Journal articles on the topic 'Alkaline soil tolerance'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Alkaline soil tolerance.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Alkaline soil tolerance.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bui, Elisabeth N., Andrew Thornhill, and Joseph T. Miller. "Salt- and alkaline-tolerance are linked in Acacia." Biology Letters 10, no. 7 (July 2014): 20140278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0278.
Full textAbstract:
Saline or alkaline soils present a strong stress on plants that together may be even more deleterious than alone. Australia's soils are old and contain large, sometimes overlapping, areas of high salt and alkalinity. Acacia and other Australian plant lineages have evolved in this stressful soil environment and present an opportunity to understand the evolution of salt and alkalinity tolerance. We investigate this evolution by predicting the average soil salinity and pH for 503 Acacia species and mapping the response onto a maximum-likelihood phylogeny. We find that salinity and alkalinity tolerance have evolved repeatedly and often together over 25 Ma of the Acacia radiation in Australia. Geographically restricted species are often tolerant of extreme conditions. Distantly related species are sympatric in the most extreme soil environments, suggesting lack of niche saturation. There is strong evidence that many Acacia have distributions affected by salinity and alkalinity and that preference is lineage specific.
2
Cowling, WA, and JC Clements. "Association between collection site soil pH and chlorosis in Lupinus angustifolius induced by a fine-textured, alkaline soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 8 (1993): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931821.
Full textAbstract:
Collection site soil pH may be a useful predictor of tolerance in Lupznus angustifolzus to chlorosis induced by alkaline soils. We examined a range of genotypes from the Mediterranean region for their tolerance of an alkaline sandy clay loam (pH 8.8) from Merredin, Western Australia. Fifteen wild L. angustifolius lines, collected on a variety of soils that ranged in pH from 4.2 to 9.0, were compared with cultivars of L. angustifolzus and known alkaline-tolerant (L. cosentinii) and alkaline-sensitive (L. luteus) lupin species. Five-week-old seedlings varied greatly in chlorosis on the alkaline soil, from almost no chlorosis (as in L. cosentinzi cv Erregulla) to severely chlorotic (L. angustifolius line MJS176 from Spain). No lines were chlorotic after acid amelioration of the soil. Chlorosis score in wild L. angustifolius was not significantly correlated with soil pH at the collection site and was not associated with a particular soil texture, but there was a significant correlation between altitude of collection sites and chlorosis scores. Chlorosis-sensitive lines were from higher altitudes, had lower root and shoot fresh weight, were lower in Fe, Mn and K and were higher in Zn, P, and S in new growth than resistant lines. Chlorosis-sensitive lines also had the largest increases in fresh weight of roots and shoots in response to soil acidification. Genotypes with better root growth and therefore lower chlorosis symptoms on alkaline soil did not necessarily have the strongest root growth on acid ameliorated soil. Soil pH at the collection site in the Mediterranean region was not a reliable predictor of chlorosis in L. angustifolius induced by an alkaline fine-textured soil in Western Australia, although significant variation in tolerance to this soil was found within the species.
3
Goenaga, Ricardo, A. Graves Gillaspie, and Adolfo Quiles. "Field Screening of Cowpea Genotypes for Alkaline Soil Tolerance." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1639.
Full textAbstract:
Cowpea or Southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important legume crop used as a feed for livestock, as a green vegetable, and for consumption of its dry beans, which provide 22% to 25% protein. The crop is very sensitive to alkaline soil conditions. When grown at soil pH of 7.5 or higher, cowpea develops severe leaf chlorosis caused by deficiencies of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) resulting in stunted plant growth and yield reduction. We evaluated in replicated field experiments at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico, 24 PIs and two commercial cultivars, some of which have shown some tolerance to alkaline soils in unreplicated, seed regeneration plots of the U.S. cowpea collection. Alkaline soil conditions at St. Croix were too severe resulting in average yield of genotypes at this location being significantly lower and 77% less than that at Juana Díaz. Nevertheless, some genotypes performed well at both locations. For example, PIs 222756, 214354, 163142, 582605, 582840, 255766, 582610, 582614, 582576, 582809, and 349674 yielded in the upper half of the group at both locations. Accession PI 163142 ranked third in grain yield production at both locations and outyielded the iron-chlorosis-resistant controls at St. Croix. These genotypes deserve further attention as potential sources of alkaline soil tolerance.
4
Nuttall, J. G., K. B. Hobson, M. Materne, D. B. Moody, R. Munns, and R. D. Armstrong. "Use of genetic tolerance in grain crops to overcome subsoil constraints in alkaline cropping soils." Soil Research 48, no. 2 (2010): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09081.
Full textAbstract:
Subsoil physicochemical constraints such as primary salinity and high boron (B) can significantly reduce grain yields across wide areas of Australia. Financially viable amelioration options are limited for cropping systems on these soils, which has raised interest in ‘genetic solutions’. Increasing the tolerance of crops to high salinity and boron that typically co-exist within alkaline soils offers the potential for substantial yield benefits. To assess the contribution that genetic variation can make to crop yield, closely related genotypes differing in B and/or Na+ tolerance of bread and durum wheat, barley, and lentil were compared by growing the different lines in intact soil cores of 2 Calcarosol profiles differing in level of subsoil constraints (‘hostile’/’benign’). The hostile profile had salinity increasing to EC1 : 5 ~1.2 dS/m and B ~18 mg/kg to 0.60 m, whereas in the benign soil EC1 : 5 did not exceed ~0.6 dS/m and B ~11 mg/kg. Grain yields were significantly less on the hostile soil than the benign soil for barley (34%), bread wheat (20%), durum wheat (31%), and lentil (38%). Accumulation of B in shoots was significantly lower on the hostile soil across all crop species, indicating high sodium within the soil was associated with inhibited uptake of B in plants. In contrast, accumulation of Na+ was greater for all cereal crops in the hostile soil compared with the benign soil. Lentil plants with reputed sodium tolerance (CIPAL415) produced a significant yield benefit on both the benign and hostile soil over the commercial line, Nugget. The lentil line with combined Na+ and B tolerance (02-355L*03Hs005) also produced an additional yield increase over CIPAL415 on the hostile soil; however, yield was equivalent on the benign soil. For durum wheat, 2 genotypes differing in Na+ tolerance, containing either the Nax1 or Nax2 genes, accumulated less sodium in the straw than the parent cv. Tamaroi within the hostile soil; however, this did not translate to a yield advantage. For barley, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake in either the grain or straw between the B-tolerance line 03_007D_087 and its parent cv. Buloke. Similarly, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake between the bread wheat Schomburgk and its B-tolerant near-isogenic line BT-Schomburgk. This study suggests that of the cereal lines tested, there was no obvious benefit in lines with potentially improved tolerance for a single, specific subsoil constraint on alkaline soils where multiple potential constraints exist. In contrast, in lentils, incorporating tolerance to Na+ and B did show promise for increased adaptation to soils with subsoil constraints.
5
Hillin, Daniel, Pierre Helwi, and Justin Scheiner. "Tolerance of Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) to alkaline soil." OENO One 55, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.3387.
Full textAbstract:
Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia) grapes have been used in grape variety and rootstock development due to their inherent pest and disease resistance, but little is known about their alkaline soil tolerance. In this study, Muscadine varieties, commercialrootstock and interspecific hybrid grape (Vitis spp.) cultivars were evaluated for alkaline soil tolerance under field conditions to determine the potential suitability of muscadines for rootstock development. Thirty-one muscadine and eleven interspecific hybridgrape cultivars were grown in a moderately alkaline soil (pH = 8.1) over a three-year period. Alkaline soil tolerance wasdetermined by relative vine vigour (shoot length), vine nutrient status (whole leaf tissue testing) and visual chlorosis. Additional data were collected on the timing of budbreak. Overall, the muscadines studied expressed low vigour and had greater chlorosissymptoms than the interspecific hybrid rootstocks (Paulsen 1103, Millardet et de Grasset 101-14, Millardet et de Grasset 420A,Ruggeri 140, Schwarzmann, and Matador). These parameters were not correlated with the concentration in any specific nutrient, although nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen, copper) and excesses (calcium, boron) were observed in the muscadine varieties.Overall, the muscadine grapes expressed poor alkaline soil tolerance compared to interspecific hybrid grape rootstocks (1103P, 101-14 MGt., 140Ru, Schwarzmann, 420A, and Matador), even the ones having poor alkaline soil tolerance (101-14 MGt., Schwarzmann) and own-rooted cultivars (Black Spanish, Blanc Du Bois, Dunstan’s Dream and Victoria Red). Nevertheless, some variability in chlorosis symptoms and nutrition was observed across the muscadine group, suggesting some interests to select Muscadine hybrid rootstocks less sensitive to iron chlorosis.
