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Journal articles on the topic 'Alkaline Iron Electrode'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Oliveira, João Pedro Jenson de, Acelino Cardoso de Sá, and Leonardo Lataro Paim. "Electrocatalysis of Ethanol and Methanol Electrooxidation by Composite Electrodes with NiOOH/FeOOH Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide onto Composite Electrodes." Chemistry Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eccs2020-07523.

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This paper presents graphite/paraffin composite electrodes modified with microparticles of nickel (Ni) and Ni-Fe alloy anchored in reduced graphene oxide (rGO); these electrodes were made by electrosynthesis. Firstly, the electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide was made by cyclic voltammetry (CV) onto the graphite/paraffin electrodes’ surface. After electrodeposition of the rGO, iron and nickel were electrodeposited by CV with successive scans. Finally, the formation of iron-nickel oxyhydroxide on the electrode surface was performed by cyclic voltammetry in alkaline medium. The composites were investigated by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM); it was observed that the Ni microparticles had spherical shapes, while the Ni-Fe alloy did not present a defined shape. The composite electrodes were used to analysis ethanol and methanol electrooxidation in an alkaline medium of 0.10 mol L−1 of NaOH in a potential range of from −0.20 to 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at 50 mV s−1 by CV. The electrodes were able to make the electrooxidation of ethanol at a potential of around 0.57 V for the electrode constituted by the Ni-Fe alloy and around 0.61 V for the electrode modified with Ni, and for methanol in a potential around 0.57 V for the Ni-Fe alloy and around 0.66 V for the Ni electrode. The Ni-Fe alloy electrodes showed the electrocatalysis of the alcohols in relation to Ni electrodes.

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2

Popczyk, Magdalena, and B. Łosiewicz. "The Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Fe Electrode Material in 1 M NaOH Solution." Solid State Phenomena 228 (March 2015): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.228.252.

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Kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was investigated in 1 M NaOH solution at room temperature on a polycrystalline Fe electrode material which was electrochemically activated and unactivated. Studies of the HER were carried out using steady-state polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It was found that for the Fe electrode material after activation atj= -320 mA cm-2for 24 h, the increase in the catalytic activity towards the HER was observed in comparison with that on the unactivated iron electrode material.Acimpedance behavior of the Fe electrode changed from a typical for smooth electrodes before activation (one time constant in the circuit) to that being characteristic for porous electrodes after activation (two time constants in the circuit). The reason for that is formation of solid products of the iron corrosion in alkaline solution which can cause passivation of the electrode surface and catalyse the HER.

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3

Weinrich, Henning, Markus Gehring, Hermann Tempel, Hans Kungl, and Rüdiger-A. Eichel. "Electrode thickness-dependent formation of porous iron electrodes for secondary alkaline iron-air batteries." Electrochimica Acta 314 (August 2019): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.025.

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4

Kuzminykh, Maria M., Victoria V. Panteleeva, and Anatoliy B. Shein. "CATHODIC HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ON IRON DISILICIDE. I. ALKALINE SOLUTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5745.

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The kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction on FeSi2-electrode in 1.0 M NaOH solution has been studied using methods of polarization and impedance measurements. With the help of diagnostic criteria for the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanisms based on the analysis of the dependence of the parameters of the equivalent electric circuit on overvoltage, it was established that the reaction of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide in the alkaline electrolyte proceeds along the discharge - electrochemical desorption route, where desorption is the rate-determining stage. Both stages are irreversible, the transfer coefficients of the stages are equal (α1 = α2 = α), simultaneously the hydrogen absorption reaction by the electrode material proceeds in the diffusion mode (in the whole investigated range of potentials). It was found that the adsorption of atomic hydrogen is described by the equation of the Langmuir isotherm. The influence of various methods of modifying of the surface of FeSi2-electrode on the kinetics and mechanism of the cathodic process has been studied. It was found that the modification of the disilicide surface by hydrogenation at a current density of i = 30 mA/cm2, an anodic etching in 0.5 M H2SO4 at the potential E = 0.4 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, an anodic etching in 1.0 M NaOH at the potential E = 0.1 V, chemical etching in 5.0 M NaOH at 70 °C reduce the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution, but the mechanism of the cathodic process does not change as a result of the modification. Reduction of the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide is due to the action of two factors: the development of the surface and the change in the composition of the surface layer of the electrode. It has been concluded that FeSi2 in the alkaline electrolyte is a promising electrode material that exhibits activity in the electrolytic hydrogen evolution reaction.

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5

YAMAMOTO, Yoshifumi. "Electrochemical Behavior of Iron Electrodes in Alkaline Solution II. Activation of Electrode." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 60, no. 8 (August 5, 1992): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.60.725.

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6

Vijayamohanan, K., A. K. Shukla, and S. Sathyanarayana. "Kinetics of electrode reactions occurring on porous iron electrodes in alkaline media." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 295, no. 1-2 (November 1990): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(90)85005-p.

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7

Tang, Hongwei, Mengyue Liu, Lingna Kong, Xiaoyan Wang, Yue Lei, Xige Li, Yan Hou, Kun Chang, and Zhaorong Chang. "The Synergistic Effect of MoS2 and NiS on the Electrical Properties of Iron Anodes for Ni-Fe Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 3472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193472.

