Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aliments – Approvisionnement – Aspect environnemental'
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Lulovicova, Andrea. "Évaluation environnementale des systèmes alimentaires territoriaux : Apports de l'analyse du cycle de vie territoriale à la construction et à l'évaluation des processus de reterritorialisation durables des systèmes agroalimentaires en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2002.
Full textThe current climatic and environmental upheavals deeply impact our society and ecosystems. Food production and consumption play an essential role in these disruptions. The globalized food system, characterized by mass production and consumption and a disconnect between producers and consumers, places significant pressure on territories and their resources. To address this, the reterritorialization of food is emerging as a promising solution for a more sustainable food system. France is at the forefront of this initiative, with the recent development of Territorial Food Projects (Projets Alimentaires Territoriaux, PAT) led by local authorities. These projects aim to promote a local and sustainable food economy while supporting short supply chains. However, despite their potential, the environmental impacts of these initiatives remain understudied. Most current studies compare short and long food supply chains, focusing on transportation-related impacts. Consequently, they do not consider the systemic benefits associated with the development of more sustainable practices within local food systems. To respond to this issue, this thesis adapts the Territorial Life Cycle Assessment (TLCA) methodology to assess local food systems from a systemic and environmental perspective. This adapted methodology is applied to two diverse territories in France and their local food systems: the municipality of Mouans-Sartoux and the Finistere department. Both territories are pioneers in implementing food territorial projects (PAT). The environmental assessment of the two local food systems reveals the extent of both direct and indirect impacts, notably related to imported products and agricultural inputs. The results demonstrate that transportation played a minor role in these impacts. Both local systems heavily depend on imports to feed their inhabitants. The short food supply chains, and consequently their impact, remain limited. The assessment of the impact of the Mouans-Sartoux local food policies demonstrates positive effects since their implementation. An estimated reduction in environmental impact equals approximately 20 % of the entire local food system's impact, particularly in terms of climate change and land use. In Finistere, the prospective analysis highlights the potential benefits of local strategies, particularly in connection with the promotion of agroecological practices. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary work confirms the relevance of life cycle assessment methodologies for local planning and assessment. It equally reveals the potential of local food policies to contribute to the ecological transition
Chatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Full textFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Palacios, Arguello Laura Vanessa. "Characterization and assessment of distribution schemes for food supply and distribution systems considering environmentally sensitive demand." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02862123.
Full textThis thesis addresses the research question of how demand requirements for eco-responsible and local products may impact the food supply distribution configuration. In other words, how to configure urban food systems to satisfy a demand for eco-responsible food products. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore how to estimate the relationship between a demand for eco-responsible and food distribution configuration considering economic and environmental issues.The thesis is a compilation of three phases:• Eco-responsible food demand: It seeks to identify the product's environmental quality criteria that impact product demand and how these demand's characteristics can be used to describe the requirements of logistic schemes for sustainable distribution.• Food supply chain configuration: Considering these new requirements, this phase aims to describe the food supply chain strategies that achieve a sustainable food distribution addressed in the literature, and to analyse how these strategies identified impact logistic decisions in the supply chain.• Food supply chain assessment: It attempts to analyse the estimation of economic and environmental indicators that may represent the impacts generated in the configuration of the different food distribution schemes proposed.The results highlight a framework proposal, aiming to understand how changes in a current food distribution system can be identified and quantified (in a logic of before-after scenario assessment). This framework includes: (i) Logistic decisions to be considered in the distribution system at strategic and tactical level. (ii) Food system characterization to define an initial situation (stakeholders, demand and supply characterization), and the demand and supply estimation; (iii) Scenario construction to analyse scenarios to be tested; and (iv) Scenario assessment to identify and assess economic and environmental impacts of the food distribution system, including tests and expert feedback to validate the scenarios proposed
Glandières, Anne. "Qualité et environnement : innovation de produit et dynamique organisationnelle dans l'alimentaire." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://publications.univ-tlse1.fr/698/.
Full textGrowing environmental preoccupations and a rapid evolution in food consumption tendancies have led us to analyse the strict interdependance between farming and food production with regards to the natural environment. Environmentaly friendly food products are the result of modifications in production practices, that we consider to be a technological change within the farm, and thus add a social fonction to the food function, making these products highly specific. The major stake in developing these products will be to suceed in showing their economic and commercial value. From varius examples of organic or integrated products, we have made an attempt to list the quality conditions requiered for these products. These conditions are established through coordination between agents and quality agreements based on trust. But new technological changes in environmentally friendly farming practices are going to make production structures evolve because they necessitate individual and collective learning. This evolution can lead to new forms of business organizations in order to maintain the specificity of theses products to the end consumer. Observing varius examples allow us to suggest some ways to develop these products
Andrianary, Juliana. "Etude de la contamination des denrées alimentaires par le relargage de produits organovolatils issus de l'emballage." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30173.
