Journal articles on the topic 'Alginate capsule'
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Pitaloka, Gina Gustiani, and Ai Komariah. "Respon Pertumbuhan dan Daya Tahan Hidup Setek Mikro Krisan." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v1i2.81.
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The objectives of this experiment was to study the interaction between NAA and alginate concentrations on growth and shelf life of Chrysanthemum morifolium Rahmat Syn. Micro cutting in capsule. Design of this experiment used Randomized Block Design with two factors and two replication. The first factor wa concentration of NAA consisted of three levels (0.00 ppm, 0.10 ppm, and 0,15 ppm) and the second factor was concentration of alginate consisted of four levels (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3.0%).the result of experiment showed that interaction among concentration of NAA and alginate on capsule texture, plant weight, leaves number, leaves weight, and shelf life of plant in capsule. There was no interaction between concentration of NAA and alginate on percentage of green capsules, percentage of micro cutting shoot growth, and percentage of capability of shoot growth break through capsule. Optimum concentration for plant weight was 0.1281 ppm NAA and 2.4671% alginate, with maximum weight was 0.0145 grams. Optimum concentration for shelf life of micro cutting in capsule was 0.1191 ppm NAA and 2.8071% alginate, with maximum shelf life was 5.9541 days.
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Kulseng, Bård, Beate Thu, Terje Espevik, and Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk. "Alginate Polylysine Microcapsules as Immune Barrier: Permeability of Cytokines and Immunoglobulins over the Capsule Membrane." Cell Transplantation 6, no. 4 (July 1997): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979700600405.
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Transplantation of pancreatic islets in alginate polylysine microcapsules is a potential useful method for treating type I diabetes. In this study, the permeability for alginate-polylysine microcapsules to cytokines an immunoglobulines has been investigated by a newly developed method. Magnetic monodisperse polymer particles (Dynabeads) coated with antibodies against selected proteins were encapsulated in 0.7 mm alginate polylysine microcapsules. The capsule membrane permeability to IgG (150 kDa). Transferrin (81 kDa), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, 51 kDa), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β, 17.5 kDa), and insulin (5.8 kDa) was estimated by measuring the binding of 125I-labeled proteins to the encapsulated antibody coated Dynabeads. Capsules with an inhomogeneous solid gel core were made of alginates with high guluronic or high mannuronic acid content and poly-l (PLL)- or poly-d-lysine (PDL) of concentrations varied from 0.05-0.2%. The various capsules examined were all impermeable to IgG. The capsules made with a PLL-, but not PDL-membranes were permeable for transferrin. IL-1β was found to penetrate all of the different capsule types. The high-G capsules, however, could be made impermeable to TNF and still allowed transferrin to pass. The permeability of these capsules to IL-1β, but not to TNF was confirmed in an assay where mouse islets of Langerhans were incubated with TNF and IL-1β, and comparing the IL-6 for encapsulated and non-encapsulated islets.
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Vigo, Daniele, Massimo Faustini, Maria Luisa Torre, Alessandro Pecile, Simona Villani, Annalia Asti, Roberta Norberti, et al. "Boar semen controlled-delivery system: morphological investigation and in vitro fertilization test." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 14, no. 5 (2002): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd02004.
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A technology for encapsulation of swine semen in barium alginate and protamine alginate has recently been proposed for the controlled release of the spermatozoa, thus reducing the number of instrumental inseminations required. Controlled-release capsules containing swine spermatozoa were prepared by adding saturated BaCl2 solution to ejaculate and dropping the resulting suspension into a sodium alginate solution, leading to the formation of barium alginate capsules. A second type of capsule was obtained by cross-linking the barium alginate with protamine sulfate. Two types of membrane were thus obtained: barium alginate gel and a protamine cross-linked alginate membrane. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy), functional (motility, membrane integrity and in vitro fertilization test) and technological (capsule structure and weight) approaches were used to characterize the encapsulated spermatozoa and the controlled-delivery system. No differences in terms of morphological and functional characteristics (acrosome integrity and spermatozoa motility) between free and encapsulated semen were found. The technological process did not compromise in vitro fertilization potency of the spermatazoa, although seasonal variability was found. The capsule weight was related to either the pH of the semen or the season. This study represents the starting point for the development of further investigations into the storage and release kinetics of cells from the capsules and for the development of an in vivo fertilization protocol.
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Xu, Shi, Amir Tabaković, Xueyan Liu, Damian Palin, and Erik Schlangen. "Optimization of the Calcium Alginate Capsules for Self-Healing Asphalt." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030468.
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It has been demonstrated that calcium alginate capsules can be used as an asphalt healing system by pre-placing rejuvenator (healing agent) into the asphalt mix and releasing the rejuvenator on demand (upon cracking). This healing mechanism relies on the properties of capsules which are determined by the capsule preparation process. In this study, to optimize the calcium alginate capsules, capsules are prepared using varying Alginate/Rejuvenator (A/R) ratios. Light microscope microscopy and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) are employed to characterize the morphology and microstructure of these capsules. Thermal stability and mechanical property are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and compressive tests. The testing results indicate that higher alginate content results in smaller diameter and lower thermal resistance, but higher compressive strength. The optimum A/R ratio of calcium alginate capsules is found to be 30/70. To prove the effectiveness of the optimized capsules, the capsules are embedded in asphalt mortar beams and a bending and healing program is carried out. The effect of capsule shell material on the mechanical response of asphalt mixture is evaluated through three-point bending on the mortar beams embedded with blank capsules (without the healing agent). Aged mortar beams containing alginate capsules encapsulating rejuvenator demonstrate a higher strength recovery after bending tests, which indicates effective healing due to the release of the rejuvenators from the capsules.
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Lee, Boon-Beng, Rohaida Ibrahim, Sue-Yin Chu, Nurul Ainina Zulkifli, and Pogaku Ravindra. "Alginate liquid core capsule formation using the simple extrusion dripping method." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0174.
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Abstract Liquid core capsules have been widely used in various biotechnological applications. The capsules could be formed by the simple extrusion dripping method. However, the method requires strict control of several process variables in order to form spherical capsules. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of process variables of the method on the capsule size and shape. The results showed that the capsules diameter was decreased when the concentration of alginate solution was increased. The capsule diameter was increased when the gelation time and dripping tip diameter were increased. The membrane thickness of the capsules was significantly increased by the concentration of calcium chloride, gelation time and dripping tip diameter. However, the concentration of alginate gave the opposite trend on the membrane thickness of the capsules. As a recommendation, uniform and spherical alginate liquid core capsules could be formed when concentration of calcium chloride was >10 g/l, the concentration of alginate solution was >5 g/l and <20 g/l, gelation solution height in between 1.7 cm and 3.2 cm, and stirring rate of the gelation bath was in the range of 400–500 rpm.
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Liu, Xing, Jun-Li Huo, Ting-Ting Li, Hao-Kai Peng, Jia-Horng Lin, and Ching-Wen Lou. "Investigation of the Shear Thickening Fluid Encapsulation in an Orifice Coagulation Bath." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030519.
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The orifice coagulation bath method is proposed to encapsulate shear thickening fluid (STF) to form STF capsules, in an attempt to improve the combination of STF and the matrix as well as strengthen the flexibility and stability of the STF composites. By varying the calcium chloride concentration (10, 20 mg/ml), sodium alginate concentration (5, 7, 10 mg/ml) and the surfactant dosage (10%, 20%, 30%), optimal preparation conditions were studied, considering the capsule strength and encapsulation rate. The capsules were also characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results show that the optimal solution for the preparation of the capsules is composed of 30% surfactant, 10 mg/ml mass concentration of CaCl2, and 10 mg/ml mass concentration of sodium alginate. The rough surface and porous interior was observed by SEM. The average diameter of the capsules was 1.93 mm. The TGA curves indicate an improvement on the capsule thermal stability. This study thus provides a promising STF capsule preparation method.