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In this paper, a series of Fe3O4/MoS2/NiS composite electrodes were synthesized by a simple coprecipitation method. The influence of different ratio additives (MoS2 and NiS) on the performance of iron anodes for Ni-Fe batteries was systematically investigated. In this paper, the mixed alkaline solution of 6 mol/L NaOH and 0.6 mol/L LiOH was used as electrolyte, and sintered Ni(OH)2 was used as counterelectrode. The experimental results show that the MoS2 and NiS additives can effectively eliminate the passivation phenomena in iron electrodes, reduce the electrode polarization, and increase the reversibility capacity. As a result, the Fe3O4/MoS2/NiS composite electrodes exhibit a high specific capacity, good rate performance, and long cycling stability. Especially, the Fe3O4/MoS2 (5%)/NiS (5%) electrode with a suitable ratio of additives can provide excellent electrochemical performance, with high discharge capacities of 657.9 mAh g−1, 639.8 mAh g−1, and 442.1 mAh g−1 at 600 mA g−1, 1200 mA g−1, and 2400 mA g−1, respectively. This electrode also exhibits good cycling stability.

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8

Černý, J., and K. Micka. "Voltammetric study of an iron electrode in alkaline electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 25, no. 2 (February 1989): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(89)85003-7.

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9

Rajan, Aravamuthan Sundar, Srinivasan Sampath, and Ashok Kumar Shukla. "An in situ carbon-grafted alkaline iron electrode for iron-based accumulators." Energy & Environmental Science 7, no. 3 (2014): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42783h.

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10

Sun, Jianrui, Saisai Li, Qiaoqiao Zhang, and Jingqi Guan. "Iron–cobalt–nickel trimetal phosphides as high-performance electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 9 (2020): 4531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00694g.

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11

Anh, Trinh Tuan, Doan Ha Thang, and Bui Thi Hang. "The influence of carbon additive on the electrochemical behaviors of Fe2O3/C electrodes in alkaline solution." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/1/9271.

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Acetylene Black (AB) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were used as the additive and active materials, respectively for preparing Fe2O3/AB composite electrode. The effects of carbon additive and binder content on the electrochemical properties of Fe2O3/AB electrodes in alkaline solution were investigated to find the suitable anode for the Fe/air battery. The results of electrochemical measurements showed that both the AB additive and binder content significantly affected on the electrochemical behaviors of Fe2O3/AB electrodes. AB additive improves in redox reaction of iron oxide.

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12

VIJAYAMOHANAN, K., A. K. SHUKLA, and S. SATHYANARAYANA. "ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions Occurring on Porous Iron Electrodes in Alkaline Media." ChemInform 22, no. 9 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199109011.

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13

Huang, Z. Q., and J. L. Ord. "An Optical Study of the Iron Electrode in Alkaline Electrolyte." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 132, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2113774.

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14

Kumar, Harish, and A. K. Shukla. "Fabrication Fe/Fe₃O₄/Graphene Nanocomposite Electrode Material for Rechargeable Ni/Fe Batteries in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 19 (October 2013): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.19.15.

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Fe/Fe3O4/Graphene composite electrode material was synthesized by a thermal reduction method and then used as anode material along with Nickel cathode in rechargeable Ni/Fe alkaline batteries in hybrid electric vehicles. Reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite electrode material was prepared using a facile three step synthesis involving synthesis of iron oxalate and subsequent reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide and iron oxalate by thermal decomposition method. The synthesis approach presents a promising route for a large-scale production of reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite as electrode material for Ni/Fe rechargeable batteries. The particle size and structure of the samples were characterized by SEM and XRD.

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15

Kumar, Harish, and A. K. Shukla. "Fabrication Fe/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Graphene Nanocomposite Electrode Material for Rechargeable Ni/Fe Batteries in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 19 (October 2, 2013): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-oqaeru.

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Fe/Fe3O4/Graphene composite electrode material was synthesized by a thermal reduction method and then used as anode material along with Nickel cathode in rechargeable Ni/Fe alkaline batteries in hybrid electric vehicles. Reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite electrode material was prepared using a facile three step synthesis involving synthesis of iron oxalate and subsequent reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide and iron oxalate by thermal decomposition method. The synthesis approach presents a promising route for a large-scale production of reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite as electrode material for Ni/Fe rechargeable batteries. The particle size and structure of the samples were characterized by SEM and XRD.

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16

Li, Ruiqing, Chenyang Xu, Xiangfen Jiang, Yoshio Bando, and Xuebin Wang. "Porous Monolithic Electrode of Ni3FeN on 3D Graphene for Efficient Oxygen Evolution." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 5175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18535.

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Developing high-performance nonprecious electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great importance, but it remains a challenge. In this paper, we synthesize a porous monolithic catalytic electrode, which is transition metal nitride, Ni3FeN, constructed on a 3D network-like support of the strutted graphene foam (Ni3FeN/SG). The obtained Ni3FeN/SG electrode shows the excellent catalytic activity and the durability for OER in alkaline solution, owing to iron incorporation, high electrical conductivity and 3D network-like structure of strutted graphene. It requires small overpotential (226 mV) to actuate 10 mA cm−2, superior to most recently developed catalysts and commercial RuO2. The fabrication strategy provides a substantial way to expand 3D porous monolithic electrodes for various electrocatalytic applications.

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17

Yuan, Boyan, and G. M. Haarberg. "Electrowinning of Iron in Aqueous Alkaline Solution Using Rotating Disk Electrode." Revue de Métallurgie 106, no. 10 (October 2009): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2009078.

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18

Zhou, Bin, Xin-Zhi Lin, Yu-Gui Zhang, Angus Shiue, Shih-Cheng Hu, Hui-Fang Liu, Yu Wang, Shou-Meng Qiu, Zhi-Bo Dong, and Song Lu. "Degradation of formaldehyde from plywood with an iron electrode in alkaline solution." Building and Environment 157 (June 2019): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.05.003.

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19

Marimuthu, Sundaramoorthy, Ayyavu Shankar, and Govindhan Maduraiveeran. "Porous-Structured Three-Dimensional Iron Phosphides Nanosheets for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031124.