Full textAamoum, Ali. "Agriculture et équilibre alimentaire : le cas du Maroc." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10051.
Full textMeurier, Virginie. "Autosuffisance céréalière et sécurité alimentaire en Inde : une mise ne perspective historique." Grenoble 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE21006.
Full textKinhou, Viwagbo. "La souveraineté alimentaire dans une perspective de sécurité alimentaire durable : illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de la filière riz dans la commune de Malanville au Nord-Est du Bénin." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20009/document.
Full textRice has become a primary consumed product in Benin. Studies have revealed it will become the most consumed cereal in west Africa within the next decades. Despite the resources Benin possesses favouring rice culture and the government measures to promote it, the household supply remains unsatisfactory when compared to the objective set by the country to reach food sovereignty. The present essay analyses the government policies in order to reach a sustainable food sovereignty through rice culture. In depth, exploratory surveys have been conducted among the rice farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires and guided interviews revealing the comparative advantage local rice has over imported one. Efforts have yet to be made in order for Malanville rice famers to reduce their production costs and become more competitive. Education level, access to loans, rice farmers experience as well as their social status are the key factors influencing the implementation of new technologies allowing an increase of productivity. Rice production and food sovereignty should be attained by implementing simultaneously income support policies, funded fertilizers, climate-smart culture and ploughing by oxen
Drouin, Sarah. "Variation du coût des fruits et légumes dans divers milieux de la grande région de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26305/26305.pdf.
Full textCanessa, Emeline. "Lorsque l'eau révèle la ville : cas du Bas Sahara algérien." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10053.
Full textVivier, Elise. "Transformation des modèles alimentaires en Amazonie brésilienne : utilisations traditionnelles, aliments industriels et enjeux sociaux." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2029/document.
Full textObserving dietary role model and the ways of consumption allow to glimpse a succession of phenomenons such as social changes brought by the economic dynamism at the scale of the Brazil. Researches led in the Ciriaco reserve aim to establish a dietary profile in order to understand the weight of the choices made by its inhabitants , and the origins of such choices. The point of creating a global profil is also to measure the impact of their dietary choices on their daily lives, and to take possession of the phenomenon called dietary transition. The dietary monetization, the lack of education so much as the changes of seasons are considered the origins of the transformation of the role model and thus by the access on new food, changed and without any identity value ; responsible for the consequences on the health and also responsible of some kind of dietary insecurity which also bring social, economic, political, epidemiological and environmental disruptions
Martinat, Monica. "Le Juste marché : le système annonaire romain aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0107.
Full textThe network for the exchange of com in rome organized by the pontifical authorities during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is closely linked to the desire to respect moral obligations in the economic field and to material and social conditions of production in the roman countryside. The notion of a just price, elaborated by the various currents of scholastic thought in the medieval and modern periods, represents the central concept upon which the theories and policies of the administration are based. For the administration, the main problem is not only to guarantee the supply of food to the urban population ; but also to guarantee to each the just profit according to his position in the community. Roman food supply policy is not only an unmethodical attempt to control the irregularity of price trends and to guarantee public order, but it also shows its complexe and contradictory connexions with a theoretical elaboration designed to order every exchange made within the community according to principles of justice codified by tradition
Vernes, Léa. "Mise au point d’un procédé innovant d’éco-extraction assisté par ultrasons d’ingrédients alimentaires à partir de spiruline et transposition à l’échelle industrielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0273.
