Journal articles: 'Alkali bee'

1

Hesseltine, C. W., M. K. Mahoney, and S. W. Peterson. "A New Species of Absidia from an Alkali Bee Brood Chamber." Mycologia 82, no. 4 (July 1990): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760028.

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Hesseltine, C. W., M. K. Mahoney, and S. W. Peterson. "A New Species of Absidia from an Alkali Bee Brood Chamber." Mycologia 82, no. 4 (July 1990): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1990.12025920.

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Vinchesi, Amber, Douglas Cobos, Laura Lavine, and Douglas Walsh. "Manipulation of soil temperatures to influence brood emergence in the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi)." Apidologie 44, no. 3 (November 22, 2012): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0180-7.

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Rust, Richard. "Emergence patterns in the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell 1906 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): laboratory versus field." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 83, no. 2 (May 2007): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/0031-0603-83.2.136.

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Rust, Richard. "Latitudinal Variation in the Size and Developmental Parameters of the Alkali Bee, Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79, no. 3 (July 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0510.24.1.

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Seo, Ho Seong, Je Hak Kim, and Moon H. Nahm. "Platelet-Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase Can Monodeacylate and Inactivate Lipoteichoic Acid." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 4 (April 2006): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.452-458.2006.

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ABSTRACT Bacterial lipoteichoic acid (LTA) shares a structural motif with platelet-activating factor (PAF). Both molecules are strong inflammatory agents and have a glycerol backbone with two lipid chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. PAF is normally inactivated by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which removes a short acyl group at the sn-2 position. To investigate whether PAF-AH can similarly degrade LTA, we studied the effects of porcine PLA2, bee venom PLA2, and recombinant human PAF-AH on pneumococcal LTA (PnLTA) and staphylococcal LTA (StLTA). After incubation with a porcine or bee venom PLA2, a large fraction of PnLTA lost 264 Da, which corresponds to the mass of the oleic acid group at the sn-2 position. After incubation with recombinant human PAF-AH, PnLTA lost 264 Da; the reduction did not occur when PAF-AH was exposed to Pefabloc SC, an irreversible inhibitor of the PAF-AH active site. Following PAF-AH treatment, PnLTA and StLTA were not able to stimulate mouse RAW 264.7 cells to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha but could stimulate CHO cells expressing human TLR2. This stimulation pattern has been observed with monoacyl PnLTA prepared by mild alkali hydrolysis (22). Taking these data together, we conclude that PAF-AH can remove one acyl chain at the sn-2 position of LTA and produce a monoacyl-LTA that is inactive against mouse cells.

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Kapheim, Karen M., and Makenna M. Johnson. "Support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis in a solitary bee: links between sucrose response and reproductive status." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20162406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2406.

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In social bees, foraging behaviour is correlated with reproductive status and sucrose sensitivity via endocrine pathways. This association led to the hypothesis that division of labour in social insect societies is derived from an ancestral ground plan that functions to synchronize dietary preferences with reproductive needs in solitary insects. However, the relationship between these traits is unknown for solitary bees, which represent the ancestral state of social bees. We used the proboscis extension response assay to measure sucrose response among reproductive females of the solitary alkali bee ( Nomia melanderi ) as a function of acute juvenile hormone (JH) treatments and reproductive physiology. We also tested long-term effects of JH on reproductive development in newly emerged females. JH did not have short-term effects on reproductive physiology or sucrose response, but did have significant long-term effects on ovary and Dufour's gland development. Dufour's gland size, not ovary development, was a significant predictor of sucrose response. This provides support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, because the Dufour's gland has conserved reproductive functions in bees. Differing results from this study and honeybees suggest independent origins of division of labour may have evolved via co-option of different components of a conserved ground plan.

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Chu, Lei Zhe, Xiao Xu Fan, Li Guo Yang, and Xiao Jun Wu. "Experimental Research on Mechanism of Alkali Metal Enrichment and Prevention for Biomass CFB Gasification." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2493.

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Because of quite a certain content of alkali metal in biomass, bed material agglomeration appears in the process of thermal reaction in fluidized bed, which can destroy fluidization. In the paper, fluidized bed gasification experiments on alkali metal enrichment were made, of which cotton straw pellets were used as fuel. The results are shown that experiments could keep running by bed material replaced at regular time without slag and the component of the bed material maintained stability. The replaced bed material could be used again after being washed. Through the XRF analysis, it could be found that the potassium compound with high dissolubility could be removed by washing.

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Zhou, Zhen Hua, Dong Jian Xue, and Sheng Jie Qian. "Corrosion Diagnosis and Mechanism of Boiler Water-Cooled Wall Tubes in Alkaline Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.488.

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Failure analysis was carried out to find out the causes of burst on water-cooled wall tubes elbow for circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler.Through macro-observations, chemical composition analysis, macro structure observations，grain size measurements and water quality examinations, it can conclude that the high pH value of boiler water at the fire-facing side of weld dense phase zone will lead to alkali concentration that will cause alkali corrosion. The existence of residual stress in elbow under strong alkaline environment will cause alkali stress corrosion. Research results show that the tube failure is caused by both alkali corrosion and alkali stress corrosion. Strengthen water quality monitoring and elimination of stress can effectively prevent the alkali corrosion and alkali stress corrosion.

