Academic literature on the topic 'Algerians – France – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Algerians – France – Social conditions"
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Kuznetsov, V. A., and A. I. Vasilenko. "Reading Stora Carefully: Problems of Historical Memory in Algerian-French Relations in the Early 2020s." Journal of International Analytics 14, no. 2 (August 3, 2023): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-2-73-96.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the colonial past in Algerian-French relations. In the early 2020s, it gained particular urgency for three reasons. Firstly, in the context of the transformation of the global world order and the deep social cleavages that have engulfed both many Eastern and Western societies, issues of historical memory, external and internal decolonization began to come to the fore both in public discussions within individual states and in international relations. Secondly, the coming to power in France of E. Macron marked an attempt at a serious transformation of the country’s foreign policy, strengthening its position in the world as a whole, and in the region of the Middle East and North Africa, in particular. Related to this were the (mostly unsuccessful) initiatives of E. Macron on the Palestinian-Israeli and Libyan settlements, the Lebanese crisis, and the resolution of accumulated contradictions with Algeria. Thirdly, A. Tebboune’s coming to power in Algeria in 2019 also gave impetus to the country’s foreign policy and created the conditions for revising relations with France. In these circumstances, the idea arose of preparing reports by the two sides on the possibilities of overcoming the negative colonial legacy in bilateral relations. The Algerian side did not submit the report, and the French text was prepared by B. Stora by January 2021 and caused wide response. The purpose of this article is to determine, based on the analysis of this text and the materials of the discussions that followed it, the French vision of the problem of reconciliation with Algeria. The article was written using the method of “slow reading” of the source - its main part is a detailed analysis of the report by B. Stor, followed by a review of the discussion he caused. The result of this approach is the identification of not only the widely discussed contradictions in matters of historical memory (both between Algeria and France, and within French society), but also the identification of some non-obvious problems of the French perception of this problem.
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Kuznetsova, Valeria. "HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF MIGRATION RELATIONS BETWEEN ALGERIA AND FRANCE IN THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OF ALGERIA." Russia and the moslem world, no. 3 (2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rmw/2021.03.09.
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From the end of the 19th century to 1962, Algerian presence in France became part of more than a centenary history. The early and significant migration flow of Algerian colonists to the metropolis began in the second half of the 19th century. Until 1962, Algerians were not called foreigners, but first “aborigines,” then “French subjects,” and then “French Muslims of Algeria.” Close relationship between Algeria and France, the metropolis and the colony, oppressors and oppressed, can be traced in the culture of both states and the peculiarities of social structures throughout large-scale historical strata. The peculiarities of this close unity, manifested in migration relations, among other things, encourage the colony to fight for its independence.
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Kozakowski, Michael A. "The Skills of Citizenship." French Historical Studies 46, no. 4 (November 1, 2023): 583–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-10713975.
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Abstract This article analyzes the history of adult vocational training (AVT) programs for Algerian migrants, funded by the French state, between the end of World War II in 1945 and the aftermath of Algerian independence in 1962. These programs responded to the postwar expansion of citizenship and rights of indigenous Algerians, including rights to migrate and to take jobs in metropolitan France. Across changing governments and diverse ministries, French officials were convinced that vocational training was necessary for indigenous Algerians to find stable employment, to mitigate the supposed risks of migration, and to enable migrants to transform themselves into an idealized version of the French citizen. The widespread adoption of AVT for Algerian migrants calls into question the pervasive image of the unskilled, interchangeable migrant. At the same time, the shortcomings of AVT programs shed light on how migrants frequently contributed to postwar economic expansion and economic modernization while enjoying the fruits of economic growth only meagerly and on an individual basis. More broadly, this study reveals the importance of skill, industry, and labor in French postwar conceptions of (social) citizenship.
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Narcis, Stéphane. "'Are you scared of being Muslim?' 100% Arabica and the influence of raï music in defining Beur communities in France." Performing Islam 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pi_00008_4.