Full textMicroalgae are one of the most promising renewable resource for future sustainable food. Thanks to their diversity of metabolism, these microorganisms can synthesize a wide range of compounds of interest with high nutritional value. However, their consumption remains limited because of their intrinsic organoleptic characteristics unattractive. To tackle this problem and to overcome these barriers, this thesis was focused on the development of a production process of food ingredient from spirulina.A green and innovative method using ultrasonic technology for the extraction of proteins from Arthrospira platensis was proposed in a first part. This is the manothermosonication (MTS). The use of an experimental plan made it possible to optimize extraction parameters; and mathematical modeling and microscopic investigations led to an understanding of the mass transfer phenomena on the one hand, and the structural effects of ultrasound on spirulina filaments on the other hand. According to the experimental results, MTS allowed to obtain 229 % more proteins (28.42 ± 1.15 g / 100 g DW) compared to the conventional method without ultrasound (8.63 ± 1.15 g / 100 g DW). With 28.42 g of protein per 100 g of spirulina in the extract, a protein recovery rate of 50% was achieved in 6 minutes with a continuous MTS process. Based on these promising results, extrapolation tracks have been studied in order to propose decision support tools for process industrialization. Thus, a risk analysis procedure (HACCP & HAZOP), a cost study as well as the environmental impact of the process were developed in a second part of this work. Lastly, ways of exploiting by-products have been presented in a biorefinery approach
Jehanno, Christine. ""Sustenter les povres malades" : alimentation et approvisionnement à la fin du Moyen âge : l'exemple de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010690.
Full textPeignot, Patricia. "Etude de l'évolution de différents aspects de la mise en place de l'organisation sociale dans des groupes de rats Wistar en réponse à une contrainte de l'environnement : différenciation comportementale, structuration de l'espace." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0060_PEIGNOT.pdf.
Full textBertelli, Olivia. "Trois essais sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0072.
Full textDespite the emphasis put by the international community on the need to achieve food security, still today 795 million of people suffer from hunger, two thirds of whom live in rural areas. This thesis aims at shedding light on the determinants that cause households food insecurity in the Sub-Saharan context. The first part of this work illustrates the shortcomings of existing measures of food security and assesses the statistical validity of a multidimensional food security scale. Based on such statistical analysis, I, then, turn to a micro-econometric approach for investigating the role played by the number of children in granting household food security. Lastly, I explore whether household welfare related priorities, among which achieving food security, might explain the puzzling existence of negative profits in agricultural activities
Savoye, André. "La vie quotidienne dans la banlieue Nord et Nord Ouest de Paris pendant la Grande Guerre." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040027.
Full textWhen World War I bursts, the northern part of “la Seine” department, preserved from military operations , takes part nevertheless by means of requisitions in the effort devoted to the defence of France. This suburb hardly knows fire but through the German air raids and explosions occurring in ammunitions dumps. The first consequences of war are the shifts in population which affect it in the beginning and throughout the conflict, in particular the ceaseless flood of the refugees fleeing the german army. Suffering from the lack and dearness of foodstuffs and fuel, it could, thanks to the interventionist policy of their local representatives, pass this difficult period of time not without some deprivations but through debts contracted by their communes. However, the conflict is for the north and northwestern suburb of Paris, a time of full employment which contrast with the post-war situation. The rise of industry provides jobs to long established residents and to newcomers, but due to the vertiginous rise of the cost of living, the last years of war see a development of important social movements as well as a progression of the socialists ideas in a materially and morally deteriorated environment
Tamini, Lota Dabio. "Le rôle du paiement initial de la Commission canadienne du blé en information imparfaite et analyse des conséquences d'une réduction des tarifs et des subventions - internes et à l'exportation - en présence d'un lien vertical entre les produits." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25174/25174.pdf.
Full textLlorca, Loureiro Iria. "La cocina en la Comunidad Campesina de Vicos de los Andes peruanos : entre la "tradición" local y la globalización mundial." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25631.
Full textDesde tiempos prehispánicos, los campesinos de la Comunidad de Vicos en los Andes peruanos han ido desarrollando prácticas y hábitos alimenticios con los cuales se han sentido identificados. A lo largo de la historia, la cocina local ha sido el resultado de la incorporación y el abandono de insumos, técnicas, utensilios, saberes y comportamientos, pero sin embargo, en las últimas décadas el desarrollo de un nuevo sistema planetario, el llamado globalización, está causando nuevos impactos en las prácticas alimenticias. Siendo Vicos una población rural y agrícola, vinculada directamente a los ciclos de la naturaleza y a las creencias locales, nuestro interés reside en investigar cómo la cocina local de este lugar puede ser influencida en el presente, por las tendencias de la globalización y por las “tradiciones” heredadas de sus antepasados.
Bastaraud, Alexandra. "Facteurs environnementaux et qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable dans les villes à faible revenu, cas de Madagascar." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV059.
