Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alkali bee

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Alkali bee'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alkali bee"

1

Hesseltine, C. W., M. K. Mahoney, and S. W. Peterson. "A New Species of Absidia from an Alkali Bee Brood Chamber." Mycologia 82, no. 4 (July 1990): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760028.

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Hesseltine, C. W., M. K. Mahoney, and S. W. Peterson. "A New Species of Absidia from an Alkali Bee Brood Chamber." Mycologia 82, no. 4 (July 1990): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1990.12025920.

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Vinchesi, Amber, Douglas Cobos, Laura Lavine, and Douglas Walsh. "Manipulation of soil temperatures to influence brood emergence in the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi)." Apidologie 44, no. 3 (November 22, 2012): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0180-7.

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Rust, Richard. "Emergence patterns in the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell 1906 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): laboratory versus field." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 83, no. 2 (May 2007): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/0031-0603-83.2.136.

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Rust, Richard. "Latitudinal Variation in the Size and Developmental Parameters of the Alkali Bee, Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79, no. 3 (July 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0510.24.1.

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Seo, Ho Seong, Je Hak Kim, and Moon H. Nahm. "Platelet-Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase Can Monodeacylate and Inactivate Lipoteichoic Acid." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 4 (April 2006): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.452-458.2006.

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ABSTRACT Bacterial lipoteichoic acid (LTA) shares a structural motif with platelet-activating factor (PAF). Both molecules are strong inflammatory agents and have a glycerol backbone with two lipid chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. PAF is normally inactivated by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which removes a short acyl group at the sn-2 position. To investigate whether PAF-AH can similarly degrade LTA, we studied the effects of porcine PLA2, bee venom PLA2, and recombinant human PAF-AH on pneumococcal LTA (PnLTA) and staphylococcal LTA (StLTA). After incubation with a porcine or bee venom PLA2, a large fraction of PnLTA lost 264 Da, which corresponds to the mass of the oleic acid group at the sn-2 position. After incubation with recombinant human PAF-AH, PnLTA lost 264 Da; the reduction did not occur when PAF-AH was exposed to Pefabloc SC, an irreversible inhibitor of the PAF-AH active site. Following PAF-AH treatment, PnLTA and StLTA were not able to stimulate mouse RAW 264.7 cells to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha but could stimulate CHO cells expressing human TLR2. This stimulation pattern has been observed with monoacyl PnLTA prepared by mild alkali hydrolysis (22). Taking these data together, we conclude that PAF-AH can remove one acyl chain at the sn-2 position of LTA and produce a monoacyl-LTA that is inactive against mouse cells.
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Kapheim, Karen M., and Makenna M. Johnson. "Support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis in a solitary bee: links between sucrose response and reproductive status." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20162406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2406.

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In social bees, foraging behaviour is correlated with reproductive status and sucrose sensitivity via endocrine pathways. This association led to the hypothesis that division of labour in social insect societies is derived from an ancestral ground plan that functions to synchronize dietary preferences with reproductive needs in solitary insects. However, the relationship between these traits is unknown for solitary bees, which represent the ancestral state of social bees. We used the proboscis extension response assay to measure sucrose response among reproductive females of the solitary alkali bee ( Nomia melanderi ) as a function of acute juvenile hormone (JH) treatments and reproductive physiology. We also tested long-term effects of JH on reproductive development in newly emerged females. JH did not have short-term effects on reproductive physiology or sucrose response, but did have significant long-term effects on ovary and Dufour's gland development. Dufour's gland size, not ovary development, was a significant predictor of sucrose response. This provides support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, because the Dufour's gland has conserved reproductive functions in bees. Differing results from this study and honeybees suggest independent origins of division of labour may have evolved via co-option of different components of a conserved ground plan.
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Chu, Lei Zhe, Xiao Xu Fan, Li Guo Yang, and Xiao Jun Wu. "Experimental Research on Mechanism of Alkali Metal Enrichment and Prevention for Biomass CFB Gasification." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2493.

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Because of quite a certain content of alkali metal in biomass, bed material agglomeration appears in the process of thermal reaction in fluidized bed, which can destroy fluidization. In the paper, fluidized bed gasification experiments on alkali metal enrichment were made, of which cotton straw pellets were used as fuel. The results are shown that experiments could keep running by bed material replaced at regular time without slag and the component of the bed material maintained stability. The replaced bed material could be used again after being washed. Through the XRF analysis, it could be found that the potassium compound with high dissolubility could be removed by washing.
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Zhou, Zhen Hua, Dong Jian Xue, and Sheng Jie Qian. "Corrosion Diagnosis and Mechanism of Boiler Water-Cooled Wall Tubes in Alkaline Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.488.

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Failure analysis was carried out to find out the causes of burst on water-cooled wall tubes elbow for circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler.Through macro-observations, chemical composition analysis, macro structure observations，grain size measurements and water quality examinations, it can conclude that the high pH value of boiler water at the fire-facing side of weld dense phase zone will lead to alkali concentration that will cause alkali corrosion. The existence of residual stress in elbow under strong alkaline environment will cause alkali stress corrosion. Research results show that the tube failure is caused by both alkali corrosion and alkali stress corrosion. Strengthen water quality monitoring and elimination of stress can effectively prevent the alkali corrosion and alkali stress corrosion.
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Arias del Campo, E., A. Keer-Rendon, L. Manzanares-Papayanopoulos, and R. Bautista-Margulis. "Release of alkali salts and coal volatiles affecting internal components in fluidized bed combustion systems." Revista de Metalurgia 39, Extra (December 17, 2003): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2003.v39.iextra.1090.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alkali bee"

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Yliniemi, J. (Juho). "Alkali activation-granulation of fluidized bed combustion fly ashes." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215624.

