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Therkildsen, Kasper T. "(Invited) Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: An Industrial Perspective." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341692mtgabs.
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Electrolysers is a novel component in the energy system and is expected to play a key role in the transition to a fossil free energy system and supply Green Hydrogen to a number of small- and large-scale applications within a number of industries e.g. transportation, industry etc. with several hundreds of GW is projected to be installed towards 2030. Modularity and mass production are key factors for the large scale deployment of electrolysis as envisioned in Hydrogen Strategies across the World. However, a number of different design strategies and modularities can be chosen in order to achieve this. This talk focuses on fundamental aspects of alkaline electrolysis including industrial requirements for catalysts and diaphragms, how to develop an electrolyser product and the development of multi-MW alkaline electrolysers plants with factory assembled modules allowing rapid on-site installation in order to keep up with the pace needed to reach deployment targets.
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Górecki, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Górecka, and Paweł Górecki. "Modelling Properties of an Alkaline Electrolyser." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123073.
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This paper proposes a model of an electrolyser in the form of a subcircuit dedicated for SPICE. It takes into account both the electric static and dynamic properties of the considered device and is devoted to the optimisation of the parameters of the signal feeding this electrolyser, making it possible to obtain a high productivity and efficiency of the electrolysis process. Parameter values the describing current-voltage characteristics of the electrolyser take into account the influence of the concentration of the potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. A detailed description of the structure and all the components of this model is included in the paper. The correctness of the elaborated model is verified experimentally in a wide range of changes in the value of the feeding current and concentration of the KOH solution. Some computations illustrating the influence of the amplitude, average value, duty factor, and frequency of feeding current on the productivity and efficiency of the electrolysis process are performed. On the basis of the obtained results of the investigations, some recommendations for the operating conditions of electrolysers are formulated.
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Felipe Contreras-Vásquez, Luis, Luis Eduardo Escobar-Luna, and Henry Alexander Urquizo-Analuisa. "Evaluation of Alkaline and PEM Electrolysers for Green Hydrogen Production from Hydropower in Ecuador." Medwave 23, S1 (September 1, 2023): eUTA395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2023.s1.uta395.
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Introducción The yearly increase in energy demand has encouraged the scientific community to find new sources of energy production without affecting the environment. Renewable technologies have become extremely popular due to the low greenhouse emissions and availability of natural energy sources (wind, sun, water, earth, tides, etc.), However, because of the intermittent energy generation from renewable sources, it is complex to rely on these technologies to guarantee the energy supply. Therefore, over the last decade, hydrogen has become increasingly studied as an energy carrier to replace current energy production technologies based on fossil fuels. Hydrogen can be easily coupled with other energy sources, increasing the efficiency of the systems. Nevertheless, hydrogen cannot be found in nature on its own and needs to be produced, currently, the most efficient method for green hydrogen generation is based on the electrolysis of water, this electrochemical process relies on the availability of water and the efficiency and correct selection of the electrolyser. Thus, this research evaluates the Alkaline and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysers for green hydrogen generation using water from hydroelectric power plants in Ecuador. Objetivos Evaluate Alkaline and PEM electrolysers for green hydrogen generation from hydroelectric power in Ecuador Método The methodology consists of a literature review of different brands of alkaline and PEM electrolysers selecting the ones with the highest efficiencies. For the analysis of data and information processing, quantitative methods were used. Finally, a sample of 9 hydroelectric plants was obtained for the study (Molino, Mazar, Agoyán, San Francisco, Pucará, La Península, Illuchi N 1, Illuchi N 2, Marcel Laniado). Principales resultados Different electrolyser manufacturers were analysed: Nel ASA producer of alkaline as well as PEM electrolysers, among them several models were evaluated NEL A 300, NEL A 485, NEL A 1000, NEL A 3880 with alkaline technology, and NEL MC 250, NEL M 5000 with PEM technology. H-TECH Electronic Co.Ltd with its model H-TEC HCS 10 using PEM technology. SIEMENS Energy, with its electrolyser technology PEM Silyzer 300 and McPhy with Mclyzer alkaline technology. All models were evaluated with the data from the 9 hydroelectric plants. Using technical data from the selected electrolysers and availability factor (90 %) from the hydroelectric plants, the potential of hydrogen production per year was calculated. The NEL A 3880 model with a system factor of 94% and a power of 14.7 MW displays the highest hydrogen production for alkaline technology, while the NEL MC 250, with an efficiency of 79% and 1 MW of power using PEM technology shows the highest hydrogen generation, these results are achieved for the Agoyan hydroelectric plant. Conclusiones The alkaline electrolysers show a better hydrogen generation capacity, achieving a total of 300 x 10e6 Kg of H2 per year with the NEL A 3880 model, in comparison with the PEM electrolyser technology that accounts for a maximum hydrogen production of 214 x 10e6 Kg of H2 per year. These results from the evaluation of the electrolysers show that it is feasible to establish a system for green hydrogen production based on hydroelectric power plants in Ecuador. The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Universidad Técnica de Ambato and Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo (DIDE) through the research project number PFICM28 “ANÁLISIS DE FACTIBILIDAD DE GENERACIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO VERDE MEDIANTE FUENTES DE ENERGÍA HIDROELÉCTRICA EN EL ECUADOR”.
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Kuleshov, V. N., S. V. Kurochkin, N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Gavriluk, M. A. Klimova, and S. E. Smirnov. "Hydrophilic fillers for anione exchange membranes of alkaline water electrolyzers." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338902030.
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Alkaline water electrolysers are widespread in many industries, including systems with hydrogen cycle of energy storage. One of the problems of modern alkaline water electrolysers is insufficient purity of generated electrolysis gases relative to electrolysis systems with solid-polymer electrolyte. In this regard, work on modification of existing porous diaphragms is actively carried out. One new area of research is the impregnation of new hydrophilic fillers into the composition of existing diaphragms and the transition to ion-solvate membranes. In this work the synthesis of zirconium hydroxide hydrogel inside a porous diaphragm with the hydrophilic filler TiO2 was carried out. This synthesis makes it possible to obtain a membrane with anion-exchange properties. A possible mechanism of OH- hydroxyl ion transfer by immobilized K+ ion was also proposed. The obtained results demonstrated the resistance of the membrane to concentrated alkaline solutions.
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Rasten, Egil. "(Invited) Shunt-currents in Alkaline Water-Electrolyzers and Renewable Energy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341871mtgabs.