Full textUrbanization is one of the most important changes of the 21st century, especially for sub-Saharan cities. They must manage their natural resources. Water resources, for example, are becoming increasingly vulnerable, either because they can no longer meet the various needs (population, industry, agriculture) or because they are subject to ever-increasing environmental pressures. Continuous pollution by wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggest that these ecosystems are specific. In cities in low-income countries, such as Madagascar, access to safe drinking water is also limited due to technical and environmental constraints.Understanding how these environmental changes can affect microbiological quality then becomes a public health issue, especially in a context where sanitation and resource protection are not controlled. The objective is to assess the impact of urbanization, as well as other environmental factors on the dynamics of the indicators of contamination of the supply water of Madagascar's cities (i); to characterize the interactions between climatic conditions and the quality of the distributed water (ii).The dynamics of bacterial indicators of water quality supplied have been analyzed over the long term (16 and 32 years) at the scale of urban systems and have shown that bacteriological contamination of urban drinking water is subject to wide seasonal variations, with disparities between cities. The type of resource, the treatment implemented, population growth and environmental threats related to the degradation of urban basins are the main environmental and technical determinants that support contamination profiles. Climatic conditions, including precipitation and non-management of runoff, are the main factors contributing to the biological instability of these urban supply systems from wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggests that these ecosystems are specific
Blaney, Sonia. "Contribution des ressources naturelles à la sécurité alimentaire et à l'état nutritionnel d'une population rurale d'une aire protégée du Gabon." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25351/25351.pdf.
Full textNasiri, Aida. "Development of Safe-by-Design Nano-composites for Food Packaging Application." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT076.
Full textThe market of nanotechnologies is dominated by the food packaging area which amounts more than 20% of the total nanotechnologies market in 2015. However, the wide-scale use of nanomaterials raises important questions about environmental and safety issues that could hinder their development. In the case of plastics intended to be in contact with food, the risk of contamination concerns not only the nanoparticles but also all the chemical additives added during the material processing. The presence of nanoparticles is susceptible to modify the interactions between polymer and the additives with a possible change in their transport properties and therefore the food contamination.The present work aims at identifying the relationship between the structural characteristic and the transport properties (diffusivity and solubility) of nanoparticles and chemical additives incorporated in nanocomposites. In this regard, it is necessary to fill the gap of knowledge in 3D nanostructure characterization and a multi-scale modeling of mass transfer properties of nanocomposites in real usage conditions.In this way, polyethylene and nanoclay were selected based on the best compromise between real potential applications and the scientific knowledge previously published and eventually the nanocomposites were synthesized with LLDPE, Cloisite20 and a compatibilizer by melt intercalation method.The nanocomposite structure was characterized using TEM, X-ray nanotomography, TGA and XRD then submitted to migration tests undertaken in contact with different food simulants which represent various types of food (aqueous, acid, alcoholic) following the recommendation of the European regulation on the food contact material. To evaluate the positive or adverse effects of the nanomaterials on the contamination of the food by chemical additives which are usually incorporated with the plastic packaging, the virgin polymer and nanocomposite material were spiked with a mixture of the additives exhibiting various volatility, polarity and molecular weight. Then, the transport properties (i.e inertia) of nanocomposite structure was distinctively investigated on kinetic (apparent diffusion coefficient) and thermodynamic (partition coefficient) considerations.The results indicated that nanoclay addition in plastic materials favorably reduced the migration of additives by modifying both their diffusivity in the polymer and their partition between the polymer and the food simulant. However, while the partition coefficient of additives increases in nanocomposite in comparison to pure LLDPE for the samples in contact with all types of food simulants, the reduction of diffusion coefficient is significantly dependent on the nature of the food simulant in contact. Hence, it can be concluded that the major role in the migration of additives is not played by the imposed tortuosity path, but by the factors such as the affinity between the base polymer and simulants as well as the effects of simulants on swelling and crystallinity of the samples. Moreover, the effect of additive-related parameters and the structural parameters were assessed and put in perspective with their impact on the transport properties of nanostructures. Integrating the results of characterization and transfer properties led to an improved understanding of the influence of structure of nanocomposites on their mass transfer properties and therefore on the suitability of using them as food contact materials
Malam, Mamane Sani Ibrahim. "Entre insécurités alimentaires et impératifs culturels au Niger : le cas du département de Gouré en 2005." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1023.