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Abstract Biomass, such as wood, binds CO2 as it grows, and is thus considered an environmentally friendly alternative fuel to replace coal. In Finland, biomass is typically co-combusted with peat, and also municipal waste is becoming more common as a fuel for power plants. Wood, peat and waste-based fuels are typically burned in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boilers. Ash is the inorganic, incombustible residue resulting from combustion. The annual production of biomass and peat ash in Finland is 600 000 tonnes, and this amount is likely to increase in the future, since the use of coal for energy production will be discontinued during the 2020s. Unfortunately, FBC ash is still largely unutilized at the moment and is mainly dumped in landfills. The general aim of this thesis was to generate information which could potentially improve the utilization of FBC ash by alkali activation. The specific objective was to produce geopolymer aggregates by means of a simultaneous alkali activation-granulation process. It was shown that geopolymer aggregates with physical properties comparable to commercial lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECAs) can be produced from FBC fly ash containing heavy metals. Although the ashes were largely unreactive and no new crystalline phases were formed by alkali activation, a new amorphous phase was observed in the XRD patterns, possibly representing micron-sized calcium aluminate silicate hydrate-type gels. The heavy metal immobilization efficiency of alkali activation varied with the type of fly ash. Good stabilization was generally obtained for cationic metals such as Ba, Pb and Zn, but in common with the results obtained with alkali activation of coal fly ash, anionic metals became leachable after alkali activation. The efficiency of immobilization depended on the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash and was not related to the total content of the element. All the geopolymer aggregates met the criteria for a lightweight aggregate (LWA) as defined by EN standard 13055-1. Their strength depended on the reactivity and particle size distribution of the fly ash. Mortars and concretes prepared with such geopolymer aggregates had higher mechanical strength, higher dynamic modulus of elasticity and higher density than concrete produced with commercial LECA, while exhibiting similar rheology and workability
Tiivistelmä Biopolttoaineet, esimerkiksi puu, ovat ympäristöystävällinen vaihtoehto kivihiilelle, koska ne sitovat hiilidioksidia kasvaessaan. Suomessa biopolttoaineita poltetaan tyypillisesti turpeen kanssa, ja nykyään myös jätteen hyödyntäminen polttoaineena on yleistynyt. Puu, turve ja jätepolttoaineet poltetaan tyypillisesti leijupetipoltto-tekniikalla. Tuhka on polton epäorgaaninen, palamaton jäännös. Puun ja turpeen tuhkaa tuotetaan Suomessa 600 000 tonnia vuodessa ja määrän odotetaan kasvavan, sillä kivihiilen poltto lopetetaan 2020-luvulla. Leijupetipolton tuhkaa ei tällä hetkellä juurikaan hyödynnetä ja tuhka päätyykin pääasiassa kaatopaikoille. Tämän tutkielman päämääränä oli tuottaa tietoa, joka parantaisi leijupetipolton tuhkien hyödyntämistä alkali-aktivaatiolla. Erityisesti tavoitteena oli valmistaa geopolymeeriaggregaatteja yhtäaikaisella alkali-aktivaatiolla ja rakeistuksella. Tutkielmassa osoitettiin, että raskasmetalleja sisältävistä tuhkista valmistettujen geopolymeeriaggregaattien fysikaaliset ominaisuudet ovat vertailukelpoiset kaupallisten kevytsora-aggregaattien (LECA) kanssa. Vaikka tuhkien reaktiivisuus oli matala, ja uusia kidefaaseja ei muodostunut alkaliaktivaatiolla, uusi amorfinen faasi havaittiin XRD-mittauksissa. Uusi amorfinen faasi oli mahdollisesti mikrometrikokoluokan kalsium-aluminaatti-silikaatti-hydraatti-tyyppinen rakenne. Raskasmetallien stabiloinnin tehokkuus vaihteli tuhkien välillä. Kationiset metallit, kuten barium, lyijy ja sinkki, stabiloituivat pääasiassa hyvin, mutta anionisten metallin liukoisuus kasvoi alkali-aktivoinnin myötä. Stabiloinnin tehokkuus riippui tuhkien fysikaalisista ja kemiallisista ominaisuuksista, mutta raskasmetallin kokonaispitoisuudella ei ollu vaikutusta. Kaikki geopolymeeriaggregaatit olivat kevytsora-aggregaatteja standardin EN 13055-1 mukaisesti. Aggregaattien lujuus riippui tuhkan reaktiivisuudesta ja partikkelikokojakaumasta. Geopolymeeriaggregaateilla valmistettujen laastien ja betonien mekaaninen lujuus, Youngin moduuli ja tiheys olivat korkeampia kuin kaupallisella kevytsora-aggregaateilla valmistetut, vaikka niiden reologia ja työstettävyys olivat samanlaisia
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Hupprich, Thorsten. "Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Alkali- und Erdalkalisilicatgläsern bei hohen Temperaturen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2001/0028/diss.pdf.

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Urban, Václav. "Spalování čistírenských kalů s přídavkem alkálií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229524.

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Subject of the present Ing. thesis is problem of incineration of sewage sludge and influence of lime on production of editions. In work are described kinds of sewage sludge combustion and possibilities of edition cleaning. Work includes design and description of experimental combustion of sewage sludge mixtured with kalcite in fluidized bed reactor. The end of work delal with, evaluation of editions from combustion experiment. Evaluated components of bunt gases are: heavy metals, TZL, SO2, CO, CO2, HCl, HF, O2, NO, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F.
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Haselsteiner, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Abkühlverhalten von Alkalien bei der Kohlevergasung / Thomas Haselsteiner." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029399808/34.

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Vinchesi, Amber Christine. "Assessing transportation impacts to alkali bees (hymenoptera| halictidae) and alfalfa seed production in the Walla Walla Valley." Thesis, Washington State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3628892.

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Alkali bees, Nomia melanderi, are native, solitary, soil–nesting bees commercially managed in southeastern Washington State. They nest in dense aggregations and are important pollinators of alfalfa produced for seed. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) proposed safety improvements to US Highway 12 through the Touchet– Lowden–Gardena alfalfa seed growing district, an area critical to alfalfa seed production. This includes northern realignment to accommodate a wider roadway and avoid impacting any towns. Relocation of the highway will bisect several N. melanderi nesting aggregations and alfalfa fields. The study has three objectives: 1) survey the population abundance of N. melanderi across the region by comparing two sampling techniques; 2) determine bee flight heights across roads; and 3) determine N. melanderi foraging range using transgenic pollen.

Regression was significant between the two population sampling methods. Mean emergence hole counts, mean prepupal counts, and the surface area of the nesting aggregations, were used to estimate the abundance of N. melanderi in each bee bed. We constructed a “vehicular bee sweeper” designed to capture insects at specific heights over the roadway. The majority of N. melanderi flew below 2.1 m when no other factors were considered, but environmental conditions like temperature and wind speed affected number and flight height of N. melanderi. To determine N. melanderi foraging distance, adults were collected from their nest sites, and pollen on their hind tibia was tested for the presence or absence of Roundup–®Ready alfalfa (RRA). The minimum foraging distance was 0.04 km and the maximum was 4.62 km. These distances suggest that N. melanderi will cross the highway for floral resources, increasing potential mortality.

Studying N. melanderi population abundance and flight characteristics allows us to understand the potential impacts of the proposed highway on bee populations and on alfalfa seed producers. The non–destructive quadrat method of sampling N. melanderi populations is robust compared to the destructive, labor-intensive, soil core method. Due to the low-flying nature and foraging distance of N. melanderi, vehicle strikes can be expected to cause mortality in bisected populations. Ultimately, recommendations will be made to highway designers to minimize and mitigate these effects.  

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Rück, Roman [Verfasser]. "Kondensation und Einbindung von Alkalien bei hohen Temperaturen / Roman Rück." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196414092/34.

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Pettersson, Anita. "Characterisation of Fuels and Fly Ashes from Co-Combustion of Biofuels and Waste Fuels in a Fluidised Bed Boiler. A Phosphorus and Alkali Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Göteborg : Chalmers University of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2320/3957.

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Moradian, Farzad. "Effects of Reduced-Bed Temperature on Volatilization of Inorganic Components during Combustion of Municipal Solid Wastes in Fluidized Bed Boilers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19803.

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Wassermann, Tobias N. "Umgebungseinflüsse auf die C-C- und C-O-Torsionsdynamik in Molekülen und Molekülaggregaten Schwingungsspektroskopie bei tiefen Temperaturen." Berlin Logos, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000809706/04.

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Oberlink, Anne Elizabeth. "NON-PORTLAND CEMENT ACTIVATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/25.

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The purpose of this project was to produce a “greener” cement from granulated ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) using non-Portland cement activation. By eventually developing “greener” cement, the ultimate goal of this research project would be to reduce the amount of Portland cement used in concrete, therefore reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere during cement production. This research studies the behavior of mineral binders that do not contain Portland cement but instead comprise GGBS activated by calcium compounds or fluidized bed combustion (FBC) bottom ash. The information described in this paper was collected from experiments including calorimetry, which is a measure of the release of heat from a particular reaction, the determination of activation energy of cement hydration, mechanical strength determination, and pH measurement and identification of crystalline phases using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that it is possible to produce alkali-activated binders with incorporated slag, and bottom ash, which have mechanical properties similar to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). It was determined that the binder systems can incorporate up to 40% bottom ash without any major influence on binder quality. These are positive results in the search for “greener cement”.
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Books on the topic "Alkali bee"

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Oleschko, Holger. Freisetzung von Alkalien und Halogeniden bei der Kohleverbrennung. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Zentralbibliothek, 2007.

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Zhongguo Xinjiang bei bu fu jian huo cheng yan ji qi cheng kuang zuo yong. Beijing: Di zhi chu ban she, 2006.

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Crop pollination by bees, Volume 1: Evolution, ecology, conservation, and management. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393494.0000.

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Abstract This volume is intended as a practical guide to bees and how they pollinate essential crops, providing simple, succinct advice on how to increase bee abundance and pollination. It focuses on bees, their biology, coevolution with plants, foraging ecology and management, and gives practical ways to increase bee abundance and pollinating performance on the farm. This volume covers five groups of pollinating bees that are prominent in the crop pollination literature: honeybees (Chapter 7); bumble bees (Chapter 8); managed solitary bees including the alfalfa leafcutting, alkali and orchard mason bees (Chapter 9); wild bees (Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 10); and the tropical stingless bees. This volume will be essential reading for farmers, horticulturists and gardeners, researchers and professionals working in insect ecology and conservation, and students of entomology and crop protection.
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Services, Dearborn Environmental Consulting, and Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate. Industrial Programs Branch., eds. Prediction of wastewater characteristics from alkaline combustion wastes. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1988.

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Smith, Alan L., M. John Roobol, Glen S. Mattioli, George E. Daly, and Joan E. Fryxell. Providencia Island: A Miocene Stratovolcano on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, Western Caribbean—A Geological Enigma Resolved. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/mwr219.

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Providencia is the only example of subaerial volcanism on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise. In this volume, the authors examine this volcanism and the geological history of the western Caribbean and the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, whose origin and role in the development of the Caribbean plate has been described as enigmatic and poorly understood. While the Providencia alkaline suite is similar to others within the Western Caribbean Alkaline Province, its subalkaline suite is unique, having no equivalent within the province. In order to unravel its complex history and evolution, this volume presents new and previously published results for the geology, geochemistry, petrology, and isotopic ages from the Providencia island group.
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Pontin, Ben. Nuisance Law, Regulation, and the Invention of Prototypical Pollution Abatement Technology. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.73.