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A rational designing nanostructured Earth-abundant and non-precious electrocatalysts for promoting an anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for cutting-edge energy conversion and storage fields. Herein, we demonstrate a porous structured three-dimensional (3-D) FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode (PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni) using of a facile and two-step electrodeposition strategy that exhibits enhanced OER under alkaline electrolyte. The as-developed porous-structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode exhibits the best OER catalytic activity in relations of low onset potential (ղonset) of ~1.37 V (vs. RHE), small overpotential (η) of ~0.17 V to produce the current densities of 10 mA cm−2, lower Tafel slope value of ~40.0 mV/dec, higher turn-over frequency (TOF) of 0.435 s−1, and long-term stability when compared to other CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, NiP|NF (nickel foam), and commercial IrO2|Ni electrodes established in this study. The anodic current density is calculated at the potential of ~1.80 V to be ~580, ~365, ~145, ~185, ~516, and 310 mA cm−2 for PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni, CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, IrO2|Ni, and FeP|NF electrodes, respectively. The porous structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode demonstrated a highest current density of ~580 mA cm−2 at ~1.80 V in comparison to other electrodes employed in the current investigation. The outperforming OER activity of PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni is majorly associated to its porous-structured 3-D sheet-like morphology, large amount of electrochemical active surface area, high electrical conductance characteristics and self-activated/supported active sites, facilitating the catalytic properties. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and distribution of Fe, P and O elements have not been altered significantly after had a long-term OER test. These experimental results reveal that further optimization of porous structured 3D FeP nanomaterials is highly anticipated for practical water electrolysis systems.

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20

Bai, Jie, Tianning Zhou, Yihao Gao, Meilin Zhang, Xiaofei Jing, and Yaqiong Gong. "Spherical V-doped nickel–iron LDH decorated on Ni₃S₂ as a high-efficiency electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 12 (2022): 4853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt04224f.

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21

Rajan, A. Sundar, D. Mitra, Ahamed Irshad, P. Trinh, and S. R. Narayanan. "Studies on Oxygen Recombination at the Rechargeable Iron Electrode in an Alkaline Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 040502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6eea.

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22

Mitra, D., and S. R. Narayanan. "A Stable and Electrocatalytic Iron Electrode for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Topics in Catalysis 61, no. 7-8 (April 23, 2018): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-018-0971-9.

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23

Koj, Matthias, Jingcan Qian, and Thomas Turek. "Novel alkaline water electrolysis with nickel-iron gas diffusion electrode for oxygen evolution." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 57 (November 2019): 29862–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.122.

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24

Rotenberg, Z. A., T. V. Martynova, and V. V. Batrakov. "Impedance and photoadmittance of a passive iron electrode in alkaline sodium sulfide solutions." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 36, no. 8 (August 2000): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757066.

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25

Mahmood, Mudasar, Nael Yasri, and Edward Roberts. "(Digital Presentation) Application of Polarity Reversal and Performance Analysis of Continuous Electrocoagulation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271061mtgabs.

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An important challenge for continuous treatment by electrocoagulation (EC) is the passivation and fouling of electrodes which increases during the longer operation (Ingelsson et al., 2020). The application of polarity reversal (PR) and treatment performance of EC was investigated using continuous flow reactor for simultaneous removal of silica and hardness (calcium and magnesium) from produced water. Polarity reversal times (PRT) from 30 s to 10 min were studied at a fixed charge loading of 2000 C L- 1 (i.e., the amount of charge passed per unit volume of produced water treated) using Fe and Al electrodes. Periodic PR was found to reduce the fouling and de-passivate the electrodes by changing the surface chemistry at the electrode-electrolyte interface (Ingelsson et al., 2020; Yasri et al., 2022). During 90 minutes of continuous treatment the chronopotentiometric data indicated that a PRT of 10 min was more effective in reducing the cell voltage for both Fe and Al electrodes [Fig. 1 (a & b)]. With a longer PRT of 10 min, there is more time for the acid boundary layer to form on the anode, which mitigates metal precipitation at the anode. In contrast the higher cell voltage that persists in direct current EC (DC-EC) could be due to the precipitation of Ca and Mg minerals in the alkaline solution on the cathode surface, leading to cathode passivation (Chow et al., 2021). After the first polarity reversal, both electrodes have been anodic, removing passivation layers from the surface and reducing the cell voltage. On reversing the polarity, the cathode becomes the anode, and the acidic pH on the formed at the electrode interface will facilitate the dissolution of Ca and Mg precipitates on the electrode surface, reducing the cell voltage significantly. For Fe-EC, the contaminant removal performance increased with PRT, and the highest removal was observed with DC-EC (Fig. 1c). The increasing removal performance with PRT for Fe-EC is consistent with the increase in faradaic efficiency observed of 55%, 68%, 85%, and 99.8% with 30 sec, 2 min and 10 min PRT, and DC respectively. The lower faradaic efficiencies for Fe-EC with short PRTs are likely due to redox reactions of iron species at the electrode surface (Chow et al. 2021). The contaminant removal at a charge loading of 2000 C L–1 using DC-EC with Al electrodes was similar to that for PR-EC with PRTs of 2 to 10 min (Fig. 1d). Slightly lower Si and hardness removal was observed for Al-EC at the shortest PRT of 30 s. For Al-EC, the faradaic efficiency was also observed to increase with PRT, with values of 150%, 220% and 287% obtained at 30 sec, 2 min and 10 min PRT respectively. The super-faradaic (>100%) efficiencies can be explained by dissolution of the Al from the cathode under the local alkaline conditions that develop on the electrode surface. With a short PRT, there is less time for the alkaline pH to develop at the surface and hence the faradaic efficiency was reduced. References: Chow, H., Ingelsson, M., Roberts, E.P.L., Pham, A.L.T., 2021. How does periodic polarity reversal affect the faradaic efficiency and electrode fouling during iron electrocoagulation? Water Res. 203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117497 Ingelsson, M., Yasri, N., Roberts, E.P.L., 2020. Electrode passivation, faradaic efficiency, and performance enhancement strategies in electrocoagulation—a review. Water Res. 187, 116433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116433 Yasri, N.G., Ingelsson, M., Nightingale, M., Jaggi, A., Dejak, M., Kryst, K., Oldenburg, T.B.P., Roberts, E.P.L., 2022. Investigation of electrode passivation during electrocoagulation treatment with aluminum electrodes for high silica content produced water. Water Sci. Technol. 85, 925–942. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.012 Fig. 1. Impact of PR-EC on cell voltage with reversal time of 10 min (a) with Fe-EC and (b) with Al-EC and comparison of the performance of DC-EC and PR-EC for polarity reversal times of 30 sec, 2 min and 10 min of (c) Fe-EC and (d) Al-EC at flowrate 60 mL min-1 corresponds to (Re) = 116, charge loading 2000 C L⁻1 and current density 8 mA cm-2. Figure 1

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26

Kao, Chen-Yu, and Kan-Sen Chou. "Iron/carbon-black composite nanoparticles as an iron electrode material in a paste type rechargeable alkaline battery." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 8 (April 2010): 2399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.008.

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27

Esfandyari, Yahya, Keivan Saeb, Ahmad Tavana, Aptin Rahnavard, and Farid Gholamreza Fahimi. "Effective removal of cefazolin from hospital wastewater by the electrocoagulation process." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 2422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.003.

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Abstract The present study evaluated the treatment of hospital wastewater by the electrocoagulation process using aluminum and iron electrodes. The effects of pH, voltage and reaction time on the removal efficiencies of the antibiotic cefazolin, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity were investigated. The results showed that by increasing reaction time and input voltage, the removal efficiency of pollutants was increased. The highest removal efficiency of cefazolin, COD, and turbidity occurred at neutral pH, which may have been related to the formation of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) flocs through the combination of aluminum released from the surface of the electrode and the hydroxide ions present in the solution. The conductivity of the treated wastewater at neutral to alkaline pH decreased compared to acidic pH, which may have been due to the adsorption of anions and cations from the solution by the Al(OH)3 flocs. The electrode and energy consumption in the present study was higher than in other studies, which may have been due to the high concentration of COD in and the turbidity of the solution.

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28

Cekerevac, Milan, Ljiljana Nikolic-Bujanovic, and Milos Simicic. "Investigation of electrochemical synthesis of ferrate, Part I: Electrochemical behavior of iron and its several alloys in concentrated alkaline solutions." Chemical Industry 63, no. 5 (2009): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0905387c.

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In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to various applications of Fe(VI) due to its unique properties such as oxidizing power, selective reactivity, stability of the salt, and non-toxic decomposition by-products of ferric ion. In environmental remediation processes, Fe(VI) has been proposed as green oxidant, coagulant, disinfectant, and antifoulant. Therefore, it is considered as a promising multi-purpose water treatment chemical. Fe(VI) has also potential applications in electrochemical energy source, as 'green cathode'. The effectiveness of ferrate as a powerful oxidant in the entire pH range, and its use in environmental applications for the removal of wide range of contaminants has been well documented by several researchers. There is scientific evidence that ferrate can effectively remove arsenic, algae, viruses, pharmaceutical waste, and other toxic heavy metals. Although Fe(VI) was first discovered in early eighteen century, detailed studies on physical and chemical properties of Fe(VI) had to wait until efficient synthetic and analytical methods of Fe(VI) were developed by Schreyer et al. in the 1950s. Actually, there have been developed three ways for the preparation of Fe(VI) compounds : the wet oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) compounds, the dry oxidation of the same, and the electrochemistry method, mainly based on the trans passive oxidation of iron. High purity ferrates Fe(VI) can be generated when electrode of the pure iron metal or its alloys are anodized in concentrated alkaline solution. It is known that the efficiency of electrochemical process of Fe(VI) production depends on many factors such as current density, composition of anode material, types of electrolyte etc. In this paper, the electrochemical synthesis of ferrate(VI) solution by the anodic dissolution of iron and its alloys in concentrated water solution of NaOH and KOH is investigated. The process of transpassive dissolution of iron to ferrate(VI) was studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic and potentiostatic pulse method. Cyclic voltammetry gave useful data on potential regions where ferrate(VI) formation is to be expected in the course of transpassive anodic oxidation of iron and some of its alloys, and its stability in the electrolytes of different composition. In addition, step-wise oxidation of iron in anodic oxidation is confirmed. Galvanostatic pulse experiments confirmed the character of successive anodic oxidation of iron, as the three-step process of ferrate(VI) formation is clearly observed. In the cathodic pulse complex reduction of ferrate (VI), firstly to Fe(III) species and then to mixed Fe(II) and Fe(III) compounds and finally to elementary iron is confirmed. The significant difference between the mechanisms of anodic oxidation of pure iron and low carbon steel at the one side and electrical ferrous-silicon steel at the other is observed. The influence of material chemical composition on the electrochemical behavior of electrode in course of anodic polarization in strong alkaline solutions is discussed in terms of composition of passivating layer formed on the electrode. On the base of the experimental data, efficient synthesis of ferrate(VI) can be expected in the region of anodic potentials between + 0,55 and + 0,75 V against Hg|HgO reference electrode in the same solution, depending on the anode materials composition, in the alkaline electrolytes concentration between 10 and 15 M.