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Arias del Campo, E., A. Keer-Rendon, L. Manzanares-Papayanopoulos, and R. Bautista-Margulis. "Release of alkali salts and coal volatiles affecting internal components in fluidized bed combustion systems." Revista de Metalurgia 39, Extra (December 17, 2003): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2003.v39.iextra.1090.

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11

Dongsheng, Li, and Zhou Xinxing. "Durability evaluation of circulating fluidized bed fly ash-based geopolymer." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127104014.

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To make full use of the circulating fluidized bed fly (CFB-FA), rich-water carbide slag was used as alkali-activator to promote the hydration of CFB-FA and prepare circulating fluidized bed fly-based geopolymer (CFB-FAG). The fundamental properties, mechanical properties, and acid alkali-resistance of CFB-FAG were investigated. The optimum content of CFB-FA is 25%. it indicates that CFB-FA can prepare the excellent properties of geopolymer without high-temperature heat treatment. The alkali resistance of CFB-FAG is better than that of acid resistance. Furthermore, the fatigue lifetime of CFB-FAG decreases by 20% after acid treatment. The achievement can help us make full use of the solid waste and achieve the goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutral.

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12

Kanari, Ndue, Etleva Ostrosi, Cécile Diliberto, Inna Filippova, Seit Shallari, Eric Allain, Frederic Diot, Fabrice Patisson, and Jacques Yvon. "Green Process for Industrial Waste Transformation into Super-Oxidizing Materials Named Alkali Metal Ferrates (VI)." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121977.

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The investigation presented here features the design of a cleaner and greener chemical process for the conversion of industrial wastes into super-oxidizing materials. The waste of interest is the iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) mainly generated through the sulfate route used for titanium dioxide industrial production. The products of this transformation process are alkali ferrates (A2FeO4, A = Na, K) containing iron in its hexavalent state and considered as powerful oxidants characterized by properties useful for cleaning waters, wastewaters, and industrial effluents. The proposed process includes two steps: (i) The first step consisting of the pre-mixing of two solids (AOH with FeSO4·xH2O) in a rotary reactor allowing the coating of iron sulfate in the alkali hydroxides through solid–solid reactions; and (ii) the second step involves the synthesis of alkali ferrates in a fluidized bed by oxidation of the single solid obtained in the first step in diluted chlorine. The chemical synthesis of alkali ferrates can be carried out within a timeframe of a few minutes. The usage of a fluidized bed enhanced the energy and mass transfer allowing a quasi-complete control of the ferrate synthesis process. The alkali ferrate synthesis process described here possesses many characteristics aligned with the principles of the “green chemistry”.

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Kostyniuk, Andrii, David Bajec, and Blaž Likozar. "One-step synthesis of ethanol from glycerol in a gas phase packed bed reactor over hierarchical alkali-treated zeolite catalyst materials." Green Chemistry 22, no. 3 (2020): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03262b.

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14

Chang, Chun-Chih, Hong Je Cho, Zhuopeng Wang, Xuanting Wang, and Wei Fan. "Fluoride-free synthesis of a Sn-BEA catalyst by dry gel conversion." Green Chemistry 17, no. 5 (2015): 2943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02457e.

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A Sn-BEA catalyst was synthesized in a fluoride-free medium for the first time via a dry gel conversion method. The use of alkali ions, zeolite BEA seed crystals and ion-exchange before the removal of the organic template has been shown to be indispensable to obtain the desired material.

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15

Fan, Xiao Xu, Li Guo Yang, Yu Qin Ma, and Tian Ju Chen. "Experimental Research on Combustion Characteristics of Palm Kernel Meal in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.276.

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In this paper, the combustion characteristics of palm kernel meal were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB 100)(height=3000mm, inner diameter=100mm). The results showed that the temperature and pressure of the furnace were relatively steady. The contents of SiO2, Na2O and K2O of the bed material ranged smoothly with the process, the particle size of the bed material fluctuated slightly. The alkali metal contents of bed material were ranged from 1.5% to 3.5%.

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POTUCEK, FRANTIŠEK, MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN, and JOZEF MIKLÍK. "DISPLACEMENT WASHING OF KRAFT PULP WITH VARIOUS CONSISTENCY." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 54, no. 9-10 (November 11, 2020): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2020.54.91.

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The paper deals with the displacement washing of kraft softwood and hardwood pulps with various consistency of the pulp fibre bed. The results obtained revealed differences between the two types of kraft pulp with various morphological properties of fibres. The washing efficiency decreased with decreasing Péclet number for both kraft pulps, but, due to lower longitudinal dispersion of the wash liquid, greater washing efficiency was achieved for the short-fibred hardwood pulp. On the other hand, the long-fibred softwood pulp exhibited lower hydraulic resistance of the pulp fibre bed. The change in pulp consistency and, similarly, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, characterising the rate of leaching of alkali lignin from pulp fibres, did not have a significant effect on the washing efficiency. However, the mass transfer coefficient decreased with increasing specific resistance of the pulp bed. With increasing bed consistency of both softwood and hardwood pulps, as the amount of black liquor in the inter-fibre pores decreased, the difference between the space time, characterising the holding time of wash liquid, and the mean residence time of alkali lignin increased.