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The emerging idea that the private enforcement of nuisance injunctions can facilitate investment in pollution abatement technology raises important questions of the wider regulatory context of this area of tort. This chapter examines the role of the Alkali Inspectorate historically in facilitating progressive improvements in industrial production process standards to an extent comparable with nuisance law. It is argued that regulation in this field has demonstrably shaped the development of pollution abatement technology, but exceptionally so. The notion of ‘voluntarism’, which tort scholars have used to explain the scope and limits of nuisance law’s inventiveness, can be helpfully generalized. Voluntarism accounts for the success with which government inspectors set out to clean up industry through pushing the frontiers of clean technology, and the difficulties of sustaining this success with the passage of time. This is illustrated by a case study concerning cement industry pollution.
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Albright, Robert C. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0474.

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The most important principle in understanding disorders of water balance is that sodium balance is determined by the adequacy of the effective circulating volume, while water balance is determined by osmoregulation and the interplay between vasopressin activity, renal concentrating and diluting ability, and thirst. Disorders of sodium balance can be determined only by clinical examination. Orthostatic hypotension implies volume depletion and sodium deficiency. Edema implies volume excess and sodium excess. Potassium is predominantly an intracellular cation. The intracellular balance of potassium is regulated by endogenous factors such as acidemia, sodium, adenosine triphosphatase, insulin, catecholamines, and aldosterone. Clinically, it is absolutely critical to follow a stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Metabolic acidosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which the retention of acid consumes endogenous alkali stores. This is reflected by a decrease in bicarbonate. Metabolic alkalosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which plasma bicarbonate is increased. The signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis include weakness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, alveolar hypoventilation, and arrhythmias.
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Brimioulle, Serge. Pathophysiology, causes, and management of metabolic alkalosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0257.

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Metabolic alkalosis occurs in up 51% of abnormal acid-base samples in the hospital. It is characterized by a primary increase in bicarbonate concentration and is always associated with chloride depletion. In critically-ill patients, it is most often generated by diuretic administration, digestive losses, alkali administration, or rapid correction of hypercapnia. Even after all causal factor are removed, it can be maintained by blood volume depletion and potassium depletion. Metabolic alkalosis results in hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, altered consciousness, and neuromuscular hyperexcitability. It is first treated by removing the causal factors, whenever possible. Maintaining factors must be reversed by sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride administration. Acetazolamide and renal replacement therapy, when given for specific indications, can also correct the alkalosis. Lysine and arginine chloride are no longer used. If metabolic alkalosis is severe or when other treatments are contraindicated or ineffective, hydrochloric acid infusion is useful. Dilute hydrochloric acid can be infused safely, provided adequate precautions are taken to prevent extravascular leakage, vessel damage, and tissue necrosis.
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Bardin, Thomas, and Tilman Drüeke. Renal osteodystrophy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0149.

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Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a term that encompasses the various consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the bone. It has been divided into several entities based on bone histomorphometry observations. ROD is accompanied by several abnormalities of mineral metabolism: abnormal levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, alkaline phosphatases, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and klotho, which all have been identified as cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. ROD can presently be schematically divided into three main types by histology: (1) osteitis fibrosa as the bony expression of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHP), which is a high bone turnover disease developing early in CKD; (2) adynamic bone disease (ABD), the most frequent type of ROD in dialysis patients, which is at present most often observed in the absence of aluminium intoxication and develops mainly as a result of excessive PTH suppression; and (3) mixed ROD, a combination of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia whose prevalence has decreased in the last decade. Laboratory features include increased serum levels of PTH and bone turnover markers such as total and bone alkaline phosphatases, osteocalcin, and several products of type I collagen metabolism products. Serum phosphorus is increased only in CKD stages 4-5. Serum calcium levels are variable. They may be low initially, but hypercalcaemia develops in case of severe sHP. Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (25OHD) levels are generally below 30 ng/mL, indicating vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The international KDIGO guideline recommends serum PTH levels to be maintained in the range of approximately 2-9 times the upper normal normal limit of the assay and to intervene only in case of significant changes in PTH levels. It is generally recommended that calcium intake should be up to 2 g per day including intake with food and administration of calcium supplements or calcium-containing phosphate binders. Reduction of serum phosphorus towards the normal range in patients with endstage kidney failure is a major objective. Once sHP has developed, active vitamin D derivatives such as alfacalcidol or calcitriol are indicated in order to halt its progression.
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Biggar, Patrick, Hansjörg Rothe, and Markus Ketteler. Epidemiology of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone disturbances in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0109_update_001.

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Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone are biomarkers of mortality and cardiovascular risk. Hyperphosphataemia is a prominent and pathophysiologically most plausible risk indicator. Calcium balance and load appear to be more important than serum concentrations. Parathyroid hormone is a less reliable marker with a relatively wide range extending above that applicable for a normal population especially when used as a singular laboratory parameter without additional assessment of bone metabolism, for example, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and bone biopsy. There is not a single prospective controlled hard-outcome study that provides us with unequivocal evidence that such an isolated laboratory parameter-based treatment approach will lead to significant clinical improvements. As CKD-MBD is complex, clinical decisions would be made easier by informative prospective trials.
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Book chapters on the topic "Alkali bee"

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Delaplane, Keith S. "Managed solitary bees." In Crop pollination by bees, Volume 1: Evolution, ecology, conservation, and management, 108–27. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393494.0009.