Full textIn a Sahelian country like Niger, the space dedicated to food is culturally rich for learnings. However, there are a few writings which make this as a valid sociologically subject of study. This reflection gives itself a taskto analyze the scope of cultural determinants in the occurence of famines. Based on socio-anthropological materials, this thesis highlights social governance to explain the salience of subsistence crises. Despite the weight of cultural factors underlying consumption model of the people in Goure, it is intellectually risky to assert that food taboos may constitute serious causes of food shortages in this part of Niger which faces a succession of food production deficit. However, our contribution shows that these taboos remain enhancing element, especially in high-traditional belief backgrounds. The methodology used in this approach is based on qualitative and quantitative methods using the following collection tools : semi-structured interview guides, focus groups and a questionnaire type KAP (knpwledge, attitudes, practices)
Boyer, Anne-Lise. "De la ville-oasis à la ville désert. L'adaptation urbaine à la rareté de l'eau à Phoenix et à Tucson (Arizona)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN069.
Full textIn the context of climate change, as droughts intensify and as more areas are subject to high water stress, this dissertation focuses on how to manage the imbalance between water resource availability and growing demand in two metropolises of the arid West of the United States. Located in the Sonoran Desert and built on the model of the oasis city, Phoenix and Tucson take the socio-ecological stakes of water scarcity to the extreme. This study proposes to consider these two cities as laboratories for urban adaptation to climate change to explore competing modalities of adaptation to water scarcity. Using an urban political ecology framework, the goal is to observe and analyze the power struggles between stakeholders involved in water resource management in a context where the system of large hydraulic infrastructures underpinning urban growth is increasingly called into question. This mixed-methods survey brings together critical discourse analysis to deconstruct the dominant arguments and position-takings on water conservation, semi-structured interviews with water sector actors (institutions and environmental activists) and participant observation to question the tensions between discourses and changes in urban practices at the local level for adapting the urban metabolism to a world of less water. This thesis shows, on the one hand, that adaptation strategies are implemented by dominant actors within the framework of socio-ecological fixes in order to maintain the growth trajectory of particularly attractive cities. On the other hand, it highlights the role that citizen empowerment plays in the emergence of alternatives and shows that environmental alternatives play an important role in regulating resource control strategies and overcoming traditional resource-based management paradigms
Dang, Vu Khac. "Subsidence et planification territoriale : le cas d’Ha Noi, Vietnam." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH016.
Full textUrbanization with the concentration of activities in cities contributes to the increase in demand for water services. However, the overexploitation of this resource can cause adverse effects on the environment. One of the effects is the subsidence whose essential causes are strongly related to the consequences of an accelerated urbanization process. Since the 1990s, the previous studies using measurements in situ confirmed deformations in the city-center of Ha Noi (the capital of Vietnam). Few studies have yielded a spatial characterization on the extent of the new urban region and especially for recently urbanized areas in the South and West of the city-center according to the Master Plan approved in 2011. The thesis aims to generate a map of the subsidence in this region for providing an usable information to civil protection by the actors involved in the urban planning in order to avoid or to optimize the development in sensitive area by the realization of planning documents, issued from geospatial data analysis structured in a Geographic Information System. The thesis therefore addresses the subsidence by proposing a methodology based on multi-temporal InSAR with the images ALOS acquired from 2007 to 2011 through which a quantification of subsidence on the territory of Ha Noiwas carried out. Thus a strong difference appears between the two banks of the Red River. The North bank of Red river remains much more static while the South bank presents vertical maximum rates of subsidence of 68mm/year. A map of the subsidence rates has been realized to identify the "sensitive" three "sensitive" sites in districts of Hoang Mai, Ha Dong and Hoai Duc. Identified factors that contribute to this phenomenon can be classified depending on geological and hydrological factors, socio-economic factors relating to the water resource, and use, and territorial planning. The interpretation of the results confirmed that the phenomenon is linked to a combination of several factors : the role of the unsaturated geological layers, the decrease of the water supply aquifers by pumping resulting in undermining process, the role of urbanization and the different types of building foundations. The conversion of subsidence velocity to contour lines allows facilitating the integration with different layers of geospatial data in order to provide a decision making tool in the risk management
Almahallawi, Khamis. "Modelling interaction of land use, urbanization and hydrological factors for the analysis of groundwater quality in mediterranean zone (example the Gaza Strip, Palestine)." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Almahallawi.pdf.