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29

Galkina, Irina, Wulyu Jiang, Alaa Y. Faid, Patrick Borowski, Svein Sunde, Irina Galkina, and Werner Lehnert. "(Digital Presentation) Nickel Iron Layered Double Hydroxide As a Promising Anode for AEM Water Electrolyzer Presenting High Performance and Durability." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 44 (October 9, 2022): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02441686mtgabs.

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Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzers is an attractive alternative approach for green hydrogen production. The alkaline environment allows the use of non-PGM catalysts and, based on recent research in catalysts and membranes, may soon challenge the established proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers1,2. Transition metal-based catalysts have attracted much attention because they provide an excellent oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media3. In particular, Ni-Fe-layered double hydroxides (LDH) have been intensively studied in recent years and have shown fast intrinsic electrocatalytic activity for water splitting4,5. In this work, we used Ni3Fe-LDH as an anode catalyst, DURAION® as ionomer and membrane and investigated the effects of electrode design and cell operation on the performance and stability of AEM electrolyzers. The optimized electrode was operated stably for 1000 hours at 1 A cm-2 with an overall degradation rate of 0.014 V h-1. At the end of the lifetime, the cell was disassembled and subjected to a series of experiments to investigate the physical and chemical degradation. This work provides a fundamental understanding and specific approach to the use of nickel-iron-based electrodes and promotes the further development of AEM water electrolyzers through highly stabilized, Ni-rich, and low-cost anodic electrocatalysts. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Vincent, I. & Bessarabov, D. Low cost hydrogen production by anion exchange membrane electrolysis: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 1690–1704 (2018). Miller, H. A. et al. Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: A review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions. Sustain. Energy Fuels 4, 2114–2133 (2020). Gong, M., Wang, D. Y., Chen, C. C., Hwang, B. J. & Dai, H. A mini review on nickel-based electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 9, 28–46 (2016). Zignani, S. C., Faro, M. Lo, Trocino, S. & Aricò, A. S. Investigation of NiFe-based catalysts for oxygen evolution in anion-exchange membrane electrolysis. Energies 13, (2020). Mohammed-Ibrahim, J. A review on NiFe-based electrocatalysts for efficient alkaline oxygen evolution reaction. J. Power Sources 448, 227375 (2020).

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Manohar, Aswin K., Chenguang Yang, Souradip Malkhandi, G. K. Surya Prakash, and S. R. Narayanan. "Enhancing the Performance of the Rechargeable Iron Electrode in Alkaline Batteries with Bismuth Oxide and Iron Sulfide Additives." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 160, no. 11 (2013): A2078—A2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.066311jes.

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Balasubramanian, T. S., and A. K. Shukla. "Effect of metal-sulfide additives on charge/discharge reactions of the alkaline iron electrode." Journal of Power Sources 41, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)85008-c.

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Gennero de Chialvo, María R., and Abel C. Chialvo. "Hydrogen evolution reaction on a smooth iron electrode in alkaline solution at different temperatures." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 3, no. 15 (2001): 3180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b102777h.

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Mauer, Anne E., Donald W. Kirk, and Steven J. Thorpe. "The role of iron in the prevention of nickel electrode deactivation in alkaline electrolysis." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 11 (March 2007): 3505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.10.037.

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Lopes, Daniela V., Aleksey D. Lisenkov, Luís C. M. Ruivo, Aleksey A. Yaremchenko, Jorge R. Frade, and Andrei V. Kovalevsky. "Prospects of Using Pseudobrookite as an Iron-Bearing Mineral for the Alkaline Electrolytic Production of Iron." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041440.

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The alkaline electrolytic production of iron is gaining interest due to the absence of CO2 emissions and significantly lower electrical energy consumption when compared with traditional steelmaking. The possibility of using an iron-bearing pseudobrookite mineral, Fe2TiO5, is explored for the first time as an alternative feedstock for the electrochemical reduction process. To assess relevant impacts of the presence of titanium, similar electroreduction processes were also performed for Fe2TiO5·Fe2O3 and Fe2O3. The electroreduction was attempted using dense and porous ceramic cathodes. Potentiostatic studies at the cathodic potentials of −1.15–−1.30 V vs. an Hg|HgO|NaOH reference electrode and a galvanostatic approach at 1 A/cm2 were used together with electroreduction from ceramic suspensions, obtained by grinding the porous ceramics. The complete electroreduction to Fe0 was only possible at high cathodic polarizations (−1.30 V), compromising the current efficiencies of the electrochemical process due to the hydrogen evolution reaction impact. Microstructural evolution and phase composition studies are discussed, providing trends on the role of titanium and corresponding electrochemical mechanisms. Although the obtained results suggest that pseudobrookite is not a feasible material to be used alone as feedstock for the electrolytic iron production, it can be considered with other iron oxide materials and/or ores to promote electroreduction.

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Abdpour, Soheil, Lars Rademacher, Marcus N. A. Fetzer, Thi Hai Yen Beglau, and Christoph Janiak. "Iron-Containing Nickel Cobalt Sulfides, Selenides, and Sulfoselenides as Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in an Alkaline Solution." Solids 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2023): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids4030012.