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Abstract Manageability is not the monopoly of the social honeybees and bumble bees, however conspicuously high these bees rate in charisma and public appreciation. The solitary bees field at least as many manageable species, some systems for which are highly intensified and fully integrated into commercial scale crop production. This chapter covers three of the most economically important of these taxa - the alfalfa leafcutting bees, alkali bees and orchard mason bees. Information is provided on the biology, role as pollinators, rearing and managing of these bees.
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Hariri, Karim, Oliver Mielich, and Christian Öttl. "Mögliche Alkali-Kieselsäure-Problematik bei Rollflächen eines Flughafens." In Baustoff und Konstruktion, 183–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29573-7_20.

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Padban, N., Z. Ye, and I. Bjerle. "Alkali Removal and Bed Material Agglomeration Studies Applied to Biomass Gasification." In Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1031–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_84.

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Winter, Franz. "Formation and Reduction of Pollutants in CFBC: From Heavy Metals, Particulates, Alkali, NOx, N2O, SOx, HCl." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 43–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_4.

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Varley, D. L., A. G. Hitchcock, A. M. E. Weiss, W. A. Horler, R. Cowell, L. Peddie, G. S. Sharpe, D. R. Thatcher, and J. A. J. Hanak. "Production of plasmid DNA for human gene therapy using modified alkaline cell lysis and expanded bed anion exchange chromatography." In Expanded Bed Chromatography, 209–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1519-5_23.

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Pettersson, A., A.-L. Elledt, A. Moöler, B.-M. Steenari, and L.-E. Åmand. "The Impact of Zeolites During Co-Combustion of Municipal Sewage Sludge with Alkali and Chlorine Rich Fuels." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 902–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_140.

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Król, M., P. Rożek, and W. Mozgawa. "Preparation and Structure of Geopolymer-Based Alkali-Activated Circulating Fuildized Bed Ash Composite for Removing Ni2+ from Wastewater." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 147–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119494096.ch15.

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Kahn, Richard J. "“Alkaline Doctor” and “A Dangerous Innovator”." In Diseases in the District of Maine 1772 - 1820, 87–117. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190053253.003.0004.

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In 1795 Barker read Lavoisier’s chemistry, experimented on tainted meat made edible by soaking in alkalis, and began using alkaline therapy such a limewater. He wrote about this to Samuel Mitchill and Benjamin Rush, telling them that he had been called a “dangerous innovator.” A brief history of the acid/alkali debates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries includes information about Otto Tachenius, John Colbatch, Hermann Boerhaave, George Ernst Stahl, William Cullen, Joseph Black, and Antoine Lavoisier. Barker wrote about his experiments, azotic air (nitrogen), and his difficulty understanding the mechanism of this apparently successful therapy. His results were published in the Medical Repository, beginning a correspondence with Samuel Latham Mitchill, professor of chemistry at Columbia University. Contributors to the discussion of alkalis included David Hosack, Thomas Beddoes and James Watt, Humphry Davy, and Matthew Carey. Comments by Charles Rosenberg, John Harley Warner, Lester King, and others help us make sense of medical science and the acid/alkali battle.
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Smith, Alan L., M. John Roobol, Glen S. Mattioli, George E. Daly, and Joan E. Fryxell. "Providencia Island: A Miocene Stratovolcano on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, Western Caribbean—A Geological Enigma Resolved." In Providencia Island: A Miocene Stratovolcano on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, Western Caribbean—A Geological Enigma Resolved, 1–101. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1219(01).

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ABSTRACT The Providencia island group comprises an extinct Miocene stratovolcano located on a shallow submarine bank astride the Lower Nicaraguan Rise in the western Caribbean. We report here on the geology, geochemistry, petrology, and isotopic ages of the rocks within the Providencia island group, using newly collected as well as previously published results to unravel the complex history of Providencia. The volcano is made up of eight stratigraphic units, including three major units: (1) the Mafic unit, (2) the Breccia unit, (3) the Felsic unit, and five minor units: (4) the Trachyandesite unit, (5) the Conglomerate unit, (6) the Pumice unit, (7) the Intrusive unit, and (8) the Limestone unit. The Mafic unit is the oldest and forms the foundation of the island, consisting of both subaerial and subaqueous lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of alkali basalt and trachybasalt. Overlying the Mafic unit, there is a thin, minor unit of trachyandesite lava flows (Trachyandesite unit). The Breccia unit unconformably overlies the older rocks and consists of crudely stratified breccias (block flows/block-and-ash flows) of vitrophyric dacite, which represent subaerial near-vent facies formed by gravitational and/or explosive dome collapse. The breccias commonly contain clasts of alkali basalt, indicating the nature of the underlying substrate. The Felsic unit comprises the central part of the island, composed of rhyolite lava flows and domes, separated from the rocks of the Breccia unit by a flat-lying unconformity. Following a quiescent period, limited felsic pyroclastic activity produced minor valley-fill ignimbrites (Pumice unit). The rocks of Providencia can be geochemically and stratigraphically subdivided into an older alkaline suite of alkali basalts, trachybasalts, and trachyandesites, and a younger subalkaline suite composed dominantly of dacites and rhyolites. Isotopically, the alkali basalts together with the proposed tholeiitic parent magmas for the dacites and rhyolites indicate an origin by varying degrees of partial melting of a metasomatized ocean-island basalt–type mantle that had been modified by interaction with the Galapagos plume. The dacites are the only phenocryst-rich rocks on the island and have a very small compositional range. We infer that they formed by the mixing of basalt and rhyolite magmas in a lower oceanic crustal “hot zone.” The rhyolites of the Felsic unit, as well as the rhyolitic magmas contributing to dacite formation, are interpreted as being the products of partial melting of the thickened lower oceanic crust beneath Providencia. U-Pb dating of zircons in the Providencia volcanic rocks has yielded Oligocene and Miocene ages, corresponding to the ages of the volcanism. In addition, some zircon crystals in the same rocks have yielded both Proterozoic and Paleozoic ages ranging between 1661 and 454 Ma. The lack of any evidence of continental crust beneath Providencia suggests that these old zircons are xenocrysts from the upper mantle beneath the Lower Nicaraguan Rise. A comparison of the volcanic rocks from Providencia with similar rocks that comprise the Western Caribbean alkaline province indicates that while the Providencia alkaline suite is similar to other alkaline suites previously defined within this province, the Providencia subalkaline suite is unique, having no equivalent rocks within the Western Caribbean alkaline province.
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Yasuda, H. "Preparation of Alkali Metal Alkyl- and Arylberyllate Compounds." In Compounds of Groups 13 and 2 (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Be...Ba), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-007-00452.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alkali bee"