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Winkelmann, Traud, Lara Meyer, and Margrethe Serek. "Germination of Encapsulated Somatic Embryos of Cyclamen persicum." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1093.
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Somatic embryos of cyclamen [Cyclamen persicum Mill.] were produced using a liquid culture system. Two encapsulation techniques, conventional alginate beads and alginate hollow beads, were tested for globular cyclamen somatic embryos with the aim of developing synthetic seeds. Final germination from alginate beads was as high as observed for non encapsulated control embryos (97%), but germination was delayed. In contrast, germination from hollow beads was lower (71%) and occurred later. In hollow beads somatic embryos developed within the capsule, and outgrowth seemed to be more difficult than from alginate. Storage at 4 °C for four weeks resulted in a reduction of viability for controls as well as for encapsulated embryos. Incorporation of medium into the capsules improved the speed of germination for both capsule types. However, somatic embryos were not able to germinate on a medium-free support, even if encapsulated in beads containing medium.
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Sabra, W., A. P. Zeng, H. L�nsdorf, and W. D. Deckwer. "Effect of Oxygen on Formation and Structure ofAzotobacter vinelandii Alginate and Its Role in Protecting Nitrogenase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 4037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.4037-4044.2000.
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ABSTRACT The activity of nitrogenase in the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter vinelandii grown diazotrophically under aerobic conditions is generally considered to be protected against O2 by a high respiration rate. In this work, we have shown that a high rate of respiration is not the prevailing mechanism for nitrogenase protection in A. vinelandii grown in phosphate-limited nitrogen-free chemostat culture. Instead, the formation of alginate appeared to play a decisive role in protecting the nitrogenase that is required for cell growth in this culture. Depending on the O2 tension and cell growth rate, the formation rate and composition of alginate released into the culture broth varied significantly. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic analysis of cell morphology and the cell surface revealed the existence of an alginate capsule on the surface of A. vinelandii. The composition, thickness, and compactness of this alginate capsule also varied significantly. In general, increasing O2 tension led to the formation of alginate with a higher molecular weight and a greater l-guluronic acid content. The alginate capsule was accordingly thicker and more compact. In addition, the formation of the alginate capsule was found to be strongly affected by the shear rate in a bioreactor. Based on these experimental results, it is suggested that the production of alginate, especially the formation of an alginate capsule on the cell surface, forms an effective barrier for O2 transfer into the cell. It is obviously the quality, not the quantity, of alginate that is decisive for the protection of nitrogenase.
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SHIOYA, Toshiaki, Yasushige SAGARA, Toshiaki KIMURA, and Shinichi ANEYA. "Physical properties of alginate capsule." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KOGYO GAKKAISHI 36, no. 8 (1989): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk1962.36.8_631.
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Choi, Jeongyeon, So Young Chun, Tae Gyun Kwon, and Jeong Ok Lim. "Preparation of an Oxygen-Releasing Capsule for Large-Sized Tissue Regeneration." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 8399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238399.
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Sufficient oxygenation for prevention of cellular damage remains a critical barrier to successful tissue engineering, especially in the construction of a large-sized tissue despite numerous attempts to resolve this issue in recent years. There have been a number of hypothetical solutions to this problem, including the use of artificial oxygen carriers, induction of vascularization, and fabrication of oxygen-generating biomaterials. All of these efforts have improved the efficiency of oxygen supply, but none have been able to support the large tissue mass required for clinical application. Necrosis, which often occurs during hypoxic stress, is one of the most significant limitations in large-sized tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed an oxygen producing capsule using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), PLGA (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) and alginate, and also evaluated the capsule as a model of a large-sized tissue. Firstly, H2O2 was microencapsulated by PLGA, and subsequently the H2O2-PLGA microspheres were embedded into a catalase-immobilized alginate capsule of 5.0 mm in diameter. The alginate capsules of a fairly large size were characterized for their oxygenation capability to cells embedded such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by HIF-1α and VEGF expression. The results of this study confirmed that in the oxygen-releasing capsule composed of H2O2 polymeric microspheres and catalase-bound alginate, HUVEC cells successfully survived in the hypoxic state. These results demonstrated that our oxygen producing system containing H2O2-PLGA microspheres could be a useful oxygenating biomaterial for engineering large-sized tissue.
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Rokstad, Anne Mari, Synnøve Holtan, Berit Strand, Bjørg Steinkjer, Liv Ryan, Bård Kulseng, Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk, and Terje Espevik. "Microencapsulation of Cells Producing Therapeutic Proteins: Optimizing Cell Growth and Secretion." Cell Transplantation 11, no. 4 (May 2002): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000002783985774.
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Microencapsulation of genetically engineered cells may have important applications as delivery systems for therapeutic proteins. However, optimization of the microcapsules with regard to mechanical stability, cell growth, and secretion of proteins is necessary in order to evaluate the future use of this delivery technology. We have explored the growth, survival, and secretion of therapeutic proteins from 293-EBNA cells producing endostatin (293 endo cells) and JJN3 myeloma cells producing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that have been embedded in various types of alginate capsules. Parameters that affect capsule integrity such as homogenous and inhomogenous gel cores and addition of an outer poly-l-lysine (PLL)–alginate coating were evaluated in relation to cell functions. When cells were encapsulated, the PLL layer was found to be absolutely required for the capsule integrity. The JJN3 and 293 endo cells displayed completely different growth and distribution patterns of live and dead cells within the microcapsules, as shown by 3D pictures reconstructed from images taken with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Encapsulated JJN3 cells showed a bell-shaped growth and HGF secretion curve over a time period of 5 months. The 293 endo cells reached a plateau phase in growth after 23 days postencapsulation; however, after around 30 days a fraction of the microcapsules started to disintegrate. Microcapsule disintegration occurred with time irrespective of capsule and cell type, showing that alginate microcapsules possessing relatively high gel strength are not strong enough to keep proliferating cells within the microcapsules for prolonged time periods. Although this study shows that the stability of an alginate-based cell factory can be increased by a PLL–alginate coating, further improvement is necessary with regard to capsule integrity as well as controlling the cell growth before this technology can be used for therapy.
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Mahmoud, Khaled F., Heba I. Abo-Elmagd, and Manal M. Housseiny. "Micro- and nano-capsulated fungal pectinase with outstanding capabilities of eliminating turbidity in freshly produced juice." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 4 (January 22, 2018): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013217753898.
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The present study aimed to compare the pectinase forms produced from Trichoderma viride—free, micro-capsule, and nano-capsule—in sodium alginate to analyze the pectin that causes the turbidity of orange juice. This was performed along with an estimation of viscosity, residual of pectin, and turbidity. The extracted and purified enzyme was 24.35-fold better than that of the crude enzyme. After application of free one, it loses most of the activity on low degrees of acidity and remains constant on the temperatures of pasteurization. Therefore, the tested enzyme was encapsulated by two different ways using the same polymer. The morphology of the three pectinase forms was obtained by transmission electron microscopy, and the micrographs clearly showed the pores on the surface of sodium alginate matrix after encapsulation. The size of the wall (sodium alginate) ranged from 3.24 to 3.76 µm diameter but was 3.15 µm for core of enzyme. Micro-capsuled and nano-capsuled pectinase can be used in the hydrolysis of pectic substances in orange juice with natural ways and maintaining the quality of final product. Consequently, the cost of juice clarifying can be reduced due to reusing the enzyme several times.