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Iron-containing nickel sulfides, selenides, and sulfoselenides were synthesized via a simple two-step hydrothermal reaction (temperature ≤ 160 °C) for their application as electrocatalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline solution (1 mol L−1 KOH). The study demonstrated that iron-containing nickel cobalt sulfides and selenides exhibit superior OER performance with lower overpotentials compared to iron-free nickel cobalt sulfide and selenide, which highlights the significant role of iron in enhancing OER nickel cobalt electrocatalysts: Fe0.1Ni1.4Co2.9(S0.87O0.13)4, η50 = 318 mV; Fe0.2Ni1.5Co2.8(S0.9O0.1)4, η50 = 310 mV; Fe0.3Ni1.2Co2.5(S0.9O0.1)4, η50 = 294 mV; Fe0.6Ni1.2Co2.5(S0.83O0.17)4, η50 = 294 mV; Fe0.4Ni0.7Co1.6(Se0.81O0.19)4, η50 = 306 mV compared to Ni1.0Co2.1(S0.9O0.1)4, η50 = 346 mV; and Ni0.7Co1.4(Se0.85O0.15)4, η50 = 355 mV (all values at current densities η50 of 50 mA cm−2). Furthermore, the iron-containing nickel cobalt sulfoselenide Fe0.5Ni1.0Co2.0(S0.57Se0.25O0.18)4 displayed exceptional OER performance with η50 = 277 mV, surpassing the benchmark RuO2 electrode with η50 = 299 mV. The superior performance of the sulfoselenide was attributed to its low charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 0.8 Ω at 1.5 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Moreover, the sulfoselenide demonstrated remarkable stability, with only a minimal increase in overpotential (η50) from 277 mV to 279 mV after a 20 h chronopotentiometry test. These findings suggest that trimetallic iron, nickel and cobalt sulfide, selenide, and especially sulfoselenide materials hold promise as high-performance, cost-effective, and durable electrocatalysts for sustainable OER reactions. This study provides a valuable approach for the development of efficient electrocatalytic materials, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies.

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Marsan, Benoît, Guy Bélanger, and Dominique-Louis Piron. "Photoélectrochimie des phtalocyanines sans métal, de cuivre et de fer." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-268.

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The cathodic and photocathodic behavior of electrodes of phthalocyanines without metal or complexed to copper or iron (H2Pc, CuPc, and FePc) has been studied in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media. In the dark, the polarization curve of the electrode of FePc shows two peaks of reduction which are not observed with the other phthalocyanines; these are associated with the reduction of the central cation. Lighting the semiconducting electrodes does not produce any effect on the reaction of production of hydrogen. An analysis of the curves of capacity vs. potential indicates the presence of intermediate levels localized within the forbidden band of the semiconductors and covering about 1% of their sites on the surface. The results can be explained if the phthalocyanines are considered to be semiconducting electrodes of type p. The energy of the bands and of the surface states can be depicted with a semiconductor–electrolyte interphase model and the nature of the charge transfers inhibited by the presence of these interfacial states is discussed. [Journal translation]

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37

Seyyedi, Behnam. "Bio-inspired iron metal–carbon black based nano-electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2016-0081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce bio-inspired FeN4-S-C black nano-electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an alkaline medium. The FeN4-S-C derived without pyrolysis of precursors in high temperature is recognized as a new electrocatalyst for the ORR in an alkaline electrolyte. For the proper design of bio-inspired nano-electrocatalyst for the ORR performance, chlorinated iron (II) phthalocyanine nanoparticles were used as templates for achieving the active sites in aqueous KOH by rotating disk electrode methods. The most active FeN4-S-C catalyst exhibited a remarkable ORR activity in the alkaline medium. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the possibility of nanoscale particles size (Ëœ5nm) of electrocatalyst, to achieve four-electron transfer mechanism and to exhibit much superior catalytic stability in measurements. This paper will shed light on bio-inspired FeN4-S-C materials for the ORR catalysis in alkaline fuel cells. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a new bio-inspired nano-electrocatalyst for the ORR, which has activity nearby platinum/carbon electrocatalyst. Chlorinated iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles have been used as FeN4 template, which is the key point for the ORR. Bio-inspired nano-electrocatalyst has been fabricated using chlorinated iron phthalocyanine, sodium sulphide and carbon black. Findings The particles’ size was 5 nm and electron transfer number was 4. Research limitations/implications The catalyst that is used in this method should be weighed carefully. In addition, the solvent should be a saturated solution of NaCl in water. Practical implications The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of iron-based catalyst for ORR. Originality/value The method for the synthesis of bio-inspired electrocatalyst was novel and can find numerous applications in industries, especially as ORR non-precious metal catalyst.

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Le, Son Thanh, Khai Cao Le, Linh Tuan Doan, and Anh Thi Doan. "Effect of some effective parameters on COD Removal from Nam Son Landfill Leachate by electrocoagulation." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (October 20, 2017): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/5/9225.

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Leachate becomes ahead of wastewaters as being the most difficult to treat due to its complex and widely variable composition. In this research, the leachate treatment performance by electrocoagulation (EC) was studied. The samples of leachate were taken from Nam Son landfill in Hanoi. The effects of factors namely current intensity, electrolysis time, initial pH and anode materials on the EC performance were investigated via chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. The input leachate properties were obtained as COD, NH4+ and pH in the range of around 6247 ± 295, 1270 ± 38 mg/l and 8 ± 0.1, respectively. Mono-polar electrocoagulation unit was carried out in a batch system for leachate treatment with iron electrodes and approximately 1.8 litter of leachate. Firstly, with the increase in current (1 to 4A), the COD removal efficiencies increased from 50.00 to 78.57% (pH = 8 and operating time = 40 min). Secondly, by the increase in operating time, the treatment performance also went up significantly in first 40 min, then nearly level-off at above 73 % (pH=8, current intensity = 3A). In addition, the effect of pH in range of 5 to 10 on the electrocoagulation process was studied and showed the highest treatment efficiencies in neutral and mild alkaline medium, especially between 6 < pH < 8. Finally, the electrode materials made of iron and aluminum was investigated and the result indicated that when the iron anodes were replaced by aluminum, the COD removal efficiency experienced a considerable decline, from 70 to 37.93% (pH = 8 and operating time = 40 min). In combination of all experiments, the optimum operating conditions were achieved as iron electrodes, current intensity of 3A, electrolysis time of 40 min, the raw pH with iron electrodes, resulting the maximum COD removal efficiencies of 73.21%. As a result, the electrocoagulation can be applied to leachate pre-treatment.

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Arefieva, Olga D., Nikolai P. Shapkin, Natalia V. Gruschakova, and Natalia A. Prokuda. "Mine water: chemical composition and treatment." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.060.

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Hydrochemical studies of mine water on abandoned Nagornaya mine showed that they are weakly alkaline with high color, permanganate demand (PD) and content of iron cations compared to Russian state legislation standards for natural water of a different type. Mine water are polluted with Na, Li, Cu, Ni and Sr cations, while gas chromatography identified some saturated hydrocarbons, mainly from С22Н46 to С32Н66. The study demonstrates a developed technology of local mine water treatment with a high color, PD and iron concentration. The scheme offered includes two basic stages: electrochemical oxidation with industrial ruthenium-titanium oxide electrode comprising 30% RuO2 and 70% TiO2, and electric coagulation on Al-anodes. As per the scheme, the content of easily oxidable organic substances, iron cations and color are reduced to environmental quality standards.

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40

Rudenko, N., S. Leshchenko, and Yu Kovalenko. "CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF Ni-V COATING IN THE PROCESS OF HYDROGEN RELEASE." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.1.05.

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Solar and hydrogen energy play an important role in providing a variety of industrial facilities with electricity and heat. One of the priorities of modern industry is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy source – electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen. Modern methods of electrolysis of water do not meet the need for its use, due to the high cost of electrosynthesis of water-alkaline electrolysis, which depends on the material and energy consumption of electrolysis. The useful energy consumption for the production of energy – hydrogen at the cathode and "unnecessary" costs - for the release of oxygen at the anode, depend on the overvoltage of the respective reactions. Therefore, the most important problem of hydrogen energy is the synthesis of electrode materials with low overvoltage of O2 and H2. Electrode materials with low overvoltage will reduce the specific consumption of electricity in obtaining hydrogen by "classical" electrolysis. The prospects of reducing the cathodic and anodic overvoltage, which is a significant part of the voltage at the terminals of the cell, for the development of highly efficient and competitive technologies for hydrogen production by low-temperature electrolysis of an alkaline solution have been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. To reduce the overvoltage of the cathodic hydrogen evolution, it is proposed to modify the surface of the cathodes. The application of a small amount of electrolytic alloys of metals of the iron family with molybdenum and tungsten on nickel, cobalt, titanium and steel electrodes significantly (by 40–50 %) reduces the overvoltage of cathodic release of hydrogen from alkali solution. The use of steel electrodes, the surface of which is modified with vanadium and ni-ckel, reduces the voltage drop on the cell during the synthesis of H2 and O2 by 0.2–0.3 V, which creates conditions for reducing energy costs and energy savings.

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Eldes, M. А., U. А. Balgimbaeva, N. El-Sayed, E. N. Suleimenov, and R. Kh Sharipov. "Influence of non-stationary electric current on dissolution оf metals in aqueous solutions of alkali." Herald of the Kazakh-British technical university 19, no. 3 (October 2, 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55452/1998-6688-2022-19-3-6-14.

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Non-stationary effects can be widely used as an intensifying factor in technological processes and as a tool for studying chemical systems. Studies of energy effects on structural transformations in liquid systems can make it possible to significantly intensify many chemical and metallurgical processes. We have studied the solubility of aluminum, iron and molybdenum in alkaline solutions under the influence of alternating electric current. A two-electrode cell was used. The electrodes were made from dissolved metal. The frequency of the electric current varied from 20 to 200,000 Hz. In the process of dissolving aluminum in an alkaline solution at the same current frequency and alkali concentration, the mass loss of the aluminum sample increases with increasing current strength up to 0.042-0.044 g. A further increase of current practically blocks the dissolution of aluminum - the change in mass was 0.005-0.007 g of Al. Increasing the alkali concentration to 5.7% KOH significantly reduces the dissolution of aluminum, the weight loss is 0.009 g. The entire surface of the electrodes is covered with a film after 6 hours of dissolution. An analysis of the phases on the aluminum surface showed that the film is a phase based on potassium. The thickness of the potassium film varies depending on the depth of immersion of the electrodes in the solution and on the time of the experiment. The structure and composition of potassium and aluminum compounds could not be established.

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42

Liu, Zhenwei, Qiang Wang, Qingxiang Kong, Xiaoning Tong, Song Wu, Naixuan Zong, Ruidong Xu, and Linjing Yang. "One-Step Electrosynthesis of Bifunctional NiCu Nanosheets on Iron Foam for Remarkably Enhanced Alkaline Water Splitting." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 12240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612240.

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Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production driven by renewable electricity offers a promising way of achieving energy sustainability, but the design of highly efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts is regarded as a bottleneck. Herein, a bifunctional microflowers NiCu is successfully deposited on an iron foam (IF) electrode via one-step electrolysis of spend cupronickel (SCN). Unexpectedly, the designed IF-supported NiCu (NiCu/IF) electrocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) in 1 M KOH. Only 98 and 267 mV are required to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively. Importantly, the self-supported NiCu/IF electrode requires a low cell voltage of 1.57 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 of alkaline overall water splitting with extremely high stability. With the introduction of a glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR), the HER performance is further remarkably enhanced with an extremely low cell voltage of 1.29 V at 10 mA cem−2, highlighting an attractive energy-efficient hydrogen production coupled with biomass conversion process. This study reports a novel synthesis strategy for low-cost and high-performance Ni-based nanostructure catalysts using SCN as precursors, which is of vital significance for green hydrogen production and waste recycling.

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43

Razikov, N. M., M. I. Zinigad, and V. I. Shumyakov. "Interaction of oxides of alkaline metals with iron in arc welding with a cored electrode." Welding International 3, no. 5 (January 1989): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118909447667.

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44

Wieckowski, Andrzej, and Edward Ghali. "On the interpretation of cyclic voltammograms of iron electrode in alkaline solution at elevated temperatures." Electrochimica Acta 30, no. 11 (November 1985): 1423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(85)80002-5.

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45

Zhang, Haiyan, and Su‐Moon Park. "Rotating Ring‐Disk Electrode and Spectroelectrochemical Studies on the Oxidation of Iron in Alkaline Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 141, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2054798.

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46

Mitra, D., P. Trinh, S. Malkhandi, M. Mecklenburg, S. M. Heald, M. Balasubramanian, and S. R. Narayanan. "An Efficient and Robust Surface-Modified Iron Electrode for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 5 (2018): F392—F400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.1371805jes.

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47

Hu, Weikang, Yunshi Zhang, Deying Song, Zuoxiang Zhou, and Yun Wang. "Electrode properties of amorphous nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy as a hydrogen electrocatalyst in alkaline solution." Materials Chemistry and Physics 41, no. 2 (July 1995): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(95)80019-0.

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48

Siova, Eleni, Vasilike Argyropoulos, and George Batis. "An Investigation of Electrochemical Dechlorination of Wrought Iron Specimens from the Marine Environment." Heritage 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010031.

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The research shows the benefits provided by the use of electrochemical treatment, with the application of impressed current combining the use of a porous medium for the dechlorination of large iron structures removed and/or located in the marine environment. Considering the previous work for the dechlorination of the paddle wheel of the shipwreck “Patris”, located in the Aegean Sea, this study aims to determine the optimum parameters of the amount of current density, the time and the use of the porous medium to stimulate the chloride ion diffusion into an alkaline solution. Specimens of wrought iron coming from the shipwreck were electrochemically treated and the efficiency of the method was verified by the determination of the chloride concentration removal using a chloride ion selective electrode. Samples of corrosion products before and after treatment were analyzed for chloride content using SEM-EDX analysis. The results found that changing the porous medium every 24 h with replenished alkaline solution and using a stainless steel mesh is the best approach for the dechlorination of the specimens. This electrochemical method, is economical and fast, and can be applied to the conservation of large iron structures in situ, coming from and/or located near a marine environment with less waste than the traditional dehlorination methods.

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Kulesza, Pawel J., Beata Rytelewska, Iwona A. Rutkowska, Karolina Sobkowicz, Anna Chmielnicka, Takwa Chouki, and Saim Emin. "(Invited) Electroreduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia at Iron Catalytic Sites Generated at Interfaces Utilizing Iron Phosphides and Heme-Type Complexes." ECS Transactions 109, no. 12 (September 30, 2022): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10912.0003ecst.

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There has been growing interest in the development of durable, specific and reasonably efficient low-cost catalysts for nitrogen (N2) electroreduction reaction, or nitrogen fixation, particularly in aqueous solutions capable of producing ammonia under ambient, or near ambient, conditions. The successful electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen (N2) and formation of NH3 in alkaline an medium has been reported here using the Fe3P phase of iron phosphide. Detection of in-situ formed product has been achieved by probing the electrooxidation of NH3 to nitrogen (N2) using the additional working electrode modified with Pt nanoparticles. On mechanistic grounds, the iron (Fe0) sites seem to be electrocatalytic active during the reduction of nitrogen. The iron sites can also be generated within the phtalocyanine ring binding metal ions through four inwardly projecting nitrogen centers. Furthermore, horseradish peroxidase metalloenzyme, in which a large alpha-helical protein binds heme as a redox cofactor, is capable of inducing electroduction of N2.

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Shoppert, Andrei, Dmitry Valeev, and Irina Loginova. "Novel Method of Bauxite Treatment Using Electroreductive Bayer Process." Metals 13, no. 9 (August 22, 2023): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13091502.

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Reductive leaching in the Bayer cycle using iron (2+) allows for Al extraction to be significantly increased through the magnetization of Al-goethite and Al-hematite. However, the use of expensive iron (2+) salts or iron powder as a source of iron (2+) leads to a significant increase in production costs. In this work, the feasibility of a new method, the reductive leaching of bauxite using an electrolysis process, was investigated. The reduction of iron minerals of boehmitic bauxite in both the Bayer solution and purely alkaline solutions was carried out. Experiments were performed using a plate cathode and a bauxite suspension in an alkaline solution, as well as using a bulk cathode with a stainless-steel mesh at the bottom of a cell as the current supply. During the electrolysis process, the potential of the cathode relative to the reference electrode was measured as a function of the current at different concentrations of solid (100–300 g L−1) and suspension temperatures (95–120 °C). It was shown that the current efficiency using the suspension and plate cathode with the predominant deposition of Fe did not exceed 50% even with the addition of magnetite to increase the contact of the solid phase with the current supply. With the use of a bulk cathode, the reduction of iron minerals led predominantly to the formation of magnetite with the efficiency of using the electric current at more than 80%. As a result of the preliminary desilication and electroreduction, it was possible to extract more than 98% of Al from bauxite and to increase the iron content in the bauxite residue to 57–58%.

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