6
Arief, Omnia M., Jiayin Pang, Kamal H. Shaltout, and Hans Lambers. "Performance of two Lupinus albus L. cultivars in response to three soil pH levels." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000383.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSoil alkalinity imposes important limitations to lupin productivity; however, little attention has been paid to investigate the effects of soil alkalinity on plant growth and development. Many lupins are sensitive to alkaline soils, but Lupinus albus material from Egypt was found to have tolerance to limed soils. The aim of this study was to compare the growth response of two cultivars of L.albus L. – an Egyptian cultivar, P27734, and an Australian cultivar, Kiev Mutant, to different soil pH levels and to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying agronomic alkalinity tolerance of P27734. Plants were grown under three pH levels (5.1, 6.7, and 7.8) in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. For both cultivars, the greatest dry mass production and carboxylate exudation from roots were observed at alkaline pH. The better performance of the Egyptian cultivar at high pH was entirely accounted for by its greater seed weight. From a physiological perspective, the Australian cultivar was as alkaline-tolerant as the Egyptian cultivar. These findings highlight the agronomic importance of seed weight for sowing, and both cultivars can be used in alkaline soils.
7
Denig, Bryan R., Patrick F. Macrae, Xian Gao, and Nina L. Bassuk. "Screening Oak Hybrids for Tolerance to Alkaline Soils." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.2.71.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated a diverse range of oak (Quercus) hybrids for tolerance to alkaline soils, which is a common site condition in urban landscapes that often limits the growth and longevity of many tree species. Different oak hybrids display varying severities of iron-deficiency induced leaf chlorosis when grown in a highly alkaline medium. Severity of leaf chlorosis was found to vary between different maternal parent species, with the results suggesting that hybrids with the maternal parents Q. macrocarpa (bur oak), possibly Q. muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak), and Q. ‘Ooti’ (ooti oak), are more likely to maintain healthy green leaf color when growing in a highly alkaline medium. These findings suggest that breeders interested in developing oak hybrids that are both cold-hardy and tolerant of alkaline soils should utilize these species in their crosses, and avoid Q. bicolor (swamp white oak), hybrids of which were generally found to be intolerant of alkaline soil. This study is one phase of a long-term project underway at Cornell University's Urban Horticulture Institute to select superior urban-tolerant cultivars of oak hybrids for future introduction into the horticulture industry.
8
Liang, Xiaojie, Yajun Wang, Yuekun Li, Wei An, Xinru He, Yanzhen Chen, Zhigang Shi, Jun He, and Ru Wan. "Widely-Targeted Metabolic Profiling in Lyciumbarbarum Fruits under Salt-Alkaline Stress Uncovers Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance." Molecules 27, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051564.
Full textAbstract:
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important economic crop widely grown in China. The effects of salt-alkaline stress on metabolites accumulation in the salt-tolerant Ningqi1 wolfberry fruits were evaluated across 12 salt-alkaline stress gradients. The soil pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− contents decreased at a gradient across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. Based on the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, we identified 457 diverse metabolites, 53% of which were affected by salt-alkaline stress. Remarkably, soil salt-alkaline stress enhanced metabolites accumulation in wolfberry fruits. Amino acids, alkaloids, organic acids, and polyphenols contents increased proportionally across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. In contrast, nucleic acids, lipids, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, organic acids and derivatives and vitamins were significantly reduced by high salt-alkaline stress. A total of 13 salt-responsive metabolites represent potential biomarkers for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in wolfberry. Specifically, we found that constant reductions of lipids and chlorogenic acids; up-regulation of abscisic acid and accumulation of polyamines are essential mechanisms for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in Ningqi1. Overall, we provide for the first time some extensive metabolic insights into salt-alkaline stress tolerance and key metabolite biomarkers which may be useful for improving wolfberry tolerance to salt-alkaline stress.
9
Liu, A., and C. Tang. "Comparative performance of Lupinus albus genotypes in response to soil alkalinity." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98205.
Full textAbstract:
Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) grows poorly on alkaline soils, whereas white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) grows relatively well. This study aimed at examining genotypic variations of white lupins grown in limed acid and alkaline soils in the glasshouse and to test whether the glasshouse findings correlated with those observed in the field. Twelve white lupin genotypes were tested for their tolerance of limed and alkaline soils in the glasshouse. In limed soils compared with the control soil, genotypic variation in shoot growth ranged from 58 to 80%, root weight from 49 to 72%, and leaf chlorophyll concentration from 47 to 96%. In the alkaline soil, shoot weight ranged from 75 to 110%, root weight from 39 to 63%, and chlorophyll concentration from 58 to 94% of the control. However, iron chlorosis did not negatively correlate with shoot growth of the genotypes on the limed or alkaline soils. The results suggest that iron chlorosis may not be used as a sole indicator for selecting tolerant albus lupins for alkaline soils. Nineteen lines including those used in the glasshouse were compared in the field for their ability to grow on an alkaline clay. Large genotypic variation in early shoot growth was also found; shoot weight on the alkaline soil relative to an acid soil ranged from 38 to 85%. However, growth performance of the white lupin genotypes in response to the alkaline soil did not correlate with those in the glasshouse, indicating that factors other than soil alkalinity might also be important for the growth of albus lupin. Screening techniques to identify tolerant genotypes for alkaline soils need to be further developed.
10
Wei, Tian-Jiao, Chang-Jie Jiang, Yang-Yang Jin, Guo-Hui Zhang, Ming-Ming Wang, and Zheng-Wei Liang. "Ca2+/Na+ Ratio as a Critical Marker for Field Evaluation of Saline-Alkaline Tolerance in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020191.
Full textAbstract:
Current indices of saline-alkaline (SA) tolerance are mainly based on the traditional growth and physiological indices for salinity tolerance and likely affect the accuracy of alfalfa tolerance predictions. We determined whether the inclusion of soil alkalinity-affected indices, particularly Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ in plants, based on the traditional method could improve the prediction accuracy of SA tolerance in alfalfa, determine important indices for SA tolerance, and identify suitable alfalfa cultivars in alkaline salt-affected soils. Fifty alfalfa cultivars were evaluated for their SA tolerance under SA and non-SA field conditions. The SA-tolerance coefficient (SATC) for each investigated index of the alfalfa shoot was calculated as the ratio of SA to non-SA field conditions, and the contribution of SATC under different growth and physiological indices to SA tolerance was quantified based on the inclusion/exclusion of special alkalinity-affected indices. The traditional method, excluding the special alkalinity-affected indices, explained nearly all of the variation in alfalfa SA tolerance, and the most important predictor was the SATC of stem length. The new method, which included these special alkalinity-affected indices, had similar explanatory power but instead identified the SATC of shoot Ca2+/Na+ ratio, followed by that of stem length, as key markers for the field evaluation of SA tolerance. Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ hold promise for enhancing the robustness of SA-tolerance predictions in alfalfa. These results encourage further investigation into the involvement of Ca2+ in such predictions in other plant species and soil types under more alkaline salt-affected conditions.
11
Reed, David Wm, Yin-Tung Wang, and Brent H. Pemberton. "FIELD SCREENING OF ROSA ROOTSTOCKS FOR TOLERANCE TO ALKALINE SOIL." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 635e—635. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.635e.
Full textAbstract:
Roses are adapted for growth and production on acid to slightly acid soil. When grown on alkaline soil sites, without extensive soil modification and acid forming and/or iron chelate fertilization, growth is reduced and severe iron chlorosis is prevalent. This study screened 24 Rosa rootstock species and selections on one acid and two alkaline soil sites for 2 consecutive years. Plants were observed for chlorosis, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight production and overall quality. A final reciprocal grafting study using susceptible and tolerant selections was conducted to assure the scion could realize the adaptability of the rootstock. Overall, the following five selections consistently exhibited greater growth and decreased chlorosis on the alkaline sites: R. odorata, R. canina, R. manetii, R. sp. “Mexican”, R. fortuniana, and R. multiflora selection K-l. All other R. multiflora selections performed poorly. On the acid soil site, all rootstocks grew well. When susceptible selections were budded onto tolerant rootstocks, the scions exhibited a higher degree of tolerance. Tolerant selections budded onto susceptible rootstocks exhibited increased chlorosis and decreased growth.