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Dessy N Siahaan, Ririyen, Hakim Bangun, and Sumaiyah Sumaiyah. "IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF FLOATING GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF CIMETIDINE USING HARD ALGINATE CAPSULES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24731.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo of gastroretentive drug delivery system of cimetidine using hard alginate capsules.Methods: Drug release study was tested to various hard alginate capsules containing 200 mg cimetidine with paddle method dissolution apparatus in artificial gastric fluid pH 1.2. Concentrations of cimetidine were measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometer at 218.4 nm wavelength. The product that fulfilled the sustained release profile was evaluated for bioavailability using male rabbits at dose 9.3 mg/kg orally, and the antiulcer studies were evaluated by HCl-induced ulcer method at cimetidine dose 18 mg/kg once a day orally. Gastric lesions were evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic observations.Results: The results of drug release test showed that hard alginate capsule made from sodium alginate 500–600 cP gave sustained release profile of cimetidine for 12 h. In vivo bioavailability studies showed that cimetidine given with hard alginate capsules gave higher of Cmax, Tmax, and area under the curve of cimetidine compared to cimetidine that given with conventional hard gelatin capsules. The antiulcer studies showed that the healing effect of cimetidine that given with hard alginate capsules was faster than cimetidine given in suspension form. Cimetidine that given with hard alginate capsules macroscopically showed no gastric lesion and histopathologically also showed normal gastric mucosa of rats after 4 days treatment. However, cimetidine given in suspension form showed of 0.036±0.024 ulcer index and microscopically there was still erosion of gastric mucosa of rats after 4 days treatment.Conclusion: Floating gastroretentive of cimetidine using hard alginate capsules give a sustained release of cimetidine with better bioavailability and antiulcer effect of cimetidine.
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Joshi, Sameer, Rajnish Sahu, Vida A. Dennis, and Shree R. Singh. "Nanofiller-Enhanced Soft Non-Gelatin Alginate Capsules for Modified Drug Delivery." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14040355.
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Capsules are one of the major solid dosage forms available in a variety of compositions and shapes. Developments in this dosage form are not new, but the production of non-gelatin capsules is a recent trend. In pharmaceutical as well as other biomedical research, alginate has great versatility. On the other hand, the use of inorganic material to enhance material strength is a common research topic in tissue engineering. The research presented here is a combination of qualities of alginate and montmorillonite (MMT). These two materials were used in this research to produce a soft non-gelatin modified-release capsule. Moreover, the research describes a facile benchtop production of these capsules. The produced capsules were critically analyzed for their appearance confirming resemblance with marketed capsules, functionality in terms of drug encapsulation, as well as release and durability.
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Silva, Janniffer C. da, Aurélio R. Neto, Eduardo Da Costa Severiano, Fabiano G. Silva, and Diego P. Dornelles. "Sugarcane Bud Chip Encapsulation for ex vitro Synthetic Seed Formation." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p104.
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Altough the sugarcane crop had a huge world importance the planting system stil the same since the development, needing changes to increase the procution potential. So, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of sugarcane bud chip encapsulation on the initial growth of seedlings. To provide informations for a new planting system, using small stem pieces of sugarcane to produce the seedlings. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. In the first, bud chip encapsulation was assessed with six concentrations of sodium alginate (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g L-1) cross-linked with 300 mM calcium chloride, with the encapsulated chips being kept in a greenhouse. In the second experiment, the capsules resulting from the different sodium alginate concentrations were tested for the dry mass adhered to the bud chip, moisture, swelling index, biodegradability, and solubility. Emergence greater than 70% was obtained at sodium alginate concentrations of 0, 10, and 20 g L-1. The 30, 40, and 50 g L-1 concentrations inhibited seedling emergence and initial growth; however, when the capsule was removed, the bud chips formed viable seedlings. Encapsulation inhibited emergence because the capsule acts as a physical barrier; however, encapsulation may be used for bud chip preservation. The study of new capsules and encapsulation methods may enable the ex vitro production of synthetic sugarcane seeds.
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Rokstad, A. M., B. Strand, K. Rian, B. Steinkjer, B. Kulseng, G. Skjåk-Bræk, and T. Espevik. "Evaluation of Different Types of Alginate Microcapsules as Bioreactors for Producing Endostatin." Cell Transplantation 12, no. 4 (May 2003): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000003108746902.
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The use of nonautologous cell lines producing a therapeutic substance encapsulated within alginate microcapsules could be an alternative way of treating different diseases in a cost-effective way. Malignant brain tumors have been proposed to be treated locally using engineered cells secreting proteins with therapeutic potential encapsulated within alginate microcapsules. Optimization of the alginate capsule bioreactors is needed before this treatment can be a reality. Recently, we have demonstrated that alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules made with high-G alginate and a gelled core disintegrated as cells proliferated. In this study we examined the growth and endostatin secretion of 293-EBNA (293 endo) cells encapsulated in six different alginate microcapsules made with native high-G alginate or enzymatically tailored alginate. Stability studies using an osmotic pressure test showed that alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules made with enzymatically tailored alginate was mechanically stronger than alginate capsules made with native high-G alginate. Growth studies showed that the proliferation of 293 endo cells was diminished in microcapsules made with enzymatically tailored alginate and gelled in a barium solution. Secretion of endostatin was detected in lower amounts from the enzymatically tailored alginate microcapsules compared with the native alginate microcapsules. The stability of the alginate microcapsules diminished as the 293 endo cells grew inside the capsules, while empty alginate microcapsules remained stable. By using microcapsules made of fluorescenamine-labeled alginate it was clearly visualized that cells perforated the alginate microcapsules as they grew, destroying the alginate network. Soluble fluorescence-labeled alginate was taken up by the 293 endo cells, while alginate was not detected in live spheroids within fluorescence-labeled alginate microcapsules. Despite that increased stability was achieved by using enzymatically tailored alginate, the cell proliferation destroyed the alginate microcapsules with time. It is therefore necessary to use cell lines that have properties more suited for alginate encapsulation before this technology can be used for therapy.
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Bangun, Hakim. "FLOATING GASTRORETENTIVE OF AMOXICILLIN USING HARD ALGINATE CAPSULES AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17467.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate floating gastroretentive of amoxicillin using hard alginate capsules shell and to evaluate antibacterial activities of floating gastroretentive of amoxicillin.Methods: Alginate capsules shell were made by using sodium alginate 80-120 cP. Amoxicillin was prepared in solid dispersion to obtain sustained release requirement for 12 hours. Solid dispersion was prepared by solvent method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30. The solid dispersion was characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis. The drug release test was carried out by using USP paddle method in simulated gastric fluid. Concentrations of amoxicillin were determined by using spectrophotometer UV at 272 nm. The antibacterial activity of aliquots dissolution were assessed by using agar plate diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as bacterial model.Results: The alginate capsules shell were made from sodium alginate 80-120 cP with size 0. The dissolution test results showed that amoxicillin in the form of solid dispersions with weight ratio amoxicillin with PVP K30 was 1:1 provided sustained release of amoxicillin during 12 hours, while the release of amoxicillin without solid dispersion was too slow. The floating lag time was 0 minute and floating time was more than 12 hours. The X-ray diffraction pattern of amoxicillin solid dispersion had amorphous shape. Antibacterial activity test showed that the dissolution aliquots of amoxicillin solid dispersion were effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the alginate capsules shell can be used for preparation of floating gastroretentive of amoxicillin using amoxicillin solid dispersion and the dissolution aliqouts give antibacterial effect.Keywords: Floating; gastroretentive; alginate capsule; amoxicillin; solid dispersion; release; antibacterial
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Strand, B. L., O. Gåserød, B. Kulseng, T. Espevik, and G. Skjåk-Bræk. "Alginate-polylysine-alginate microcapsules: effect of size reduction on capsule properties." Journal of Microencapsulation 19, no. 5 (January 2002): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040210144243.
