHC ligand. A few examples are shown in Scheme 9.11 Scheme 9: α & β-vinyl boronates Chapter 4: Pd/borane unit: Behavior towards isomerization vs reduction of alkenes This study presents a unique behaviour of palladium-boronate unit responsible for olefin chain walking and olefin reduction reactions (Scheme 10). The catalytic system stands efficient against both functionalized and unfunctionalized olefin isomerization as well as reductions. This study has been presented in two parts. Scheme 10: isomerization vs reduction Part A: Pd/ boronates or borane unit as efficient catalytic systems for olefin chain walk This study presents the behaviour of palladium-boronate unit responsible for olefin chain walking. The catalytic system is efficient for both functionalized and unfunctionalized olefin isomerizations (Scheme 11). Cycloisomerization of transient conjugated alkenes to synthesize heterocycles are prominent applications of this technique. The system describes a concept of olefin activation by coordination with Pd-borane complex, this complex assists in a facile [1,3]-hydride shift. This technique allows us to facilitate an isomerization in functionalized as well as unfunctionalized olefinic systems. Considering the substrates scope, the catalytic cycle tolerates various sensitive functional groups and shows good selectivity. In the following Scheme 11 few examples are depicted.12 12) Palladium/boron catalytic unit for olefin chain-walk (manuscript under preparation). Scheme 11: chain-walking of olefins. Part B: Palladium catalysed boronate promoted alkene reduction in water In this work, water has been employed as a source of hydrogen. The reduction of alkenes was achieved using Pd catalyst in presence of bis(pinacolato)diboron and H2O. In this aspect, the utility of water as hydrogen equivalent is the pertinent as well as beneficial with many advantages. Few representative examples are shown in Scheme 12.13 13) Pd-Catalysed homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins by using water as hydrogen source (manuscript under preparation). Scheme 12: synthesis of alkenes reduced products.