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Abstract Raï music has evolved significantly over the last few decades, gaining an increasingly popular following in France. This music genre was prominently featured in Mahmoud Zammouri's film, 100% Arabica (1997). Previous analyses of raï music have suggested that this genre symbolizes Algerians' identity and their cultural tendency towards cynicism. This article attempts to refine that conclusion. Relationships between the characters of this film, the treatments of their gender roles and the depiction of their relationships to Islamic practices and cultural identity are all examined through the lens of anthropological diffusionism and social conflict. The results imply that when raï music is used as a Muslim cultural activity, this genre empowers and shapes identity among the Beur communities in France. However, the results also reveal how raï music facilitates cultural expression that can corrupt many of the core values held by Islam.
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Harris, Dustin Alan. "A “Capital of Hope and Disappointments”." French Politics, Culture & Society 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 48–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2022.400103.
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This article traces the history of specialized social housing for North African families living in shantytowns in Marseille from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. During the Algerian War, social housing assistance formed part of a welfare network that exclusively sought to “integrate” Algerian migrants into French society. Through shantytown clearance and rehousing initiatives, government officials and social service providers encouraged shantytown-dwelling Algerian families to adopt the customs of France’s majority White population. Following the Algerian War, France moved away from delivering Algerian-focused welfare and instead developed an expanded immigrant welfare network. Despite this shift, some officials and social service providers remained fixated on the presence and ethno-racial differences of Algerians and other North Africans in Marseille’s shantytowns. Into the mid-1970s, this fixation shaped local social assistance and produced discord between the promise and implementation of specialized social housing that hindered shantytown-dwelling North African families’ incorporation into French society.
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Zholudeva, Natal’ya R., and Sergey A. Vasyutin. "Employment Problems of Muslim Migrants in France (Exemplified by Paris). Part 1." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 6 (December 20, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v137.
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The first part of the article briefly covers the history of immigration to France, social conflicts associated with migrants, and the results of French research on discrimination of immigrants in employment. In spite of the high unemployment rate, compared with other European Union countries, France remains one of the centres of migration and receives a significant number of migrants and refugees every year. The origins of immigration to France go back to the mid-19th century. Initially, it was mainly for political reasons, in order to find a job or receive an education. Between the First and the Second World Wars, France accepted both political (e.g. from Russia, Germany and Spain) and labour migrants (from Africa and Indo-China). After World War II, the French government actively invited labour migrants from the French colonies, primarily, from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco). When the Algerian War ended, the Harkis – Algerians who served in the French Army – found refuge in France. By the late 1960s, the Moroccan and Tunisian communities were formed. Up to the 1980s, labour migration was predominant. However, with time, the share of refugees and those who wanted to move to France with their families started to increase. This caused a growing social and political tension in French society resulting in conflicts (e.g. the 2005 riots in Paris). Moreover, the numerous terrorist attacks and the migration crisis of 2014–2016 had a particularly negative impact on the attitude towards migrants. All these issues have to a certain extent affected the employment of the Muslim population in France.
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Rousseau, Sandra. "Ali Dilem: Artivisme algérien et mémoire comique." International Journal of Francophone Studies 23, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2020): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs_00008_1.
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This article analyses Algerian cartoonist Ali Dilem’s drawings from the first years of the décennie noire and contrasts them with his productions from the early months of 2019, when the Algerian demonstrators of the hirak ousted President Bouteflika. Dilem’s career – spanning over 30 years – has made him a staple of Algerian and European news, whether in newspapers or on TV. Both popular and prolific, Dilem produces cartoons that illustrate what I call ‘comic memory’, a recording and remembering of the past through humour. A diachronic analysis of this large corpus of drawings sheds light on the social and subversive potentials of humour, but most importantly allows for a discussion of its mechanisms over time. Through a careful reading of Dilem’s sardonic cartoons and their contexts of production, I show his work offers both a comic outlet unifying readers in a community of laughter, and a stern cultural commentary on how Algerians consider their history. In particular this article addresses two central motifs of Dilem’s work, on the one hand Algerians’ relationship to France, on the other hand the political pressures exerted on journalistic work in Algeria. Through themes such as censorship, racism and subversion, I explain how humour is a valuable source for memory studies. In fact, Dilem’s work participates in creating a comic archive that keeps track of the mentalités and sheds light on media politics, aesthetics and the poetics of humour.