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Hillberg, Anna L., Kalyani Kathirgamanathan, Janice B. B. Lam, Lee Yong Law, Olga Garkavenko, and Robert B. Elliott. "Improving alginate-poly-L-ornithine-alginate capsule biocompatibility through genipin crosslinking." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 101B, no. 2 (November 16, 2012): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32835.
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HARADA, S., S. EHARA, K. ISHII, H. YAMAZAKI, S. MATSUYAMA, T. KAMIYA, T. SAKAI, K. ARAKAWA, T. SATO, and S. OIKAWA. "IMPROVEMENT OF RADIOSENSITIVE LIQUID-CORE MICROCAPSULES BY YTTRIUM POLYMERIZATION." International Journal of PIXE 17, no. 01n02 (January 2007): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083507001071.
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Microcapsules comprising alginate and hyaluronic acid that can be decomposed by radiation are under development. Previously, we observed that radiation efficiently decomposes microcapsules comprising alginate and hyaluronic acid in the ratio 2:1 by weight. In this study, Yttrium ( Y ) was added to these microcapsules to improve their decomposition by radiation. Hyaluronic acid solutions (0.1% weight/volume) were mixed into 0.2% alginate solution, and carboplatin (0.2 mmol) was added; the resultant was used for capsule preparation. Capsules were prepared by spraying the material into mixtures of 4.34% CaCl 2 solution supplemented with Y at final concentrations from 0 to 1.0 × 10−2%. These capsules were irradiated by a single dose of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2 Gy with 60Co γ-rays. Immediately after irradiation, we observed the release of the core contents of the microcapsule using a micro Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) camera. The mean diameter of the microcapsules was 37.3 ± 7.8 μm . Maximum content of radiation-induced release was observed for liquid-core microcapsules prepared by polymerization in a 4.34% CaCl 2 solution supplemented with 5.5 × 10−3% Y .
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Poirieux, Magalie, Georgi Kostov, Rositsa Denkova, Vesela Shopska, Mihaela Ivanova, Tatyana Balabanova, and Radka Vlaseva. "Optimization of Conditions for Obtaining Alginate/Olive Oil Capsules for Application in Dairy Industry." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2017-0002.
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AbstractEncapsulation is a process of incorporation of bioactive substances in a specific matrix. It results in increasing and/or maintaining of the biological agent concentration in the food matrix or the fermentation system. The encapsulation process is influenced by various factors. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of alginate type and concentration, homogenization rate and the oil phase amount in the preparation of capsules rich in olive oil. It has been found that emulsions obtained with medium viscosity alginate were characterized by better stability. To establish the joint influence of the factors was used screening design experiment, the optimization features selected being temperature, centrifugal and microscopic stability. The optimal levels of the factors were established and they we applied for capsule preparation. The obtained capsules showed maximum stability and possibility to be used in dairy product manufacture.
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Rusu, Alexandru Vasile, Florin Leontin Criste, Daniel Mierliţă, Claudia Terezia Socol, and Monica Trif. "Formulation of Lipoprotein Microencapsulated Beadlets by Ionic Complexes in Algae-Based Carbohydrates." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030302.
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The present study aims to produce sustained-release algae-based carbohydrate microbeadlets of lipoproteins rich-in carotenoids extracted from organic sea buckthorn fruits. β-carotene represented the major compound of the lipoproteins extracts. Emulsification and algae-based carbohydrates, such as sodium-alginate and kappa-carrageenan, provide an inert environment, allowing the embedded targeted bioactive compounds—lipoproteins rich in carotenoids in our case—to maintain greater biological activity and to have a better shelf life. Furthermore, the microbeadlets prepared from sodium-alginate–kappa-carrageenan (0.75%:0.75% w/v) crosslinked with calcium ions showing 90% encapsulation efficiency have been utilized in HPMC capsules using beadlets-in-a-capsule technology, to use as a delivery system for the finished product. The GI simulated tests performed under laboratory conditions suggested that the sodium-alginate–kappa–carrageenan combination could be useful for the formulation-controlled release of microbeadlets containing lipoproteins rich in carotenoids.
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LEFEBVRE, YANNICK, and DOMINIQUE BARTHÈS-BIESEL. "Motion of a capsule in a cylindrical tube: effect of membrane pre-stress." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 589 (October 8, 2007): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007007586.
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We present a numerical model of the axisymmetric flow of an initially spherical capsule in a co-axial cylindrical tube. The capsule consists of a liquid droplet enclosed by a thin hyper-elastic membrane that is assumed to obey different membrane constitutive equations such as Mooney–Rivlin, Skalak et al. (1973) or Evans & Skalak (1980) laws. It is further assumed that the capsule may be subjected to some isotropic pre-stress due to initial swelling. We compute the steady flow of the capsule inside the tube as a function of the size ratio between the capsule and tube radii, the amount of pre-swelling and the membrane constitutive law. We thus determine the deformed profile geometry and specifically the onset of the curvature inversion at the back of the particle. We show that for a given size ratio, the critical flow rate at which the back curvature changes is strongly dependent on pre-inflation. The elastic tension level in the membrane as well as the additional pressure drop created by the presence of the particle are also computed. The numerical results are then compared to experimental observations of capsules with alginate membranes as they flow in small tubes (Risso. et al. 2006). It is found that the experimental capsules were probably pre-inflated by about 3% and that their membrane is best modelled by the Skalak et al. law.
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Siebers, U., A. Horcher, R. G. Bretzel, G. Klöck, U. Zimmermann, K. Federlin, and T. Zekorn. "Transplantation of Free and Microencapsulated Islets in Rats: Evidence for the Requirement of An Increased Islet Mass for Transplantation into the Peritoneal Site." International Journal of Artificial Organs 16, no. 2 (February 1993): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889301600207.
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Microencapsulation of islets of Langerhans may avoid the necessity of a permanent immunosuppressive drug therapy and opens up new perspectives for xenotransplantation in the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes. In a mouse model we recently showed long-term normoglycemia after microencapsulated xenotransplantation. Since the acceptance of mice to any kind of foreign material is quite high we assume that the rat model better reflects the situation of higher mammalians or even humans. Due to the volume of the transplanted material (i.e. islets + alginate-capsule) only the peritoneal cavity can be used up to now. The quantity of islets necessary to normalize the non-fasting blood glucose level was much higher than expected and free transplants needed even a higher amount of islets than encapsulated ones (3000 encapsulated vs. 2 x 3000 non-encapsulated). Transplantation beneath the kidney capsule was successful with only 1200-1500 islets per rat proving the metabolic potency of the islets. Implantation of empty capsules did not alter the diabetic state. We conclude that the alginate matrix may act as a “spacer” creating a distance between the consuments of a lacking substrate esp. oxygen in an unfavourable environment and perhaps protect it from unspecific mediators released during the postoperative period. Our findings underline the necessity for smaller capsules that would enable us to use other transplantation sites.