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Shunt-currents in bipolar cell stack design with a common electrolyte-feed and -outlet is an inevitable physical phenomenon governed by Ohms law that causes some extra challenges when alkaline water-electrolysers shall operate on renewable energy that is both dynamic and intermittent. Shunt-currents are also referred to as bypass-current or creep-current. The shunt-currents are to much degree governed by the electrolyte inside the cell stack manifold system that transports lye in and out of the cells. The electrolyte inside the manifold system also electrically connects the individual cells together and enables transport of ions/electricity in parallel to the cell stack. Thus, a small portion of the rectifier current is being shunted outside the cells and does not contribute to any production. Previous work on shunt-current modelling brought new insight on how to design the manifolds and raised the awareness on shunt-current and the use of metallic manifolds which both reduced the ohmic resistivity of the manifold system and was a source of secondary electrolysis. Classic alkaline water-electrolysers are typically using an internal manifold system where the inlet ports are located at the bottom of the cell stack and the outlet ports are located at the top, and where the ports connecting the cell-interior and the common manifold channel are short and straight. Such design has in the past worked satisfactory for alkaline water-electrolysers that have been working on a high nominal load and only being shut-down for maintenance a few times over the stack-lifetime, mainly causing a modest reduction in the current efficiency. Membrane-chlorine electrolysers on the other hand, are designed for very small shunt-currents by using an external manifold system, which enables a current protection system that protects electrodes from corrosion under shutdown conditions. Shunt-currents bypassing the cell stack does not contribute to any product and therefore constitutes a loss in current efficiency and, hence, an accordingly loss in the energy efficiency (the shunt-currents still adds to the electricity bill). The atmospheric alkaline electrolyser has a modest loss in current efficiency at nominal load where the high gas volume blocks much of the current path in the rather open outlet ports. The high-pressure alkaline electrolysers on the other hand, where the gas volumes are much smaller, the current efficiency can be as low as 89% at nominal load due to shunt-currents when using simple internal manifold system. For an electrolyser with already low current efficiency at the nominal load, the current efficiency will drop dramatically as the electrolyser is taken to lower load, severely compromising the energy efficiency. The impact on shunt-currents also dramatically increases for increased number of cells in a cell stack, and eventually limits the number of cells that can be assembled in one single cell stack operating on the same common lye system. Shutdown and discharge of the electrodes may further lead to corrosion and degradation of the electrodes, strongly influenced by the shunt-currents and the manifold system. Large cell stacks will discharge faster and deeper, eventually causing corrosion of the electrodes. As the cell stack is discharged the current in the cell stack is reversed where the hydrogen electrode is being polarized to anodic potentials, and the oxygen electrode is polarized to low cathodic potentials which eventually may challenging the material stability. Thus, evaluation of electrode potentials must be an integral part of development of industrial electrodes [LeRoy] and especially in intermittent operation where frequent shutdown will occur. A good integration of the manifold system into the cell stack can potentially mitigate both the loss of current efficiency under dynamic operation and the electrode corrosion under intermittent operation.
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Sutka, Andris, Martins Vanags, and Mairis Iesalnieks. "Decoupled Electrolysis Based on Pseudocapacitive Auxiliary Electrodes: Mechanism and Enhancement Strategies." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 54 (December 22, 2023): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02542543mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is the way for connecting the renewable energy plants and consumers. However, achieving cheap, widespread hydrogen production and storage is complicated task. For hydrogen production the alkaline and acidic membrane electrolysers are used most widely. The membrane electrolysers have their limits, for example high standard potential of water splitting reaction, moderate efficiency, high cost and low durability. Decoupling oxygen evaluation reaction (OER) and hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER) is promising strategy to avoid using of membrane. Water electrolysis in separate cells was reported in 2017 by A. Landman et al., reaching the efficiency of 58% [1]. In 2022, we reported for the first time the amphoteric decoupled electrolysis by combining acid and alkaline cells [2]. The efficiency was enhanced due to reduced standard potential for water splitting by realizing HER in acidic environment but OER in alkaline. For maintaining decoupled amphoteric electrolysis, we connected acid and alkaline cell with the primary Pt electrodes and pseudocapacitive auxiliary electrodes (AE). For acid cell the AE electrode based on WO3 was used while for the alkaline cell electrodes based on Ni(OH)2. In proposed electrolyser two separate working cycles can be distinguished – different chemical processes occur at different polarities applied between primary Pt electrodes. The potential for gas generation depends on the polarity of the applied potential due to different chemical processes. In both polarities, hydrogen and oxygen are generated in separate cells. At the first cycle, ions are diffusing into the AEs and gases are generated with the Faradaic efficiency of 98 % and energetical efficiency of 43 %. At the second cycle, ions are released from AEs and gasses are generated with the Faradaic efficiency of 98 % and energetical efficiency of 201 %, providing the total energetical efficiency for whole operation of 71 %. Herein we will discuss the effect of acid OER catalyst or the structure and composition of AEs on the performance of decoupled electrolysis, illuminating the pathways for bringing this concept as the main strategy for water splitting. References [1] A. Landman, H. Dotan, G.E. Shter, M. Wullenkord, A. Houaijia, A. Maljusch, G.S. Grader, A. Rothschild, Photoelectrochemical water splitting in separate oxygen and hydrogen cells, Nature Materials 16 (2017) 646-651. [2] M. Vanags, G. Kulikovskis, J. Kostjukovs, L. Jekabsons, A. Sarakovskis, K. Smits, L. Bikse, A. Šutka, Membrane-less amphoteric decoupled water electrolysis using WO3 and Ni(OH)2 auxiliary electrodes, Energy Environ. Sci., 15 (2022) 2021-2028.
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Maide, Martin, Alise-Valentine Prits, Sreekanth Mandati, and Rainer Küngas. "Multi-Functional Alkaline Electrolysis Setup for Industrially Relevant Testing of Cell Components." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 49 (December 22, 2023): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02493274mtgabs.
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Alkaline electrolysis is an industrially mature and promising method for the production of green hydrogen at scale [1]. Alkaline electrolysers are typically characterized by low investment costs compared to other electrolysis technologies [2]. Despite being used for industrial applications for almost 100 years, the efficiency of alkaline systems can still be significantly improved. To this end, rigorous testing and optimisation of cell components is paramount. Here, we report a multi-functional alkaline electrolysis setup, designed to facilitate testing of various cell components, including electrodes, diaphragms, and catalyst. The setup is a further development of the setup originally reported by Ju et al. [3]. Importantly, the setup allows cell components to be tested under industrially relevant conditions: temperatures up to 80°C, concentrated KOH, pressures of up to 30 barg. The setup features KOH recirculation, a drying column and gas analysers for estimating the purity of produced hydrogen and oxygen. The measurement setup further allows the use of different cell configurations, enabling comparative analysis and the identification of optimal combinations of cell components for specific use-cases. Example experimental results collected at various test conditions, including the EU harmonized test conditions for low-temperature electrolysis cells [4], are reported. References: Mueller-Langer, E. Tzimas, M. Kaltschmitt, S. Peteves, Int. J. Hydrogen En., 32, 3797–3810 (2007). Buttler, H. Spliethoff, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2440–2454 (2018). Ju, M. V. F. Heinz, L. Pusterla, M. Hofer, B. Fumey, R. Castiglioni, M. Pagani, C. Battaglia, U. F. Vogt, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 6 (4), 4829–4837 (2018). Tsotridis, A. Pilenga, EU harmonised protocols for testing of low temperature water electrolysers, EUR 30752 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (2021). Figure 1
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Borm, Oliver, and Stephen B. Harrison. "Reliable off-grid power supply utilizing green hydrogen." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab025.
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Abstract Green hydrogen produced from wind, solar or hydro power is a suitable electricity storage medium. Hydrogen is typically employed as mid- to long-term energy storage, whereas batteries cover short-term energy storage. Green hydrogen can be produced by any available electrolyser technology [alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), anion exchange membrane (AEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)] if the electrolysis is fed by renewable electricity. If the electrolysis operates under elevated pressure, the simplest way to store the gaseous hydrogen is to feed it directly into an ordinary pressure vessel without any external compression. The most efficient way to generate electricity from hydrogen is by utilizing a fuel cell. PEM fuel cells seem to be the most favourable way to do so. To increase the capacity factor of fuel cells and electrolysers, both functionalities can be integrated into one device by using the same stack. Within this article, different reversible technologies as well as their advantages and readiness levels are presented, and their potential limitations are also discussed.