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Kubera, Jacek, and Łukasz Skoczylas. "Pamięć o wojnie, wojna o pamięć. Pamięć społeczna o wojnie w Algierii w relacjach pomiędzy Francją a imigrantami algierskimi." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 40 (February 15, 2022): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.011.
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The Memory of War, the War of Memory: Social Memory of the War in Algeria in Relations Between France and the Algerian ImmigrantsThe year 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the official end of the Algerian war. The memory of this conflict and other events in France which accompanied it is still alive in French society. After many years of oblivion and lack of interest from the highest authorities, this conflict once again becomes the subject of great controversy and heated debate. The disputes focus on the four groups: the French born in Algeria, the Algerians cooperating with the French troops during the war, the other Algerian immigrants and, finally, the former military personnel serving in Algeria. Each group has its own perspective of the events, whereas the politicians try to exploit the memory of the war in the ongoing disputes concerning the integration of the immigrants and the riots in the suburbs. All of this means that even after 50 years the issue of the Algerian war is still evoking new conflicts.
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Stankiewicz, Wojciech. "Integracja emigrantów muzułmańskich ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym na przykładzie Francji." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 36 (February 18, 2022): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.008.
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Incorporating Muslim Migrants in the West: The French Model of IntegrationThe Muslim emigration to France is connected with many social, religious and political problems. The worshippers of Islam were admitted to settle, but not to integrate with French society and the national economy. Although, according to the French scheme of integration, all people are equal before the law and it is unlawful to emphasise differences, life in France does not reflect the Republican idea any more, and instead of creating the French nation as one community, a multicultural society unable to assimilate newcomers is being born.There are numerous stereotypes in French society that push aside Algerians and Moroccans, especially those living in the suburbs, and put them in conflict with the French legal system. This approach should change and the French must cease perceiving Muslims as strangers and realise they are lawful citizens, an inseparable part of their everyday life. The successive generations of Muslim immigrants should no longer be pushed to the margins of social life because of their ethnic origin, name, religion, and culture.The violent riots in France in 2005 and 2007, however, were caused not only by cultural conflict but also by the recession of the French economy. The main problem in the French suburbs is the high level of unemployment (40%) caused by the numerous meanders of the immigration policy. Instead of facilitating employment for immigrants, the government demands special professional training even for jobs which do not require such qualifications.
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Bedjaoui, Nabila. "Les étudiants algériens face au français." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 11 (August 8, 2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2018.17243.
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L’Algérie est le deuxième pays francophone après la France. 132 ans de colonisation ont été suffisants pour implanter cette langue dans l’esprit des Algériens. Après l’indépendance, les français ont certes quitté l’Algérie, mais ils ont laissé derrière eux leur langue qui s’est immiscée jusque dans la langue arabe, et est devenue de la sorte une partie de l’identité du locuteur algérien. L’avènement de l’arabisation, a fait basculer la balance, en imposant l’utilisation de la langue arabe, seule, dans tous les domaines et dans toutes les institutions. Le français est devenu langue étrangère, voire étrange, dans certaines parties du pays. L’université n’a pas été épargnée par ces changements de statut opérés sur la langue française. L’étudiant algérien trouve, désormais, des difficultés à l’appréhender. De ce fait ses études ne se déroulent pas dans de bonnes conditions. Une prise en charge de l’enseignement de la langue française à l’université algérienne s’impose.
Algerian students and the French language
Algeria is the second largest French - speaking country after France. 132 years of colonization were sufficient to implant this language in the minds of Algerians. After leaving Algeria, the French left behind their language, which has interfered in the Arabic language, and has thus become part of the identity of the Algerian speaker. The advent of arabization has tipped the scales, imposing the use of the Arabic language in all areas and in all institutions. In some parts ofthe country, French has become a foreign language. Algerian students find it difficult to understand. The situation of French has become rather cumbersome. Therefore, it becomes essential to preserve French at Algerian universities.