12
Tang, C., H. Adams, NE Longnecker, and AD Robson. "A method to identify lupin species tolerant of alkaline soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 5 (1996): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960595.
Full textAbstract:
Narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) grow poorly on alkaline soils. In contrast, L. pilosus Murr. and L. atlanticus Glad. grow well on such soils. This study aimed to develop a solution culture method to screen lupin species for their ability to grow well on alkaline soils. Sixteen lupin genotypes from 6 species, including introduced cultivars and wild types, were grown in high pH solutions with varying concentrations of buffers and bicarbonate. Relative taproot elongation, shoot growth and iron chlorosis were compared with iron chlorosis, relative shoot growth and seed yield for the same genotypes on an alkaline soil in the field. The results suggested that root elongation rate at pH 7 in solution buffered with a mixture of 1 mmol MES/L and 1 mmol TESL (plus 10 mmol CaCl2/L), and shoot weight at 5 mmol bicarbonate/L at pH 8.7 are good indicators of tolerance to an alkaline soil among the lupin species.
13
Jin, Ting, Zhong Shan, Shuang Zhou, Qianqian Yang, Junyi Gai, and Yan Li. "GmDNAJC7 from Soybean Is Involved in Plant Tolerance to Alkaline-Salt, Salt, and Drought Stresses." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061419.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merri.] is an important oilseed and food crop. In recent years, environmental degradation has accelerated soil alkalization, salinization, and water deficit, which have seriously threatened the soybean quality and yield. Chaperone DNAJ proteins play important roles in plant response to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we investigated the function of a soybean DNAJ gene, GmDNAJC7, in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. GmDNAJC7 gene expression was induced by alkaline-salt, salt, and drought treatments in soybean roots, suggesting its possible role in soybean response to these stresses. GmDNAJC7 overexpression improved the alkaline-salt tolerance of soybean composite plants, which showed a higher SPAD (Soil and Plant Analysis Development) value for chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content than the control plants after NaHCO3 treatment. Moreover, the GmDNAJC7 overexpressing Arabidopsis had a higher germination rate and average root length than the wild type and dnajc7 mutant, under NaHCO3, NaCl, and mannitol stresses, indicating that the ectopic expression of the GmDNAJC7 gene enhanced the alkaline-salt, salt, and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that GmDNAJC7 is involved in the alkaline-salt, salt, and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and soybean. This study provides new insights into the role of DNAJ proteins in plant tolerance to abiotic stress.
14
Howieson, JG, and MA Ewing. "Acid tolerance in the Rhizobium meliloti - Medicago symbiosis." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 1 (1986): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860055.
Full textAbstract:
Several strains of Rhizobium meliloti that originated from acid soils in Sardinia, Italy, were markedly superior in colonizing a moderately acid loamy sand (pH 5.0 in 1:5 0.01 M CaCl2) than two Australian commercial inoculant strains (U45 and CC169), and a group of strains that originated from alkaline soils in Syria and Iraq. Six Medicago hosts also varied greatly in their ability to achieve nodulation in this soil. M. polymorpha and M. murex were far superior in this respect to M. littoralis, M. truncatula and M. tornata. The most acid-tolerant strains of R. meliloti, WSM419 and WSM413, were able to nodulate a high proportion of plants of M. polymorpha and M. murex sown in the second year between 11 and 20 cm from the point of introduction of the rhizobia into the soil the previous year. It is suggested that these more saprophytically competent isolates of R. meliloti, combined with the species of Medicago more able to nodulate readily in acid soil, will extend the range of soils suitable for successful regenerative growth of these species.
15
Liu, Binshuo, Chunli Kang, Xin Wang, and Guozhang Bao. "Tolerance mechanisms ofLeymus chinensisto salt–alkaline stress." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 65, no. 8 (September 2015): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2015.1054867.
Full text
16
Denny, Geoffrey C., Michael A. Arnold, and Wayne A. Mackay. "Alkalinity Tolerance of Selected Provenances of Taxodium Rich." HortScience 43, no. 7 (December 2008): 1987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.1987.
Full textAbstract:
Forty seedlings from each of 14 open-pollinated families of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. from the southeastern United States, central Texas, and south Texas/Mexico were evaluated in the summer of 2005 for foliar chlorosis in a field situation with alkaline soil. The families from Mexico and south Texas had the lowest levels of chlorosis followed by those from central Texas and then those from the gulf coast. Height growth and trunk diameter were inversely related to chlorosis levels. Open-pollinated families from the gulf coast also had a significantly lower foliar manganese content on an alkaline field site compared with the western families. When selecting plant material for an alkaline site, genotypes from Mexico and south Texas should be preferred followed by central Texas genotypes.
17
Müller, Brigitta, Vitor Arcoverde Cerveira Sterner, László Papp, Zoltán May, László Orlóci, Csaba Gyuricza, László Sági, Ádám Solti, and Ferenc Fodor. "Alkaline Salt Tolerance of the Biomass Plant Arundo donax." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071589.
Full textAbstract:
Soil alkalinization and salinization have increased worldwide due to extreme and/or prolonged drought periods as well as insufficient irrigation. Since crops generally react to soil salinity and high pH with decreased yield, the cultivation of tolerant biomass plants represents a reasonable alternative. Thus, we aimed to characterize the tolerance of the biomass plant Arundo donax to alkaline salt stress, induced by irrigation water containing NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 mixture (1:1) at 80 mM and 200 mM of final concentration and pH 10. In terms of physiological parameters such as transpiration, chlorophyll content, photosystem II quantum efficiency, relative water content, and water saturation, the plants were resistant to the stress treatment. The negative impact on the water regime was only measured at 200 mM salt. The K/Na ratio decreased in parallel with Na accumulation. Plants also accumulated Zn, whereas a decrease in the concentration of most other elements (Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Ni, S, Si, and Sr) was detected. Antioxidative defence directed by multiple symplastic enzymes contributed to the high physiological tolerance to the applied stress. In conclusion, the cultivation of Arundo donax as a biomass crop appears to be a feasible alternative in areas affected by salinity or alkaline salt accumulation.
18
Liu, Jiali, Mingliang He, Chenxi Liu, Xu Liao, Xiufeng Li, Ling Wang, and Qingjie Guan. "Saline–alkaline resistance analysis of rice overexpressing the CsCYP1A gene of alkaline Chlorella." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000283.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPlant cyclophilin (CYP) is related to chloroplast photoprotection, redox and other growth and developmental regulatory processes and responds to stress and improves tolerance to saline–alkali stress. Besides, it exerts peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity to participate in protein synthesis and folding. In this study, Northern blot was used to analyse the CsCYP1A gene (a CYP gene isolated from a Chlorella species) (accession number: KY207381) of tolerant Chlorella vulgaris in soda saline–alkali soil. The result showed that the expression of the CsCYP1A gene was induced by NaHCO3, NaCl and sorbitol. Additionally, Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to infect the callus of rice (Oryza sativa var. Longjing11) for genetic transformation. Molecular detection confirmed that transgenic seedlings overexpressing CsCYP1A were obtained by hygromycin selection. Treatment with NaCl and NaHCO3 at the five-leaf stage was performed in the seedlings, and the results showed that there were significant differences between the CsCYP1A overexpressed rice lines and non-transgenic (NT) Longjing11 in terms of plant height, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content and ascorbate peroxidase activity. The CsCYP1A overexpression rice lines had higher tolerance to NaCl and NaHCO3 than NT. The current findings indicate that CsCYP1A can enhance the tolerance of rice to saline–alkali stress possibly through its involvement in reactive oxygen scavenging pathways.
19
Wang, Hao, Tetsuo Takano, and Shenkui Liu. "Screening and Evaluation of Saline–Alkaline Tolerant Germplasm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Soda Saline–Alkali Soil." Agronomy 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100205.