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Yitayew, Michael Y., and Maryam Tabrizian. "Hollow Microcapsules Through Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Chitosan/Alginate on E. coli." MRS Advances 5, no. 46-47 (2020): 2401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.261.
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AbstractHollow microcapsules prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolytes are prevalent biomaterials in the synthesis of biocompatible delivery systems for drugs, imaging probes, and other macromolecules to control biodistribution and lower toxicity in vivo. The use of LbL self-assembly for the synthesis of these capsules provides several benefits including ease of fabrication, abundance in choice of substrates and coating material, as well as application-specific tunability. This study explores the development of hollow microcapsules by LbL assembly of chitosan and alginate onto live E. coli cells, and also provides a proof-of-concept of this capsule as a delivery platform through the encapsulation of quantum dots as a cargo. The study found that robust bilayers of chitosan/alginate can be formed onto the core substrate (E. coli) containing quantum dots as demonstrated with zeta potential analysis. Confocal microscopy was used to verify cell viability and the internalization of quantum dots into the cells as well as confirmation of the coating using fluorescein-labelled chitosan. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyse cells coated with four-bilayers and showed a uniform coating morphology with a capsule thickness of 10-20 nm, which increased to 20-50 nm for hollow capsules after cell lysis. Quantum dot retention in the capsules was demonstrated using fluorescence measurements. Overall, the study shows promising results of a novel fabrication method for hollow microcapsules that uses biocompatible polymers and mild core dissolution conditions using cell templates with applications in sustained release of therapeutics and imaging probes.
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De Vos, P., G. H. J. Wolters, W. M. Fritschy, and R. Van Schilfgaarde. "Obstacles in the Application of Microencapsulation in Islet Transplantation." International Journal of Artificial Organs 16, no. 4 (April 1993): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889301600407.
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Several factors stand in the way of successful clinical transplantation of alginate-polylysine-alginate microencapsulated pancreatic islets. These obstacles can be classified into three categories. The first regards the technical aspects of the production process. Limiting factors are the insufficient ability to produce small capsules with an adequate production rate, and insufficient insight into the factors determining the optimal chemical and mechanical properties of the capsules. The second category regards the functional aspects of the microencapsulated islets, such as the limitations of the transplantation site and the absence of a physiologic insulin response of the encapsulated islets to elevated blood glucose levels. The third category regards the fact that survival times of encapsulated islet grafts are still limited to several weeks or months, which is mainly explained by a pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth reaction as a consequence of the bioincom-patibility of the capsule membrane. This study describes these obstacles, and thereby summarizes the requirements needed for successful clinical application of encapsulated islet transplantation.
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Zhang, Yuxia, Yan Bai, Huali Chen, Yuanrui Huang, Pei Yuan, and Liangke Zhang. "Preparation of a colon-specific sustained-release capsule with curcumin-loaded SMEDDS alginate beads." RSC Advances 7, no. 36 (2017): 22280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27693h.
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Hagihara, Yasushi, Youichi Saitoh, Hiroo Iwata, Takuyu Taki, Shun-Ichiro Hirano, Norio Arita, and Toru Hayakawa. "Transplantation of Xenogeneic Cells Secreting β-Endorphin for Pain Treatment: Analysis of the Ability of Components of Complement to Penetrate through Polymer Capsules." Cell Transplantation 6, no. 5 (September 1997): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979700600515.
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The permeation of components of complement and secreted peptides through polymer capsules (PM30, K6305, and K5708) were examined. To analyze permeability by complement, the degree of hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) (1 × 109/ml) enclosed in each type of capsule was examined after 24-h incubation in culture medium containing 10% human serum. PM30 and K6305 prevented the permeation of complement well, while K5708 did not. EA suspended in alginate prevented hemolysis even in K5708. Peptide permeation through the capsules was assessed by measuring the concentration of ACTH secreted by proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-gene-transfected-Neuro2A in the culture medium on days 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after encapsulation. The ACTH levels in the culture medium remained high until day 28. Alginate appeared to prevent the secretion, because ACTH levels decreased in alginate-suspended cells after day 14. The PM30-K6305 double capsules containing cell lines, Neuro2A, BHK21 (hamster fibroblasts), L929 (mouse fibroblasts), and HF-SKFII (human fibroblasts) were transplanted into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space of the monkeys in the lumber region. The morphological examination showed the partial survival of Neuro2A, and BHK21 and HF-SKFII, which were cells concordant with the monkeys. On the other hand, L929 cells, which were discordant with the monkeys, could not survive at all. Because these results suggest that the complement components penetrate the polymer capsules, concordant cells are preferable for xenografting with polymer capsules into the CSF space.
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Tabaković, Amir, Joseph Mohan, and Aleksandar Karač. "Conductive Compartmented Capsules Encapsulating a Bitumen Rejuvenator." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081361.
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This paper explores the potential use of conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator as a new extrinsic self-healing asphalt method. The capsules combine two existing self-healing asphalt technologies: (1) rejuvenator encapsulation and (2) induction heating to create a self-healing system that will provide rapid and effective asphalt pavement repair. The work presents a proof of concept for the encapsulation process, which involves embedding the capsules into the bitumen mortar mixture and the survival rate of the capsules in the asphalt mixture. A drip capsule production process was adopted and scaled up to the production of 20l wet capsules at rate of 0.22 l/min. To prove the effectiveness and its ability to survive asphalt production process, the capsules were prepared and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and uniaxial compression Test (UCT). The test results demonstrated that the capsules had suitable thermal characteristics and mechanical strength to survive the asphalt mixing and compaction process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate physiological properties, such as rejuvenator (oil) and iron particle distribution, within the capsules. The electrical resistance tests proved that the capsules were capable of conducting electrical current. The capsules were also tested for their conductive properties in order to determine whether they are capable of conducting and distributing the heat once subjected to induction heating. The results showed that capsules containing higher amounts of iron (alginate/iron powder in a ratio of 20:80 by weight) can efficiently conduct and distribute heat. To prove its success as an asphalt healing system, conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator were embedded in a bitumen mortar mix. The samples where then subjected to local damaging and healing events, and the degree of healing was quantified. The research findings indicate that conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator present a promising new approach for the development of an extrinsic self-healing asphalt pavement systems.
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Li, Ting-Ting, Junli Huo, Xing Liu, Hongyang Wang, Bing-Chiuan Shiu, Ching-Wen Lou, and Jia-Horng Lin. "Characteristics, Compression, and Buffering Performance of Pomelo-Like Hierarchical Capsules Containing Shear Thickening Fluid." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071138.
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In this study, a double-walled and pomelo-like hierarchical shear thickening fluid (STF) is successfully encapsulated using the simple and environment-friendly calcium alginate encapsulation technique by instilling STF into sodium alginate (SA) and crosslinking by calcium chloride solution. The encapsulated STF has a pomelo-like structure with a shell thickness of 2.9 μm and core pores with a size of 21.43 μm. The effect of the size of STF capsules (2.10, 1.89, 1.86, 1.83, 1.73, and 1.63 mm) is explored in terms of thermal stability, swelling capacity, mechanical property, and release performance. The buffering performance of different sizes of STF-containing capsules is also investigated. The pomelo-like STF capsules can withstand a processing temperature of 250 °C. With a decrease in particle size, the compression strain energy slowly increases first and then rapidly enhances. The kinetic release of pomelo-like STF capsules conforms to Fickian diffusion. STF-containing capsules with a diameter of 1.83 mm present the greatest thermal stability, the highest STF amount, the maximum swelling coefficient, and the fastest kinetic diffusion. STF-containing capsules also have an improved buffering performance in PU foam. This capsule has the best comprehensive performance and can adapt to diversified applications, such as personnel armor and other protective sports equipment.