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Tran, Khanh-Quang, M. Kristiina Iisa, Britt-Marie Steenari, Oliver Lindqvist, Magnus Hagstro¨m, and Jan B. C. Pettersson. "Capture of Alkali Metals by Kaolin." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-083.

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Alkali metals present in biomass fuels may cause increased bed agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion. In worst case this may lead to complete defluidization of the bed. Other problems caused by alkali metals include increased fouling and slagging. One possibility to reduce the impact of alkali metals is to add sorbents, e.g. aluminosilicates, to the bed for the capture of alkali metals. In the current investigation, the capture of vapor phase potassium compounds by kaolin was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The reactor consisted of an alkali metal source placed at a variable temperature from which gaseous potassium compounds were generated, a fixed bed holding the kaolin, and an on-line detector for the alkali metal concentration. The on-line alkali metal detector was based on ionization of alkali metals on hot surfaces and is capable of detecting alkali metals down to ppb levels. This makes it possible to perform experiments at alkali metal concentrations relevant to fluidized bed combustion of biomass fuels. In the experiments, KCl was used as the alkali metal source with inlet concentrations of 0.5–3.5 ppm. The experiments were performed at reactor temperatures of 800–900°C and a contact time of 0.26 s. The capture efficiencies of KCl were always above 97%. The capture efficiency was somewhat higher in oxidizing than in reducing gas atmospheres. In the oxidizing gas atmosphere, the conversion was slightly higher with H2O addition than without. The capture efficiency decreased slightly as temperature or KCl concentration was increased.
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Silvennoinen, Jaani, Juha Roppo, Riku-Ville Nurminen, Martti Aho, Pasi Vainikka, and Eduardo Ferrer. "Co-Combustion of Coal With RDF and Biomass: Prevention of Chlorine Deposition by Using Coal Ash Alkali Absorption Ability." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78120.

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The co-combustion of fossil fuels with CO2-neutral fuels is an attractive way both to decrease CO2 emissions in energy production and to use fuel synergies which decrease each other’s undesirable properties. This paper presents a new approach to understand and predict the chlorine deposition tendency in the co-combustion of coal with biomass and RDF. This novel approach combines the results from deposit analysis with flue gas emission measurement and advanced fuel characterization methods. The experiments were carried out in a 0.1 MW circulating fluidized bed reactor. Two different types of bituminous coal (South African and Polish) were co-fired with RDF, demolition wood and bark. The traditional way to predict risk for chlorine deposition, the fuel S/Cl molar ratio, and the safe limit molar ratio > 4 for biofuels were shown to be inadequate. The mineral kaolinite in coal ash was found to be able to capture alkalis and, in most cases, more effectively than sulphur compounds. The alkali capture capability of coal sulphur is quickly consumed due to reactions with calcium compounds. Furthermore, the ability of SO2 to sulfate alkali chlorides were found to be weaker than presented in the literature. Thus in many cases it is only kaolinite that keeps Cl away from the deposit. New index to predict chlorine deposition tendency were introduced: the reactive (Al+Si)/fuel Cl molar ratio. The results showed a good correlation between the chlorine concentration in the deposit and the new index. The reactive (Al+Si)/fuel Cl molar ratio higher than 8–10 was found to prevent chlorine to deposit. The new approach for better understanding and preventing of chlorine deposition promotes the co-combustion of coal with biomass and RDF by introducing new synergy benefits.
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Backman, Rainer, Mikko Hupa, Matti Hiltunen, and Kari Peltola. "Interaction of the Behavior of Lead and Zinc With Alkalis in Fluidized Bed Combustion or Gasification of Waste Derived Fuels." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78074.

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Combustion of waste derived fuels in fluidized bed boilers may result in fly ashes containing increased amounts of lead and zinc, besides the common alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds. Although the absolute concentrations of lead and zinc may be relatively low, around 1%, in the bulk ash, they may induce unwanted effects in combustors, partly due to their significant enrichment in the fly ash. First, lead and zinc in fly ashes may lead to unwanted heavy metal emissions. Further, they can also alter the behavior of the fly ash and cause it to become sticky and possibly corrosive. This paper discusses the mechanism of volatilization of lead and zinc and stickiness properties of their fly ash compounds under different conditions, based on data from a FBC gasifier using waste fuels with significant amounts of lead and zinc. Advanced thermochemical calculations using the data bases developed at A˚bo Akademi show that both lead and zinc can form volatile compounds and thus be strongly enriched in the fly ash. They can be volatilized as elemental gases, Pb(g) and Zn(g), or they can form gaseous chlorides, PbCl2(g) and ZnCl2(g). But they can also form non-volatile oxides. Thus their behavior is very dependent on the combustion conditions, particularly on the availability of chlorine. This way there is also a direct coupling of the volatilization behavior of lead and zinc with the chemistry of the alkali metals and calcium, all of which govern the availability of chlorine. Simplified thermochemical diagrams are shown to explain the complex interaction of the lead and zinc chemistry with the rest of the flue gas and fly ash chemistry. The thermochemical data can be used to explain the practical results from full scale boilers.
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Silvennoinen, Jaani. "A New Method to Inhibit Bed Agglomeration Problems in Fluidized Bed Boilers." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-081.