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17

Šavel, J., P. Košín, and A. Brož. "Anaerobic and aerobic beer aging." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 1 (February 18, 2010): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/161/2009-cjfs.

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Yellow, orange, red and brown pigments are formed by air oxidation of single polyphenols or by thermal degradation of sugars to caramels. Caramels increase their colours during anaerobic heating or decrease them by air oxidation. Epicatechin and caramel undergo reversible redox reaction followed by degradation and/or polymerisation at beer aging. That is why both of these colour compounds, besides acting as acid/alkali indicators, can also represent redox indicators that gradually become irreversible. These reactions are accelerated by transient metals or buffering solutions and are therefore more distinct in tap or brewing water than in deionised water. The kind of the brewing water then predetermines not only the beer attributes but also the course of beer aging. Coloured pigments can be partially bleached by reducting agents such as yeast oxidoreductase enzymes and the colour can be then recovered by oxidation; this depends on their polymerisation degree. Methylene blue and methyl red can be used as artificial oxidation-reduction indicators for the study of the redox potential changes because they act reversibly or irreversibly under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively.

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18

Zheng, Xiao, Fei Wu, YanLong Hong, Lan Shen, Xiao Lin, and Yi Feng. "Improvements in sticking, hygroscopicity, and compactibility of effervescent systems by fluid-bed coating." RSC Advances 9, no. 54 (2019): 31594–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05884b.

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19

Wilson, Andrew C., and Callum R. McKenzie. "Experimental Aspects of Bose-Einstein Condensation." Modern Physics Letters B 14, supp01 (September 2000): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900001579.

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An introductory level review of experimental techniques essential for producing and probing Bose condensates formed with dilute alkali vapours is presented. This discussion includes a summary of evaporative cooling techniques, condensate imaging schemes, and a review of current BEC technology.

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20

Leggett, A. J. "Topics in the Theory of the Ultracold Dilute Alkali Gases." Modern Physics Letters B 14, supp01 (September 2000): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900001506.

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These lectures address Bose and Fermi ultracold dilute alkali gases. For Bose gases I discuss general BEC concepts, superfluidity, the Josephson effect, and issues related to the establishment of a "phase standard". For Fermi gases I discuss prospects for Cooper pairing and its detection. The four lectures on alkali Bose gases which I actually gave at the School were based on a review paper in preparation for Reviews of Modern Physics. In order to avoid extensive duplication of the contents of that review, what I present here, condensed into three lectures, is a melange of informal commentary on the results presented there and some material which for space and other reasons had to be omitted. This material is ideally read in conjunction with the review. The fourth lecture, on the Fermi alkali gases, is presented here in (nearly) the form in which it was actually given.

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21

Vitale, Enza, Antonello Marocco, Michael Khatib, and Giacomo Russo. "Hydro-mechanical behaviour of alkali-activated binder treated soil." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019506003.

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An experimental investigation on the mechanical improvement induced by alkali-activated binder based on the activation of a fluidal bed combustion fly ash on a clayey soil has been developed. The use of these binders for geotechnical applications is a promising issue in terms of sustainability since it reduces the carbon footprint and allows reusing secondary by-products such as artificial pozzolans. Treated samples were prepared by mixing soil and fly ash with water and alkaline solution and dynamically compacted. Mechanical behaviour has been investigated by means of triaxial tests performed on treated samples compacted at optimum water content. Addition of alkali activated binder increased stiffness and shear strength of treated samples, whose extent depends on binder content and curing time. Macroscopic behaviour of treated soil has been linked to the experimental evidences at microscale. Microstructural analyses highlighted a high reactivity of alkali-activated fly ashes as alumino-silicate source promoting the precipitation of new mineralogical phases with cementitious properties. Amorphous alumino-silicate gels produced from alkali-activation of fly ash bound particles aggregates leading to a decrease of cumulative pore volume and porosity of treated samples and modification of the modal pore size.

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22

LI, ZHIBING, and CHENGGUANG BAO. "SPINOR BEC IN THE LARGE-N LIMIT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 23n24 (September 30, 2007): 4248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045487.

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The superfine structure of Bose-Einstein condensate of alkali atoms due to the spin coupling have been investigated in the mean field approximation. In the limit of large number of atoms, we obtained the analytical solution for the fully condensed states and the states with one-atom excited. It was found that the energy of the one-atom excited state could be smaller than the energy of the fully condensed state, even two states have similar total spin.

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23

Wolf, K. J., M. Müller, K. Hilpert, and L. Singheiser. "Alkali Sorption in Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion." Energy & Fuels 18, no. 6 (November 2004): 1841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef040009c.

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Fadhil, Abdelrahman B. "Biodiesel Production from Beef Tallow Using Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 38, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0418-8.

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25

Rydén, Magnus, Malin Hanning, and Fredrik Lind. "Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC) of Wood Chips in a 12 MWth Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Using Steel Converter Slag as Bed Material." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122657.

