Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Algorithmes – Droit'
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Papineau, Christelle. "Droit et intelligence artificielle : essai pour la reconnaissance du droit computationnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D049.
Full textThe porosity between law and artificial intelligence is now sixty years old. This porosity, which was originally intended to enable computer scientists to improve the cognitive performances of their algorithms, thanks to the legal syllogism, quickly aroused, in return, the interest of jurists in computer science. They understood that they could take advantage of the opportunities offered by the automation of the law, thanks to new technologies. Thus, at the dawn of the 2020s, machine learning, one of the most recent disciplinary subfields of artificial intelligence, allows as much to improve the methods of application of the laws and sanctions than to calculate the citizens (predictive policing, predictive justice, but also access to legal information and justice, online). This deployment of machine learning, which operates as much in the common law countries as in the countries of civil law tradition, takes place mainly in a context of a legality, to the detriment of the rights of the scored citizens. North American lawyers have resolved this lack of legislative framework by using the technique of judge-made law. This technique, which has the advantage of its adaptability, at the same time to each situation of legislative gap, but also to the tendencies of the society and the times, will be mobilized again, in the future, when the next disciplinary subfields of artificial intelligence, including deep learning, will be deployed. The flexibility of the North American common lawyer system can serve as a model for the French system, to set up a legal framework regulating, today, machine learning and, tomorrow, the next disciplinary subfields of artificial intelligence. However, the casuistic dimension of the North American model should be adapted to the French system, proposing the use of alternative normativities and ethics as instruments equivalent to the flexibility of the judge-made law. This approach would make it possible to observe the legal issues that arise with each technological advance and to consider legal responses, in a context inclined to legislate once the whole set of technical and legal issues, such as these pose, has been seized. This method, which requires observing new technological phenomena through the prism of alternative normativities before legislating, should make it possible to guide and influence the legislative work of the French legislator to improve the effectiveness of the digital law in terms of protecting people scored by algorithms, deployed as much by administrations as by legaltech type companies
Huttner, Liane. "La décision de l'algorithme : étude de droit privé sur les relations entre l'humain et la machine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1519e5dc-267a-46bf-8e75-4699db7e89fe.
Full textIn France, decision-making algorithms have been regulated for almost 50 years. However, given the constant development of these tools and their ever-broadening use, the effeetivity of this control has come into question. In particular, the law seems to focus on the protection of the person subjected to an automated decision. In doing so, it neglects one of the most important issues at stake : the protection of the authors of the decision themselves. This thesis argues that it is only through a subtle balance between the protection of the authors and the subjects of a given decision that the law might be able to properly regulate decision-making algorithms. Using this approach, the two classic categories of decision-making algorithms namely algorithms serving as the only basis for a decision versus algorithms serving as a simple help for the decision - can be reinterpreted. At the same time, rules regulating the conception and the use of such algorithms can be reinforced. The interdiction of all decision-making algorithms in certain domains can be seen as a proper protection of the human decision. Other mechanisms, such as the right to obtain human intervention, or to contest the decision, arc specifically designed to protect the person subjected to a decision based on an algorithm
Lemaire, Vincent. "Le droit public numérique à travers ses concepts : émergence et transformation d'une terminologie juridique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D027.
Full textThis work is about the reconstruction of the public law because of digital new uses, reviewing the transformation of the main public law concepts. This in order to identify which concepts can withstand, change or disappear because digital new uses. This will be the moment to mention the new digital items, to confront their compatibility by the public law. Moreover, we will consider how the public law is able to comprehend news uses and digital reticulated communication structures. Then, the purpose of this work is to reintegrate public law into the network paradigm in order to find out the ability for the public government to take part efficiently in most digital activities and digital business activities. In this way, we will be able to design how to guide the conceptual transformation of the public law in the digital transition of the government facing new digital challenges
Poinsot, Lisa. "Contribution à l'étude de la contrainte du temps dans le contrat de travail." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSJPG/2021/2021LILUD014.pdf.