Key words: Algeria; arabization; French; education; specialty; level.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Algerians – France – Social conditions"
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Mananga, Francisco. "La dimension juridique des conditions du travail dans le secteur de l'intervention sociale." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20014.
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Le Travail social, axé sur les rapports humains, implique l'élaboration d'une oeuvre utile et intellectuelle, regroupe une kyrielle de professions exerçant leurs activités dans des organismes privés et publics. Aborder en droit social les conditions de travail dans ce secteur et s'interroger sur l'adaptation des principes dudit droit aux acteurs sociaux est nécessaire. En effet, les spécificités du travail social, les particularités des usagers, l'application dérogatoire du droit du travail et les conditions dans lesquelles exercent certains acteurs sociaux. . . Appellent à des réflexions. Si le régime d'équivalence reste discutable, la législation sur les responsabilités serait une application adéquate, même si la protection juridique des acteurs sociaux reste hypothétique. C'est ainsi que cette étude interroge l'applicabilité du droit social à un secteur spécifique, dont certains de ses aspects relèveraient du droit commun, d'une législation spécifique mais non nécessairement dérogatoireThe social labor is an activity based on humans relations. This means that a useful and intellectual organization has to be set up. This sector includes many professions working in private associations and in public offices. Concerning the social law, it seems to be necessary to approach the question of the working conditions and to wonder about a possible adaptation of this law to the social workers. Indeed, the special features of the social work, the particularities of users, the derogatory applications of the working law and also the manner in which some social workers practise. . . Need to be considered. If the application of the equivalence hours is deeply questionable, the legislation upon the responsibilities seems to be of an appropriate application, in spite of the fact that legal protection of the social workers remains hypothetical. So this study aims to question the opportunity of applying the general principles of the social law in this sector but no necessary derogatory
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Dousset, Florent. "Rugby et droit social." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10008.
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Le rugby est le dernier sport collectif en France a avoir choisi, à la fin d es années 1990, la voie du professsionalisme. Le rugbyman est désormais réménéré pour sa prestation athlétique qui constitue l'essentiel ou la totalité de ses revenus. Cette prestation s'exécute dans le cadre d'un contrat de travail reconnu comme étant salarié, impliquant ainsi l'intégration de la relation de travail en cause dans la sphère du droit social. Les dispositions législatives et réglementaires relatives au sport professionnel, et à fortiori relatives au rugby étant quasi-inexistantes, il en résulte une application des règles générales en la matière. Or, un examen de la pratique permet de constater que ces règles sont souvent écartées au profit d'usages et de règlements propres à l'activité. Quelle sont les justifications d'une telle mise à l'écart ? Résulte -t-elle d'une incompatibilité entre l'activité en cause et la règle de droit ? Est-elle justifiée par des nécessités de protection sociale ? Doit-on envisager une application coercitive du droit social ou au contraire militer en faveur d'une exception sportive ? Quels en sont les enjeux actuels ? Enfin, et plus fondentalement, le statut de salarié est-il encore adapté à la relation de travail en cause ? Tiré d'une expérience professionnelle de trois ans au sein d'un club de première division, rugby et droit social tente de faire un point sur une matière nouvelle, à l'orée de la future convention collective du rugby.
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Lloyd, Stephanie 1975. "An anxious society : the French importation of social phobia and the appearance of a new model of the self." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102807.
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This dissertation examines the introduction of social phobia into France. My analysis is concerned with how this diagnosis, which is inconsistent with the psychoanalytic model that dominates French psychiatry, is increasingly being accepted by French physicians and patients. I argue that the diagnosis social phobia offers physicians and patients a justification for life difficulties that was not provided by existing diagnoses such as phobic neurosis, obsessional neurosis or 'normal' shyness.In 2003-4 I carried out one year of fieldwork in North America and France. During this time I conducted participant observation and interviews with clinicians and members of a social phobia support group. Throughout this thesis, it is my objective to understand the disorder from three perspectives: historical, ethnographic, and sociocultural.