Full textAbstract:
The improvement and development of saline–alkali land is of great significance for promoting food production and sustainable development. It is necessary to study the mechanism of saline–alkaline tolerance and breed saline–alkaline tolerant crops to improve the utilization of saline–alkali land. For this study, we conducted a three-year pot experiment to screen the saline–alkaline tolerant germplasm of 72 rice genotypes from hundreds of elite cultivars during the whole growth period using a certain proportion of soda saline–alkali soil. The selected salt-tolerant variety was combined with a salt-sensitive variety to analyze the saline–alkaline tolerance mechanism by using the saline–alkaline soil leachate. We eliminated 36 genotypes with low seedling survival rates under salt–alkali stress, and the salt-tolerant Jiudao-66 (D68) variety had a higher survival rate than most varieties. The membership degree of Jiudao-66, according to the salt tolerance index of multiple agronomic traits, is higher than that of 34 varieties, with a higher survival rate except when compared to D36. The survival rate and these salt tolerance indexes of Jiudao-66 were significantly higher than those of Kitaake (salt-sensitive). Under the stress of leachate, the content of proline and soluble sugars in the shoots of Jiudao-66 were higher than that of Kitaake, and the total antioxidant capacity was stronger than that of Kitaake. However, the content of malondialdehyde was lower than that of Kitaake. Additionally, the Na+/K+ ratios in shoots and roots were not significantly differently between Kitaake and Jiudao-66. The results showed that Jiudao-66, as a salt-tolerant variety, is more tolerant to salt and alkali in a near-natural state due to its stronger tolerance of osmotic stress, and it can accumulate more proline and soluble sugars under stress. At the same time, Jiudao-66 also has a stronger antioxidant capacity. Its ion regulation ability has no obvious advantage.
20
Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, and D. J. Connor. "The effect of boron tolerance, deep ripping with gypsum, and water supply on subsoil water extraction of cereals on an alkaline soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 2 (2005): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04183.
Full textAbstract:
Crop adaptation to edaphic constraints has focussed largely on increasing boron (B) tolerance in cereals, targeted to alkaline soils with high boron content. However, recent studies have implicated several other physicochemical constraints, such as salinity and sodicity, in reduced grain yields of cereals by restricting water extraction in the subsoil. Consequently, the value of B-tolerance may be limited on soils where multiple constraints exist. To test the contribution of B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist, near-isogenic lines of wheat and barley differing in B-tolerance were used, where growth and water extraction by crops in large intact cores, extracted from a Calcarosol profile, were measured. The effect of subsoil disturbance (deep ripping) and growing-season water supply was also investigated. Use of B-tolerant crops did not increase use of subsoil water or grain yield. Wheat and barley extracted soil water down to 0.6 m depth but not below 0.8 m. The soil B concentration of these 2 layers was equivalent (29 ν. 31 mg/kg), whereas salinity [(ECe) 7.2 ν. 8.1 dS/m] and sodicity [(ESP) 22 ν. 29%] both increased significantly with depth, implying that these 2 latter properties had a greater effect than B. Deep ripping with gypsum had no effect on grain yield. Wheat and barley grown under high water supply outyielded their counterparts grown under low water supply, although grain yield per unit of applied water for the crops under low water was 1.5 times that of the crops under high water regime. The results suggest that high salinity and sodicity, rather than B, were exerting the major effects on water extraction of wheat and barley from the deep subsoil, thus negating the effect of crop B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist. This highlights the need to breed cultivars with increased sodium tolerance, pyramided with current B-tolerance, for those crops targeted to many alkaline soils.
21
Wei, Tian-Jiao, Ming-Ming Wang, Yang-Yang Jin, Guo-Hui Zhang, Miao Liu, Hao-Yu Yang, Chang-Jie Jiang, and Zheng-Wei Liang. "Abscisic Acid Priming Creates Alkaline Tolerance in Alfalfa Seedlings (Medicago sativa L.)." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070608.
Full textAbstract:
Soil alkalization triggers ion toxicity and osmotic and alkaline (high pH) stresses in plants, damaging their growth and productivity. Therefore, we investigated whether priming with abscisic acid (ABA) increases the tolerance of alfalfa seedlings to alkaline stress, and then examined the underlying molecular mechanisms. Alfalfa seedlings were pretreated with ABA (10 μM) for 16 h and then subjected to alkaline stress using a 15 mM Na2CO3 solution (pH 10.87). Compared with the control, ABA pretreatment significantly alleviated leaf damage and improved the fresh weight, water content, and survival rate of alfalfa seedlings under alkaline conditions. Abscisic acid pretreatment reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), maintained higher ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+, and increased accumulation of proline. In addition, ABA upregulated the expression of genes involved in proline biosynthesis (P5CS) and the sequestration of Na+ in vacuoles (NHX1 and AVP) under alkaline conditions. Abscisic acid priming increased tolerance to alkaline stress by maintaining homeostasis of ROS and metal ions and upregulating osmoprotection and the expression of stress tolerance-related genes.
22
Gao, Yamei, Yiqiang Han, Xin Li, Mingyang Li, Chunxu Wang, Zhiwen Li, Yanjie Wang, and Weidong Wang. "A Salt-Tolerant Streptomyces paradoxus D2-8 from Rhizosphere Soil of Phragmites communis Augments Soybean Tolerance to Soda Saline-Alkali Stress." Polish Journal of Microbiology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Soil salinity and alkalization limit plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. The application of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) effectively improved plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress. To obtain the beneficial actinomyces resources with salt tolerance, thirteen isolates were isolated from rhizosphere saline and alkaline soil of Phragmites communis. Among these isolates, D2-8 was moderately halophilic to NaCl and showed 120 mmol soda saline-alkali solution tolerance. Moreover, the plant growth-promoting test demonstrated that D2-8 produced siderophore, IAA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), and organic acids. D2-8 showed 99.4% homology with the type strain Streptomyces paradoxus NBRC 14887T and shared the same branch, and, therefore, it was designated S. paradoxus D2-8. Its genome was sequenced to gain insight into the mechanism of growth-promoting and saline-alkali tolerance of D2-8. IAA and siderophore biosynthesis pathway, genes encoding ACC deaminase, together with six antibiotics biosynthesis gene clusters with antifungal or antibacterial activity, were identified. The compatible solute ectoine biosynthesis gene cluster, production, and uptake of choline and glycine betaine cluster in the D2-8 genome may contribute to the saline-alkali tolerance of the strain. Furthermore, D2-8 significantly promoted the seedling growth even under soda saline-alkali stress, and seed coating with D2-8 isolate increased by 5.88% of the soybean yield in the field. These results imply its significant potential to improve soybean soda saline-alkali tolerance and promote crop health in alkaline soil.
23
Xu, Yu, Shunxian Tao, Yunlin Zhu, Qi Zhang, Ping Li, Han Wang, Yan Zhang, et al. "Identification of Alkaline Salt Tolerance Genes in Brassica napus L. by Transcriptome Analysis." Genes 13, no. 8 (August 21, 2022): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081493.
Full textAbstract:
Soil salt alkalization is one major abiotic factor reducing the productivity of crops, including rapeseed, an indispensable oil crop and vegetable. The mechanism studies of alkali salt tolerance can help breed highly resistant varieties. In the current study, rapeseed (B. napus) line 2205 exhibited more tolerance to alkaline salt than line 1423 did. In line 2205, the lesser plasma membrane damage index, the accumulated osmotic solute, and higher antioxidant enzyme activities contributed to alkaline tolerance. A more integrated mesophyll-cell structure was revealed under alkali salt stress by ultrastructure observation in line 2205, which also implied a lesser injury. Transcriptome analysis showed that more genes responded to alkaline salt in line 2205. The expression of specific-response genes in line 1423 was lower than in line 2205. However, most of the specific-response genes in line 2205 had higher expression, which was mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic processes, ROS regulating, and response to salt stress. It can be seen that the tolerance to alkaline salt is attributed to the high expression of some genes in these pathways. Based on these, twelve cross-differentially expressed genes were proposed as candidates. They provide clues for further analysis of the resistance mechanism of rapeseed.