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Kobayashi, S., M. Sakatani, S. Kobayashi, and M. Takahashi. "281 ALGINATE-ENCAPSULATED BOVINE EMBRYOS SUPPORT IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF A SMALL NUMBER OF EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab281.
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Ova are genetic resources that can be obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries or live cows by ovum pickup (OPU). However, the number of oocytes recovered by OPU is low. Previous studies show that embryos cultured in large numbers have better developmental competence than those in small numbers in mice, sheep, and cattle. Therefore, to improve development of small numbers of embryos, co-culture with other types of embryos is an efficient way. However, it is necessary to distinguish the desired embryos from the co-cultured embryos. Recently, encapsulation of embryos using calcium-alginate was reported to be useful for handling and in vivo culture of porcine embryos (Iwamoto et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 261). In the present study, we investigated the effect of co-culture of embryos encapsulated with calcium-alginate on development of small numbers of embryos. In vitro-matured and fertilized zygotes from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were used for the experiment, and data were analyzed by Student t-test. Encapsulation was carried out by putting the 1% sodium alginate solution containing zygotes slowly into 0.1% calcium chloride solution (microcapsule). We used the microcapsule for the following experiments. In Experiment 1, twenty zygotes were cultured in CR1aa containing 5% FCS with a capsule containing 20 zygotes or without (control) a microcapsule. The rate of cleavage (capsule: 80.0% vs. control: 72.1%) and development to blastocyst stage (capsule: 31.7% vs. control: 33.7%) were not significantly different. This result indicates that the microcapsule is not toxic to embryo development. In Experiment 2, five zygotes were co-cultured with 15 zygotes (microcapsule), and culture of five zygotes without capsules served as a control. The rate of cleavage (co-culture: 81.4% vs. control: 80.0%) was not significantly different, but the rate of development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the co-culture (47.1%) than in the control (30.6%). This result indicates that co-culture with a microcapsule including zygotes enhances the development of small numbers of embryos. In Experiment 3, five zygotes derived from a single cow were encapsulated, and four microcapsules from different cows were cultured in the same droplet. The microcapsules could be distinguished by the inclusion of different numbers of glass beads with the zygotes. Culture of five zygotes without capsules was assigned as a control. The rate of cleavage (co-culture: 75.6% vs. control: 69.6%) was not significantly different, but the rate of development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the co-culture (30.6%) than for the control (17.8%). These results indicate that co-culture with bovine embryos encapsulated with calcium-alginate may improve development of small numbers of embryos.
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Fathi, Fariba, Roohallah Saberi Riseh, Pejman Khodaygan, Samin Hosseini, and Yury A. Skorik. "Microencapsulation of a Pseudomonas Strain (VUPF506) in Alginate–Whey Protein–Carbon Nanotubes and Next-Generation Sequencing Identification of This Strain." Polymers 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234269.
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Alginate is a common agent used for microencapsulation; however, the formed capsule is easily damaged. Therefore, alginate requires blending with other biopolymers to reduce capsule vulnerability. Whey protein is one polymer that can be incorporated with alginate to improve microcapsule structure. In this study, three different encapsulation methods (extrusion, emulsification, and spray drying) were tested for their ability to stabilize microencapsulated Pseudomonas strain VUPF506. Extrusion and emulsification methods enhanced encapsulation efficiency by up to 80% and gave the best release patterns over two months. A greenhouse experiment using potato plants treated with alginate–whey protein microcapsules showed a decrease in Rhizoctonia disease intensity of up to 70%. This is because whey protein is rich in amino acids and can serve as a resistance induction agent for the plant. In this study, the use of CNT in the ALG–WP system increased the rooting and proliferation and reduced physiological complication. The results of this study showed that the technique used in encapsulation could have a significant effect on the efficiency and persistence of probiotic bacteria. Whole genome sequence analysis of strain VUPF506 identified it as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and revealed some genes that control pathogens.
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Clayton, H. A., N. J. M. London, P. S. Colloby, P. R. F. Bell, and R. F. L. James. "The effect of capsule composition on the biocompatibility of alginate-poly-1-lysine capsules." Journal of Microencapsulation 8, no. 2 (January 1991): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652049109071490.
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Najdahmadi, Avid, Jonathan RT Lakey, and Elliot Botvinick. "Structural Characteristics and Diffusion Coefficient of Alginate Hydrogels Used for Cell Based Drug Delivery." MRS Advances 3, no. 40 (2018): 2399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.455.
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ABSTRACTAlginate is a hydrogel polymer commonly used in multiple drug delivery and cellular tissue transplantation applications. Tunability, gel formation, and stabilization properties of this biopolymer contributes to a better controlled and prolonged release of encapsulated drugs as well as the ability to provide immunoisolation to transplanted cells. One commonly used application of this biopolymer is pancreatic islet transplantation, as a promising approach of providing insulin to type 1 diabetics. The encapsulant alginate provides passage to nutrients, glucose and oxygen and allows the insulin to diffuse while blocking immunoglobulins. In this study, a hydrogel encapsulator is designed and used to fabricate spherical alginate microcapsules. These capsules are then incubated in either a calcium chloride solution typical used to polymerize alginate or a physiological media formulated to mimic in vivo conditions. The diffusion of different molecular weight particles tagged with spectrally distinct fluorescent molecules into the microspheres is observed using confocal laser microscopy. We characterize changes in diffusional characteristics of these molecules within alginate spheres as a function of incubation duration. We estimate diffusion coefficients (D) from fluorescence image series and observe a notable increase in capsule permeability once incubated in physiological media. Our strategy can serve as quantitative method to analyze structural changes in hydrogels.
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Foglio Bonda, Andrea, Alessandro Candiani, Martina Pertile, Lorella Giovannelli, and Lorena Segale. "Shellac Gum/Carrageenan Alginate-Based Core–Shell Systems Containing Peppermint Essential Oil Formulated by Mixture Design Approach." Gels 7, no. 4 (October 3, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040162.
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Peppermint essential oil is encapsulated by inverse ionotropic gelation in core–shell systems, composed of alginate (ALG) alone or alginate with shellac gum (SHL) and/or carrageenan (CRG). A mixture design approach is used to evaluate the correlation between the formulation composition and some properties of the final products. Immediately after the preparation, capsules appear rounded with a smooth and homogeneous surface, having a similar particle size ranging from 3.8 mm to 4.5 mm. The drying process, carried out at 40 °C in an oven for 3 h, reduces capsules’ diameters by at least 50% and has a negative impact on the shape of the systems because they lose their regular shape and their external membrane partially collapses. The peppermint essential oil content of dried capsules is between 14.84% and 33.75%. The swelling behaviour of the systems is affected by the composition of their outer shell. When the external membrane is composed of alginate and shellac gum, the capsule ability to swell is lower than that of the systems containing alginate alone. The swelling ratio reaches 31% for alginate capsules but does not exceed 21% if shellac is present. Differently, when the second polymer of the shell is carrageenan, the swelling ability increases as a function of polymer concentration and the swelling ratio reaches 360%. In the case of systems whose outer membrane is a polymeric ternary mixture, the swelling capacity increases or decreases according to the concentrations of the individual polymers. The obtained results suggest that carrageenan could be a useful excipient to increase the swelling behaviour of the systems, while shellac gum makes the system shell more hydrophobic. The use of a mixture design (i.e., the use of ternary diagrams and related calculations), in which each single component is chosen to provide specific properties to the final mixture, could be the right approach to develop improved formulations with a tailored essential oil release profile.