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Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) technology was commercialized in the 70s. Both bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology are capable of handling a wide variety of solid fuels. Natural sand is typically used as the fluidizing material. However, the properties and behavior of some solid fuel ash may limit the use of these fuels due to bed agglomeration problems. Natural sand contains several minerals, typically mainly consisting of 20–50 wt.-% of plagioclase (NaAlSi3O8 + CaAlSi3O8), 10–30 wt.-% of potash feldspar (KAlSi3O8), and 25–100 wt.-% of quartz (SiO2). Biomass based fuels contain high amounts of alkali. Ash high in alkali may react with the free quartz of the natural sand, producing an alkali silicate mixture with low melting point. This mixture may act as an adhesive between fluidized bed particles and may, in the worst-case, result in serious fluidization problems. This problem can be avoided by using AGGLOSTOP™ quartz-free bed material. Four different bed materials were tested in a 15 kW laboratory-scale FBC test rig with plywood residue, which is known to cause severe fluidization problems in FB boilers. Two of the tested bed materials were quartz-free. When quartz-free bed materials were used, no signs of bed agglomeration were observed. The other two bed materials containing free quartz caused total defluidization at a temperature of around 750°C after about half an hour of operation. The concept of using AGGLOSTOP™ quartz-free bed material with high alkali fuels has been successfully applied in two industrial scale BFB boilers (15 and 74 MWth). The use of AGGLOSTOP™ fluidized bed material enables energy production in FB boilers based on high alkali fuels, which were earlier impossible to utilize due severe bed agglomeration problems. This paper focuses on the bed agglomeration phenomenon by discussing the results from laboratory and industrial-scale boilers and presents a new solution to extend the use of high alkali fuels in FB boilers.
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Almark, Matts, and Matti Hiltunen. "Alternative Bed Materials for High Alkali Fuels." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78094.

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Fluidized bed combustion of high alkali fuels may cause agglomeration and defluidization of the bed as sodium and potassium react with quartz particles in the bed, forming alkali-silicate layers causing the particles to stick together. In certain cases the use of quartz free bed materials has been shown successful, like “Ofita” in the combustion of the residues from olive oil production in Spain. There are alternatives available to be used as quartz-free bed materials but some of them may be more expensive compared to natural sand. They are not always found in suitable form or particle sizes. Furthermore, the knowledge of the alternatives, and when it would beneficial to use them, is limited. The economics are not always favorable to using the alternative, effective but expensive bed materials since the build-up of harmful elements in bed usually can be avoided with sufficient make-up sand addition. A minimum level of make-up material addition is in any case necessary when combusting fuels with ashes that do not maintain the bed inventory. A study of minerals and materials available in Finland and elsewhere as possible bed make-up materials was carried out. The differences between these materials compared to quartz as a reference are investigated. The economics of the use of the alternative bed materials are discussed.
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Takuwa, Tsuyoshi, and Ichiro Naruse. "Effect of Coal Type on Emission Characteristics of Alkali Metal Compounds in Particulate Matters." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-022.

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Some metal compounds in coal vaporize and form fumes during combustion. The fumes are generally exhausted through the flue gas. For coal-fired combined power generation systems such as pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC), hot vapors may contact with the surfaces of gas-turbine blades. As this contact of the hot vapors with the surface has corrosive effect, it is necessary to control the formation of those fumes, which mainly contain alkali metal compounds. In this paper, the evolution behavior of alkali metal compounds, especially for sodium compounds, has been studied, using an electrically heated drop tube furnace with a low-pressure impactor. The main objective in this study is to elucidate the conditions and the possible mechanisms to form alkali metal compounds in particulate matter during combustion. Two types of coal with different sodium content were tested, where the coal conversion characteristics were established. Furthermore, the evolution and inclusion of sodium compounds into the sub-micron particles were studied in relation to the particle size distribution formed and sodium fraction distribution in the collected fine particulates. The study proved that the evolution and inclusion of sodium in the sub-micron particles depended on function of type of coal via its composition and the form by which sodium compounds existed in coal. The reaction-controlled mechanism and heterogeneous condensation via chemical reactions during combustion affected the inclusion of sodium in the sub-micron particles. In the coarse particles of above about 0.5 μm, reaction that formed those particles was mainly via gas film diffusion surrounding the particle.
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Ward, John, Muhammad Akram, and Roy Garwood. "Fluidised Bed Combustion of Blends of Coal and Pressed Sugar Beet Pulp." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44093.