First, I examine French psychiatrists' claims that social phobia has existed in French psychiatric literature since the nineteenth century. I investigate the efforts of these French psychiatrists to prove that the diagnostic category has a legitimate place in French medicine. Second, I look at how a small group of Parisian psychiatrists who practice cognitive and behavioural therapy are fighting for greater awareness and acceptance of social phobia. Promoting social phobia is a means of spreading awareness of their therapeutic model. Their aim is to unseat psychoanalysis from its dominant position in French psychiatry. Many individuals prefer cognitive and behavioural therapists' explanations of social phobia symptoms to those of psychoanalysts because they are less stigmatizing and their predicted outcomes more optimistic. But many French clinicians reject the diagnosis social phobia and prefer psychoanalytic explanations for patients' symptoms. Some see it as a 'fashionable' disorder overly promoted by the pharmaceutical industry. Third, I investigate how social phobia is related to cultural behavioural ideals and societal expectations. I look at how these factors lead more people to become concerned about the symptoms of social phobia than in the past.
In the end, I explain that French physicians and patients are choosing social phobia from among other possible labels for this set of symptoms. The way that they describe this diagnosis, however, blends multiple therapeutic models and they create an explanation of the disorder which most thoroughly and positively describes patients' experiences.
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Musset, Benoît. "Le vignoble de Champagne, de la naissance des vins mousseux à celle des maisons de champagne (1650-1830) : les transformations d'un univers vinicole, social et commercial." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIML006.
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Dans les années 1660 apparaît le vin mousseux de Champagne. Portée par une clientèle aristocratique, cette production prend son essor à partir des années 1720, passant de quelques milliers de bouteilles à 300. 000 au début des années 1780, 3. 000. 000 vers 1830. Cette croissance bouscule peu à peu les structures économiques, sociales et viticoles du vignoble : techniques viticoles, répartition de la propriété, encadrement institutionnel. En 1789, les anciennes structures sont encore bien en place. En fait, deux grands systèmes viticoles se juxtaposent durant tout le XVIIIe siècle. Le premier est basé sur les vins rouges vendus vers Paris, les Flandres et le marché régional. Vigoureux jusqu’aux années 1820, il sert de support à une société vigneronne stable : petites exploitations, viticulture soignée, façonnement des vins sommaire, structures commerciales dominées par des courtiers au service d’acheteurs étrangers. Le second, sans modifier les techniques de culture, donne naissance à un noyau cohérent de grandes exploitations bourgeoises mettant en œuvre les nouvelles méthodes vinicoles, avec un matériel croissant dans la seconde moitié du siècle. Il génère également une profonde transformation de l’univers commercial, avec l’apparition, dans les années 1760-1770, d’un puissant négoce prenant peu à peu en charge la production, imposant une tutelle de plus en plus étroite sur les grands propriétaires et les vignerons. A la fin des années 1820, au moment où le système viticole des vins rouges commence à s’essouffler, le système des vins en bouteilles, déjà bien enraciné autour d’Epernay, commence à offrir une alternative inespérée dans la Montagne de ReimsIn the 1660’s, sparkling wines appear in the Champagne province. Encouraged by aristocratic customers, this production keeps expanding from the 1720’s on, growing from a few thousands bottles to 300 000 in the early 1780’s, and finally reaching 3 000 000 in the late 1820’s. This growth in production slowly changes the economical social and viticultural structures of the vineyard : vinicultural techniques, land organisation, state regulations. In 1789, the old structures are still very much there. In fact, two main viticultural systems coexist during the 18th century. The first one is based on the selling of red wines in Paris, the Flanders and the regional market. Flourishing until the 1820’s, it relies on a rather stable wine-growing society : small landowners, well-tended vineyards, quick method wine growing, commercial uses in the hands of the brokers working for foreign merchants. The second one, if it does not change them improves the methods of the first one, thus engendering a tissue of great bourgeois wine properties, initiating new viticultural methods, requiring a more and more sophistcated machinery in the second half of the century. It also creates a deep change in the trade sphere, when in the 1760’s 70’s there appears a powerful business world dealing with the production, imposing an always stronger watch over the big landowners and winegrowers. In the late 1820’s, at the time when the viticultural system of red wines slowly gives way, the trade of bottled wines now well organized in the Epernay region, begins to offer an unexpected and promising opening to the Montagne de Reims
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Carneiro, Maria José Teixeira. "Les Paysans des Sept Laux, Isère : la construction d'un nouvel ordre social." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0016.