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Discepoli, Gabriele, Silvia Barbi, Massimo Milani, Monia Montorsi, and Luca Montorsi. "Investigating Sustainable Materials for AEM Electrolysers: Strategies to Improve the Cost and Environmental Impact." Key Engineering Materials 962 (October 12, 2023): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-7rkv7m.
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In recent years, the EU policy identified the hydrogen as one of the main energy vectors to support the power production from renewable sources. Coherently, electrolysis is suitable to convert energy in hydrogen with no carbon emission and high purity level. Among the electrolysis technologies, the anion exchange membrane (AEM) seems to be promising for the performance and the development potential at relatively high cost. In the present work, AEM electrolysers, and their technological bottlenecks, have been investigated, in comparison with other electrolysers’ technology such as alkaline water electrolysis and proton exchange membranes. Major efforts and improvements are investigated about innovative materials design and the corresponding novel approach as main focus of the present review. In particular, this work evaluated new materials design studies, to enhance membrane resistance due to working cycles at temperatures close to 80 °C in alkaline environment, avoiding the employment of toxic and expensive compounds, such as fluorinated polymers. Different strategies have been explored, as tailored membranes could be designed as, for example, the inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles or the employment of not-fluorinated copolymers could improve membranes resistance and limit their environmental impact and cost. The comparison among materials’ membrane is actually limited by differences in the environmental conditions in which tests have been conducted, thereafter, this work aims to derive reliable information useful to improve the AEM cell efficiency among long-term working periods.
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Ayyub, Mohd Monis, Andrea Serfőző, Balázs Endrődi, and Csaba Janaky. "Understanding Performance Fading during CO Electrolysis in Zero Gap Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 58 (December 22, 2023): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02582804mtgabs.
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Electrochemical CO reduction (ECOR) can act as a potential bridge between CO2-to-CO technologies and renewable production of C2+ chemicals. Copper has been the most widely studied cathode catalyst for ECOR because of its unique ability to produce multicarbon products. Iridium and nickel are the most-widely used anode materials for acidic and alkaline electrolysis, respectively. However, recent reports on the instability of Ir in alkaline conditions and Ni in near neutral conditions has made it imperative to understand the anodic processes for achieving stable long term operation at high current densities for CO2/CO electrolysers. In this work, our aim was to investigate anode catalysts for ECOR at high current densities in zero gap electrolyser. Commercial Cu nanoparticles (25 nm) was used as the cathode catalysts with Ir black anode in alkaline conditions. Initially, CORR was studied in a hybrid cell with a catalyst coated anion exchange membrane and recirculated catholyte and anolyte. In this cell configuration we observe stable production of ethylene, acetate and ethanol for a total current density of upto 500 mA cm-2. However, in the zero gap electrolyser the catalytic activity decays rapidly (2-3 minutes) and leads to predominance of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Analysis of the cathode and anolyte after electrolysis reveals the dissolution of Ir and subsequent deposition at the cathode. This rapid decay is counter intuitive since the dissolution of Ir in alkaline solutions is very slow and should take a few hours to affect the catalytic activity. More importantly this dissolution of Ir does not happen when Ar is circulated at the cathode instead of CO, which indicates that the Ir dissolution is not entirely due to the alkaline environment. NMR analysis of the anolyte shows the presence of CO reduction products acetate and ethanol. Therefore, it is possible that the presence of CO reduction products could aggravate the Ir dissolution. This study is currently underway to analyse the possible Ir dissolution mechanisms. This is an important observations since Ir is still the most widely used anode catalyst for CO electrolysis. This also stresses on the need to explore alternative anode catalysts and/or design strategies that can circumvent the migration of reduction products to the anode.
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Artuso, Paola, Rupert Gammon, Fabio Orecchini, and Simon J. Watson. "Alkaline electrolysers: Model and real data analysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 13 (July 2011): 7956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.094.
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Bera, Cyril, and Magdalena Streckova. "Carbon Fibers Doped by Binary Phosphides as an Electrocatalytic Layer for PEM Electrolysers." Journal of Nano Research 78 (April 17, 2023): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-o8u8bx.
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Hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) are important in a variety of electrochemical devices, such as electrolysers and fuel cells. To reduce the reaction overpotential and reduce energy consumption, efficient, low-cost, and durable electrocatalysts must be developed. Needle-less electrospinning (NLE) technique was used to prepare the fibrous electrocatalyst. NLE is a user-friendly and adaptable technique for large-scale low-cost fiber production. NLE created transition metal phosphides carbon fibers (TMP CF). The precursor foam was folded between two Al2O3 ceramic plates. The heat treatment was carried out in a tube furnace at 1200 °C in an Ar atmosphere, followed by a reduction in an H2 atmosphere at 780 °C. The electrolyser's membrane electrode assembly can be immediately submerged in the final TMP CF in the form of plates. The created NiCoP catalytic plates could be directly used in electrolyser's membrane electrode assembly of PEM electrolysers. In a three-electrode system, the electrochemical activity of the produced electrocatalysts was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry. The electrochemical activity of the produced electrocatalysts were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry. The catalyst's stability and endurance in acidic and alkaline environments were investigated.
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Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.
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Mori, Mitja, Tilen Mržljak, Boštjan Drobnič, and Mihael Sekavčnik. "Integral Characteristics of Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Electrolysers." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 59 (October 15, 2013): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2012.858.
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Vermeiren, Ph, J. P. Moreels, A. Claes, and H. Beckers. "Electrode diaphragm electrode assembly for alkaline water electrolysers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 23 (December 2009): 9305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.09.023.
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Garcia-Osorio, Dora Alicia, Hansaem Jang, Bhavin Siritanaratkul, and Alexander Cowan. "Water Dissociation Interfaces in Bipolar Membranes for H2 Electrolysers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 39 (December 22, 2023): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02391891mtgabs.
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In order to meet large scale energy demands in a more sustainable way, water electrolysers could be coupled with the well-developed photovoltaic solar cell technology to provide the energy input for green H2 production. Commercial PEM (proton exchange membranes) electrolysers operate in acidic pH which favours H2 production at the cost of using IrO2 as catalyst for oxygen production at the anode representing a significant drawback for this technology. Contrary, an AEM (anionic exchange membranes) operates in alkaline electrolytes which enables the use of low cost and highly active OER catalyst such as NiCoFeOx,1 however at the expense of including an extra overpotential to drive the H2 production in the electrolyser.2 Using bipolar membranes (BPM), where a cationic exchange membrane CEM is used alongside an anionic exchange membrane, allows the electrolyser to operate at different pHs: at the cathode in an acidic environment to favour H2 production, and alkaline for O2 production at the anode. However, a BPM induces a significant increase in resistance across the electrolyser.2 Recently, it has been demonstrated that by adding metal oxides as water dissociation catalysts, the electrolyser overpotential significantly decreased passing from 8 V to 2.2 V at 500 mA cm-2.3 This milestone in the field was accomplished by using two metal oxides with different point of zero charge (PZC) 3 and 11 for IrO2 and NiO respectively. Interestingly, a similar performance was observed when only TiO2 was used as water dissociation catalyst which PZC sits between IrO2 and NiO.4 Indeed demonstrating the necessity of better understanding of the physicochemical phenomena that governs water dissociation interfaces. Using TiO2 as water dissociation catalyst provides a suitable platform to understand how properties such as conductivity or different doping content affect water dissociation during H2 production in the electrolyser. Therefore, in this work modifications of TiO2 were investigated and its impact on the cell voltage when used between Nafion 212 and Sustainion membranes as CEM and AEM respectively, in a commercial 5 cm2 electrolyser at 60 ⁰C that operates only with DI water. To only benchmark the performance of the BPM, Pt and IrO2 were chosen as H2 and O2 catalysts respectively. References [1] ACS Catal. 9 (2019) 7–15 [2] ACS Energy Lett. 7 (2022) 3447–3457 [3] Science 369, (2020) 1099–1103 [4] Nat. Commun. 13 (2022) 1–10
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Caprì, Angela, Irene Gatto, Giuseppe Monforte, Carmelo Lo Vecchio, and Vincenzo Baglio. "Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyser Performance with Ni Ferrite Anodes Calcined at Different Temperatures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362094mtgabs.