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Sah, Mukesh Lal, and Vijay Juyal. "Programmed delivery of verapamil hydrochloride from tablet in a capsule device." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 2 (June 2012): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000200007.
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The aim of the present work was to develop a programmed drug delivery system which would be able to release the drug after 6 h of lag time by use of hydrophilic polymers. The capsule body was made impermeable by use of formaldehyde vapor treatment, while the cap was untreated. The capsule was filled with two layered tablets (tablet-in-capsule), followed by a sodium bicarbonate:citric acid mixture (SBCM) and lactose as bulking agent. Sodium alginate, chitosan, HPMC K15 and chitosan:sodium alginate complex (CSAC) were used as the rate modulating layer. Through combined use of HPMC K15 and adjusting the ratio of CSAC, the desired lag time of 6 h was obtained. The effect of the bulking agents on the lag time were also studied and it was found that the lag time was decreased with higher amounts of lactose, and delayed dissolution and decreased lag time was observed at higher amount of effervescent mixture.
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Sokolov, A. Y., and D. I. Shishkina. "Study of the structural and mechanical properties of biopolymers in order to obtain a capsule-type product." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-248-252.
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The article presents some theoretical and experimental data on promising technologies, namely, the processes of obtaining artificial food materials such as spheres or "caviar". They are derived from molecular processes: solubilization, spherification, etc. Possible applications are the food industry, the food service industry, biotechnology, and others. There are different features of obtaining artificial products based on alginates. The peculiarities of the alginate structuring are that it is possible to form a gel layer-encapsulation and gel formation over the entire thickness of the product due to the special chemical properties of the fixing salt. Based on the theory of the molecular structure of biopolymers, molecular technologies for the synthesis of artificial food products were developed, using the example of molecular "caviar". As a result of our own experiments, we obtained a satisfactory encapsulated product from a biopolymer crosslinked with Ca2+ salts in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical properties. The colloidal biopolymer solution for forming "eggs" was characterized using the method of rotational viscometry, which showed the features of the sodium alginate solution as a structured thixotropic material, which is characterized by" difficulty " of shear at low speeds of rotation of the viscometer rotor. Further on the rheogram, such material exhibits a predicted relatively stable flow. As a result, it can be used to produce semi-finished products of a given shape and texture as a food semi-finished product or product. If the technology is refined, it is possible to use colloidal systems based on alginates and other biopolymers in biotechnology, including the cultivation of microorganisms of various taxonomic groups.
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Do, Xuan-Huong, and Byeong-Kyu Lee. "Removal of Pb2+ using a biochar–alginate capsule in aqueous solution and capsule regeneration." Journal of Environmental Management 131 (December 2013): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.045.
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Ivanova, Evelina, Ernest Teunou, and Denis Poncelet. "Alginate based macrocapsules as inoculant carriers for the production of nitrogen fixing bio fertilizers." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 12, no. 1 (2006): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0601031i.
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This paper presents the first steps of the development of dry capsules of biofertilizer to replace chemical fertilizers that cause environmental problems. This new product consists of macrocapsules (large size beads about 3 to 4 mm diameter) containing nitrogen fixing bacteria: Azospirillum. They are produced by quick encapsulation and drying processes, are made of alginate (3%), standard starch (44.6%) and modified starch (2.4%) and can contain up to 106 CFU/capsule. This large size inoculum carrier was formulated to reduce production costs, favour its storage and application in the field and the results show that this new form of inoculum carrier is far better than the liquid and powdered forms.
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Jain, Sumita, and Dennis E. Ohman. "Role of an Alginate Lyase for Alginate Transport in Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6429-6436.2005.
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ABSTRACT The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes a capsule-like polysaccharide called alginate that is important for evasion of host defenses, especially during chronic pulmonary disease of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Most proteins for alginate biosynthesis are encoded by the 12-gene algD operon. Interestingly, this operon also encodes AlgL, a lyase that degrades alginate. Mutants lacking AlgG, AlgK, or AlgX, also encoded by the operon, synthesize alginate polymers that are digested by the coregulated protein AlgL. We examined the phenotype of an ΔalgL mutation in the highly mucoid CF isolate FRD1. Generating a true ΔalgL mutant was possible only when the algD operon was under the control of a LacIq-repressed trc promoter. Upon induction of alginate production with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside, the ΔalgL mutant cells were lysed within a few hours. Electron micrographs of the ΔalgL mutant showed that alginate polymers accumulated in the periplasm, which ultimately burst the bacterial cell wall. The requirement of AlgL in an alginate-overproducing strain led to a new model for alginate secretion in which a multiprotein secretion complex (or scaffold, that includes AlgG, AlgK, AlgX, and AlgL) guides new polymers through the periplasm for secretion across the outer membrane. In this model, AlgL is bifunctional with a structural role in the scaffold and a role in degrading free alginate polymers in the periplasm.
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Kim, Jinwon, Geoffrey Jaffuel, and Ted C. J. Turlings. "Enhanced alginate capsule properties as a formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes." BioControl 60, no. 4 (November 29, 2014): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-014-9638-z.
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Fraser, Robert B., Malcolm A. Macaulay, James R. Wright, Anthony M. Sun, and Geoffrey Rowden. "Migration of Macrophage-Like Cells within Encapsulated Islets of Langerhans Maintained in Tissue Culture." Cell Transplantation 4, no. 5 (September 1995): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979500400513.
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Islets of Langerhans isolated from the pancreas and encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate microspheres can potentially serve as a self-regulating supply of insulin in response to glucose loads. A longitudinal ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of encapsulated rat islets cultured in CMRL-1969 media at a constant glucose concentration of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg%) allowed several observations. First, acinar cells, which remain attached to isolated islets, disappeared within 1 wk in tissue culture. Damaged endocrine cells also disappeared at this time. Phagocytic cells having ultrastructural features suggesting that they are macrophages emerged from the islets within about a week and ingested portions of the inner layer of capsule polymer. These macrophage-like cells retained these polymers until their death which occurred at around 1-2 mo after isolation; at no time did we observe phagocytic cells actually breaching the microsphere capsules. Beta cells remained well-granulated over 90 days of culture but accumulated lipofuscin-like residual bodies. Under these conditions, these bodies began to accumulate appreciably after about one week in culture.
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Fauzi, Muhammad Al Rizqi Dharma, Pratiwi Pudjiastuti, Arief Cahyo Wibowo, and Esti Hendradi. "Preparation, Properties and Potential of Carrageenan-Based Hard Capsules for Replacing Gelatine: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162666.
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Intense efforts to develop alternative materials for gelatine as a drug-delivery system are progressing at a high rate. Some of the materials developed are hard capsules made from alginate, carrageenan, hypromellose and cellulose. However, there are still some disadvantages that must be minimised or eliminated for future use in drug-delivery systems. This review attempts to review the preparation and potential of seaweed-based, specifically carrageenan, hard capsules, summarise their properties and highlight their potential as an optional main component of hard capsules in a drug-delivery system. The characterisation methods reviewed were dimensional analysis, water and ash content, microbial activity, viscosity analysis, mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, swelling degree analysis, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The release kinetics of the capsule is highlighted as well. This review is expected to provide insights for new researchers developing innovative products from carrageenan-based hard capsules, which will support the development goals of the industry.