Full textThe « Contribution to the study of the time constraint in the employment contract » proposes to verify the effects of the representation of time by the Law in the face of the difficulties generated by the evolutions impacting employed labour. Law and time are intrinsically linked: law materialises and objectifies time, while the latter justifies legal innovations. This strong mutual influence of time and law leads us to question the relevance of the legal representation of the employment contract in the face of the massive use of algorithms in salaried work. To answer this question, this study intends to demonstrate the creation of a legal representation of the employment contract due to the perception of time by the Law, as well as the transformation of the perception of salaried work, based on artificial intelligence and digital platforms. An answer is therefore emerging: the legal representation of the employment contract, the result of the action of the Law on time, can serve as a basis for the protection of the worker in the face of the important use of artificial intelligence and digital platforms. The adaptation of the legal representation of the employment contract would make it possible to benefit from the advantages of these technological advances while supervising their use
Merabet, Samir. "Vers un droit de l'intelligence artificielle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0528.
Full textEven if its appearance is recent among technological inventions history, artificial intelligence has nevertheless quickly established itself, disrupting economy and the job market. Yet, upon assessment, it seems that these two forms of intelligence cannot be regarded as equivalent. Even if artificial intelligence borrows some aspects of human intelligence, many others are missing. Conscience, reason and emotions are unknown to machines, even intelligent ones. Yet, law rests upon such qualities. Hence, applying rules created for human to intelligent computer systems may be inappropriate. Indeed, the confrontation between law and artificial intelligence reveals the existence of a paradigm on which positive law is based. To a large extent, French law relies on the subjectivity proper to humans. All branches of law appear to be concerned, civil law as well as criminal law or intellectual property law. Therefore, the legal regime of artificial intelligence seems very uncertain. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to clear up the doubts surrounding the nature of artificial intelligence in order to neatly distinguish it from human intelligence. Eventually, the acknowledgment of the fundamental difference opposing these two forms of intelligence should lead to the recognition of a new public order of humanity and the preservation of an exclusive field for human intelligence
Roque, Anne-Céline. "La notion d'invention à l'épreuve de l'autonomisation des branches de la technique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111008.
Full textThe starting point of this thesis is the questioning on the reason why the American and French legislators, as well as the draftsmen of the Munich Convention, have not clearly defined the crux of the patent law: the invention. This lack of precision should not be considered as a simple flaw, but as the sign of cautiousness towards a concept that is intrinsically related to the unpredictable development of sciences and technology.Whereas no definition has been given, concordant factors give a sight of what this concept could be: a concrete demonstration of grip on the forces of nature. This guideline which had been designed when the engineer could impose his will on the material and design it at will is questioned by the occurrence of new forms of creation. The invention can always be seen as a tangible proof of technological power when dealing with a household appliance or a joining system; however, human ingenuity has also been used for conceiving software programs or commercial methods which, just like the tool machine, simplify the human work. Hence, it does not seem possible to adopt a single approach of the invention and thus deny reality. Moreover, maintaining a unique conception of the invention would be difficult since the management that human being was supposed to practice on material is, in fact, less ensured, as it is shown for instance by the difficulties that chemists or geneticists face in controlling material. Hence, a one-sided approach of the invention can not be considered. In order to take into account the inflexions of the concept of innovation, scientific works have been based on the idea of empowerment, which can be seen, according to Simondon’s work, as a progressive emancipation of the creations from their creators’ tutorship. This emancipation has been made possible through a better knowledge of the laws which regulate the material and allow the engineer to design creations which break the “traditional” image of the invention (Part I). However, as this knowledge was not sufficient to completely domesticate nature, it also necessary to study the most disturbing aspect of the empowerment phenomenon, in order to foresee all the possible conceptions of invention in the 21st century (Part 2)
Pinotti, Giulia. "Procedimento amministrativo e automazione : problemi e prospettive, anche a la luce di un'analisi comparata Italia-Francia." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D015.