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Hydrogen has a critical role in enabling European countries to achieve net-zero carbon targets. Hydrogen production via water splitting, using an electrolyser, is considered the "greenest" way because it does not produce any direct carbon emissions when powered by renewable sources. Among the different technologies of electrolysers (liquid alkaline, proton exchange membrane, etc.), there has been a recent surge in interest in that one based on anion-exchange membranes (AEMs). With respect to the state-of-the-art electrolysers that employ conventional acid polymer electrolyte separators (e.g., perfluorinated systems such as Nafion®), electrocatalysis with AEMs is much more promising. Accordingly, inexpensive catalysts can be used. In this work, NiFe2O4 catalysts are prepared by an "oxalate route". Nickel and iron nitrates in suitable stoichiometric ratios are added in successive steps to the oxalic acid solution. An oxidizing solution of hydrogen peroxide is then added. The obtained precipitate is first filtered and then dried. Different calcination temperatures (350, 450 and 550°C) are applied to obtain the Ni Ferrite with different surface and bulk characteristics. The catalysts are then deposited by a spray technique onto a commercial FAA3-50 (from FuMa-Tech) anion-exchange membrane, combined with a Pt-based cathode electrode, and investigated for the water electrolysis process in a single cell of 5 cm2 geometrical area. A comparison between the performance recorded with the different anode catalysts is reported and discussed. Acknowledgments The authors thank the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MUR) for funding through the FISR 2019 project AMPERE (FISR2019_01294).
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Kuleshov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, Nikolai Vasil'evich Korovin, Nikolai Vasil'evich Kuleshov, Elena Yanovna Udris, and Andrei Nikolaevich Bakhin. "Development of new electrocatalysts for low temperature electrolysis of water." Electrochemical Energetics 12, no. 2 (2012): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2012-12-2-51-58.
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Optimized methods of synthesis and modification of high efficient electrocatalysts for alkaline electrolysers have been described. The results of new electrocatalyst characterization by means of some physico-chemical methods are presented.
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Mori, Mitja, Rok Stropnik, Mihael Sekavčnik, and Andrej Lotrič. "Criticality and Life-Cycle Assessment of Materials Used in Fuel-Cell and Hydrogen Technologies." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063565.
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The purpose of this paper is to obtain relevant data on materials that are the most commonly used in fuel-cell and hydrogen technologies. The focus is on polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells, solid-oxide fuel cells, polymer-electrolyte-membrane water electrolysers and alkaline water electrolysers. An innovative, methodological approach was developed for a preliminary material assessment of the four technologies. This methodological approach leads to a more rapid identification of the most influential or critical materials that substantially increase the environmental impact of fuel-cell and hydrogen technologies. The approach also assisted in amassing the life-cycle inventories—the emphasis here is on the solid-oxide fuel-cell technology because it is still in its early development stage and thus has a deficient materials’ database—that were used in a life-cycle assessment for an in-depth material-criticality analysis. All the listed materials—that either are or could potentially be used in these technologies—were analysed to give important information for the fuel-cell and hydrogen industries, the recycling industry, the hydrogen economy, as well as policymakers. The main conclusion from the life-cycle assessment is that the polymer-electrolyte-membrane water electrolysers have the highest environmental impacts; lower impacts are seen in polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells and solid-oxide fuel cells, while the lowest impacts are observed in alkaline water electrolysers. The results of the material assessment are presented together for all the considered materials, but also separately for each observed technology.
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Lavorante, Maria, Rodrigo Bessone, Samanta Saiquita, Gerardo Imbrioscia, and Erica Martinez. "Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysers with Triangle Shape Topology." Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering 6, no. 3 (2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1590965088.
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Pozio, A., M. De Francesco, Z. Jovanovic, and S. Tosti. "Pd–Ag hydrogen diffusion cathode for alkaline water electrolysers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 9 (May 2011): 5211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.168.
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Maslovara, Sladjana, Dragana Vasic-Anicijevic, Aleksandra Saponjic, Dragica Djurdjevic-Milosevic, Zeljka Nikolic, Vladimir Nikolic, and Milica Marceta-Kaninski. "Comparative analysis of in-situ ionic activators for increased energy efficiency process in alkaline electrolysers." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos231116001m.
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Electrodeposition of selected d-metals by in-situ electrodeposition as a method for improvement of electrocatalytic activity of conventional electrodes for alkaline hydrogen evolution has been attracting the attention of researchers for about two decades. The modification of metal electrodes by ionic activators as a combination of two (binary systems) or three (ternary systems) d-metal complexes added in electrolytic solution were represented in many studies. Better catalytic performances and higher energy efficiency compared to the common electrodes is provided by a number of affordable and inexpensive solutions resulting from this research. Based on the combinations of selected d-metal complexes added in-situ to the electrolyte during electrolysis, this work provides a systematic overview of the binary and ternary systems of ionic activators, that contribute to energy savings in alkaline electrolysers, with the particular attention paid to the discussion of similarities and universal principles. Theoretical background and the fundamental properties that lay beyond the observed improvements of electrode performance upon activation by ionic activators is also represented.
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Prits, Alise-Valentine, Martin Maide, Ronald Väli, Mona Tammemägi, Huy Quí Vinh Nguyen, Rainer Küngas, and Jaak Nerut. "Bridging the Gap between Laboratory and Industrial Scale Electrochemical Characterisation of Raney Ni Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341816mtgabs.
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The most mature water electrolysis technology is alkaline electrolysis, where an aqueous solution of KOH is used as the electrolyte. While this technology has been used for decades, there is still a lot of potential to improve the performance of these devices. Much research is focused on the optimisation of the electrodes containing novel catalyst materials that lower the activation energy barrier of the electrolysis process. However, one of the issues described by Ehlers et al.1 is that the current academic electrolysis research is done under conditions that are far from practical (e.g. at low current densities, room temperature, and dilute electrolytes). In this study, we characterise a commercial Raney nickel electrode in various setups using a systematic series of experiments, including a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup, two different flow-cell setups and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells. In addition to the cell geometry (electrode area ranging from 1 cm2 to 960 cm2), the varied measurement conditions include temperature (ranging from room temperature to 80 degrees Celsius), pressure (from atmospheric pressure to ), electrolyte concentration (from 0.1 M to 30 wt% KOH), and the level of Fe impurities in the electrolyte. The resulting electrochemical data received from different measurement setups and measurement conditions are compared, and insights about the challenges related to correlating laboratory experiments to industrial-scale experiments are provided. Figure 1. Alkaline electrolysis measurement setups with the typical measurement conditions used to study Raney nickel electrodes within this work – a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup (a), two different flow-cell setups (b, c) and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells (d). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Applied Research Program of Enterprise Estonia ("Developing and Validating Alkaline Electrolysis Stack Technology with Nanoceramic Electrodes", RE.5.04.22-0109) and by the Estonian Research Council (EAG273 "Highly active electrodes for precious metal free alkaline electrolysers" (1.09.2023−31.08.2024)). References J. C. Ehlers, A. A. Feidenhans’l, K. T. Therkildsen, and G. O. Larrazábal, ACS Energy Lett., 8, 1502–1509 (2023). Figure 1
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ARULRAJ, I., and D. TRIVEDI. "Characterization of nickel oxyhydroxide based anodes for alkaline water electrolysers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 14, no. 12 (1989): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(89)90076-1.