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The novel combustion concept Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC) is realized by addition of an active oxygen-carrying bed material to conventional fluidized bed boilers. The active bed material is meant to become reduced in fuel-rich parts of the boiler and oxidized in oxygen-rich parts, thus potentially providing advantages such as new mechanisms for oxygen transport in space and time. In this study, oxygen-carrier particles prepared from so called Linz-Donawitz (LD)-slag are examined as active bed material in a 12 MWth Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler. LD-slag is the second largest by-product in steel making and is generated in the basic LD oxygen converter process. The experimental campaign lasted for two full weeks. The fuel was wood chips. LD-slag worked well from an operational point of view and no problems related to handling, agglomeration or sintering were experienced, albeit the production of fly ash increased. The boiler temperature profile suggested that fuel conversion in the main boiler body was facilitated, but the effect did not readily translate into reduced emissions from the stack. Spraying an aqueous solution of ammonium sulphate directly into the cyclone outlet with the aim of rejecting alkali metals as alkali suphates was found to solve the problems related to carbon monoxide emissions, suggesting that the problems could be due to the poor ability of LD-slag to absorb certain ash components. Use of a mixed bed consisting of 10–50 wt% LD-slag, with the remaining part being silica sand for ash absorption, also worked well. It is concluded that LD-slag could be a very cheap and readily available oxygen-carrying bed material for use in fluidized bed applications.

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Xu, Peng, Qingliang Zhao, Wei Qiu, Yan Xue, and Na Li. "Microstructure and Strength of Alkali-Activated Bricks Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash Developed as Construction Materials." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051283.

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Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are widely applied in the field of building materials and civil engineering to substitute cement materials. This study used two types of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA): grate-firing fly ash (GFFA) and fluidized bed fly ash (FBFA) as brick raw materials. Various weight ratio of 20%, 30%, and 40% GFFA and FBFA were added to coal fly ash (CFA), GGBFs (Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag), and an alkali-activating reagent to produce alkali-activated bricks. Microstructure and crystalline phase composition were observed to analyze their compressive strength, and a leaching test was used to prove the material’s safety for the environment. It can be seen from the results of this study that the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA had higher compressive strength than those containing GFFA in the same amount. Considering the engineering properties, the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA are more suitable to be used as building materials. The difference in the compressive strength resulted from the large amount of calcium compounds and chloride salts present in the GFFA. From SEM analysis, it was observed that there was a large number of pores in the microstructure. It was also found from the results of XRD that the bricks containing GFFA contained a large amount of chloride salt. From the results of the two leaching tests, it was found that the amounts of six heavy metals detected in the leachates of the bricks in this study met the corresponding regulation standards. This described MSWI-FA is suitable for use as alkali-activated material, and its products have potential to be commercially used in the future.

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TAORMINA, PETER J., and LARRY R. BEUCHAT. "Survival and Growth of Alkali-Stressed Listeria monocytogenes on Beef Frankfurters and Thermotolerance in Frankfurter Exudates." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.291.

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Cells of Listeria monocytogenes exposed at 4°C to 1% solutions of two alkaline cleaners or alkali-adapted in tryptose phosphate broth (pH 10.0) at 37°C for 45 min, followed by 4°C for 48 h, were inoculated onto beef frankfurters containing high fat (16 g) and high sodium (550 mg) or low fat (8 g) and low sodium (250 mg) per 57-g serving. Frankfurters were surface inoculated (2.0 log10 CFU/g), vacuum packaged, stored at −20, 4, or 12°C, and analyzed for populations of L. monocytogenes at 2-day to 2-week intervals. Populations did not change significantly on frankfurters stored at −20°C for up to 12 weeks. After storage at 4°C for 6 weeks (1 week before the end of shelf life), populations of control cells and cells exposed to alkaline cleaners were ca. 6.0 log10 CFU/g of low fat, low sodium (LFLS) frankfurters and ca. 3.5 log10 CFU/g of high fat, high sodium (HFHS) frankfurters. Growth of alkali-adapted cells on both types of frankfurters was retarded at 4°C. Growth of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters stored at 12°C was more rapid than at 4°C, but a delay in growth of alkali-adapted cells on HFHS and LFLS frankfurters was evident during the first 9 and 6 days, respectively. Alkali-adapted cells had a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower logistic D59°C-value (decimal reduction time) than alkaline cleaner-exposed cells, but the D59°C-value was not different from that of control cells. Cells exposed to a nonbutyl alkaline cleaner, and then heated in LFLS frankfurter exudates, had a significantly lower D62°C-value than cells that had been exposed to some of the other treatments. Growth characteristics of L. monocytogenes inoculated onto the surface of frankfurters may be altered by previous exposure to alkaline environments. Differences in growth characteristics of L. monocytogenes on HFHS versus LFLS beef frankfurters stored at refrigeration temperatures indicate that composition influences the behavior of both alkaline-stressed and control cells.

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28

Teng, Hai Peng, Bin Yang, and Bin Liang. "The Phase Transformations during Fluidized-Bed Combustion of Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.366.

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FactSage6.1 was used to study the phase transformation at high temperature when biomass combustion in a fluidized bed reactor. The results show that eutectic was formed during the reaction process, the eutectics are formed mainly by the reaction between the silica in bed particles and the alkali species in biomass ash. The solid phase transformed to melt layer on the surface of sands particle mainly contains potassium, some calcium and magnesium, and also a few phosphorus and chlorine are found in the melt layer. The result utilizing FactSage equilibrium modeling shown that the distribution ratio of potassium in the gas phase increased with the increase of temperature, moreover, the melt of bed material surface increased when defluidized occurred.

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Narayan, Vikas, Peter Arendt Jensen, Ulrik Birk Henriksen, Peter Glarborg, Weigang Lin, and Rasmus Glar Nielsen. "Defluidization in fluidized bed gasifiers using high-alkali content fuels." Biomass and Bioenergy 91 (August 2016): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.009.

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30

Oloman, Colin, and John Radcliffe. "An experimental study of a fixed bed chlor-alkali reactor." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 3 (May 1986): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01008857.

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31

Yliniemi, Juho, Janne Pesonen, Pekka Tanskanen, Olli Peltosaari, Minna Tiainen, Henk Nugteren, and Mirja Illikainen. "Alkali Activation–Granulation of Hazardous Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ashes." Waste and Biomass Valorization 8, no. 2 (May 26, 2016): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9580-7.

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32

von Canstein, Harald, Sven Kelly, Ying Li, and Irene Wagner-Döbler. "Species Diversity Improves the Efficiency of Mercury-Reducing Biofilms under Changing Environmental Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 2829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.2829-2837.2002.

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ABSTRACT Six mercury-resistant environmental proteobacterial isolates and one genetically modified mercury-resistant Pseudomonas putida strain were analyzed for physiological traits of adaptive relevance in an environment of packed-bed bioreactors designed for the decontamination of mercury-polluted chlor-alkali wastewater. The strains displayed characteristic differences in each trait (i.e., biofilm formation capability, growth rate in mercury contaminated wastewaters, and mercury reduction efficiency). Subsequently, they were immobilized either as a monoculture or as a mixed culture on porous carrier material in packed-bed bioreactors through which different batches of filter-sterilized industrial chlor-alkali wastewater were pumped. In monospecies bioreactors, the mercury retention efficiency was sensitive to rapidly increasing mercury concentrations in the wastewater. Mixed culture biofilms displayed a high mercury retention efficiency that was not affected by rapid increases in mercury or continuously high mercury concentrations. The dynamic in the community composition of the mixed culture bioreactors was determined by ribosomal intergenic spacer polymorphism analysis. Mercury-mediated selective pressure decreased the number of prevalent strains. Microbial diversity was completely restored after easing of the selective pressure. Microbial diversity provides a reservoir of strains with complementary ecological niches that results in a superior bioreactor performance under changing environmental conditions.

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Kittivech, Tanakorn, and Suneerat Fukuda. "Investigating Agglomeration Tendency of Co-Gasification between High Alkali Biomass and Woody Biomass in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed System." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010056.

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Palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) is known as problematic biomass due to its high alkali content, i.e., more than half of inorganic matter is potassium (K). EFB when used as a fuel in fluidized beds with silica sand as bed material could form the sticky compound K2O·nSiO2 starting at around 750 °C and adhere bed particles together, resulting in bed agglomeration. Blending EFB with rubber wood sawdust (RWS) could improve the chemical properties and consequent ash composition of the blended fuel. In this study, RWS was blended with EFB at three ratios: RWS:EFB = 25:75, RWS:EFB = 50:50, and RWS:EFB = 75:25. Adding RWS to the fuel prolonged de-fluidization time. The high content of CaO in the RWS ash acted as an inhibitor to prevent the formation of K2O·nSiO2 and, instead, enhanced the formation of K2CO3, a higher melting point compound, which reduced bed agglomeration. During the experiment using RWS:EFB = 75:25, no bed agglomeration was found.

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Kullavanijaya, Pratin, and Orathai Chavalpalit. "The effect of ensiling and alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic acidification of Napier grass in the leached bed process." Environmental Engineering Research 25, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.231.

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The characteristics of feedstock are important to the biocatalyst-based processes. Herein the effect of ensiling and alkaline pretreatment on acidification of Napier grass in anaerobic leached bed reactors was investigated. The results depicted clearly that grass preparation affected its chemical properties and leaching ability differently. After pretreatment in 3.0% of NaOH, lignin was reduced significantly by 50.1% to 68.0%, while less deterioration was found for ensiling. About 18.9% to 54.1% of the produced soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of these biomasses was increased subsequently compared to 0.102 kg SCOD or 0.56 kg SCOD/kg VS<sub>added</sub> of raw grass digestion. However, about 3.3% of SCOD was reduced after the ensiling. An extension of biomass soaking time and heat supplementation under alkali-thermal conditions of raw grass promoted more production of SCOD for 18.9% to 29.9% and 54.1%, respectively. While about 45.5% to 54.4% of SCOD was increased for alkali-thermal pretreated residue. The solid content and lignocelluloses were changed differently and accordingly with treatment conditions. Similar profiles of leachates contained mainly acetic acid were obtained. These results confirm the beneficial application of alkaline soaking and ensiling as a pretreatment method to enhance the solubilization of grass biomass under the leached bed acidification process.