Full textThis work has two main goals, and for this reason it is divided into two parts: their object is the use of automation systems for decision-making by public administration. The first part is devoted to the conceptualization and identification of the normative and systematic framework of the subject Before turning to the digitalization of the administrative procedure, it is first necessary to identify an define the essential characteristics of the digitalization of public administration. Then, the automation of decision making is analyzed, which is the main object of the investigation. It is essential to consider the normative sources that govern the automation of public decisions, and also to understand the legal nature of the instruments that allow automation. The second part, on the other hand highlights the main legal problems posed by the introduction of automated public administrative decisions: a first hypothesis is that automation is not compatible with European principles an standards on public administration, as well as with national (Italian) sources of administrative procedure. After having abandoned this first hypothesis, the work focuses on the way of reconciling the principles and the traditional procedural institutes ( obligation of motivation, participation) wit automated decisions
Ghribi, Dhafer. "Optimisation des corrections de forme dans les engrenages droits et hélicoïdaux : Approches déterministes et probabilistes." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873973.
Full textBoutet, Antoine. "Decentralizing news personalization systems." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S023/document.
Full textThe rapid evolution of the web has changed the way information is created, distributed, evaluated and consumed. Users are now at the center of the web and becoming the most prolific content generators. To effectively navigate through the stream of available news, users require tools to efficiently filter the content according to their interests. To receive personalized content, users exploit social networks and recommendation systems using their private data. However, these systems face scalability issues, have difficulties in coping with interest dynamics, and raise a multitude of privacy challenges. In this thesis, we exploit peer-to-peer networks to propose a recommendation system to disseminate news in a personalized manner. Peer-to-peer approaches provide highly-scalable systems and are an interesting alternative to Big brother type companies. However, the absence of any global knowledge calls for collaborative filtering schemes that can cope with partial and dynamic interest profiles. Furthermore, the collaborative filtering schemes must not hurt the privacy of users. The first contribution of this thesis conveys the feasibility of a fully decentralized news recommender. The proposed system constructs an implicit social network based on user profiles that express the opinions of users about the news items they receive. News items are disseminated through a heterogeneous gossip protocol that (1) biases the orientation of the dissemination, and (2) amplifies dissemination based on the level of interest in each news item. Then, we propose obfuscation mechanisms to preserve privacy without sacrificing the quality of the recommendation. Finally, we explore a novel scheme leveraging the power of the distribution in a centralized architecture. This hybrid and generic scheme democratizes personalized systems by providing an online, cost-effective and scalable architecture for content providers at a minimal investment cost
Nordmann, Raphaëlle. "Justice, éthique et intelligence artificielle : la délégation de la prise de décision judiciaire à un algorithme et l'égalité d'accès au juge." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38195.
Full textThis research deals with justice, ethics and artificial intelligence (AI). More precisely, the aim is to discuss what ethical issues are raised when delegating judicial decision-making to an AI. The issue we are focusing on is equal access to the judge, a fundamental right in both European and international texts. In regard to the most advanced ones that set an ethical frame for the development of AI – which are the Declaration of Montreal, published in December 2018, and the Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI published by the European Commission in April 2019 – we will investigate whether this right is enforced when dispute resolution algorithms are implemented in jurisdictions.
Mariano-Goulart, Denis. "Mise au point d'un algorithme de segmentation des cavités cardiaques à partir de reconstructions tomographiques de ventriculographies isotopiques synchronisées à l'électrocardiogramme : application à une meilleure estimation de la fonction cardiaque." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON11072.
Full textBruyère, Jérôme. "Contribution à l'optimisation de la conception des engrenages coniques à denture droite : analyse et synthèse de la géométrie et des tolérances." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002262.
Full textMachara, Marquez Samer. "Models and algorithms for managing quality of context and respect for privacy in the Internet of Things." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLL005/document.