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Pletcher, Derek, and Xiaohong Li. "Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 23 (November 2011): 15089–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.080.
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Lysenko, Olha, and Valerii Ikonnikov. "Investigation of energy efficiency of hydrogen production in alkaline electrolysers." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 3(73) (October 31, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.290309.
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The object of research is the energy efficiency of the electrolysis process in electrolyzers with alkaline electrolyte electrical parameters. The existing problem consists in obtaining the energy efficiency of the process in an electrolyzer with an alkaline electrolyte of more than 65 %. To solve this problem, it is proposed to manufacture an electrolyzer with metal electrodes made of stainless steel and separated from each other by a gas-tight membrane (Bologna cloth) to separate hydrogen and oxygen gases. To establish the energy efficiency characteristics, an experimental installation was made, and the necessary measuring equipment was also used. In the course of the work, a research methodology was developed and the necessary calculation of the measured values was carried out. As a result, the influence of the operating voltage on the consumption of the current flowing through the electrodes of the electrolyzer and the power consumed by it was revealed, the values of which increase with the increase of the operating voltage. It was established that the energy efficiency of the process in electrolyzers with an alkaline electrolyte decreases with an increase in the operating voltage. At operating voltages of 3 V, 4 V, and 5 V, the energy efficiency is 85.7 %, 77 %, and 70 %, respectively. The proposed technique involves conducting experimental studies directly on a functioning electrolyzer. The practical implementation of the use of a gas-tight membrane (Bologna fabric) can help reduce the cost of manufacturing an electrolyzer. Therefore, the presented research will be useful for the industrial production of hydrogen.
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Russo, Andrea, Jens Oluf Jensen, Mikkel Rykær Kraglund, Wenjing (Angela) Zhang, and EunAe Cho. "Catalyst Application in Three-Dimensional Porous Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362006mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is critical in the green transition, and a key system for producing green hydrogen is through alkaline electrolysis. Although the alkaline electrolyzers are mature and commercially available, vast improvements are still expected in the future 1. Traditional and most commercially applied alkaline electrolyzer electrodes are made from massive nickel plates (or nickel-plated steel plates) with some scattered perforation. With the ongoing development of thin alkaline ion‐conducting membranes with low internal resistance, the benefit of three‐dimensional porous electrodes becomes obvious. With such electrodes, there will be no blind spots and the active catalytic area can be increased significantly. Today, most groups developing such 3D electrodes use commercial nickel foam as substrate. This limits the options to what is available in the market, moreover the purchase cost is high. The present work aims at developing high‐performing three‐dimensional hydrogen and oxygen evolution electrodes for alkaline electrolysis. The focus will be on the application of nanostructured electrocatalysts into three‐dimensional electrode structures, similar to nickel foams. The results obtained, so far, show homogeneous formation of nanoparticles on the surface. The analysed samples show mechanical flexibility as soon as the particles are deposited but samples become rigid after testing in a half cell setup with KOH 1 M electrolyte. Further analysis will explore changes to the microstructure. The roughness factor calculated by non-faradaic cyclic voltammetry is in the range of 75 cm2 ECSA / cm2geometric, showing higher value than the commercial Nickel foam. Initial experiments are carried out on as-prepared samples, but more advanced catalysts are also explored based on state-of-the-art materials. [1] IRENA - Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi (2020)
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Boström, Oskar, Seung-Young Choi, Lu Xia, Felix Lohmann-Richters, and Patric Jannasch. "(Poster Award - Honorable Mention) Durable Polybenzimidazole Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Water Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 39 (December 22, 2023): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02391889mtgabs.
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Water electrolysis under alkaline conditions allows the use of inexpensive non-platinum-group catalysts such as nickel.1, 2 Conventional alkaline electrolyzers usually employ a highly concentrated aq. KOH solution as electrolyte (5-7 M) with a porous diaphragm as separator. Alternatively, protolysable polymers such as polybenzimidazole (PBI) may be swollen with electrolyte and used as ion-solvating membranes.2, 3 However, the chemical stability of the polymers can become a serious issue under these harsh conditions. Operation under more dilute conditions, e.g., up to 2 M KOH, may bring the benefits of the alkaline conditions combined with a longer cell lifetime. Under these conditions, aliphatic cyclic quaternary ammonium (QA) cations, such as piperidinium, have shown excellent stability. In the present work, performed as part of the EU project “NEXTAEC”, we have designed and synthesized m-PBI grafted with mono- and bis-piperidinium functionalized side chains, respectively (Figure 1a-b). AEMs were prepared from polymers with varying ion exchange capacities and studied at 80 °C containing KOH solutions in the concentration range 0.5-2 M KOH. The membranes were characterized with respect to, e.g., electrolyte solution uptake, alkaline stability, and electrolyser performance (Figure 1c). The uptake showed a strong inverse correlation with KOH concentration, which also affected the electrochemical performance. The stability as evaluated by 1HNMR spectroscopy was excellent showing, in the worst case, less than 8 % ionic loss after 6 months storage in 2 M KOH at 80 °C. Li, D.; Park, E. J.; Zhu, W.; Shi, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Tian, H.; Lin, Y.; Serov, A.; Zulevi, B.; Baca, E. D.; Fujimoto, C.; Chung, H. T.; Kim, Y. S., Highly quaternized polystyrene ionomers for high performance anion exchange membrane water electrolysers. Nature Energy 2020, 5 (5), 378-385. Aili, D.; Kraglund, M. R.; Rajappan, S. C.; Serhiichuk, D.; Xia, Y.; Deimede, V.; Kallitsis, J.; Bae, C.; Jannasch, P.; Henkensmeier, D.; Jensen, J. O., Electrode Separators for the Next-Generation Alkaline Water Electrolyzers. ACS Energy Letters 2023, 8 (4),1900-1910. Aili, D.; Yang, J.; Jankova, K.; Henkensmeier, D.; Li, Q., From polybenzimidazoles to polybenzimidazoliums and polybenzimidazolides. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2020, 8 (26), 12854-12886. Marino, M. G.; Kreuer, K. D., Alkaline stability of quaternary ammonium cations for alkaline fuel cell membranes and ionic liquids. ChemSusChem 2015, 8 (3), 513-23. Figure 1
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Pandiarajan, T., L. John Berchmans, and S. Ravichandran. "Fabrication of spinel ferrite based alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysers for hydrogen production." RSC Advances 5, no. 43 (2015): 34100–34108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01123j.
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Alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is considered to be an alternative to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), owing to the use of non-noble meta/metal oxides in AEMWE.
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Proost, Joris. "(Invited) Techno-Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341735mtgabs.
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Hydrogen production today Today, hydrogen is still mainly being used as a specialty chemical, including the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and during steel and glass manufacturing where it is the preferred reducing gas during annealing and forming processes. The great majority of all these H2 is being produced by 2 large-scale chemical processes : steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification. Both of these processes are heavily CO2 intensive, SMR emitting up to 8 tons of CO2 per ton of H2 produced. Therefore, with the objective of reaching the CO2 emission targets already in today's fossil-based H2 production, the part of electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity should significantly increase. However, in order to meet the current global H2 demand of around 80 Mton/year, a total of 300 GW installed electrolyser capacity would already be needed today. Such instantaneous massive electrolyser deployment is not very realistic. Alternatively, a selection of technologically feasible market penetrations for electrolytic H2 needs to be made. In the ideal case, such a selection also implies that todays local H2 consumers, besides becoming local (on-site) producers of renewable electricity, also need to become local (on-site) producers of electrolytic H2, at a production scale which still allows to meet the stringent requirement of fossil parity. The cost of electrochemical hydrogen production As compared to an individual large-scale SMR production unit, typically corresponding to an electrolyser power equivalent well above 100 MW, the basic units of a water electrolyser are rather small-scale : both the geometrical area of the electrodes (a few m2 at most) and the number of electrodes that can be compiled in series in a single stack is relatively limited. As a result, the unit size of water electrolysers has long been limited to the kW-range, a typical on-site containerized production unit being a few 100 kW at most. However, in order to be able to realize the coupling to renewables, the power scale of water electrolysers needs to become at least of the same order of magnitude as the renewable electricity source itself, i.e. multi-MW. Such an electrolyser scale-up is typically being realised by increasing the number of cells per stack. However, from the state-of-the-art data that we recently collected from a number of electrolyser manufacturers, such a "keep-on-stacking" approach seems to have a practical limit at around 200 cells/stack [2]. Beyond that number, other balance-of-plant issues come into play. Therefore, for multi-MW applications, multi-stack electrolyser systems are typically being used. While it is technically feasible to produce electrolytic hydrogen with such multi-stack systems at the multi-MW scale (even >100MW), as was already demonstrated several decades ago, the critical question still remains at what price/cost this can be done today. In this respect, the 3 major parameters affecting the electrolytic H2 production cost are the operational time of the electrolyser, the cost of renewable electricity, and the electrolyser CAPEX. Hence, before becoming a realistic alternative production technology, there is a need for cheap(er) renewable electricity (well below 70 €/MWh) and the investment cost of electrolysers needs to be brought down (to about 500 €/kW). Luckily, with respect to all these requirements, significant progress has been made over the past years, as we will highlight in our presentation using the most recent data from both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The scale of fossil parity for electrolytic hydrogen An important techno-economic aspect then relates to the production scale required for obtaining fossil parity with electrolytic H2. Indeed, one might wrongly conclude that reaching the required reduction in electrolyser CAPEX down to about 500 €/kW would require very large-scale electrolytic H2 production units around 100 MW or above, on the same order of today's SMR units. However, our own recent data suggest that there might be a much smaller production scale for reaching such low CAPEX values. Indeed based on an extrapolation of the currently available CAPEX data for single-stack alkaline electrolysers, the level of 500 €/kW could already be reached at less than 10 MW [3]. Such a significant reduction in the scale required for fossil parity is directly related to the much steeper reduction in CAPEX that can be realised for single-stack as compared to multi-stack water electrolysis systems. Some promising implications of such small-scale fossil parity will be discussed during our presentation as well. [1] Global Hydrogen Review 2023, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023 [2] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 4406-4413 (2019) [3] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 17067-17075 (2020)
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Mironov, Egor A. "Modelling and control of hydrogen production processes based on electrolysis." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2023.2.6.
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Currently, hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising energy carriers, the production of which is possible from various raw materials, including water, natural gas, hydrogen sulphide, coal, etc. The article presents the main results of an analysis of global technological trends in the development of hydrogen generation methods in the period from 2010 to 2038, which aims to identify in-demand and popular technological solutions for hydrogen energy. The analysis is based on the International Energy Agency's database published in October 2022, which contains the most comprehensive information on the key characteristics of 990 hydrogen projects based in sixty countries: output, installed electrical power, carbon dioxide emissions, type of output, stage and timing of implementation. The analysis shows the steady leadership of electrolysis hydrogen generation technologies in the context of the search for the most widespread method of hydrogen production. At the same time, the global hydrogen energy industry has clearly expressed trends towards the increased introduction of alternative (non-electrolysis) technologies in large-scale industrial production. Based on the existing empirical Ullerberg model, a modified universal structural simulation model of hydrogen electrolysis generation in plants with alkaline electrolysers and with proton exchange membrane has been proposed. The modified model has been developed in MATLAB application package and Simulink dynamic simulation environment using Simscape physical simulation elements. Verification procedure of the developed model showed good agreement of simulation results with the experimental data available in the open sources and obtained at the alkaline electrolysis and proton exchange membrane electrolysis plants. To increase the energy efficiency of hydrogen production process, a single-loop system for automatic regulation of feed water temperature supplied to the proton-exchange membrane electrolysis unit was developed.
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Ursúa, Alfredo, Ernesto L. Barrios, Julio Pascual, Idoia San Martín, and Pablo Sanchis. "Integration of commercial alkaline water electrolysers with renewable energies: Limitations and improvements." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 30 (August 2016): 12852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.071.
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Cruden, Andrew, David Infield, Mahdi Kiaee, Tamunosaki G. Douglas, and Amitava Roy. "Development of new materials for alkaline electrolysers and investigation of the potential electrolysis impact on the electrical grid." Renewable Energy 49 (January 2013): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.067.
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Abellán, Gonzalo, Vicent Lloret, and Alvaro Seijas Da Silva. "(Invited) Accelerated Three Electrode Cell (TEC) Testing for Optimizing Electrodes in Conventional Alkaline Electrolysis and Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 28 (August 9, 2024): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01281486mtgabs.
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The merging of conventional Alkaline Electrolysis (AEL) and Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) has led to the development of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (AEMWE). At this juncture, both AEL and AEMWE technologies offer an advantage over PEMWE as they do not require critical raw components and materials (CRM).[1] While AEMWE has demonstrated higher efficiencies than AEL with thin membranes and low concentrations of KOH, AEL technology addresses the significant stability challenge posed by anionic membranes by employing KOH electrolyte with novel zero-gap configurations, relying on stable diaphragms. Consequently, AEL technology offers a more cost-effective and scalable solution for current large-scale hydrogen production, while AEMWE remains a promising solution that will most probably be implemented on larger scales in the following decade. In any case, both technologies require more efficient and scalable catalysts for lowering the overall cell voltage of electrolyzers. Along this front, Matteco’s patented processes stand at the forefront of manufacturing highly active and stable catalysts and electrodes crafted from Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), which have gained increasing attention due to their low overpotentials and promising stabilities.[2] However, Beyond the intrinsic qualities of the catalysts, a myriad of factors —electrolyte concentration, substrate type, and the catalyst/substrate interface— play pivotal roles in determining electrolyzer activity and stability, forming a complex multiparameter matrix that will condition the final performance of the electrolysers. Contrary to three-electrode catalyst testing conditions for PEMWE, in which acids are used to simulate the real conditions of electrolyzers, AEL- and AEMWE-TEC testing can be performed using realistic conditions, from 0.1 to 7M alkaline electrolytes. Thus, this work presents the results of Matteco’s accelerated TEC testing to decipher the complex multiparameter alkaline electrolysis matrix, obtaining the most promising catalysts, substrates, and processes that deliver the best performances and stabilities of AEL and AEMWE technologies. References: [1] N. Du, C. Roy, R. Peach, M. Turnbull, S. Thiele and C. Bock, Chemical Reviews, 122, 11830 (2022). [2] L. Hager, M. Hegelheimer, J. Stonawski, A. T. S. Freiberg, C. Jaramillo-Hernández, G. Abellán, A. Hutzler, T. Böhm, S. Thiele and J. Kerres, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 11, 22347 (2023).
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Vengatesan, S., S. Santhi, S. Jeevanantham, and G. Sozhan. "Quaternized poly (styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride) anion exchange membranes for alkaline water electrolysers." Journal of Power Sources 284 (June 2015): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.118.
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Li, Xiaohong, Frank C. Walsh, and Derek Pletcher. "Nickel based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution in high current density, alkaline water electrolysers." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, no. 3 (2011): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00993h.
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Pletcher, Derek, Xiaohong Li, and Shaopeng Wang. "A comparison of cathodes for zero gap alkaline water electrolysers for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 9 (May 2012): 7429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.013.
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Sapountzi, F. M., V. Di Palma, G. Zafeiropoulos, H. Penchev, M. A. Verheijen, M. Creatore, F. Ublekov, et al. "Overpotential analysis of alkaline and acidic alcohol electrolysers and optimized membrane-electrode assemblies." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 21 (April 2019): 10163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.205.
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Lonis, Francesco, Vittorio Tola, and Giorgio Cau. "Performance assessment of integrated energy systems for the production of renewable hydrogen energy carriers." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019701007.
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To guarantee a smooth transition to a clean and low-carbon society without abandoning all of a sudden liquid fuels and products derived from fossil resources, power-to-liquids processes can be used to exploit an excess of renewable energy, producing methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) from the conversion of hydrogen and recycled CO2. Such a system could behave as an energy storage system, and/or a source of fuels and chemicals for a variety of applications in several industrial sectors. This paper concerns the conceptual design, performance analysis and comparison of small-scale decentralised integrated energy systems to produce methanol and DME from renewable hydrogen and captured CO2. Renewable hydrogen is produced exploiting excess RES. Water electrolysis is carried out considering two different technologies alternatively: commercially mature low temperature alkaline electrolysers (AEL) and innovative high temperature solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC). A first conversion of hydrogen and CO2 takes place in a catalytic reactor where methanol is synthesised through the hydrogenation process. Methanol is then purified in a distillation column. Depending on the final application, methanol can be further converted into DME through catalytic dehydration in another catalytic reactor. The chemical (either methanol or DME) is stored at ambient conditions and used as necessary. To predict the performance of the main components and of the overall system, numerical simulation models were developed using the software Aspen Plus. The performance and efficiencies of each section and of the overall systems were evaluated through extensive mass and energy balances. Globally, the overall power-to-liquids efficiency was found to be above 0.55 for all the different configurations, both considering a powerto-methanol or a power-to-DME process.
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Williams, Aubry S. R., Benjamin A. W. Mowbray, Xin Lu, Yongwook Kim, and Curtis P. Berlinguette. "Design of Bipolar Membranes to Increase CO Formation Rates in Bicarbonate Electrolysers at Low Voltage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 39 (December 22, 2023): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02391880mtgabs.
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The electrolysis of bicarbonate solutions offers a direct route for converting alkaline CO2 capture solutions into value-added products. Alkaline CO2 capture exploits the reaction of CO2 with OH- to form aqueous HCO3-, which can be converted back into CO2 in-situ ( i-CO2) by protons sourced from a bipolar membrane (BPM). Bicarbonate electrolysis is currently too energy intensive to be economically viable, with the largest energy input coming from the voltage drop across the membrane. BPMs are usually thicker than monopolar membranes, causing high Ohmic losses and limited water transport to the water dissociation junction. This causes the membrane to dry out and require excessively high voltages to operate at high current densities. To date, little research has been directed towards designing BPMs for bicarbonate electrolysis. Our work focuses on designing BPMs with low voltage drops while keeping the amount of i-CO2 suppliedto the cathode high. In this study, we present custom-made BPMs that enable bicarbonate electrolysis at a current density of 100 mA cm-2 and a cell voltage < 3 V, with cell voltage remaining < 10 V at current densities in excess of 1 A cm-2. We also demonstrate a correlation between a thicker cation exchange layer and higher i-CO2 generation and elucidate the cause of this phenomenon.
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Martinho, Diogo Loureiro, Torsten Berning, Mohammadmahdi Abdollahzadehsangroudi, Anders Rønne Rasmussen, Jakob Hærvig, and Samuel Simon Araya. "A Three-Dimensional, Multiphysics Model of An Alkaline Electrolyzer." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 41 (December 22, 2023): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02412017mtgabs.
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During the previous years, increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of greenhouse gas emissions along with the need to supply an increasing world population with electricity has given rise to investments in the field of green energy technology. In particular, research and development has focused on the production of “green hydrogen” which can be used as a source for a sustainable energy system. Green hydrogen can be made from water electrolysis provided the electricity stems from a renewable energy source. Among the different types of water electrolysers, the alkaline electrolyzer cell (AEC) is the most mature technology. Among its advantages compared to other technologies are the low capital expenditure and the simplicity of the system with proven components. However, the detailed heat and mass transfer mechanisms that occur in an AEC are far from completely understood. It is expected that further improvements of the technology and reduction in cost can be attained through a fundamental understanding of above-mentioned phenomena. In order to better understand the phenomena and the physics of such system, a numerical model is developed in this project. Using ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1, an isothermal, single phase, three-dimensional model is developed to replicate the phenomena in a small single cell. Equations such as Butler-Volmer and Nernst Equation are considered to describe the electrochemical part of the system. A simplified Nernst-Planck equation is also modelled to account with the diffusion and migration of charged species (in this case, the ion OH-). The flow is considered laminar, and the species conservation equation are written to solve the molar concentration of each species. The porosity of the electrodes is changed along the simulations to study its influence on the performance of the electrolyzer. Also, the initial concentration of the species is changed in order to evaluate its effect on the output of the system. First results suggest that the polarization curve acquired shows a strong consistency with prior experimental findings and outcomes from other simulation models. Figure 1
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Dresp, Sören, Trung Ngo Thanh, Malte Klingenhof, Sven Brückner, Philipp Hauke, and Peter Strasser. "Efficient direct seawater electrolysers using selective alkaline NiFe-LDH as OER catalyst in asymmetric electrolyte feeds." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 6 (2020): 1725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01125h.
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Pollet, Bruno G., Henrik E. Hansen, Svein Sunde, Odne S. Burheim, and Frode Seland. "Sonochemical synthesis of electrocatalysts for low-temperature water electrolysers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010583.
