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Academic literature on the topic 'Alimentation – Afrique subsaharienne'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alimentation – Afrique subsaharienne"
Porphyre, Vincent, and Denis Bastianelli. "Editorial - L'élevage porcin dans les pays tropicaux." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 71, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31682.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Alimentation – Afrique subsaharienne"
Alpha, Gado Boureima. "Sécheresse et famines au Sahel : crises alimentaires et stratégies de subsistances en Afrique sahélienne (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger)." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070079.
Full textThis study is divided into three volumes. The first contains a critical analysis of the main oral and written sources used (chronicles, archives), a presentation of the state of knowledge on these questions and a detailed inventory of sources. The third volume contains the annexes. The main body of the study is to be found in volume ii subdivided into three sections. The first, entitled 'ecology and history', consists of three reflections on the nature of the sahel (perceived from the outside, through publications, actions of public authorities and international organisations ; seen from within, through the statements and daily life of the populations ; as it appears in this study, through the changes imposed by developments, since 1850, forced by the difficulties of the environment and human activity. Particular stress is laid on the factors causing ecological disequilibrium (drought, locust invasion, epidemics) and the impact of human factors (demography, conflicts). An attempt of a periodisation of the main phases of the economic and social evolution of the sahel ends the first section. The second section consists of a detailed study of the most severe crises in food production as revealed by oral sources and documents. The third section provides a comparative analysis of the different approaches to food production in the region (traditional and modern subsistence strategies, food aid)
Castetbon, Katia. "Nutrition et infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine en Afrique sub-Saharienne: aspects anthropométriques chez l'adulte (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1995-1997) et la femme enceinte (Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1994)." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28588.
Full textBaban, a. erep Thierry Roland. "Contribution au développement d'un système intelligent de quantification des nutriments dans les repas d'Afrique subsaharienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP100.
Full textMalnutrition, including under- and overnutrition, is a global health challenge affecting billions of people. It impacts all organ systems and is a significant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and some cancers. Assessing food intake is crucial for preventing malnutrition but remains challenging. Traditional methods for dietary assessment are labor-intensive and prone to bias. Advancements in AI have made Vision-Based Dietary Assessment (VBDA) a promising solution for automatically analyzing food images to estimate portions and nutrition. However, food image segmentation in VBDA faces challenges due to food's non-rigid structure, high intra-class variation (where the same dish can look very different), inter-class resemblance (where different foods appear similar) and scarcity of publicly available datasets.Almost all food segmentation research has focused on Asian and Western foods, with no datasets for African cuisines. However, African dishes often involve mixed food classes, making accurate segmentation challenging. Additionally, research has largely focus on RGB images, which provides color and texture but may lack geometric detail. To address this, RGB-D segmentation combines depth data with RGB images. Depth images provide crucial geometric details that enhance RGB data, improve object discrimination, and are robust to factors like illumination and fog. Despite its success in other fields, RGB-D segmentation for food is underexplored due to difficulties in collecting food depth images.This thesis makes key contributions by developing new deep learning models for RGB (mid-DeepLabv3+) and RGB-D (ESeNet-D) image segmentation and introducing the first food segmentation datasets focused on African food images. Mid-DeepLabv3+ is based on DeepLabv3+, featuring a simplified ResNet backbone with and added skip layer (middle layer) in the decoder and SimAM attention mechanism. This model offers an optimal balance between performance and efficiency, matching DeepLabv3+'s performance while cutting computational load by half. ESeNet-D consists on two encoder branches using EfficientNetV2 as backbone, with a fusion block for multi-scale integration and a decoder employing self-calibrated convolution and learned interpolation for precise segmentation. ESeNet-D outperforms many RGB and RGB-D benchmark models while having fewer parameters and FLOPs. Our experiments show that, when properly integrated, depth information can significantly improve food segmentation accuracy. We also present two new datasets: AfricaFoodSeg for “food/non-food” segmentation with 3,067 images (2,525 for training, 542 for validation), and CamerFood focusing on Cameroonian cuisine. CamerFood datasets include CamerFood10 with 1,422 images from ten food classes, and CamerFood15, an enhanced version with 15 food classes, 1,684 training images, and 514 validation images. Finally, we address the challenge of scarce depth data in RGB-D food segmentation by demonstrating that Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) models can aid in generating effective depth maps for RGB-D datasets
Nubukpo, Kako. "Incertitudes et comportement des acteurs du secteur cerealier subsaharien : essai sur les fondements de l'insecurite alimentaire. illustrations ouest-africaines." Lyon 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO22018.