Full textThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm, which basic idea is the pervasive presence around us of a variety of things or objects that are able to interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors by sharing data, directly acquired by measuring some facts, in order to reach common goals. This information not only represents the state of users but also the processes in which they are involved, this is called the Context. The context informs both recognition and mapping operations by providing a structured, unified view of the world in which a system operates. With the IoT, many applications consume context information concerning users (context owners) such as, daily routines, behaviors and health, offering lots of benefits to users, but compromising their privacy. The re-search problematic of this thesis lies within the “semantic-oriented” IoT vision. In this context, semantic technologies play a key role in exploiting appropriate modelling solutions for integrating privacy security into the IoT. Context-aware applications and services (context consumers) expect correct and reliable context data to adapt their functionalities. In this thesis the Quality of Context (QoC) is meta-data attached to context information describing a range of criteria that express context information quality. These meta-data can be used to determine the worth of the information for a particular application in a particular situation. We explore middleware and framework solutions to integrate the management of privacy and QoC in the IoT. This thesis is distinguished from other context management domain researches by bearing in mind the decoupling of the IoT participants, i.e., the owners of context information and the consumers of this context information. Moreover, we consider the QoC as a factor affecting the privacy of individuals. This thesis provides the following contributions along two axis: 1. Designing a Context Contract Meta-model to define privacy and QoC concerns of decoupled context owners and context consumers based on reciprocal trust. This design is based on two points. Firstly, we consider that privacy is the capacity of context owners to control what, how, when, where and with whom to share information. Therefore, we identify four privacy dimensions (purpose, visibility, retention, QoC), and use them in the definition of access policies and obligations. Secondly, context consumers expect a certain QoC level in order to perform their tasks. We then propose to define two kinds of context contract for the producer and the consumer sides as follows: Context producer contract: A context contract whose clauses are expressions of the production of context data, of privacy requirements, and of QoC guarantees; Context consumer contract: A context contract whose clauses are expressions of the consumption of context data, of QoC requirements, and of privacy guarantees. Each context contract is created without the knowledge of is counter party.2. Proposing an algorithm to create agreements among context producers and context consumers by evaluating and compare requirements against guarantees, stated on their respective context contracts. As both IoT participants have symmetric contracts, when one participant defines its requirements, the other one defines its guarantees. The matching process of these context contracts verifies if the requirements of one party are included within the guarantees offered by the other party. Therefore, taking a decision based on this compatibility match from the producer point of view is to permit or deny the access to context data. Complementarily, from a consumer point of view, the consumption of context data is permitted or denied. From this definition, we designed algorithms to determine whether access and consumption are authorized or not, according to the context contracts matching
Malekian, Hajar. "La libre circulation et la protection des données à caractère personnel sur Internet." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020050.
Full textFree flow of data and personal data protection on the Internet Protection of personal data is an autonomous fundamental right within the European Union (Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of European Union). Moreover, free flow of personal data and free movement of information society services in particular online platforms is essential for the development of digital single market in European Union. The balance between free movement of data and personal data protection is subject of the European legal framework. However, the main challenge still remains to strike the right balance between effective personal data protection and free flow of this data and information society services. This balance is not an easy task especially in the age of online platforms, Big Data and processing algorithms like Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Rouhana, Jad. "La protection des renseignements personnels dans l'exploitation des assistants vocaux." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25169.
Full textVoice assistants bring a new way for humans to interact with technology by only using their voice. Scalable and interactive technology thanks to artificial intelligence. We will see that the technical and software characteristics of voice assistants contribute to a massive collection of personal information by companies. The imprecision of confidentiality policies, the absence of information on the mode of operation, the imperfection of the Natural Language Processing characterized by false positives and the difficulties inherent in the exercise by individuals of some of their rights contribute to the mismatch between voice assistants and various existing laws. In addition, the possibility for people to interact with the object as well as its lack of autonomy tend to complicate the application of civil liability regimes, including that resulting from the act of thing. This recent appearance of voice assistants has so far not giving judges the possibility to rule on the right to privacy, protection of personal information and civil liability. Current case law doesn’t seem to be well adapted to the technological context around the voice assistant, and more generally the voice. The Oakes test, which was design to determining the reasonableness of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Canadian Charter, appears to be unsuited to this new context. We will see that the lack of powers conferred on the competent authorities represents a major obstacle in monitoring the application of the rule of law.