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An important step in the process of producing hydrogen a viable method is to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of low-temperature water electrolysers. One of the most crucial components is the catalyst used to drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Traditionally, the nanosized electrocatalysts are synthesized through a chemical reduction method involving a strong reducing agent like sodium borohydride, polyol, etc. Being able to control the nucleation and growth and therefore the size of the nanocatalysts, however, is not straightforward with the chemical reduction method where the use of surfactants is heavily relied upon, thus complicating the method for the industry. An alternative synthesis route involves the in-situ generation of radicals to serve as reducing agents through high power ultrasound (20 kHz–1 MHz) in a process where water is split into OH- and H-radicals referred to as water sonolysis. This presentation highlights the effects of ultrasonication frequencies, ultrasonication, times, pH solutions, reducing agents, and different saturation gasses on the generation of metallic nanoparticles and their subsequent electrocatalytic activities towards the HER and OER in mild acidic and alkaline environments. A series of physical characterizations on these sonochemically prepared nanoelectrocatalysts will be shown and discussed.
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Chade, Daniel, Leonard Berlouis, David Infield, Andrew Cruden, Peter Tommy Nielsen, and Troels Mathiesen. "Evaluation of Raney nickel electrodes prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying for alkaline water electrolysers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 34 (November 2013): 14380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.012.
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Ferriday, T. B., S. N. Sampathkumar, P. H. Middleton, and J. Van Herle. "Investigation of Wet-Preparation Methods of Nickel Foam For Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2430, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2430/1/012002.
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Abstract Water electrolysers are multi-component systems whose performance relies on each part performing its task. A great emphasis has been placed on the development of efficient catalyst-coated electrodes, however the efficacy of the underlying substrate itself has been overlooked. This paper investigates the resulting performance of nickel foam electrodes in 1.0 M KOH after being treated in various concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid. The greatest performance was achieved utilising 0.50 M H2SO4 as measured by LSV, EIS and CV and ECSA, resulting in a 27% decline in series resistance relative to untreated nickel foam. The series resistance decreased continuously with acid concentration until a plateau was reached at the concentration of 0.5 M, where this trend was seen for both types of acid. Utilising these preparation methods for nickel foam electrodes can notably enhance electrode performance.
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Larrea, Carlos, Juan Ramón Avilés-Moreno, and Pilar Ocón. "Strategies to Enhance CO2 Electrochemical Reduction from Reactive Carbon Solutions." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041951.
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CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ER) from (bi)carbonate feed presents an opportunity to efficiently couple this process to alkaline-based carbon capture systems. Likewise, while this method of reducing CO2 currently lags behind CO2 gas-fed electrolysers in certain performance metrics, it offers a significant improvement in CO2 utilization which makes the method worth exploring. This paper presents two simple modifications to a bicarbonate-fed CO2 ER system that enhance the selectivity towards CO. Specifically, a modified hydrophilic cathode with Ag catalyst loaded through electrodeposition and the addition of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), a low-cost surfactant, to the catholyte enabled the system to achieve a FECO of 85% and 73% at 100 and 200 mA·cm−2, respectively. The modifications were tested in 4 h long experiments where DTAB helped maintain FECO stable even when the pH of the catholyte became more alkaline, and it improved the CO2 utilization compared to a system without DTAB.
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Scandurra, Antonino, Maria Censabella, Antonino Gulino, Maria Grazia Grimaldi, and Francesco Ruffino. "Electro-Sorption of Hydrogen by Platinum, Palladium and Bimetallic Pt-Pd Nanoelectrode Arrays Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060963.
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Sustainable and renewable production of hydrogen by water electrolysers is expected to be one of the most promising methods to satisfy the ever-growing demand for renewable energy production and storage. Hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte is still challenging due to its slow kinetic properties. This study proposes new nanoelectrode arrays for high Faradaic efficiency of the electro-sorption reaction of hydrogen in an alkaline electrolyte. A comparative study of the nanoelectrode arrays, consisting of platinum or palladium or bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) Pt80Pd20 (wt.%), obtained by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in aqueous environment, casted onto graphene paper, is proposed. The effects of thin films of perfluoro-sulfonic ionomer on the material morphology, nanoparticles dispersion, and electrochemical performance have been investigated. The NPs-GP systems have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. Faradaic efficiency up to 86.6% and hydrogen storage capacity up to 6 wt.% have been obtained by the Pt-ionomer and Pd/Pt80Pd20 systems, respectively.
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de Groot, Arend, Sara Fabrizio, Giulia Marcandali, Harshraj Gali, Jan Snajdr, Bryan T. G. de Goeij, Dimitris Ntagkras, and Simone Dussi. "(Invited) Looking Beyond the Stack: A Systems Engineering Approach to Optimize Stack and System Design of Electrolysers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341865mtgabs.
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In the coming decade green hydrogen production is expected to grow at an unparalleled rate. Much of the international focus is currently on the Gigawatt scale plants, with regular announcement of new projects. From a European perspective, the rapid scale-up is necessary to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and achieve CO₂ reduction targets. Importing green hydrogen or derivatives such as ammonia from regions where renewable electricity cost are low, is key driver for investments for the energy intensive industry, especially in the North Western part of Europe. This will require hydrogen production on a very large-scale. In contrast to the differentiation on application level, a one-size fits all approach for stack manufacturing appears to be attractive, with a high degree of standardisation and volume of production. However, as the case for the Netherlands illustrates, there are more drivers for green hydrogen production, such as addressing (regional) grid congestion, improving the business case for offshore wind farm developments, and providing green energy to small and medium enterprises. For all these use cases the requirements for the electrolyser system differ. Aspects such as the variability of the energy supply, capacity factors, logistics for operation and maintenance, available footprint, are application specific. Therefore, electrolyser system designs may need to be optimized for different markets and applications. At TNO we focus on the development, integration and validation of novel materials and innovative cell components for the different generations of electrolyser technology, both for low temperature (liquid alkaline, PEM, AEM) and high temperature electrolysers. To understand and assess the requirements for future generations of electrolyser technology, a systems engineering approach is developed together with the industrial partners. This allows to translate the requirements from the application, to the system and stack design, down to the requirements on a cell and component level. Results will be presented from several studies carried out by TNO and industrial partners in the field of low temperature electrolyser systems to understand: How to optimize a stack design for a specific application. Should an electrolyser be designed to maximize flexible operation and achieve a broad operating range? Or will a high efficiency be the most important target? And how application specific is such an optimisation. How to bring down the cost of the total system. What impact do the design choices for the electrolyser stack have on the complexity of the system around the electrolyser, the balance-of-plant? What can we learn from this for the future stack requirements? How different operating strategies impact a certain design. Which stack requirements change in large multi-stack systems powered by renewable electricity supply? Can different strategies improve overall system performance and bring down the overall cost of hydrogen production? How can the desired safety level be achieved against the lowest cost by optimizing component and stack design? As both the electrolyser technology and the value chains become more mature, a systems engineering approach will be indispensable, bringing together the requirements of the different levels: from application, electrolyser system and stack design, down to the performance of individual components.
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ARULRAJ, I., and V. VENKATESAN. "Characterization of nickel-molybdenum and nickel-molybdenum-iron alloy coatings as cathodes for alkaline water electrolysers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 13, no. 4 (1988): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(88)90088-2.
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Kiaee, Mahdi, David Infield, and Andrew Cruden. "Utilisation of alkaline electrolysers in existing distribution networks to increase the amount of integrated wind capacity." Journal of Energy Storage 16 (April 2018): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.12.018.
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