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Latorrata, Saverio, Riccardo Balzarotti, Maria Isabella Adami, Bianca Marino, Silvia Mostoni, Roberto Scotti, Maurizio Bellotto, and Cinzia Cristiani. "Wastewater Treatment Using Alkali-Activated-Based Sorbents Produced from Blast Furnace Slag." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072985.

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Currently, slags from secondary steel production, foundries, and blast furnaces represent a major environmental problem since they end up mainly in landfills, and their valorization would bring undeniable advantages both to environment and economy. Moreover, the removal of heavy metal ions from mines wastewater is one of the challenges of the last decades, and adsorption has been proposed as one of the most promising techniques for this purpose. In this context, the use of alkali-activated slags as sorbent can be a good opportunity to develop low cost, environmentally friendly, and sustainable materials. Accordingly, wastewater decontamination by adsorption over a porous monolithic bed made of alkali-activated hydraulic binders is proposed. Alkali-activated materials were prepared using slags from the metallurgical industry and reacted with an alkaline component (high alumina calcium aluminate cement, CAC 80) at ambient conditions. The obtained monolithic foams were tested to evaluate the uptake efficiency towards metal capture. Solutions containing Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Mn(II), and simulating the metal concentrations of a real mine effluent were tested, both in single- and multi-ion solutions. Promising capture efficiency, values of 80–100% and of 98–100% in the case of the single ion and of the multi-ion solutions were obtained, respectively.

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Xu, Ya Hong, Zhong Hui Xu, Zao Jiang, Na Li, Ping Li, and Lei Zheng. "Mechanism of Mn(II) Absorption and Desorption with CFBC Fly Ash Modified by Alkaline Wet Ball Milling." Materials Science Forum 914 (February 2018): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.914.151.

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In this study, the adsorption properties of modified circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash by alkali wet millingwere investigated for Mn (II) cations. The effects ofNaOH content,milling speed and milling timeon the modification processof CFBC fly ashwerestudied. Preliminary statistical analysis has indicated thatmetal concentration, time, pH, fly ash dosage and temperaturewere the most importantvariables that affect the adsorption capacity. Results lead towards the conclusion that alkali wet millingtreatment cansignificantly increasethe adsorption capacity of the CFBC fly ash. The adsorption mechanism of the modified CFBCfly ash was determined using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms and the Lagergren pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich equation and the intraparticle diffusion equation, which indicated it was not thesole rate determiningstep, and the adsorption process was controlled by physical and chemical adsorption.The results showed that theCFBC fly ash can be utilized as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Mn (II) ionsfrom solution.

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Guo, Yi Fei, Chang You Li, and Feng Ming Song. "Research on Technology of Catalyzed Oxidation Desulphurization with Manganese Sand Fixed Bed." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1409.

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In this article, technology of catalyzed oxidation desulphurization with manganese sand fixed bed was employed to conduct the experiment of catalyzed oxidation desulphurization for unhairing alkali swelling wastewater in leather making, and the catalysts of packings such as manganese sand, dolomite, and coal gangue were used and their performances were compared with each other. The study indicated that the manganese sand has the characteristics of stable and effective process in comparison with several present domestic and foreign catalyzed oxidation methods.

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Špalek, O. "Oxygen trickle-bed electrode as a cathode for chlor-alkali electrolysis." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 24, no. 8 (August 1994): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00578090.

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Cao, Changqing, Liejin Guo, Hui Jin, Simao Guo, Youjun Lu, and Ximin Zhang. "The influence of alkali precipitation on supercritical water gasification of glucose and the alkali recovery in fluidized-bed reactor." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 30 (October 2013): 13293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.068.

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Tran, Khanh-Quang, Kristiina Iisa, Britt-Marie Steenari, and Oliver Lindqvist. "A kinetic study of gaseous alkali capture by kaolin in the fixed bed reactor equipped with an alkali detector." Fuel 84, no. 2-3 (January 2005): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.08.019.

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He, De Min, Fan Nie, Jun Guan, Hao Quan Hu, and Qiu Min Zhang. "Hot Water Extraction and Fixed Bed Pyrolysis for Bitumen Recovery of an Indonesian Oil Sand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.624.

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An Indonesian oil sand were studied by hot water extraction and fixed bed pyrolysis for bitumen recovery. It was found that the concentration of alkali and temperature both had effects on the yield of water extraction. But the maximum yield was only 12.74wt% under the investigated condition due to its oil-wet structure. As to pyrolysis in fixed bed reactor, the influence of holding time, flow rate of gas carrier and temperature on the tar yield were considered. The maximum tar yield was 17.01wt% under 140mL/min of gas carrier, 480°C, 0.1MPa and holding for 40min. The results show that pyrolysis is more suitable for bitumen recovery of the oil sand compared with hot water extraction.

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Priscak, Juraj, Katharina Fürsatz, Matthias Kuba, Nils Skoglund, Florian Benedikt, and Hermann Hofbauer. "Investigation of the Formation of Coherent Ash Residues during Fluidized Bed Gasification of Wheat Straw Lignin." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 3935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153935.

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Thermal conversion of ash-rich fuels in fluidized bed systems is often associated with extensive operation problems caused by the high amount of reactive inorganics. This paper investigates the behavior of wheat straw lignin—a potential renewable fuel for dual fluidized bed gasification. The formation of coherent ash residues and its impact on the operation performance has been investigated and was supported by thermochemical equilibrium calculations in FactSage 7.3. The formation of those ash residues, and their subsequent accumulation on the surface of the fluidized bed, causes temperature and pressure fluctuations, which negatively influence the steady-state operation of the fluidized bed process. This paper presents a detailed characterization of the coherent ash residues, which consists mostly of silica and partially molten alkali silicates. Furthermore, the paper gives insights into the formation of these ash residues, dependent on the fuel pretreatment (pelletizing) of the wheat straw lignin, which increases their stability compared to the utilization of non-pelletized fuel.

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Wu, Qinghua, Jiri Patocka, and Kamil Kuca. "Beauvericin, A Fusarium Mycotoxin: Anticancer Activity, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure Risk Assessment." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 3 (January 11, 2019): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557518666180928161808.

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Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, which derives from Cordyceps cicadae. It is also produced by Fusarium species, which are parasitic to maize, wheat, rice and other important commodities. BEA increases ion permeability in biological membranes by forming a complex with essential cations, which may affect ionic homeostasis. Its ion-complexing capability allows BEA to transport alkaline earth metal and alkali metal ions across cell membranes. Importantly, increasing lines of evidence show that BEA has an anticancer effect and can be potentially used in cancer therapeutics. Normally, BEA performs the anticancer effect due to the induced cancer cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Moreover, BEA increases the intracellular Ca2+ levels and subsequently regulates the activity of a series of signalling pathways including MAPK, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, and finally causes cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies further show that BEA reduces tumour volumes and weights. BEA especially targets differentiated and invasive cancer types. Currently, the anticancer activity of BEA is a hot topic; however, there is no review article to discuss the anticancer activity of BEA. Therefore, in this review, we have mainly summarized the anticancer activity of BEA and thoroughly discussed its underlying mechanisms. In addition, the human exposure risk assessment of BEA is also discussed. We hope that this review will provide further information for understanding the anticancer mechanisms of BEA.

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Niu, Miaomiao, Qing Dong, Yaji Huang, Baosheng Jin, Hongyan Wang, and Haiming Gu. "Characterization of ash melting behaviour at high temperatures under conditions simulating combustible solid waste gasification." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 5 (March 27, 2018): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18763064.

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To achieve high-temperature gasification-melting of combustible solid waste, ash melting behaviour under conditions simulating high-temperature gasification were studied. Raw ash (RA) and gasified ash (GA) were prepared respectively by waste ashing and fluidized bed gasification. Results of microstructure and composition of the two-ash indicated that GA showed a more porous structure and higher content of alkali and alkali earth metals among metallic elements. Higher temperature promoted GA melting and could reach a complete flowing state at about 1250°C. The order of melting rate of GA under different atmospheres was reducing condition > inert condition > oxidizing condition, which might be related to different existing forms of iron during melting and different flux content with atmosphere. Compared to RA, GA showed lower melting activity at the same condition due to the existence of an unconverted carbon and hollow structure. The melting temperature for sufficient melting and separation of GA should be at least 1250°C in this work.

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Zhang, Zhonglin, Daoyin Liu, Yaming Zhuang, Qingmin Meng, and Xiaoping Chen. "CFD-DEM Modeling of CO2 Capture using Alkali Metal-Based Sorbents in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0029.

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Abstract This paper describes a CFD-DEM modeling of CO2 capture using K2CO3 solid sorbents in a bubbling fluidized bed, which takes into heat transfer, hydrodynamics, and chemical reactions. Shrinking core model is applied in reaction kinetics. Simulation and experiment results of bed pressure drop and CO2 concentration in the reactor exit agree well. Instantaneous dynamics as well as time-averaged profiles indicate detailed characteristics of gas flow, particle motion, and chemical reaction processes. The simulation results show an obvious core-annular flow and strong back-mixing flow pattern. CO2 concentration decreases gradually along the bed height, while regards on the lateral distribution CO2 concentration near the wall is lower than that in the middle zone where gas passes through faster. The effect of bubbles on CO2 reaction is two-sided: it can promote mixing which strengthens reaction, while it can be a short pass of gas which is not beneficial to reaction. The simulation is helpful for further understanding and optimal design of fluidized bed reactors of CO2 capture.

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Calvo, L. F., A. I. García, and M. Otero. "An Experimental Investigation of Sewage Sludge Gasification in a Fluidized Bed Reactor." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/479403.

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The gasification of sewage sludge was carried out in a simple atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier. Flow and fuel feed rate were adjusted for experimentally obtaining an air mass : fuel mass ratio (A/F) of0.2<A/F<0.4. Fuel characterization, mass and power balances, produced gas composition, gas phase alkali and ammonia, tar concentration, agglomeration tendencies, and gas efficiencies were assessed. Although accumulation of material inside the reactor was a main problem, this was avoided by removing and adding bed media along gasification. This allowed improving the process heat transfer and, therefore, gasification efficiency. The heating value of the produced gas was 8.4 MJ/Nm, attaining a hot gas efficiency of 70% and a cold gas efficiency of 57%.