24
Kerley, S. J., I. F. Shield, and C. Huyghe. "Specific and genotypic variation in the nutrient content of lupin species in soils of neutral and alkaline pH." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00060.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluation of the nutritional status, dry weights, and yields of genotypes of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and of the species L. pilosus Murr. and L. angustifolius L. were made in a field of mildly acidic (minimum pH 5.8; air-dried soil : water ratio 1 : 2.5) to alkaline (limed to a pH maximum of 8.4) soil at IACR-Rothamsted, UK, during the 1997 growing season. Plants were sampled for shoot biomass and nutritional content during the season and seed yield per plant. Lupinus pilosus was the species most tolerant of the calcareous soil, whereas L. angustifolius was the least tolerant. Considerable variation in tolerance was apparent between the L. albus genotypes; the cultivar Lucyanne was comparable with L. angustifolius, whereas the genotypes La 673, 668, and 675 were more comparable with L. pilosus. Leaf chlorosis was shown to be an unreliable measure of calcareous soil tolerance in the field. A genotype soil-pH interaction in the expanded leaf number indicated that this analysis might be of use in genotype evaluations. Nutrient concentration differences were apparent between the species and between the L. albus genotypes. This indicated the occurrence of possible tolerance mechanisms including the control of calcium uptake and the partitioning of iron. Clear differences were apparent between the three species in terms of tolerance to the calcareous soil. Within L. albus important differences were apparent when specific analyses were examined. However, variation between different analyses and at different stages of growth resulted in the differences, taken as a whole between the L. albus genotypes, not being of sufficient magnitude to discriminate potentially tolerant from susceptible genotypes. The complexity of calcareous soil stress and the potential application of the analyses for physiological studies and genotype screening are discussed.
25
Howie, J. H. "Boron tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12143.
Full textAbstract:
Boron (B) is present at toxic levels in the subsoils of much of the semiarid south-eastern Australian cereal-livestock zone. Boron toxicity is typically associated with alkaline soils, where annual medics (Medicago spp.) are generally the best-adapted pasture legume. New medic cultivars have been developed for which there is no published B tolerance information. Five species of annual medic represented by 13 cultivars were grown in soil amended with B and evaluated for B tolerance. A rating system based on expression of symptoms was modified from earlier research. There was a wide range of response to B, both between and within species. Cultivars varied widely in their expression of symptoms; from showing no or few leaf symptoms (tolerant) to significant leaf necrosis (very sensitive). An integrated summary of both published and previously, unpubl. data for these and other medics is presented to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date comparison between different species and most commercial cultivars. This information will be useful for plant breeders, agronomists and farmers who manage soils with high B levels.
26
Javid, Muhammad, Rebecca Ford, and Marc E. Nicolas. "Tolerance responses of Brassica juncea to salinity, alkalinity and alkaline salinity." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 8 (2012): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12109.
Full textAbstract:
Soil salinity and alkalinity are common constraints to crop productivity in low rainfall regions of the world. These two stresses have been extensively studied but not the combined stress of alkaline salinity. To examine the effects of mild salinity (50 mM NaCl) combined with alkalinity (5 mM NaHCO3) on growth of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., 30 genotypes were grown in hydroponics. Growth of all genotypes was substantially reduced by alkaline salinity after 4 weeks of stress. Based on large genotypic differences, NDR 8501 and Vaibhav were selected as tolerant and Xinyou 5 as highly sensitive for further detailed physiological study. Shoot and root biomass and leaf area of the selected genotypes showed greater reduction under alkaline salinity than salinity or alkalinity alone. Alkalinity alone imposed larger negative effect on growth than salinity. K+ and P concentrations in both shoot and root were significantly reduced by alkaline salinity but small difference existed among the selected genotypes. Leaf Fe concentration in Xinyou 5 decreased under alkaline salinity below a critical level of 50 mg kg–1, which explained why more chlorosis and a larger growth reduction occurred than in NDR 8501 and Vaibhav. Relatively large shoot and root Na+ concentration also had additional adverse effect on growth under alkaline salinity. Low tissue K+, P and Fe concentrations by alkalinity were the major factors that reduced growth in the selected genotypes. Growth reduction by salinity was mainly caused by Na+ toxicity. Shoot Na+ concentration of NDR 8501 and Vaibhav was almost half those in Xinyou 5, suggesting NDR 8501 and Vaibhav excluded more Na+. However, Na+ exclusion was reduced by more than 50% under alkaline salinity than salinity in the selected genotypes. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that alkaline salinity reduced uptake of essential nutrients and Na+ exclusion that resulted in more negative consequences on growth than salinity alone.
27
Goenaga, Ricardo, Tomas Ayala, and Adolfo Quiles. "Yield Performance of Cowpea Plant Introductions Grown in Calcareous Soils." HortTechnology 23, no. 2 (April 2013): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.2.247.
Full textAbstract:
Cowpea or southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume crop used as a feed for livestock, as a green vegetable and for consumption of its dry beans, which provide 22% to 25% protein. The crop is very sensitive to alkaline soil conditions. When grown at a soil pH of 7.5 or higher, cowpea develops severe leaf chlorosis caused by deficiencies of iron, zinc, and manganese resulting in stunted plant growth and yield reduction. We evaluated in replicated field experiments at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Miami, FL, four PIs and one commercial cultivar, some of which have shown some tolerance to alkaline soils in unreplicated, seed regeneration plots of the U.S. cowpea collection. At both locations, PI 582702 had significantly higher seed protein concentration than the other PIs, averaging 28%. Alkaline soil conditions at St. Croix were severe resulting in average yield of PIs at this location being significantly lower and 69% less than that in Florida. Nevertheless, some PIs performed well at both locations. For example, PI 582605 had significantly higher yield in Florida, whereas in St. Croix, PIs 582605, 582674, and 582702 were the highest yielders. These PIs may serve as an alternative to growers or home gardeners wishing to establish a legume crop in areas where agricultural production is severely restricted by high soil alkalinity.
28
Li, Yuxing, Chenlu Liu, Xun Sun, Boyang Liu, Xiuzhi Zhang, Wei Liang, Liuqing Huo, Peng Wang, Fengwang Ma, and Cuiying Li. "Overexpression of MdATG18a enhances alkaline tolerance and GABA shunt in apple through increased autophagy under alkaline conditions." Tree Physiology 40, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 1509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa075.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Soil alkalization affects apple production in northwest China. Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative protein pathway in eukaryotes. Autophagy in plants can be activated by various abiotic factors. We previously identified the positive role of the autophagy-related gene MdATG18a in drought, nitrogen deficiency and resistance to Diplocarpon mali infection in apple. However, it is still unclear whether ATG18a is related to alkaline stress. In this study, we used hydroponic culture to simulate alkaline stress and found that the overexpression of MdATG18a significantly improved the tolerance of apple to alkaline stress. The overexpression of MdATG18a increased biomass, photosynthetic rate and antioxidant capacity of transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants under alkaline stress. The overexpression of MdATG18a promoted γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt via an increase in glutamate (GABA precursor) and GABA contents and upregulation of GABA shunt-related genes. In addition, the overexpression of MdATG18a significantly upregulated the expression of other core ATG genes and increased the formation of autophagosomes under alkaline stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that the overexpression of MdATG18a in apple enhances alkaline tolerance and the GABA shunt, which may be owing to the increase in autophagic activity.
29
Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, and D. J. Connor. "Early growth of wheat is more sensitive to salinity than boron at levels encountered in alkaline soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04264.
Full textAbstract:
The early vegetative growth of 3 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Frame, BT Schomburgk and Schomburgk, was evaluated over a range of soil salinity and soluble boron (B) concentrations in pots. Additions of boric acid and mixed salts to a sandy clay soil produced extractable B levels of 2, 13, 24, 51 and 129 mg/kg and salinities (ECe) of 0.8, 8, 15, 23 and 29 dS/m. In both cases, the levels produced in the first 4 treatments corresponded well with those commonly observed in subsoils of the southern Mallee. Within the ranges tested, wheat cultivars had relatively greater tolerance to B toxicity than to salinity. Significant differences in tolerance also existed among the 3 cultivars for B, but not for mixed salts. For Frame, BT Schomburgk and Schomburgk, critical concentrations of soil soluble B were estimated at 53, 32 and 27 mg/kg, respectively, in the absence of salinity. For salinity tolerance, the 3 wheat cultivars could all tolerate an ECe up to about 9 dS/m equally well. In combination with B, salinity still dictated overall response in growth with the interactive effect of B being to increase sensitivity of plants at low levels of salt. Shoot B concentrations in Frame ranged from 15 to 947 mg/kg for increasing soil B treatments but these responses did not correlate well with growth reduction. Shoot Na contents ranged from 0.02 to 0.58%, but was not a reliable indicator of Na+ toxicity due to interactive effects of B: increasing B reduced Na+ uptake. Generally, differences in B tolerance among the cultivars highlighted the existence of genetic variation in adaptation of wheat to high levels of soil B; however, this does not appear to be the case for salt tolerance in wheat. Because high levels of B and salt usually co-exist in the field, plant tolerance to these limitations need to exist in combination.