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Healy, Mae W., Shelley N. Dolitsky, Maria Villancio-Wolter, Meera Raghavan, Alexandra R. Tillman, Nicole Y. Morgan, Alan H. DeCherney, Solji Park, and Erin F. Wolff. "Creating an Artificial 3-Dimensional Ovarian Follicle Culture System Using a Microfluidic System." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030261.
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We hypothesized that the creation of a 3-dimensional ovarian follicle, with embedded granulosa and theca cells, would better mimic the environment necessary to support early oocytes, both structurally and hormonally. Using a microfluidic system with controlled flow rates, 3-dimensional two-layer (core and shell) capsules were created. The core consists of murine granulosa cells in 0.8 mg/mL collagen + 0.05% alginate, while the shell is composed of murine theca cells suspended in 2% alginate. Somatic cell viability tests and hormonal assessments (estradiol, progesterone, and androstenedione) were performed on days 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27. Confocal microscopy confirmed appropriate compartmentalization of fluorescently-labeled murine granulosa cells to the inner capsule and theca cells to the outer shell. Greater than 78% of cells present in capsules were alive up to 27 days after collection. Artificially constructed ovarian follicles exhibited intact endocrine function as evidenced by the production of estradiol, progesterone, and androstenedione. Oocytes from primary and early secondary follicles were successfully encapsulated, which maintained size and cellular compartmentalization. This novel microfluidic system successfully encapsulated oocytes from primary and secondary follicles, recapitulating the two-compartment system necessary for the development of the mammalian oocyte. Importantly, this microfluidic system can be easily adapted for sterile, high throughput applications.
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King, Aileen, Stellan Sandler, and Arne Andersson. "The effect of host factors and capsule composition on the cellular overgrowth on implanted alginate capsules." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 57, no. 3 (2001): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<374::aid-jbm1180>3.0.co;2-l.
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Khatab, Sohrab, Maarten J. Leijs, Gerben van Buul, Joost Haeck, Nicole Kops, Michael Nieboer, P. Koen Bos, Jan A. N. Verhaar, Monique Bernsen, and Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch. "MSC encapsulation in alginate microcapsules prolongs survival after intra-articular injection, a longitudinal in vivo cell and bead integrity tracking study." Cell Biology and Toxicology 36, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-020-09532-6.
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AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use as a biological therapeutic. Since locally injected MSC disappear within a few weeks, we hypothesize that efficacy of MSC can be enhanced by prolonging their presence. Previously, encapsulation in alginate was suggested as a suitable approach for this purpose. We found no differences between the two alginate types, alginate high in mannuronic acid (High M) and alginate high in guluronic acid (High G), regarding MSC viability, MSC immunomodulatory capability, or retention of capsule integrity after subcutaneous implantation in immune competent rats. High G proved to be more suitable for production of injectable beads. Firefly luciferase-expressing rat MSC were used to track MSC viability. Encapsulation in high G alginate prolonged the presence of metabolically active allogenic MSC in immune competent rats with monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis for at least 8 weeks. Encapsulation of human MSC for local treatment by intra-articular injection did not significantly influence the effect on pain, synovial inflammation, or cartilage damage in this disease model. MSC encapsulation in alginate allows for an injectable approach which prolongs the presence of viable cells subcutaneously or in an osteoarthritic joint. Further fine tuning of alginate formulation and effective dosage for might be required in order to improve therapeutic efficacy depending on the target disease.
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Hadidi, Milad, Nava Majidiyan, Aniseh Zarei Jelyani, Andrés Moreno, Zahra Hadian, and Amin Mousavi Khanegah. "Alginate/Fish Gelatin-Encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus: A Study on Viability and Technological Quality of Bread during Baking and Storage." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092215.
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In the present study, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 was microencapsulated in sodium alginate, followed by fish gelatin coating (0.5, 1.5, and 3%). The survival of L. acidophilus in bread before and after encapsulation in alginate/fish gelatin during the baking and 7-day storage was investigated. Moreover, the effect of alginate/fish gelatin-encapsulated L. acidophilus on the technological properties of bread (hardness, staling rate, water content, oven spring, specific volume, and internal texture structure) was evaluated. Compared with control (free bacteria), encapsulated L. acidophilus in alginate/fish gelatin showed an increase in the viability of bread until 2.49 and 3.07 log CFU/g during baking and storage, respectively. Good viability of (106 CFU/g) for probiotic in encapsulated L. acidophilus in alginate/fish gelatin (1.5 and 3%, respectively) after 4-day storage was achieved. Fish gelatin as a second-layer carrier of the bacteria had a positive effect on improving the technical quality of bread. Furthermore, the staling rate of bread containing encapsulated L. acidophilus alginate/fish gelatin 0.5, 1.5, and 3% decreased by 19.5, 25.8, and 31.7%, respectively. Overall, the findings suggested encapsulation of L. acidophilus in alginate/fish gelatin capsule had great potential to improve probiotic bacteria’s survival during baking and storage and to serve as an effective bread enhancer.
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Nath, Bipul, and Santimoni Saikia. "Characterization and Screening of a Novel Multiparticulate Pulsatile Delivery of Aceclofenac." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 9, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 3494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2016.9.5.7.
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In the present investigation, sodium alginate based multiparticulate system overcoated with time and pH dependent polymer was studied in the form of oral pulsatile system to achieve pulsatile with sustained release of aceclofenac for chronotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis seven batches of micro beads with varying concentration of sodium alginate (2-5 %) were prepared by ionotropic-gelation method using CaCl2 as cross-linking agent. The prepared Ca-alginate beads were coated with 5% Eudragit L100 and filled into pulsatile capsule with varying proportion of plugging materials. Drug loaded microbeads were investigated for physicochemical properties and drug release characteristics. The mean particle sizes of drug-loaded microbeads were found to be in the range 596±1.1 to 860 ± 1.2 micron and %DEE in the range of 65-85%. FT-IR and DSC studies revealed the absence of drug polymer interactions. The release of aceclofenac from formulations F1 to F7 in buffer media (pH 6.8) at the end of 5h was 65.6, 60.7, 55.7, 41.2, 39.2, 27 and 25% respectively. Pulsatile system filled with eudragit coated Ca-alginate microbeads (F2) showed better drug content, particle size, surface topography, in-vitro drug release in a controlled manner. Different plugging materials like Sterculia gum, HPMC K4M and Carbopol were used in the design of pulsatile capsule. The pulsatile system remained intact in buffer pH 1.2 for 2 hours due to enteric coat of the system with HPMCP. The enteric coat dissolved when the pH of medium was changed to 7.4. The pulsatile system developed with Sterculia gum as plugging material showed satisfactory lag period when compared to HPMC and Carbopol.
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Wei, Wei, John Kwame Bediako, Sok Kim, and Yeoung-Sang Yun. "Removal of Cd(II) by poly(styrenesulfonic acid)-impregnated alginate capsule." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 61 (April 2016): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.12.009.
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Sundaramurthy, Anandhakumar, and Ashok K. Sundramoorthy. "Polyelectrolyte capsules preloaded with interconnected alginate matrix: An effective capsule system for encapsulation and release of macromolecules." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 107 (February 2018): 2251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.096.
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