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Xu, Peng, Qingliang Zhao, Wei Qiu, and Yan Xue. "The Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Leaching Behavior of MSWI-FA Added Alkali-Activated Materials Bricks by Using Different Leaching Test Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071151.

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Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) not only have the potential to replace cement applications in architecture and civil engineering, but also have an excellent effect on the stabilization solidification of hazardous industrial wastes. This study used two types of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA)—grate firing fly ash (GFFA) and fluidized bed fly ash (FBFA)—as AAMs brick raw materials. It is discovered from this study that AAMs bricks with different weight ratios of GFFA and FBFA can both meet the required standard of GB21144-2007 (Solid concrete brick). From the results obtained from the four leaching tests, the equilibrium pH of the leachate varies, resulting in significant differences in the leaching of heavy metals in Raw GFFA, Raw FBFA, and AAMs bricks with GFFA and FBFA. The AAMs brick with the addition of GFFA and FBFA has an alkali activation system to encapsulate heavy metals. By comparing the results obtained from the CEN/TS 14429 leaching behavior test and the four batch leaching tests, it was found that the most influential factors for the heavy metal leaching concentration are whether the heavy metal has been solidified/stabilized in the samples. GFFA and FBFA tend to have consistent characteristics after being activated by alkali to form AAMs bricks. This can be confirmed by the acid neutralization ability concentrated on a specific pH range. The results obtained from CEN/TS14429 verified that the AAMs bricks with the addition of GFFA and FBFA have excellent environmental compatibility and that it provides a comprehensive evaluation on the environmental compatibility of the test materials and products. This demonstrated that the MSWI-FA is suitable for used as alkali-activated materials and its products have the potential to be commercially used in the future.

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Wang, Ping, Thomas P. Gray, Zhe Li, Evan J. D. Anderson, Julien Allaz, Joseph R. Smyth, Alan E. Koenig, Lijian Qi, Yan Zhou, and Markus B. Raschke. "Mineralogical classification and crystal water characterisation of beryl from the W–Sn–Be occurrence of Xuebaoding, Sichuan province, western China." Mineralogical Magazine 85, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.13.

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AbstractBeryl from Xuebaoding, Sichuan Province, western China is known for its unusual tabular habit and W–Sn–Be paragenesis in a greisen-type deposit. The crystals are typically colourless transparent to pale blue, often with screw dislocations of hexagonal symmetry on the (0001) crystal faces. Combining electron microprobe analyses and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), correlated with Raman and micro-infrared (IR) spectroscopy and imaging, the crystal chemical characteristics are determined. The contents of Na+ (0.24–0.38 atoms per formula unit (apfu)) and Li+ up to 0.38 apfu are at the high end compared to beryl from other localities worldwide. Li+ substitution for Be2+ on the tetrahedral (T2) site is predominantly charge balanced by Na+ on the smaller channel (C2) site, with Na+ ranging from 91.5% to 99.7% (apfu) of the sum of all other alkali elements. Cs+ and minor Rb+ and K+ primarily charge balance the minor M2+ substitution for Al3+ at the A site; all iron at the A site is suggested to be trivalent. The a axis ranges from 9.2161(2) to 9.2171(4) Å, with unit-cell volume from 678.03(3) to 678.48(7) Å3. The c/a ratio of 1.0002–1.0005 is characteristic for T2-type beryl with unit-cell parameters controlled primarily by Be2+ substitution. Transmission micro-IR vibrational spectroscopy and imaging identifies coordination of one or two water molecules to Na+ (type IIs and type IId, respectively) as well as alkali free water (type I). Based on IR absorption cross section and XRD a C1 site water content of 0.4–0.5 apfu is derived, i.e. close to 50% site occupancy. Secondary crystal phases with a decrease in Fe and Mg, yet increase in Na, suggest early crystallisation of aquamarine, with goshenite being late. With similar crystal chemistry to beryl of columnar habit from other localities worldwide, the tabular habit of Xuebaoding beryl seems to be unrelated to chemical composition and alkali content.

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Bílek Jr., Vlastimil, Lukáš Kalina, Eva Bartoníčková, and Tomáš Opravil. "Influence of Industrial By-Products on Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Slag." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.137.

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One of the highest shortages of alkali-activated slag (AAS) is high shrinkage, both autogenous and drying. One of the possibilities of lowering the shrinkage is partial replacement of slag by suitable admixtures, which can act for example through the forming of expansive hydration products. In this study, 0–50 % of slag was replaced by by-pass cement kiln dust and fluidized bed combustion fly ash. Promising results were obtained especially in the case of fly ash. By using admixtures at higher dosages compressive strengths were reduced.

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Yu, Jingye, Jing Luo, Yiwei Zhang, Junjie Cao, Chun-Chih Chang, R. J. Gorte, and Wei Fan. "An examination of alkali-exchanged BEA zeolites as possible Lewis-acid catalysts." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 225 (May 2016): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.01.039.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alkali bee'

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