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It can be difficult to burn relatively cheap, poor quality, unprepared biomass materials in industrial heating processes because of their variable composition, relatively low calorific values and high moisture contents. Consequently the stability and efficiency of the combustion process can be adversely affected unless they are co-fired with a hydrocarbon support fuel. There is a lack of information on the “optimum” conditions for co-firing of coal and high moisture biomass as well as on the proportions of support fuel which should be used. This paper is therefore concerned with the pilot scale (<25 kW thermal input) fluidised bed combustion of blends of coal with pressed sugar beet pulp, a solid biomass with an average moisture content of 71%. The experimental work was undertaken in collaboration with British Sugar plc who operate a coal-fired 40 MW thermal capacity fluidised bed producing hot combustion gases for subsequent drying applications. The project studied the combustion characteristics of different coal and pressed pulp blends over a wide range of operating conditions. It was found that stable combustion could only be maintained if the proportion of pulp by mass in the blended fuel was no greater than 50%. However evaporation of the moisture in the pressed pulp cools the bed so that the excess air which is necessary to maintain a specified bed temperature at a fixed thermal input can be reduced as the proportion of biomass in the blended fuel is increased. Therefore, with a 50/50 blend the bed can be operated with 20% less fluidising air and this will be beneficial for the output of the full scale plant since at present the flow rate of the air and hence the amount of coal which can be burnt is restricted by supply system pressure drop limitations. A further benefit of co-firing pressed pulp is that NOx emissions are reduced by about 25%. Agglomeration of the bed can be a problem when co-firing biomass because of the formation of “sticky” low melting point alkali metal silicate eutectics which result in subsequent adhesion of the ash and sand particles. Consequently longer term co-firing tests with a 50/50 blended fuel by mass were undertaken. Problems of bed agglomeration were not observed under these conditions with relatively low levels of alkali metals in the ash.
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Dolan, Ryan, Sudong Yin, and Zhongchao Tan. "Hydrothermal Gasification of Waste Biomass Under Alkaline Conditions." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10610.

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Hydrothermal gasification is a promising technology for the treatment of wet organic biomass, and as such, has been subject to significant research effort. It is well known that two groups of catalysts exhibit high activity for hydrothermal gasification—broadly classified as platinum group metals and alkali salts. In the present work, this effect is further investigated through a study of the synergistic effects of sodium carbonate and Pt/Al2O3 on gas yield from cellulose at 315°C. Results indicate that dilute alkali appears far more efficient in promoting gasification reactions in the presence of Pt/Al2O3. Potential mechanisms and a comparison with the alkaline degradation pathways of glucose are discussed.
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Enestam, Sonja. "Prediction of Ash Behavior and Deposit Formation in Fluidized Bed Combustion of Biofuel Mixtures." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78137.

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When moving towards CO2 neutral biofuels, fluidized bed combustion represents a good and flexible combustion technique. Biofuels typically have a high volatile content and varying moisture content. Fluidized bed combustion can provide even combustion conditions regardless of big variations in the fuel quality and fuel properties. However, compared to conventional fuels, biofuels often contain high amounts of chlorine and alkali metals, which set certain challenges for the boiler design. The problems that might occur due to high alkali and chlorine levels in the fuels are mainly slagging, fouling, corrosion and bed sintering. Since the variations in fuel properties between different fuels are big, it is of outmost importance from the boiler manufacturer’s point of view, to be able to predict the behavior of a specific fuel or fuel mixture in a very early stage of boiler design. For this purpose different kinds of calculation and prediction tools are needed. For prediction of slagging and fouling an ash behavior prediction tool has been developed. The prediction routine is based on advanced multi-phase multi-component equilibrium calculations, using the fuel composition and combustion conditions as input. Based on the calculations, the rate of deposit formation, the composition of the deposits and the corrosivity of the deposits at different locations in the boiler can be estimated. The prediction tool can be used in boiler design for defining the optimum arrangement of the superheaters, maximum flue gas temperature in the superheater area and maximum steam temperature. It can also be used for specification of maximum limits of troublesome high alkali, high chlorine fuels in fuel mixtures. In this study the prediction routine has been performed for three biofuels / biofuel mixtures. The calculated results have been evaluated with full scale and pilot scale probe measurements as well as with full scale long term operational experience.
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Lee, Sheldon H. D., Richard F. Henry, and Kevin M. Myles. "Removal of Alkali Vapors by a Fixed Granular-Bed Sorber Using Activated Bauxite as a Sorbent." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-167.

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Studies have been conducted to develop a fixed granular-bed sorber for the removal of alkali vapors in a pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) combined-cycle system. A laboratory-scale pressurized alkali-vapor sorption test unit was used to characterize activated bauxite, the most effective sorbent identified earlier, for its alkali vapor sorption capability in a gas stream with temperature (≤900°C), pressure (10 atm absolute), and composition closely simulating the actual PFBC flue gas. A scale-up of laboratory tests is being conducted in a 15.2-cm-dia (6-in.-dia) PFBC system to demonstrate the granular-bed sorber concept. The NaCl-vapor sorption chemistry of activated bauxite is described. The extent of alkali-vapor evolution from the activated bauxite bed itself is discussed, along with an evaluation of the significance of its alkali vapor contribution to a downstream gas turbine. Details of the design of a high-temperature/high-pressure alkali sorber system for the demonstration of the sorber are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Alkali bee"

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Lee, S. H. D., F. G. Teats, W. M. Swift, and D. D. Banerjee. Measurement of alkali-vapor emission from pressurized fluidized-bed combustion of Illinois coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10145593.

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Paul, B. C., S. Esling, F. Pisani, and T. Wells. Use of fluidized bed combustion by-products for liners and alkali substitutes. Technical report, March 1--May 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/208295.

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Paul, B. C., S. Esling, F. Pisani, and T. Wells. Use of fluidized bed combustion by-products for liners and alkali substitutes. Technical report, December 1, 1994--February 28, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/206999.

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Lee, S., and E. Carls. Measurement of alkali metal vapors and their removal from a pressurized fluidized-bed combustor process stream: Annual report, October 1987--September 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5966829.

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Lee, S. H. D., and E. L. Carls. Measurement of alkali metal vapors and their removal from a pressuriz ed fluidized-bed combustor process stream: Annual report, October 1986--September 1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6351627.

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Hobbs, D. T., J. O. M. Bockris, and Jinseong Kim. Evaluation of packed-bed and fluidized-bed cell technology for the destruction and removal of contaminants in alkaline waste solutions. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/231308.

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Miller, R. R. Geology of the Strange Lake Alkalic Complex and the associated Zr-Y-Nb-Be-REE mineralization. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/121079.

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