Full textSubsaharan africa's food situation is alarming : food insecurity is spreading, and forecasts made in this region don't predict any improvement during the next decade. To face up to this situation, many explanations about the genesis of african food insecurity are given. Two of them are part of a traditional opposition in political economy : on the one hand, food supply decline, on the other hand, solvent food demand decline. This work argues for an explanation which exceeds this opposition : we would show that african food insecurity is the result of the way that actors manage uncertainties. This theoretical direction is included in a research program which tries to make more realistic economic studies about subsaharan africa. So, the target is to use some results of economics of uncertainty, in order to study some policies which could reduce food insecurity in africa
Alouki, Koffi. "Développement d’outils de plaidoyer pour la lutte contre le diabète de type 2 en Afrique subsaharienne à partir de l’estimation des coûts de l’inaction et de l’action." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13534.
Full textThis thesis is organized in three different parts with three objectives: i) To estimate the direct medical costs of treatment of T2D in four sub-Saharan African countries and in the case of Mali, compare the direct medical costs estimated from prices used in the health system to the real expenditures of diabetic patients, ii) To evaluate the perceptions of health professionals on advocacy tools for T2D including the cost calculator used to estimate medical costs and a narrative argument developed under the Double Burden Nutritional project, iii) To examine the cost effectiveness of economic evaluation of lifestyle interventions for primary prevention of T2D. In the first part of the study, we estimated the costs of T2D and its complications in Benin, Burkina - Faso, Guinea and Mali. The care components for T2D and its complications were defined by a team of specialists, based on their clinical experience and current guidelines. Prices were collected from two public healthcare facilities and two private facilities. The costs were estimated on an annual basis for T2D with or without chronic complications and per episode for acute complications. The estimated annual costs in Mali were compared to diabetic patients’ expenditures based on data from a cross-sectional survey conducted earlier in that country. The survey covered 500 diabetic subjects randomly selected from the registry of known diabetics. Data on expenditures for care in the last three months were collected. Determinants of expenditures were examined. The results showed cost disparities within countries, within and between the private and the public sector. The minimum cost of treatment of T2D without complications in the public sector amounted to 21% - 34% of the country’s Gross National Income per capita; 26% - 47% in the presence of retinopathy - the cheapest complication -, and above 70 % for nephropathy, the most costly complication. According to Mali survey, diabetic subjects’ expenditures were below the estimated minimum cost, except for diabetes without complications or only with retinopathy. Insulin therapy, the number of complications and residing in the capital were significantly associated with higher expenditures. The second part of the thesis consists of the systematic review of economic evaluation studies of T2D prevention interventions in high-risk groups through diet and physical activity. Interventions to control obesity as a major risk factor for T2D were also considered. The studies were extracted from scientific databases using keywords and predefined criteria. Original studies published between January 2009 and December 2014 and conducted in French, English or Spanish were potentially eligible. The "British Medical Journal" checklist was used to assess the quality of studies. Of the 21 studies included, 15 reported that the interventions were cost-effective as per the acceptability limits considered. Six studies were inconclusive, including four for T2D prevention and two for obesity control. In the third second part, the perceptions of potential users of the cost calculator and another advocacy tool, namely, the narrative set of arguments explaining the need to address T2D in Africa, were evaluated in an exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected through individual interviews of 16 health professionals from four sub-Saharan countries and a focus group with 10 Master’s students in nutrition during a training workshop on advocacy using these tools, in Benin. The questions pertained to the two tools and to factors involved in the prioritization of health policy, with a focus on T2D. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded using the QDA Miner software. Participants underlined the relevance of the tools for advocacy. They considered the cost calculator as user – friendly. It remains that the political context characterized by competing priorities, lack of cohesion between policy makers, and lack of data, especially the cost - effectiveness of interventions, are challenges for positioning T2D as a priority in public policies in sub-Saharan African countries. The studies confirmed that treatment of T2D is unaffordable for many patients. It highlighted the fact that expenses of patients were below the estimated costs for minimal treatment with some exceptions. Prevention of T2D based on lifestyle modification appears cost-effective but studies should be conducted in Africa. We hope that the tools, which were found relevant by health actors of the four countries, will be helpful in stimulating preventive interventions in order to reduce the trend of T2D and its economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa.