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1
Ansay, Tugrul. "The New UN Convention in Light of the German and Turkish Experience." International Migration Review 25, no. 4 (December 1991): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839102500409.
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The legal situation of migrant workers in the Federal Republic of Germany was basically regulated by the Aliens Act of 1965, which was replaced by a new Act in 1990. The original Aliens Act gave considerable amount of discretionary power to the administration. The High Court practice, by using the basic principles of the German Constitution regarding basic rights, as well as the rules of some international agreements, recognized the stable conditions of those migrant workers who had been staying in the country for a long time. As a result their legal situation came closer to the international level. The new Act safeguards these established rights to some extent, but brings restrictive provisions for the newcomers, emphasizing that Germany is not an immigration country. As a result of rising hatred against foreign workers within the country, there is, at the moment, a possibility that existing rights will be limited through a narrow and restrictive way of interpretation of the laws.
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Sribnyak, Milana. "SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN POWS IN GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-61-66.
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The article analyses the peculiarities of social adaptation of Ukrainian prisoners of war in Germany, particularly its legal, political and social aspects. The problem of repatriation of POWs was discussed at the international conferences and was regulated by various armistices and treaties (the Armistice of Compiègne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Versailles). After German surrender in the war and the demise of its empire, POWs of all nationalities acquired the status of interned persons, which notably improved their condition. At the same time, former POWs faced difficult social and economic life conditions in Germany, particularly food shortages. Besides, late 1918 and early 1919 saw repatriation commissions of various states starting their activity in Germany. They included the Ukrainian repatriation commission, which helped return several tens of thousands of people to Ukraine. Therefore, within the dichotomy faced by Ukrainian soldiers in Germany (repatriation against a decision to stay in Germany as political emigrants with subsequent adaptation to life conditions in this country), most long-term captives decided to return. In the wake of dramatic geopolitical changes in Europe and the world, repatriation to the homeland was regarded by most as the best option. On the other hand, some Ukrainians decided to stay in Germany for a longer period. They became witnesses to considerable changes in German political, economic and civil life. The Germans were suspicious of former POWs staying in the country, regarding them as competitors on the job market and as “aliens” in general. However, despite all obstacles some “brave men” managed to successfully adapt in Germany and even create families, becoming a part of their new country’s society.
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Kühn, I., R. Brandl, R. May, and St Klotz. "Plant distribution patterns in Germany– Will aliens match natives?" Feddes Repertorium 114, no. 78 (December 2003): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200311015.
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Nevskiy, Sergey. "Economic Policy of Aliens in Post-War West Germany (1945—1947)." Economic Policy (in Russian) 10, no. 6 (December 2015): 40–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2015-6-03.
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Zajdband, Astrid. "Starting Anew." European Judaism 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2021.540105.
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In the aftermath of the November pogrom of 1938, thirty thousand Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. After being released, around one hundred rabbis were able to leave Germany for Great Britain. But escaping Germany was not the end of their personal hardship. Once respected community leaders, rabbis arrived destitute and depended on charitable organisations for their livelihoods. Some would be classified as enemy aliens and faced with internment once again. The refugee rabbis would not to be discouraged, however, and they began, at first just a small circle, to reclaim their place in Jewish life once again. In a new country, a new context, and in the midst of around eighty thousand refugees, the rabbis were able to reignite their work and embarked on a great number of initiatives and projects. They were able to place the German Jewish heritage into Anglo-Jewry, where it continues to live on today.
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Нечипорук, Д. М. "“We were aliens, but no longer outsiders”: the strategies of political adaptation of the Mensheviks in Germany in 1920s." Диалог со временем, no. 76(76) (August 17, 2021): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.76.76.020.
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Автор исследует стратегии политической адаптации меньшевиков в Германии и их вовлеченность во внутриполитические процессы Веймарской республики. В зависимости от участия в международном социалистическом движении, места внутри Социал-демократической партии Германии, положения в Заграничной Делегации берлинских меньшевиков можно поделить на интернационалистов, «изоляционистов» и «интеграционистов». Политику Заграничной Делегации в 1920-е гг. определяли интернационалисты Ю.О. Мартов, Ф.И. Дан и Р.А. Абрамович. Полноценная адаптация политэмигрантов в Германии была бы невозможна без содействия меньшевиков-«интеграционистов», имевших хорошие связи в немецкой социал-демократии. Один из старых лидеров меньшевиков А.Н. Потресов находился в берлинской эмиграции в изоляции. Он контактировал с «интеграционистами», но из-за политических разногласий не взаимодействовал с Заграничной Делегацией. The article is devoted to a history of Menshevism in German exile in the 1920s. The author studies three strategies of political adaptation in Weimar Republic: Internationalism, Integration, and Isolation. A chosen strategy depended on the participation in the international socialist movement, a position either within the Social Democratic Party of Germany, or the position adopted in the Foreign Delegation, a governing body of Mensheviks’ party abroad. The Foreign Delegation Policy in the 1920s was led by the internationalists Martov, Dan, and Abramovich. The adaptation of Mensheviks-internationalists in Germany would not have been possible without the assistance of “integrationists” who worked as the specialists and experts in German Social Democracy Party. One of the leaders of the Mensheviks A.N. Potresov found himself in isolation in German exile. He maintained contacts with some "integrationists", but because of acute political differences with Dan, Potresov stayed away from the Foreign Delegation. This division came to an end after the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933, when Mensheviks moved to the other states.
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Moore, Bob. "Refugees and Resident Aliens: Aspects of Dutch Relations with Nazi Germany 1933 - 40." European History Quarterly 15, no. 2 (April 1985): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569148501500204.
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Wielomski, Adam. "Dialektyka „swój”–„obcy” w prawicowej filozofi i politycznej 1789– 1945. Część II." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.3.4.
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DIALECTICS “WE”–“ALIENS” IN RIGHT-WING POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 1789–1945. PART IIThe aim of the author of this text is to polemicize with the stereotype according to which nationalism is a synonym of the “extreme right.” For this purpose the method of historical exemplification was used. In Part II we discuss examples of nationalisms in various European states between the years 1890 and 1945: France, Germany, Spain, Portugal and Italy. This is the epoch when nationalism denies its initial close relationship with the political and revolutionary left. Now it is in close relations with the right. During the Boulanger and Dreyfus affaires in France, the nationalists are on the political right. Their ideology is not only right-wing but also anti-Semitic. Sometimes openly racist Maurice Barrès. In general, however, French and Italian nationalists preach “state nationalism,” similar to the classic doctrine of raison d’état. In Spain and Portugal the right is strictly Catholic. This is the imperial right. We have here the dream of restoration of the Spanish Siglo de Oro. This project is antithetic to nationalism because it is universalist and supranational. It is different in Germany, where at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the whole right is lit up by the vision of conquests, German empire, struggle of races. First, the Protestant, then also the German Catholic right is chauvinistic, racist and anti-Semitic. The article ends with reflections upon the relations between political right and the idea of nationalism.
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Koskenniemi, Martti. "Colonial Laws: Sources, Strategies and Lessons?" Journal of the History of International Law 18, no. 2-3 (April 13, 2016): 248–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340059.
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The essay enquires into the nature of the ‘colonial laws’ that colonial powers (Spain, France, Britain, Germany, Italy) enacted to govern the populations of their overseas territories. The focus is on the hybrid character of that law between (public) international law and domestic (administrative) law. Hybridity served to protect colonial rule from being critiqued by international criteria while enabling treating colonial populations by standards different from those applied to citizens. The essay asks the question to what extent today’s new laws in Europe that seek to deal with aliens might seek a similar hybridity.
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Lazareva, Arina. "Martin Opitz (1597–1639), a Poet in the Diplomatic Service During the Thirty Years' War." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640015030-1.
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The article is devoted to one of the greatest German poets of the Baroque era, Martin Opitz. Although during his lifetime he became one of the most honoured writers, poetry seldom brought him financial stability and independence, which he achieved thanks to his diplomatic service under various influential rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. M. Opitz never had a high diplomatic rank, usually holding the positions of an agent or a secretary, which, however, did not prevent him from often being in the thick of political events. Opitz's life spanned the years of the Thirty Years' War, which turned his life upside down. The article focuses on the problem of the influence of M. Opitz's diplomatic activity on the formation of his patriotic views and the development of the German national idea in his poetic works, thanks to which he became widely known. During his diplomatic trips, Opitz, by virtue of his pronounced artistic emotional perception of the events of the Thirty Years' War, tragic for the German lands, divided the world around him into “friends”, “Germans”, and “aliens”, i.e. enemies who sought, as the poet argued, “to enslave Germany.” The article evaluates the role of diplomatic activity in the life of Opitz in the formation of the specific phenomenon of German nationalism. The article is based on rare, only partially introduced into academic circulation historiography, where a special place is occupied by biographical materials, namely the private correspondence of M. Opitz, his first biography, compiled by a close friend Ch. Koeler, and the funeral sermon by the poet Jh. Rist.
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Browning, Deborah L. "The Scandal and Betrayal at Stade Colombes." French Politics, Culture & Society 40, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2022.400301.
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Abstract This article examines the French government's mass internment at the start of the Second World War of all adult male nationals of Greater Germany, which included Austrians, Saarlanders, and Czechs, who were now designated as enemy aliens. It focuses on the largest of the assembly centers, Stade Colombes, twelve kilometers northwest of Paris, where the roughly twenty thousand of those who lived in the Paris region were ordered to report. This article makes use of military documents, newspaper reports, diaries, and memoirs to highlight the experience of the men from the first news of the war, through the conditions they encountered in Stade Colombes to their subsequent transfers to other camps. Following the trajectory of the German-born Catholic painter Hans Reichel (1892–1958) from his reaction to the news of the war to his release five months later will enable the reader to grasp more vividly what the men endured.
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Wünschmann, Kim. "‘Enemy Aliens’ and ‘Indian Hostages’: Civilians in Dutch–German Wartime Diplomacy and International Law during the Second World War." German History 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghab004.
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Abstract May 1940 marked a turning point in belligerent states’ policies targeting foreign civilians in the Second World War. This study investigates the radicalization of restrictive measures enacted against so-called enemy aliens in the Dutch–German confrontation by linking developments in Europe with those in the colonial sphere. Mass civilian internment in the Dutch East Indies and German reprisals in the form of hostage-taking in the occupied Netherlands affected thousands of men, women and children. Their treatment is analysed in the broader context of the workings of wartime diplomacy and its guiding principle of reciprocity. The article shows that both Germany and the Netherlands made extensive use of the good offices of their respective protecting powers, Switzerland and Sweden. The international laws of war—although underdeveloped when it came to the protection of non-combatants—not only served as a yardstick to assess the treatment of civilians in enemy hands, but also formed a constant point of reference in a propaganda war in which each belligerent sought to justify its own restrictive policies while denouncing its opponent’s. On the one hand, the legal category of nationality was employed by both state authorities and affected individuals in their attempts to define or deny enemy status. On the other hand, nationality proved a fragile concept surrounded by ambiguities and bound up with complex emotions of belonging and alienness—most strikingly at work in the colonial setting, where racial identities determined an individual’s status in a social order vitally dependent on the construction of ‘ethnic’ boundaries.
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Hiley, Nicholas. "The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914." Historical Journal 28, no. 4 (December 1985): 835–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00005094.
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Modern British counter-espionage effectively began in April 1907, when a joint conference of naval and military officials, formed the previous year to consider ‘the Powers Possessed by the Executive in Time of Emergency’, recommended both an immediate strengthening of the laws against espionage, and a War is Office investigation of ‘the question of police surveillance and control of aliens’. These recommendations were to prove an important initiative, and did much to determine the course of British counter-espionage before 1914, yet at the time they probably seemed little more than an airing of old grievances unlikely to find new support, for they were among the last remnants n. of the abortive ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ which the War Office intelligence department had been advocating to strengthen home defence ever since the invasion scare of 1888. The 1906 joint conference had in fact hoped to further the cause of this great legislative package, with its radically new powers of access, requisition and seizure but, faced with the Liberal administration's commitment to the ‘continuous principle’ that a full-scale landing was impossible, had been forced instead to confine itself to the purely naval and military aspects of home defence. As its report confessed in April 1907, in the prevailing climate of opinion the only hope for the great ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ was as a series of ‘small and independent measures’.
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Sook-Ran Yoo. "Policies between Germany and the Netherlands: Focusing on the extension of Local Voting Rights to Resident Aliens." 21st centry Political Science Review 20, no. 1 (May 2010): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17937/topsr.20.1.201005.239.
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Milanović, Marija, Sonja Knapp, Petr Pyšek, and Ingolf Kühn. "Trait–environment relationships of plant species at different stages of the introduction process." NeoBiota 58 (July 1, 2020): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.58.51655.
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The success of alien plant species can be attributed to differences in functional traits compared to less successful aliens as well as to native species, and thus their adaptation to environmental conditions. Studies have shown that alien (especially invasive) plant species differ from native species in traits such as specific leaf area (SLA), height, seed size or flowering period, where invasive species showed significantly higher values for these traits. Different environmental conditions, though, may promote the success of native or alien species, leading to competitive exclusion due to dissimilarity in traits between the groups. However, native and alien species can also be similar, with environmental conditions selecting for the same set of traits across species. So far, the effect of traits on invasion success has been studied without considering environmental conditions. To understand this interaction we examined the trait–environment relationship within natives, and two groups of alien plant species differing in times of introduction (archaeophytes vs. neophytes). Further, we investigated the difference between non-invasive and invasive neophytes. We analyzed the relationship between functional traits of 1,300 plant species occurring in 1000 randomly selected grid-cells across Germany and across different climatic conditions and land-cover types. Our results show that temperature, precipitation, the proportion of natural habitats, as well as the number of land-cover patches and geological patches affect archaeophytes and neophytes differently, regarding their level of urbanity (in neophytes negative for all non-urban land covers) and self-pollination (mainly positive for archaeophytes). Similar patterns were observed between non-invasive and invasive neophytes, where additionally, SLA, storage organs and the beginning of flowering were strongly related to several environmental factors. Native species did not express any strong relationship between traits and environment, possibly due to a high internal heterogeneity within this group of species. The relationship between trait and environment was more pronounced in neophytes compared to archaeophytes, and most pronounced in invasive plants. The alien species at different stages of the invasion process showed both similarities and differences in terms of the relationship between traits and the environment, showing that the success of introduced species is context-dependent.
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Howell, Philip. "The Dog Fancy at War: Breeds, Breeding, and Britishness, 1914-1918." Society & Animals 21, no. 6 (2013): 546–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341258.
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Abstract This essay examines the impact of the Great War on the breeding and showing of pedigree dogs (the “dog fancy”) in Britain. Hostility toward Germany led first to a decline in the popularity of breeds such as the dachshund, with both human and canine “aliens” targeted by nationalist fervor. Second, the institutions of dog breeding and showing came under threat from accusations of inappropriate luxury, frivolity, and the wasting of food in wartime, amounting to the charge of a want of patriotism on the part of breeders. Third, the paper shows how the “dog fancy” responded to this “agitation against dogs,” turning on mongrels, stray dogs, and “useless” and unpatriotic humans, exposing deep divisions within the dog breeding community. By looking at the politics of the “dog fancy” in wartime, this paper extends the discussion of animals and national identity, arguing that while dogs could be used to articulate patriotic sentiments, their conditional citizenship meant that they were uniquely vulnerable at a time of national crisis.
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Sheppard, Christine S., and Marco R. Brendel. "Competitive ability of native and alien plants: effects of residence time and invasion status." NeoBiota 65 (May 25, 2021): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.63179.
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Competition is commonly thought to underlie the impact of plant invasions. However, competitive effects of aliens and competitive response of natives may also change over time. Indeed, as with time, the novelty of an invader decreases, the accumulated eco-evolutionary experience of resident species may eventually limit invasion success. We aimed to gain insights on whether directional changes in biotic interactions over time or more general differences between natives and aliens, for instance, resulting from an introduction bias, are relevant in determining competitive ability. We conducted a pairwise competition experiment in a target-neighbour design, using 47 Asteraceae species with residence times between 8 years-12,000 years in Germany. We first tested whether there are differences in performance in intraspecific competition amongst invasion status groups, that is casual and established neophytes, archaeophytes or native species. We then evaluated whether competitive response and effects depend on residence time or invasion status. Lastly, we assessed whether competitive effects influence range sizes. We found only limited evidence that native target species tolerate neighbours with longer potential co-existence times better, whereas differences in competitive ability were mostly better explained by invasion status than residence time. Although casual neophytes produced most biomass in intraspecific competition, they had the weakest per-capita competitive effects on natives. Notably, we did not find differences between established neophytes and natives, both of which ranked highest in interspecific competitive ability. This lack of differences might be explained by a biased selection of highly invasive or rare native species in previous studies or because invasion success may result from mechanisms other than interspecific competitive superiority. Accordingly, interspecific per-capita competitive effects did not influence range sizes. Further studies across a broader range of environmental conditions, involving other biotic interactions that indirectly influence plant-plant interactions, may clarify when eco-evolutionary adaptations to new invaders are a relevant mechanism.
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Abraham, David. "The Good of Banality? The Emergence of Cost—Benefit Analysis and Proportionality in the Treatment of Aliens in the US and Germany." Citizenship Studies 4, no. 3 (November 2000): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713658796.
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Clark, Jessica P., and Tricia Nowicki. "Enemies Within or Without Enemies: “Enemy Aliens” and Internment in Canada during the Second World War." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 3 (January 11, 2019): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v3i0.2112.
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Tricia Nowicki (1985 – 2017) took two classes with me, but she taught me more than I taught her. Being in a mechanized wheelchair, she was a notable presence in the classroom. What really made Tricia stand out, though, was her powerfully articulate presence in seminar. For any who imagined a small woman in a mechanized wheelchair to need polite support and gentle handling, Tricia quickly put such notions to rest. She was fearless and suffered no fools. She spoke directly to issues, highlighting debates, pulling at evidence, ably comparing perspectives, and tackling debate with gusto. Her strength and intelligence stood out far more than any wheelchair.The following essay was from her second-year course with Professor Maureen Lux. It's not a research essay, but rather an exercise in historiography - that is, the history of what is written about a particular subject. One of the great challenges history students face is making sense of complex debates in history, not simply what happened but different interpretations of what happened and what meaning we take from it. This essay looks at four different historians all addressing the same story: the internment of "enemy aliens" - people born in or ethnically identified with the enemy countries of Germany, Italy, or Japan during the Second World War. While the basics of the story are agreed upon, each historian has a different assessment of why and how the Canadian government detained these people, whether and how it was justified, and what meaning we should take of this important moment in our country's history. Tricia's essay takes us through each essay, examines their evidence, assessing not only what is said, but also situating the political and ethical dimensions of the story. She understood the disciplinary issues of being a historian; she understood the ethical importance of this story and the debate around it. She was a fine historian.- Dr. Daniel Samson
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Laws, R. M. "Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs. 11 February 1908 – 11 November 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 47 (January 2001): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2001.0012.
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Vivian Fuchs's father, Ernst, was German, but he knew virtually nothing of his German forebears. His mother, Violet Watson, was English, but German by marriage. His parents had lived in England since their marriage in 1907 and he was six years old when World War I broke out. Internment of all Germans was ordered and his father was put in a prison camp for aliens on the Isle of Man, and their money and property were confiscated. The family were now very poor but survived on the goodwill of relations; even so he had a happy childhood and did not feel in any way deprived. In 1917 his maternal grandparents died intestate, which led to ‘family strife… much unpleasantness and quite a lot of skullduggery’. His mother inherited half her father's fortune, but as she was an enemy alien it was sequestered by the government and they lived a hand–to–mouth existence for six long years after the war had ended.
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Tomaszewska, Magdalena. "Young ethnic German late resettlers from Poland –“(quasi)-forced nature of migration” vs. success of integration." Journal of Education Culture and Society 1, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20102.27.50.
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“(Late) resettlers”, or to put it in simple terms, people of German ancestry who came to Germany from Eastern Europe after World War II, constitute a peculiar case within the spectrum of German migration. On one hand, they are distinct from foreigners, on the other hand, despite having German citizenship, they stand out from the native German population.L. Wilkiewicz refers to this category as “quasi-forced resettlers”. The forced nature of the young resettlers migration may then be seen as doubly strengthened by the fact that they had no impact on their parents decision to leave the country. They were, in a sort of way, uprooted from their original environment and planted into a new, alien one. Having accepted German citizenship and having been attributed the purpose of “living as Germans among Germans”, the resettlers were expected to show a higher degree of integration with local society than “ordinary” migrants. In this study, I shall confine myself to a few selected aspects affecting the success of integration. Presented below are some of the memories that the young resettlers have of the moment of their “(quasi)-forced” migration, of their early days in Germany, of Poland as the country of their childhood, of the reasons for departure as given by their parents, and of the main factors – apart from those personality-related such as intelligence –that contributed to their successful integration.
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Molnar, Christopher A. "Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany." Central European History 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891400065x.
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In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
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Manney, PJ. "Yucky gets yummy: how speculative fiction creates society." Teknokultura. Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales 16, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/tekn.64857.
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Human biology creates empathy through storytelling and emulation. Throughout history, humans have honed their capacity to understand optimum storytelling and relate to others in new ways. The bioethical concepts of Leon Kass’s Wisdom of Repugnance and Arthur Caplan’s Yuck Factor attempt to describe, and in Kass’s case even support, society’s abhorrence of that which is strange, against God or nature, or simply the “other.” However, speculative fiction has been assessing the “other” for as long as we’ve told speculative stories. The last thousand years of social liberalization and technological progress in Western civilization can be linked to these stories through feedback loops of storytelling, technological inspiration and acceptance, and social change by growing the audience’s empathy for these speculative characters. Selecting highlights of speculative fiction as far back as the Bible and as recently as the latest movie blockbusters, society has grappled back and forth on whether monsters, superhumans, aliens, and the “other” are considered villainous, frightening and yucky, or heroic, aspirational and yummy. The larger historical arc of speculative fiction, technological acceptance and history demonstrates the clear shift from yucky to yummy. Works include The Bible, Talmud, stories of alchemists and the Brazen Head, Paradise Lost, Frankenstein, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, gothic horror films of Germany and the U.S., Superman and the Golden Age of comics, and recent blockbusters, among others.
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Seifert, Elena Ivanovna. "Russian-German Chanson as a Product of Emigration." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-1-50-65.
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The theory of chanson as a creative direction has not been sufficiently developed, although the study of chanson has undoubtedly been strengthening its positions recently. Researchers perceive chanson broadly (songs of the direction of urban song folklore) and narrowly (thieves lyrics). The purpose of the research is to study the Russian-German chanson, the tasks are to observe the works of Vadim Kuzema and Viktor Gagin, a multifaceted analysis of the lyric cycle of Sonya Jahnke From a Song Notebook. The legitimacy of the allocation of the Russian-German chanson is confirmed by the attempt of the national-geographical division of the Russian-speaking chanson, proposed by M. Dyukov. Russian-German chanson is a phenomenon that formed during the third stage of mass migration, that is, it fully takes into account all the genetic layers of the subcultural ethnos. S. Janke, in her stylization as a thug chanson song, concerns various aspects of the life and life of Russian Germans in Germany. The author of the article applies structural-descriptive, historical-typological and comparative-historical research methods. The research results can be applied to the entire RussianGerman chanson. The lyrical hero suffers from marginality and seeks to grow into a new and still alien society for him. The clear difference between Russian-German chanson and Russian is in a special collective subject (a type of Russian German) striving to become related to the world that alienates him (as opposed to the hero of the Russian thug chanson cultivating the world of outcasts). The asocial character of the hero of the Russian-German chanson is fundamentally different from the asocial character of the hero of the Russian chanson. Comprehension of the Russian-German chanson reveals a paradox: the appeal of Russian Germans to a marginal thug song is nothing more than an attempt to free themselves from the marginality of their ethnic group. Russian-German stylization under the thieves song is not distinguished by romance: the ethnic picture of Russian Germans is not characterized by the typically Russian opposition of high and low.
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Grak, E. A. "ETHNIC IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN GERMANS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF MATERIALS IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY)." Northern Archives and Expeditions 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2021-5-2-65-79.
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The article considers the nature of ethnic identity transformation of Russian Germans and their descendants currently residing in Krasnoyarsk Region. Ethnic and demographic development of Russian Germans is characterized by depopulation, migration loss and irreversibility of ethnic assimilation. This actualizes the problem of finding effective mechanisms for preservation and ethnical and cultural reproduction of the German ethnic group. Analyze of the ethnic identification model of the deported Germans and their descendants allows to determine key ethnic-forming factors. It is concluded that traditional markers, such as language and religion, have lost their meaning in the process of ethnic self-identification. Their reproduction was destroyed by alien ethnic environment with the spread of nationally mixed marriages. The article notes the increased role of historical memory in the post-deportation period, which is formed through interfamilial and intergenerational communication. Images of the past are represented and transmitted, first of all, through family and other social institutions. The otherness of the Russian Germans is manifested through their opposition to Germans of Germany. The study is based on biographical interviews of deported Germans and their descendants taken by a group of Krasnoyarsk historians during a field expedition to the south of the region in 2017 in termd of the project «Ethnic groups in Siberia: conditions for cultural memory preservation» with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The article is dated to the 80th anniversary of the Russian Germans deportation.
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Erokhina, Olga V., and Vitaly Y. Zakharov. "“The Other/Own/Alien”: Paradoxes of Perception of Germans in the Russian Empire in the late 18th – early 20th centuries." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i1.494.
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The article deals with the problem of “the Other/Own/Alien” on the example of Germans and German colonists who arrived to Russian Empire in the late 18th – early 20th century at the invitation of the authorities. The material analyzed by the authors allowed revealing how the process of their transformation from “the Other” to “Stranger” took place. We have identified the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that influenced it. For various reasons, Germans came to the country where they had to adapt to new natural and climatic conditions, master the language, get acquainted with culture and traditions. In our opinion, long-term residence in the country and the gradual establishment of contacts with the local population contributed to the assimilation of Germans and transformation into “our kin”. This process took place much faster in an urban environment than in rural areas. However, foreign policy circumstances forced the Russian authorities to pursue an anti-German policy. This is reflected in periodicals and journalism. The desire of the Germans to preserve their language, culture and traditions, as well as the policy of the authorities, contributed to the formation of the image of the “Alien”.
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Hamaniuk, Vita A. "Deutsche Spuren in der Ukraine im Deutscheunterricht: illustrativ, interaktiv, kommunikativ." Освітній вимір 54, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 34–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.v54i2.3853.
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The article deals with the problem of the development of intercultural competence, which is one of the key competences in foreign language education. The focus lies on examining the opportunities available to use the topic of German Trails in Ukraine as a material for developing intercultural competence. The theoretical foundations on which the research was conducted are analyzed: the essence of intercultural communication, the conditions of its smooth flow; the essence of intercultural competence, its constituents and the relations between them; the role of country studies (both the country of the target language and its own history) in the acquisition of background knowledge, the ability to compare cultures, to tolerate differences between them, and furthermore. Considering that the development of intercultural competence at a level that would ensure the effective implementation of intercultural communication is primarily due to the presence, in addition to language acquisition, of intercultural knowledge, perceptions of the rules of communicative behavior and the positive disposition of learners, an important element is the approaching of the target culture, the removal of prejudices about the „alien“. This can be achieved through the inclusion in the educational process of materials from the immediate environment of learners. For exemple, the theme „Traces of the Germans in Ukraine“ is used, in which work, on the one hand, reveals facts of the history of the Germans and Germany in the European format, and on the other, the facts of the history of their own country, the history of their immediate surroundings, at the expense of which the story of „alien“ is transferred to the personal sphere. Among the possible forms of work on the topic focuses on three: work with texts containing information, the history of the Germans as a motivation for communication, the implementation of an interdisciplinary approach to training of project activities.
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Celka, Zbigniew. "Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10119-011-0011-0.
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Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castlesThis monograph presents results of research on relics of cultivation and the present vascular flora of sites of medieval fortified settlements and castles in Central Europe. Special attention was paid to 109 West Slavic sites located in Poland, northeastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. For comparison, floristic data were collected also at 21 sites of medieval settlements and castles of Baltic tribes, East Slavs, and Teutonic knights. Results of this study confirm the hypothesis that remnants of medieval fortified settlements and castles are valuable habitat islands in the agricultural landscape, and are refuges of the plants that have accompanied West Slavs since the Middle Ages. At the 109 West Slavic archaeological sites, 876 vascular plant species were recorded. The present flora of the study sites is highly specific, clearly distinct from the surrounding natural environment, as shown by results of analyses of taxonomic composition, geographical-historical and synecological groups, indices of anthropogenic changes of the flora, and degrees of hemeroby (i.e. human influence) at the studied habitats. The sites of fortified settlements and castles are centres of concentration and sources of dispersal of alien species. Aliens account for nearly 21% of the vascular flora of the study sites. Among them, a major role is played by archaeophytes (101 species). Some archaeological sites are characterized by a high contribution of so-called species of old deciduous forests (98 species). Despite many features in common, floras of archaeological sites vary significantly, depending on their geographical location, size, typology, and chronology of their origin. Historical sites occupied in the past by West Slavs differ in the current vascular flora from the sites occupied in the Middle Ages by East Slavs or Baltic tribes and from Teutonic castles. West Slavic archaeological sites are primarily refuges for 22 relics of cultivation. Considering the time of cultivation, 3 groups of relics were distinguished: (i) relics of medieval cultivation (plants cultivated till the late 15thcentury); (ii) relics of cultivation in the modern era (introduced into cultivation in the 16thcentury or later), and (iii) relics of medieval-modern cultivation. These species play a special role in research on the history of the flora of Central Europe and thus also of the world flora. Thus the best-preserved sites of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles should be protected as our both cultural and natural heritage. This work is a key contribution to geobotanical research on transformation of the vegetation associated with human activity. Considering the problem of relics of cultivation it corresponds also to basic ethnobotanical issues.
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Mehner, S., B. Manurung, D. Schmidt, M. Grüntzig, W. Witsack, and E. Fuchs. "Population dynamics of the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus Dahlb. and two-year investigations into the occurrence of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) in crops of winter barley located in the Middle German Dry Region, Germany." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10494-pps.
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From 2000 to 2001 the population dynamics of Psammotettix alienus Dahlb. were recorded using a sweep-net or a biocoenometer. The investigations were carried out in Zscherben near Halle (Middle German Dry Region). The imagines of the first generation of P. alienus could be observed for the first time at the beginning of May (2000) and at the end of May (2001), respectively. According to our results, in this area three generations of P. alienus are developed. In both years of our observations the barley-strain of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) occurred. The main important infections appeared in autumn. Furthermore, during the whole period of our investigations the percentage of viruliferous individuals which were caught was recorded by means of a biological test. In June this percentage achieved 84.0% (2000) and 76.7% (2001), respectively. In the course of summer months of both years the percentage of viruliferous P. alienus decreased. In autumn of the year 2000 an increasing portion followed once again. However, in the year 2001 a continual reduction from > 70% in June to < 5% in late autumn could be observed.
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Trzeciak, Miriam. "Migration, Asyl, Flüchtlinge und Fremdenrecht: Deutschland und seine Nachbarn in Europa vor neuen Herausforderungen (‘Migration, Asylum, Refugees and Aliens Law: Germany and Its Neighbours in Europe in the Face of New Challenges’)." International Journal of Refugee Law 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey045.
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Sökefeld, Martin. "Alevis in Germany and the Politics of Recognition." New Perspectives on Turkey 29 (2003): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006142.
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Migration has been among the most decisive influences shaping contemporary German society, deeply influencing not only economics and demography but also societal discourse and political practice. Legal issues concerning foreigners and immigration have been hotly debated in German society and have played a central role in many elections at both federal and provincial levels. Recognition is an issue at the heart of these concerns. How are migrants viewed in Germany, as “immigrants” or as “foreigners”? As individuals who form a legitimate part of German society, or who have overstayed their temporary “invitation”? Who contribute to the economy and to public welfare, and or who live at the expense of German society? Who are essentially alien to German society and can at best achieve a liminal state of betweenness, or who actively and self-consciously assume a diversity of positions at all levels of society?
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Wagner, Ulrich, Sarantis Tachtsoglou, Patrick Ferdinand Kotzur, Maria-Therese Friehs, and Uwe Kemmesies. "Proportion of Foreigners Negatively Predicts the Prevalence of Xenophobic Hate Crimes within German Districts." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519887719.
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Statistics show that the increase in the number of refugees to Germany since 2015 was accompanied by an increase in xenophobic hate crimes. We deduced rivaling predictions from intergroup contact and intergroup threat theories that could explain the occurrence of xenophobic hate crimes. By combining structural data of the 402 German districts with the 2015 police crime statistics, we found evidence to support our predictions that aligns with intergroup contact theory: the higher the proportion of foreigners in a district, the lower the prevalence of xenophobic hate crimes. Our analyses further show that the prevalence of xenophobic hate crime attacks was positively related to the total prevalence of registered criminal offenses in a district and was higher in eastern German districts.
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Torpey, John. "Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820–1989. By Steve Hochstadt (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1999) 331 pp. $52.50 Guests and Aliens. By Saskia Sassen (New York, New Press, 1999) 202 pp. $25.00." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 2 (October 2000): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2000.31.2.281.
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Bodemann, Y. Michal. "Between Israel and Germany from the “Alien Asiatic People” to the new German Jewry." Jewish History 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10835-005-5982-y.
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Miller, Mark J. "Dual Citizenship: A European Norm?" International Migration Review 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300410.
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Since the mid-1970s, when it became clear that some three million of the eleven million foreigners recruited to work in Germany from 1955 to 1973 would not be returning home as expected, German democracy has faced a difficult problem. What would (and should) be the political status of long-term alien residents living in a democratic society that did not consider itself an immigration land? Although it was evident to some that a major consequence of postwar guestworker policy was the creation of a difficult-to-resolve political question, the contention seemed arguable in the mid-1970s. It no longer is so today. The convening of this conference on dual nationality offered incontrovertible evidence of the long-term significance of the political dilemma to German democracy posed by guestworker recruitment.
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Reczyńska, Anna. "Sprawy polskie w Kanadzie w czasie I wojny światoweJ." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 2 (176) (2020): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.019.12335.
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Polish Issues in Canada During World War I The article presents the impact of World War I on Polish immigrants in Canada, the position of the Polish ethnic group in this country and the efforts of persons of Polish descent in regard to recruitment for the Polish Army in North America. Poles, who were subjects of Germany or the Austro-Hungarian Empire were treated as enemy aliens. Those people were forced to register and report to the police on a regular basis and some of them were interned in labour camps during the war. Some were released from the camps after an intervention of Polish organizations and priests. Soldiers of Polish descent, volunteers and recruits also fought in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces in Europe. Over 20,000 Polish volunteers from the US (including over 200 from Canada) enrolled in a training camp formed in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario on the border with the US. The problems with the organization and functioning of the camp, and opinions on Polish volunteers shaped the attitude of many Canadians towards the Polish diaspora and the newly established Polish state. Keywords: World War I, Polish Diaspora in Canada, Niagara-on-the-Lake camp, Haller’s Army, Colonel Arthur D’Orr LePan Streszczenie Artykuł przedstawia kilka przykładów obrazujących oddziaływanie wydarzeń I wojny światowej na żyjących w Kanadzie polskich imigrantów, pozycję polskiej grupy etnicznej w tym kraju oraz na aktywność osób polskiego pochodzenia na rzecz rekrutacji do wojska polskiego w Ameryce Północnej. Polaków, którzy byli poddanymi Niemiec lub monarchii austro-wegierskiej traktowano jak przedstawicieli państw wrogich. Mieli obowiązek rejestracji i regularnego zgłaszania się na policję a niektórzy zostali internowani w stworzonych w czasie wojny obozach pracy. Część z nich była z tych obozów zwolniona po interwencji polskich organizacji i polskich duchownych. Żołnierze polskiego pochodzenia, zarówno ochotnicy jak i poborowi, znaleźli się także w oddziałach Kanadyjskich Sił Ekspedycyjnych walczących w Europie. Ponad 20 tys. polskich ochotników z USA (w tym ponad 200 z Kanady) zgłosiło się też do obozu szkoleniowego utworzonego w Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, przy granicy z USA. Problemy z organizacją i funkcjonowaniem tego obozu oraz opinie o polskich ochotnikach, kształtowały nastawienie wielu Kanadyjczyków do polskiej grupy etnicznej i nowotworzonego Państwa Polskiego.
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Grams, Grant W. "The Story of Josef Lainck: From German Emigrant to Alien Convict and Deported Criminal to Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Inmate." Border Crossing 10, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v10i2.1129.
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Josef Lainck, a German national emigrated to Canada in July 1927. He arrived in Quebec City and travelled west to Edmonton, Alberta where he became a burglar and shot a police officer. Lainck was arrested in November 1927 and deported to Germany in 1938, upon arrival he was arrested and interned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp until April 1945. This article will examine Lainck’s emigration to Canada, arrest and deportation to Nazi Germany. Lainck’s case is illuminating as it reveals information on deportations from Canada and the Third Reich’s return migration program and how undesirables were treated within Germany. The Third Reich’s return migration plan encouraged returnees to seek their deportations as a method of return. Canadian extradition procedures cared little for the fate of foreign nationals expatriated to the country of their birth regardless of the form of government or the turmoil that plagued the nation. This work will compare Canadian to American deportation rates as an illustration of Canada’s harsh deportation criterion. In this article, the policies and practices of immigration and deportation are discussed within a framework of insecurity as a key driver for human mobility in the first half of the 20th century.
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Schad, John. "‘All at Sea’: Virginia Woolf, Walter Benjamin, and the Unknown German." CounterText 7, no. 2 (August 2021): 206–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2021.0230.
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On July 10, 1940, amidst fear of Nazi invasion, a prison ship, of sorts, left Liverpool, England, crammed full of over two thousand male ‘Enemy Aliens’ – Germans, Austrians, and some Italians. They were herded together, below deck, with all hatches sealed. Some were prisoners of war, some were passionate Nazis, but most were Jewish refugees. Among them was Walter Benjamin's estranged son, a young man of 22 years, Stefan Rafael Schoenflies Benjamin. Soon after boarding, however, the authorities mistakenly recorded his surname as Benjamini. ‘All at Sea’, John Schad's critical-creative piece, recounts events around ‘the unknown German’ on the vessel, playing richly on, and with, recognition effects around what is (un)familiarly known about Virginia Woolf, Walter Benjamin, and various kinds of connection between them and other figures from the period.
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Hoffman, Beatrix. "Scientific Racism, Insurance, and Opposition to the Welfare State: Frederick L. Hoffman's Transatlantic Journey." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2, no. 2 (April 2003): 150–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400002450.
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Frederick Ludwig Hoffman, statistician and insurance executive, was a formidable opponent of the emerging welfare state during the Progressive Era. As a vice president of the Prudential Insurance Company of Newark, New Jersey, Hoffman led a relentless campaign against proposals for government-ran compulsory health insurance between 1915 and 1920. While he acted in the interests of his insurance company employer, Hoffman's opposition also arose from his ardent beliefs about the nature of welfare states. Social insurance and other forms of state-organized assistance, Hoffman claimed, represented “alien governmental theories” based on “paternalism and coercion,” especially since they originated in autocratic Germany, where in 1885 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had created the world's first sickness insurance system. “In so far as our right to oppose compulsory health insurance is concerned,” explained Hoffman, “it [is] the duty of every American to oppose German ideas of government control and state socialism.” In the anti-German atmosphere engendered by the First World War, his arguments had particular resonance.
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Weeks, Andrew. "COSMIC AND TERRESTRIAL ALIENS IN THE GERMAN RENAISSANCE." Daphnis 33, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2004): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-90000907.
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Paddock, Troy. "Creating an Oriental Feindbild." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 214–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000094.
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One of the first things that Hans Castorp, the protagonist of Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, learned upon his arrival at Berghof Sanitarium in Davos, was that there was a “good” Russian table and a “bad” Russian table. The bad Russians were characterized as barbarians, more or less uncivilized. Even the good Russians, while more polite, were considered to be an exotic and alien presence, quite different from anything that Castorp, the model of the German bourgeois class, had ever experienced. As Larry Wolff has noted, Russia was a place connected to the rest of Europe by postal routes, but which few Germans ever visited.
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Haubrock, Phillip J., Ross N. Cuthbert, Andrea Sundermann, Christophe Diagne, Marina Golivets, and Franck Courchamp. "Economic costs of invasive species in Germany." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59502.
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Invasive alien species are a well-known and pervasive threat to global biodiversity and human well-being. Despite substantial impacts of invasive alien species, quantitative syntheses of monetary costs incurred from invasions in national economies are often missing. As a consequence, adequate resource allocation for management responses to invasions has been inhibited, because cost-benefit analysis of management actions cannot be derived. To determine the economic cost of invasions in Germany, a Central European country with the 4th largest GDP in the world, we analysed published data collected from the first global assessment of economic costs of invasive alien species. Overall, economic costs were estimated at US$ 9.8 billion between 1960 and 2020, including US$ 8.9 billion in potential costs. The potential costs were mostly linked to extrapolated costs of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, the black cherry Prunus serotina and two mammals: the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus and the American mink Neovison vison. Observed costs were driven by a broad range of taxa and mostly associated with control-related spending and resource damages or losses. We identified a considerable increase in costs relative to previous estimates and through time. Importantly, of the 2,249 alien and 181 invasive species reported in Germany, only 28 species had recorded economic costs. Therefore, total quantifications of invasive species costs here should be seen as very conservative. Our findings highlight a distinct lack of information in the openly-accessible literature and governmental sources on invasion costs at the national level, masking the highly-probable existence of much greater costs of invasions in Germany. In addition, given that invasion rates are increasing, economic costs are expected to further increase. The evaluation and reporting of economic costs need to be improved in order to deliver a basis for effective mitigation and management of invasions on national and international economies.
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Kocka, Jürgen. "Comparative Historical Research: German Examples." International Review of Social History 38, no. 3 (December 1993): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112131.
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Systematic comparison was alien to the historicist paradigm which dominated historical research and literature in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly in Germany. Anyone aiming to reconstruct historical phenomena as individual events, study them under the aspect of ”development” and understand them in their context would not be interested in systematic identification of similarities and differences or in their explanation. Narrative and comparison were and are opposites. Without conceptual explanation and theoretical input, historical comparison is not possible. Because German historians were strongly influenced by the historicist paradigm until well into the second third of the twentieth century, systematic comparison did not play a major role in their work. In essence it was left to important outsiders like Otto Hintze and historically oriented sociologists like Max Weber.
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Wiedebach, Hartwig. "Der ‘Berliner Antisemitismusstreit' 1879–1881. Eine Kontroverse um die Zugehörigkeit der deutschen Juden zur Nation. Ed. Karsten Krieger. Munich: Saur, 2003. 2 vols., 903 pp." AJS Review 29, no. 1 (April 2005): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405400094.
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“The Jews are our misfortune.” This was the final conclusion of the eminent historian Heinrich von Treitschke—should it prove impossible to slow down the “flock of ambitious young men hawking trousers” who were penetrating into Germany “year and year . . . over the eastern border.” “Experience taught,” von Treitschke averred that these Polish Jews were alien to the “Germanic soul.” He had nothing against Jews, “baptized and otherwise,” such as Felix Mendelssohn, Gabriel Riesser, and others, all of them “fine specimens of the German man in the best sense of the term.” But then there were all the others, etc. These are sentences taken from Treitschke's November 1879 essay “Unsere Aussichten,” subsequently triggering the debate that has been known since Walter Boehlich's first edition of source materials as the “Berlin Anti-Semitism Dispute.”
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Baumann, Martin. "Culture Contact and Valuation: Early German Buddhists and the Creation of a ‘Buddhism in Protestant Shape’." Numen 44, no. 3 (1997): 270–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568527971655904.
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AbstractThis paper handles the question concerning the factors that control the degree of adaptability of a transplanted religion spread in a culturally alien context. It will be argued that the assumed superiority of both one's religion and one's culture are decisive factors for the willingness to adapt or to refuse adaptation. The theoretical issues will be illustrated by the adoption of Buddhism by its early German followers. Thus, the paper gives a brief survey of the historical development of the adoption of Buddhism in Germany. Characteristics of the early phases will be outlined as well as the state of affairs of Buddhism in Germany in the 1990's. Most remarkable is Buddhism's rapid growth which increased the number of Buddhist centres and groups fivefold since the mid 1970's.On the basis of this historic description a particular line of interpreting Buddhist teachings, that of a rational understanding, is outlined. The analysis of this adoption of Buddhism seeks to show that early German Buddhists interpreted and moulded Buddhist teachings in such a way as to present it as being in high conformity with Western morals and culture. This high degree of adapting Buddhist teachings led to an interpretation which can be characterized as a ‘Buddhism in Protestant shape.’ Buddhism was used as a means of protest against the dominant religion, that of Christianity, but at the same time its proponents took over many forms and characteristics of the religion criticized most heavily.
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Jansen, Sarah. "An American Insect in Imperial Germany: Visibility and Control in Making the Phylloxera in Germany, 1870–1914." Science in Context 13, no. 1 (2000): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003719.
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The ArgumentThe vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix became a “pest” as it was transferred from North America and from France to Germany during the 1870s. Embodying the “invading alien,” it assumed a cultural position that increasingly gained importance in Imperial Germany. In this process, the minute insect, living invisibly underground, was made visible and became constitutive of the scientific-technological object, “pest,” pertaining to a scientific discipline, modern economic entomology. The “pest” phylloxera emerged by being made visible in a way that enabled control measures against it. Thus, visibility functioned as a prerequisite for control measures. I differentiate between social visibility and physical visibility, as well as between social control and physical control of the “introduced pest.” The object phylloxera emerged at the intersection of techniques of social control such as surveillance, techniques of physical control such as disinfection, and representational practices of the sciences such as mathematics and graphics. The space of its visibility was not the vineyard as property of a vintner but the vineyard as national territory, where German (viti-) culture was defended against foreign infiltration and destruction. Many vintners had alternate visions of the grapevine disease, they resented the invasion and destruction of their vineyards by government officers, and thus they did not participate in the social and epistemic constitution of the “pest.” By 1914, the “introduced pest” had not yet become an effective “machinery.” However, the “pest” as an object of scientific knowledge emerged together with economic entomology. The field became organized as a discipline in Germany in 1913, forty years after the phylloxera had first aroused the minds of some worried Wilhelmians, and, together with its nationalistic images, the field of “pest” control became organized towards a redefinition of German society and its perceived dangers.
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Gollasch, Stephan. "National checklist for aquatic alien species in Germany." Aquatic Invasions 1, no. 4 (2006): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.8.
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Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina. "Alien species reflecting history: medieval castles in Germany." Diversity and Distributions 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2004): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00071.x.
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Schrank, Andrew. "Mobile Professionals and Metropolitan Models: The German Roots of Vocational Education in Latin America." European Journal of Sociology 61, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975620000065.
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AbstractThe Latin American model of vocational education has been widely portrayed as a homegrown success story, particularly by scholars and stakeholders who are aware of the region’s skill deficits, wary of alien solutions, and suspicious of institutional transfers more generally. Is the Latin American model really homegrown? I use a combination of qualitative and quantitative data to trace the model’s mores and methods not to the New World but to Central Europe and go on to identify three different transmission paths in the 20th century: imitation by Latin Americans of German origin, descent, and/or training in the run-up to World War II; propagation by West German attachés and advisors in an effort to rehabilitate their country’s image in the wake of the war; and adaptation by local employers and policymakers—who received additional support from Germany—at the turn of the last century. The results suggest that institutional importation is less a discrete event or outcome to be avoided than an ongoing process that, first, entails translation, adaptation, and at times obfuscation by importers as well as exporters; and, second, is facilitated by immigrants, their descendants, and diplomats in transnational contact zones.
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Spikkeland, Ingvar, and Jens Petter Nilssen. "Alien amphipods (Arthopoda; Crustacea) in the Tista Estuary, Halden, southeastern Norway." Fauna norvegica 41 (November 26, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/fn.v41i0.3957.
Full textAbstract:
Two new amphipods for Norway Melita nitida and Corophium multisetosum (Crustacea; Amphipoda) were registered in brackish waters in the Tista Estuary in Halden, southeastern Norway. Both species were found in the samples from Tista’s outlet into the Idde Fjord, C. multisetosum in the beach zone and M. nitida at about 4 m depth. Melita nitida is a North American species first found in Europe in the Netherlands in 1998, and since then dispersed into the Baltic Sea via the Kiel Canal and now also found several places on the German Baltic Sea coast and in the Black Sea. Corophium multisetosum was collected even before the 1920s in Western Europe, and is considered native for Europe, whereas its relationship to North America is more ambiguous. From the British Isles and the Netherlands, it seems to have spread to Germany, Poland, Denmark and Sweden, and at present Norway. Until now the two species were found in small numbers at the Norwegian sites and their influence on the total benthic community is probably negligible in this initial phase. The Tista Estuary in Halden apparently appears to be a hotspot for alien brackish water species in Norway. Generally estuaries, with their combination of brackish water jointly with their unsaturated ecological niches and intensive international ship traffic, seem to possess the highest potential infection rate for aquatic systems with alien acrozoobenthic species.