30
Denton, M. D., D. R. Coventry, P. J. Murphy, J. G. Howieson, and W. D. Bellotti. "Competition between inoculant and naturalised Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii for nodulation of annual clovers in alkaline soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 9 (2002): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01138.
Full textAbstract:
Inoculant rhizobia typically need to compete with naturalised soil populations of rhizobia to form legume nodules. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to test the ability of seed-inoculated rhizobia to compete with naturalised populations of rhizobia and form nodules on clover (Trifolium alexandrinum, T.�purpureum, and T. resupinatum) in alkaline soil. Clover rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, were identified at the strain level using either a nif-specific RP01 primer or ERIC primers. Analysis of rhizobia isolated from nodules indicated that strain TA1 competed poorly for nodule occupancy at 2 field sites (Roseworthy and Mallala, South Australia), with the exception that it nodulated T. alexandrinum at a level of 39% at the Roseworthy site in the first year of the trial. Strains CC2483g and WSM409 successfully colonised nodules when inoculated onto a particular clover species (T. resupinatum and T. purpureum, respectively) in the first year of inoculation and persisted in the soil to form nodules in the following year. Nodules frequently contained naturalised strains of rhizobia, distinct from introduced commercial strains. Dominant isolates were specific to a field site and nodulated all 3 clover species in both years of the field trial, with each isolate occupying up to 19% of the total nodules at a field site. It was hypothesised that field isolates had a better alkaline soil tolerance conferring a greater ability to nodulate clovers under these edaphic conditions. The results indicate that soil populations of rhizobia may provide a significant constraint to the introduction of current Australian commercial clover rhizobia into alkaline soils, and a more profitable strategy may be to seek rhizobial inoculants that are adapted to these soils.
31
White, PF, and AD Robson. "Lupin species and peas vary widely in their sensitivity to Fe deficiency." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890539.
Full textAbstract:
Variation exists between lupins and peas and between species of lupins in their performance on fine-textured alkaline soils. Two species of lupins (Lupinus angustifolus, L. cosentinii) and peas (Pisum sativum) were grown on a fine-textured alkaline soil under conditions conducive to Fe deficiency to determine whether differences between species could be related to susceptibility to Fe deficiency.Treatments induced severe Fe deficiency and markedly reduced growth of L. angustifolius, had only a moderate effect on L. cosentinii, and had no effect on P. sativum. Poor growth and symptoms were closely related to Fe concentrations within the leaves of plants.Lupins and peas therefore vary markedly in their tolerance to Fe deficiency, which is possibly related to their ability to produce reactions around their roots which make Fe available for uptake.
32
Ndiate, Ndiaye Ibra, Qudsia Saeed, Fasih Ullah Haider, Cai Liqun, Jackson Nkoh Nkoh, and Adnan Mustafa. "Co-Application of Biochar and Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi Improves Salinity Tolerance, Growth and Lipid Metabolism of Maize (Zea mays L.) in an Alkaline Soil." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112490.
Full textAbstract:
This study reports the mitigating strategy against salinity by exploring the potential effects of biochar (5%), Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (20 g/pot, AMF), and biochar + AMF on maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under saline stress in a greenhouse. The maize was grown on alkaline soil and subjected to four different saline levels; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. After 90 d for 100 mM NaCl treatment, the plant’s height and fresh weight were reduced by 17.84% and 39.28%, respectively, compared to the control. When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively. Compared to the control and single AMF/biochar treatments, the combined application of biochar and AMF showed the most significant effect in improving maize growth under saline stress. The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content, (ii) enhancing plant nutrient uptake, (iii) increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and (iv improving the contents of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). Thus, our study shows that amending alkaline and saline soils with a combination of biochar-AMF can effectively mitigate abiotic stress and improve plant growth. Therefore, it can serve as a reference for managing salinity stress in agricultural soils.
33
DEMASI, Sonia, Matteo CASER, Nobuo KOBAYASHI, Yuji KURASHIGE, and Valentina SCARIOT. "Hydroponic Screening for Iron Deficiency Tolerance in Evergreen Azaleas." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4319929.
Full textAbstract:
Evergreen azaleas grow in acid soil and suffer from iron deficiency when cultivated in substrate with pH higher than 6.0. In order to select tolerant plants, 11 azalea genotypes were tested for 21 days in alkaline solution (pH 9), buffered with sodium hydrogen carbonate (1 g·l-1). Leaf damage, root length and mortality rate were recorded. While leaf damage and mortality rate allowed to discriminate genotypes, root development appeared not directly linked to iron deficiency tolerance. Rhododendron ‘Juko’, R. scabrum, R. macrosepalum ‘Hanaguruma’, R. x pulchrum ‘Oomurasaki’, and R. x pulchrum ‘Sen-e-oomurasaki’ resulted iron efficient genetic resources, useful for azalea cultivation and gardening in calcareous soils. On the contrary, R. obtusum ‘Kirin’, R. tosaense, R.x mucronatum ‘Fujimanyo’ and R. obtusum ‘Susogo-no-ito’ resulted iron deficiency sensitive genotypes. R. x mucronatum ‘Ryukyushibori’ and R. indicum ‘Kinsai’ showed intermediate responses.
34
Adcock, D., A. M. McNeill, G. K. McDonald, and R. D. Armstrong. "Subsoil constraints to crop production on neutral and alkaline soils in south-eastern Australia: a review of current knowledge and management strategies." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06250.
Full textAbstract:
Crop yield variability and productivity below potential yield on neutral and alkaline soils in the semiarid Mediterranean-type environments of south-eastern Australia have been attributed, in part, to variable rooting depth and incomplete soil water extraction caused by physical and chemical characteristics of soil horizons below the surface. In this review these characteristics are referred to as subsoil constraints. This document reviews current information concerning subsoil constraints typical of neutral and alkaline soils in south-eastern Australia, principally salinity, sodicity, dense soils with high penetration resistance, waterlogging, nutrient deficiencies and ion toxicities. The review focuses on information from Australia (published and unpublished), using overseas data only where no suitable Australian data is available. An assessment of the effectiveness of current management options to address subsoil constraints is provided. These options are broadly grouped into three categories: (i) amelioration strategies, such as deep ripping, gypsum application or the use of polyacrylamides to reduce sodicity and/or bulk density, deep placement of nutrients or organic matter to overcome subsoil nutrient deficiencies or the growing of ‘primer’ crops to naturally ameliorate the soil; (ii) breeding initiatives for increased crop tolerance to toxicities such as salt and boron; and (iii) avoidance through appropriate agronomic or agro-engineering solutions. The review highlights difficulties associated with identifying the impact of any single subsoil constraint to crop production on neutral and alkaline soils in south-eastern Australia, given that multiple constraints may be present. Difficulty in clearly ranking the relative effect of particular subsoil constraints on crop production (either between constraints or in relation to other edaphic and biological factors) limits current ability to develop targeted solutions designed to overcome these constraints. Furthermore, it is recognised that the task is complicated by spatial and temporal variability of soil physicochemical properties and nutrient availability, as well as other factors such as disease and drought stress. Nevertheless, knowledge of the relative importance of particular subsoil constraints to crop production, and an assessment of impact on crop productivity, are deemed critical to the development of potential management solutions for these neutral to alkaline soils.
35
Liu, Xiao-Long, Hui Zhang, Yang-Yang Jin, Ming-Ming Wang, Hao-Yu Yang, Hong-Yuan Ma, Chang-Jie Jiang, and Zheng-Wei Liang. "Abscisic acid primes rice seedlings for enhanced tolerance to alkaline stress by upregulating antioxidant defense and stress tolerance-related genes." Plant and Soil 438, no. 1-2 (March 4, 2019): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-03992-4.
Full text
36
Peck, D. M., and J. H. Howie. "Development of an early season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) with tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicide residues." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12130.
Full textAbstract:
Sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides are extensively applied to crops in the cereal-livestock zones of southern Australia. In low rainfall areas with alkaline soils, SU residues can persist over summer and can severely affect sown or regenerating medic pastures. A cohort of early season barrel medics (Medicago truncatula) bred and selected for tolerance to SU herbicide residues were evaluated at multiple field sites over 3 years (year of establishment and subsequent regeneration). Two lines (Z2438 and Z2415) were identified which had dry matter production and seed yield in the establishment year equivalent to their recurrent parent, Caliph, an early maturing, aphid-tolerant, barrel medic cultivar. They also had lower levels of hardseededness than Caliph, enabling them to regenerate in greater numbers in the following year and thus produce more dry matter. The two lines demonstrated good tolerance to simulated SU herbicide residues, producing up to 10 times the dry matter of the SU-intolerant parent Caliph. We anticipate that one or both of the two lines will be commercialised soon, enabling farmers in low rainfall areas with neutral-to-alkaline soils to successfully grow barrel medic pastures in the presence of SU herbicide soil residues resulting from applications to prior crops.
37
Dimitrijevic, Miodrag, Sofija Petrovic, and Borislav Banjac. "Wheat breeding in abiotic stress conditions of solonetz." Genetika 44, no. 1 (2012): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1201091d.
Full textAbstract:
The complex stress environment at locality Kumane (Banat) primarily is caused by alkaline soil of solonetz type, but includes the other sources of wheat variability, water-logging and occasional extreme temperatures, as well. In order to obtain wheat varieties that could fulfill the requirement of enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress conditions of alkaline soil a set of wheat varieties was examined in parallel trials in Kumane (solonetz), and at Rimski Sancevi on chernzem (black soil). The multiyear results helped to select usable wheat genetic material among the existing varietal genetic variability. That variability was used as parents in in situ established crosses. The results in segregating F2 offspring surpassed the average parental values for examined traits - plant height, grain number and grain weight per spike. Hence, selecting desirable genetic variability in novel variability through years could lead to wheat plant ideotype capable to bring forth a economically justified yield.
38
Itkina, Daria, and Aliya Suleimanova. "Phytate-hydrolyzing rhizobacteria: abiotic stress tolerance and antimicrobial activity." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202055.
Full textAbstract:
Phytate-hydrolyzing bacteria Pantoea sp. 3.1, 3.2, 3.5.2, 3.6.1 and Bacillus ginsengihumi M2.11 were previously isolated from the soil samples of the Republic of Tatarstan. The effect of cultivation conditions on the growth dynamics as well as antimicrobial activity was determined. All four Pantoea strains showed optimum growth at 26 ºC and 28 ºC and pH 6.0-7.0. The optimum conditions for the growth of B. ginsengihumi M2.11 strain was determined to be 26 ºC, 28 ºC and 37 ºC and alkaline pH 7 and 8. Salt concentration in the range of 0 to 1000 mM did not significantly affect the growth of the strains. Antagonistic activity of Pantoea sp. 3.5.2 was studied against phytopathogenic micromycetes, identified as Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana. In the presence of bacterial isolate growth of A. alternata was inhibited by 57% and growth of B. sorokiniana – by 85%. Minor growth inhibition by Pantoea sp. 3.5.2 of gram-negative bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae family was observed. The presence of fungicidal activity in the Pantoea strain together with its ability to hydrolyze soil phytates and overcome abiotic stress factors in soil can possibly serve as the basis for the new fungicide of microbial origin.
39
Gao, Junzhi, Qingzhou Zhao, Dongdong Chang, Fabrice Ndayisenga, and Zhisheng Yu. "Assessing the Effect of Physicochemical Properties of Saline and Sodic Soil on Soil Microbial Communities." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060782.
Full textAbstract:
Soil physicochemical properties are the main driving factors affecting the stability and diversity of the soil microbial community. The impacts of the saline–alkali situation and associated soil degradation need to be understood and reversed as soil diversity and communities are increasingly affected by saline–alkaline soil. However, the differences between salinization and alkalization soil and their impact on microbiota have been overlooked. The object of this study is to demonstrate the differences in salinization and alkalization soil and the driving factors affecting microbiota. In this study, 12 soil samples collected from saline–alkaline spots were used to detect the differences in soil physicochemical properties. The soil microbial community was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. The results of ESP and EC in the soil samples indicated that the soil samples were categorized as saline soil and sodic soil. Venn diagrams indicated that unique OTUs in saline soil showed higher adaptation and environmental tolerance. Partial Mantel tests showed that the differences in pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), C/N, Na, and K between saline and sodic soil were the primary determinants affecting the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, besides electrical conductivity (EC). In the KEGG analysis, ESP mainly affected the cellular processes in the archaea. Metabolism in the bacterial function was positively correlated with K only in sodic soil. These results indicated that the proportions in sodic soil were more strongly affecting soil microbiota.
40
Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, and D. J. Connor. "Evaluating physicochemical constraints of Calcarosols on wheat yield in the Victorian southern Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 5 (2003): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02168.
Full textAbstract:
Soil salinity, sodicity, and high extractable boron (B) are thought to reduce wheat yields on alkaline soils of south-eastern Australia; however, little quantitative information on yield penalties to edaphic constraints is available. The relationships between wheat yield of a B-tolerant cultivar and soil physicochemical conditions in the Victorian Mallee were explored using ridge regression analysis, using natural variation in the field. Wheat yields in the survey ranged from 1.3 to 6.1 Mg/ha, with low yields attributed to inadequate soil water supply during pre-anthesis growth. Crop sequences, fallow–wheat, and pulse–wheat left greatest soil water prior to sowing of the wheat crop, and lucerne–wheat the least. A descriptive model explained 54% of variation in wheat yield, with rainfall around anthesis, available soil water in the 0.10–0.40 m layer, nitrate in the 0–0.10 m layer at sowing and salinity, and sodicity in the 0.60–1.00 m layers being important factors. Subsoil salinity (ECe) and sodicity (ESP) appear to be effective surrogates for estimating the likelihood of water extraction in the deep subsoil. The analyses suggest that subsoils need to have an ECe <8 dS/m and ESP < 19% for crops to make use of water deep in the profile. Although soluble B ranged from 2 to 52 mg/kg in the 0.60–1.00 m layer of the alkaline soils considered, B appeared to have little correlation with root growth, water extraction, or yield of wheat, which has been attributed to B-tolerance of the cultivar tested and/or the overbearing effect of high Na+ in these soils.
41
Singh, Gyanendra, Timothy L. Setter, Muneendra Kumar Singh, Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Bhupendra Narayan Singh, Katia Stefanova, Bhudeva Singh Tyagi, Jang Bahadur Singh, Bhagwati S. Kherawat, and Edward G. Barrett-Lennard. "Number of tillers in wheat is an easily measurable index of genotype tolerance to saline waterlogged soils: evidence from 10 large-scale field trials in India." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 6 (2018): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18053.
Full textAbstract:
Over 100 wheat varieties and breeding lines from India and Australia were screened in alkaline and waterlogged soils in 10 environments over two years at one drained location and two naturally waterlogged locations in India. Mean trial grain yield was reduced up to 70% in the environments where genotypes were waterlogged for up to 15 days at the vegetative stage in alkaline soil relative to plants in drained soils. Agronomic traits (plant height, tiller number, 1000-grain weight) of genotypes were also reduced under waterlogging. At one waterlogged site, up to 68% of the genetic diversity for predicted grain yields under waterlogging could be accounted for by number of tillers (r2 = 0.41–0.68 in 2011 and 2010, respectively) and positive correlations also occurred at the second site (r2 = 0.19–0.35). However, there was no correlation between grain yields across varieties under waterlogging in any trials at the two waterlogged locations. This may have occurred because waterlogged sites differed up to 4-fold in soil salinity. When salinity was accounted for, there was a good correlation across all environments (r2 = 0.73). A physiological basis for the relationship between tillering and waterlogging tolerance is proposed, associated with crown root development. Results are compared with findings in Australia in acidic soils, and they highlight major opportunities for wheat improvement by selection for numbers of tillers when crops are waterlogged during vegetative growth.
42
Kashyap, Ashutosh, Vijay Kumar Yadav, Poonam Singh, P. K. Singh, and Sh weta. "K- Mean and Euclidian Cluster Analysis for Salt Tolerance Rice Genotypes under Alkaline Soil Condition." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.043.
Full text
43
de León-Hernández, A. M., M. C. Vera-Batista, V. Herrera-González, M. Hernández, I. Rodríguez-Hernández, and J. A. Rodríguez-Pérez. "Breeding of Leucospermum to obtain clayey and/or alkaline-clayey soil tolerance hybrids." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1347 (October 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1347.8.
Full text
44
Ma, Changkun, Qian Li, Zhaoxin Song, Lijun Su, Wanghai Tao, Beibei Zhou, and Quanjiu Wang. "Irrigation with Magnetized Water Alleviates the Harmful Effect of Saline–Alkaline Stress on Rice Seedlings." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710048.
Full textAbstract:
Saline–alkaline stress suppresses rice growth and threatens crop production. Despite substantial research on rice’s tolerance to saline–alkaline stress, fewer studies have examined the impact of magnetic water treatments on saline–alkaline-stressed rice plants. We explored the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in saline–alkaline stress tolerance enhancement via irrigation with magnetized water using Nipponbare. The growth of Nipponbare plants was inhibited by saline–alkaline stress, but this inhibition was alleviated by irrigating the plants with magnetized water, as evidenced by greater plant height, biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, and root system in plants irrigated with magnetized water compared to those irrigated with non-magnetized water. Plants that were irrigated with magnetized water were able to acquire more total nitrogen. In addition, we proved that rice seedlings irrigated with magnetized water had a greater root NO3−-nitrogen concentration and root NH4+-nitrogen concentration than plants irrigated with non-magnetized water. These findings suggest that treatment with magnetized water could increase nitrogen uptake. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression levels of genes involved in nitrogen acquisition. The expression levels of OsNRT1;1, OsNRT1;2, OsNRT2;1, OsAMT1;2, OsAMT2;1, OsAMT2;2, OsAMT2;3, OsAMT3;1, OsAMT3;2, and OsAMT3;3 were higher in plants exposed to magnetized water medium compared to those exposed to non-magnetized water media. We further demonstrated that treatment with magnetized water increases available nitrogen, NO3−-nitrogen content, and NH4+-nitrogen content in soil under saline–alkaline stress. Our results revealed that the increased resistance of rice seedlings to saline–alkaline stress may be attributable to a very effective nitrogen acquisition system enhanced by magnetized water.
45
Borowik, Agata, Jadwiga Wyszkowska, and Jan Kucharski. "Bacteria and Soil Enzymes Supporting the Valorization of Forested Soils." Materials 15, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093287.
Full textAbstract:
To decompose forest biomass, microorganisms use specific enzymes from the class of oxidoreductases and hydrolases, which are produced by bacteria and soil fungi. In post-agricultural forest soils, bacteria adapt more easily to changing ecological conditions than fungi. The unique features of bacteria, i.e., tolerance and the ability to degrade a wide range of chemical compounds, prompted us to conduct research that contributes to the improvement of the broadly understood circular management of biomass production and economic efficiency. This study aimed to analyze changes in the microbiological activity and the activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, β-glucosidase, urease, arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase in the soil sampled from under Picea abies (Pa), Pinus sylvestris (Ps), Larix decidua (Ld), Quercus robur (Qr), and Betula pendula (Bp), after 19 years. The control object was unforested soil. The studies allowed one to demonstrate the relationship between the activity of soil enzymes and the assemblages of culturable microorganisms and bacteria determined by the metagenomic method and tree species. Thus, it is possible to design the selection of tree species catalyzing enzymatic processes in soil. The strongest growth promoter of microorganisms turned out to be Quercus robur L., followed by Picea abies L., whereas the weakest promoters appeared to be Pinus sylvestris L. and Larix decidua M.
46
McNamara, Steve, and Harold Pellett. "Effect of High pH on Foliar Chlorosis and Growth of Five Betula Species." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.4.175.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relative alkalinity tolerances of yellow birch, sweet birch, river birch, paper birch, and Japanese white birch were evaluated by comparing foliar chlorosis and growth of seedlings irrigated for 56 days with either a pH 6.0 nutrient solution (control) or K2CO3-amended solutions adjusted to pH 7.3 or 8.3. Both visual ratings and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter measurements were effective methods of quantifying the severity of alkalinity-induced foliar chlorosis. Eight weeks of the pH 8.3 treatment was more effective than 4 weeks of the same treatment or 4 or 8 weeks of the pH 7.3 treatment for detecting differences in alkalinity tolerance among the species. Treatment for 8 weeks with either pH 7.3 or 8.3 solutions increased foliar chlorosis of sweet, river, paper, and Japanese white birch seedlings relative to the control treatment, whereas yellow birch seedlings exhibited mild chlorosis only in the pH 8.3 treatment. Based upon severity of chlorosis, yellow birch was most tolerant of soil alkalinity, sweet birch was least tolerant, and river, paper and Japanese white birch were intermediate in tolerance. Stem relative growth rates and shoot and root cumulative dry mass values did not consistently corroborate the relative alkalinity tolerances of the birch species indicated by the chlorosis and chlorophyll data, possibly because of container restriction of root growth of the more rapidly growing species. Results of this study indicate that yellow birch may be valuable for developing new birch cultivars adapted to alkaline soils.
47
Smith, Cyrus A., James L. Walworth, Mary J. Comeau, Richard J. Heerema, Joshua D. Sherman, and Randall Norton. "Impacts of Maternal Genotype on Pecan Seedling Performance in an Alkaline, Saline-sodic Soil." HortScience 56, no. 9 (September 2021): 1015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15922-21.
Full textAbstract:
A field study was conducted to evaluate tolerance of pecan rootstocks to soil salinity and sodicity. Seven cultivars—Elliott, Giles, Ideal, Peruque, Riverside, ‘Shoshoni, and VC1-68—were selected from a range of geographic regions of origin. The soil of the experimental plot was a poorly drained, saline–sodic Pima silty clay variant. The irrigation water was a moderately saline mix of Gila River and local groundwater with an electrical conductivity of 2.8 dS⋅m–1, containing primarily ions of Na and Cl. Eighty seeds of each cultivar were planted in a greenhouse in late Feb. 2016; 48 seedlings of each cultivar were transplanted into field plots in Feb. 2017. Half the trees received a soil-based application of Zn–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at planting. The trees were observed and rated for both vigor and resistance to salt injury on seven separate occasions. Trunk diameter was measured each dormant season. Leaf samples were collected on 9 Oct. 2019 and 6 Oct. 2020, and were analyzed for nutrient content. Zn-EDTA was not found to have a significant effect on growth, vigor, or resistance to salt injury. ‘Elliott’ seedlings exhibited greater tolerance for the alkaline, saline–sodic soil conditions than other cultivars. ‘Giles’ and ‘Peruque’ were most severely affected. Resistance to salt injury (ranging from marginal leaf burn to necrosis of entire leaf), vigor, and growth correlated more strongly with foliar concentrations of Na than Cl or K during 2019. Vigor and growth were not significantly correlated with foliar Na, Cl, or K concentrations in 2020. The foliar K:Na ratio had a nearly equal correlation with resistance to salt injury and a greater correlation with growth than that of Na alone in 2019. However, although the correlation of the K:Na ratio with vigor was stronger than that of Cl or K, Na had the strongest correlation with vigor in 2019. In 2020, the only significant correlation of growth and vigor was with the K:Na ratio. The strongest correlation with resistance to salt injury in 2020 was with foliar Na concentration.
48
Silva, Carolina M. S., Chunyan Zhang, Gustavo Habermann, Emmanuel Delhaize, and Peter R. Ryan. "Does the major aluminium-resistance gene in wheat, TaALMT1, also confer tolerance to alkaline soils?" Plant and Soil 424, no. 1-2 (January 5, 2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3549-6.
Full text
49
Sun, Yufang, Yongbin Ou, Yongfeng Gao, Xuan Zhang, Yongmei He, Yuan Li, and Yinan Yao. "Different tolerance mechanism to alkaline stresses between Populus bolleana and its desert relative Populus euphratica." Plant and Soil 426, no. 1-2 (April 3, 2018): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3632-7.
Full text
50
Dai, Ling Yan, Li Jun Zhang, Shu Jun Jiang, and Kui De Yin. "Saline and alkaline stress genotypic tolerance in sweet sorghum is linked to sodium distribution." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 64, no. 6 (June 18, 2014): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2014.925574.
Full text