Full textPour simuler la pollution des eaux souterraines par les nitrates dans des zones agricoles, le meilleur réseau utilisé est le Multilayer perceptron (MLP) avec six variables d'entrée et quatre couches cachées. Le meilleur réseau pour simuler les nitrates des eaux souterraines en milieu urbain est le modèle MPL. L'étude a prouvé que le modèle RNA peut être employé comme outil de gestion pour la prévision de la qualité agricole et urbaine des eaux souterraines pour aider les planificateurs du secteur de l'eau. En outre, tous les aquifères côtiers sont typiques dans le monde entier et cette approche de modélisation des eaux souterraines peut être appliquée à d'autres aquifères côtiers à une échelle régionale ou internationale. Puisque l'agriculture et l'élevage intensif produisent des risques de pollution d'azote, la gestion de la fertilisation est ici essentielle pour arrêter la dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines. L'augmentation du l'équipement des réseaux d'égouts et des eaux résiduaires avec des techniques appropriées de traitement est un facteur principal important pour abaisser la pollution des nitrates dues à l'activité urbaine
David, Morgan. "Personnalité, stratégies d'approvisionnement et d'appariement chez les diamants mandarins (Taeniopygia guttata)." Thèse, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4943/1/D2346.pdf.
Full textDiagne, Rokhaya. "Sécurité alimentaire et libéralisation agricole." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998276.
Full textCaiserman, Arnaud. "Adapter les stratégies agricoles aux évolutions socio-économiques et climatiques en milieu méditerranéen : comparaison de l'usage de l'eau et des choix de plantes des agriculteurs dans la plaine de la Békaa (Liban) et de Marvdasht (Iran)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3009.
Full textAccording to Köppen’s climate map, the semi-arid Mediterranean climate covers several countries in this region, including Lebanon and Iran. In order to regionalize the understanding of the water challenge of this region, two agricultural plains with similar characteristics were selected as study areas: the Bekaa plain in Lebanon and the Marvdahst plain in Iran. The Marvdasht plain is slightly drier and through climate change, the Bekaa plain will look like the present climate conditions of Marvdasht before 2100. It is therefore necessary to grasp the agricultural practices in the Marvdasht plain in order to imagine how Bekaa agriculture will look like in the future. Farmers must adapt their strategies to the local climate that is characterized by strong uncertainties (interannual variability of rainfall or frequent droughts) but also to economic uncertainties (prices’ variability). Despite (geo)political differences, some farmers in the Bekaa and Marvdasht have chosen strong water demanding crops, compared to the local renewable water resources. However, these crops are profitable on the market. In total, the water balances for the years under consideration are negative: in Marvdasht, farmers pumped 0,25 km3 of groundwater to meet the total irrigation needs, but the groundwater recharge was only 0,09 km3 in that year. In the Bekaa, this balance is also negative, but to a lesser extent: 0,15 km3 were pumped for a recharge of 0,1 km3. In both cases, irrigation needs are therefore higher than renewable water. They have therefore promoted market adaptation rather than sustainable resource management. Thus, the reasons for crop choices were closely analysed through field surveys and certain remote sensing methods to generate crop maps. The net irrigation requirements of crops are also estimated through remote sensing. Indeed, water needs determine whether or not farmers promote climate change adaptation strategies with relevant crop choices. This regional imbalance at the expense of resources stems from the productivism in the early 1950s. This paradigm is rooted on farm’s profitability and a more ambitious political objective, food self-sufficiency, especially in Iran. This causes an overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and thus a lowering of groundwater by several tens of meters since the 1980s. Some alternatives consist of growing plants with high added value and modest water requirements: saffron, canola, quinoa and cannabis (in Lebanon). We have highlighted these alternative crops since their cultivation on large areas could save millions of water cubic meters each year. Still not widely cultivated, these plants need incentive markets to attract the interest of agricultural stakeholders. This operational part thus analyses the reasons for this lukewarm success in order to find incentive markets. Such local markets would strengthen a more sustainable agricultural policy than restrictive measures on water management that farmers always manage to circumvent
Feuerstoss, Valérie. "Nourrir, chauffer, éclairer les habitants de Strasbourg au XVIIIème siècle : les autorités et l'approvisionnement (1681-1788)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG024/document.
Full textIn the eighteenth century, it is the responsibility of the autorities to make sure that the inhabitants are provided with food, fuels and tallow candles. Strasbourg becoming part of the kingdom of Louis XIVth in 1681 means the end of the independance of the city, the royal preator being now the head of the magistracy. Which consequence does this institutional evolution have on the supplying policy of the city ? The latter remains regularly disrupted by weather setbacks, wars and the schemes of speculators. Besides, it must meet an ever increasing demand. The Alsace province still provides grain and wine, but the city resorts to importation for ist firewood, livestock and coffee too. The« tribes » (a grouping of guilds), as for instance the butchers’, play an important part in supplying the town, a task jeopardized in 1788