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Dans l'objectif d'etudier la reproduction sociale des petits exploitants agricoles face aux transformations subies par les societes rurales dans les 30 dernieres annees, l'observation a ete centree sur des familles d'exploitants d'une commune de montagne dans le departement de l'isere. L'analyse des articulations entre les strategies familiales et la dynamique de la societe industrielle est faite dans une approche monographique, selon la methode anthropologique. A partir d'une observation sur une longue duree de 28 familles d'exploitants dans des situations diverses (des pluriactifs, des exploitants a plein temps et des retraites), completee par des donnees genealogiques, il a ete possible de saisir les differentes logiques de transmission du patrimoine et du choix de l'heritier. Celles-ci sont articulees autour de strategies diverses des familles pour s'adapter aux nouvelles conditions de production. La famille - l'objet d'observation privilegie - est apercue comme une institution capable de resoudre des conflits, d'integrer des positions contradictoires et de formuler de nouvelles strategies. Mais, elle est aussi concue comme une valeur qui oriente et donne du sens aux rapports entre les individusThe aim of this thesis was to study the social reproduction of the small producers related to the changes that the rural societies were submeted to for the last 30 years. The observation took place at a small moutain community in the departement of the isere. The analysis of the articulation between the familial strategies and the industrial society's dynamics had a mongraphic approach according to the anthropological method. Through the observation of the 28 families it had been possible to understand the differents logics of the transmission of the family estate and of the choice of the successor. These logics are articulated and depended on differents family strategies to get adapted to the news conditions of production. Within this context the pluriactivty comes up as a ancien and actual phenomenum that takes differents meanings through the evolution of the rural societies in france. It is un instrument of the social reproduction frequentely used by the small producers at the mountain sides. Thus, it cannot be considered as a specifical social category. This study confirms the adaptation capacity (although contradictory)
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Arp, Henning A. "New social movements in France and West Germany: their activists and conditions for their development." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101368.
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In this paper, new social movements in France and West Germany are compared in terms of their supporters, and in terms of certain elements of the political and administrative conditions which they are confronting. On the basis of survey data from 1982, specific attributes of supporters of new social movements (socio-demographic characteristics, value orientations, and attitudes) are highlighted which distinguish them from the average of the population. While broad similarities exist between supporters in both countries, the new social movements in France appear to be less distinct from mainstream society than their West German counterparts. The examination of the political and administrative conditions focuses on the centralization/decentralization of the State, and the party and electoral system in France and the Federal Republic. A decentralized system is argued to offer, on the whole, more favorable conditions for the protest movements. Also the West German party system, and the West German electoral mechanisms have helped the new social movements east of the Rhine.M.A.
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Moriceau, Jean-Marc. "Les Fermiers de l'Ile-de-France : ascension d'un groupe social (1400-1750)." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010649.
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Dans les campagnes proches de Paris, une agriculture commerciale a favorisé l'essor d'une classe de grands fermiers, à la pointe du progrès économique. Établis dès la fin de la guerre de cent ans, ils s'érigent en groupe social de notables au cours du XVIe siècle. De 1550 à 1650 environ, la grande exploitation est le théâtre de transformations secondaires, dans le cadre d'une agriculture encore diversifiée. Tout change d'échelle et de rythme entre 1650 et 1750. La taille des fermes triple, la spécialisation céréalière s'accentue et les écarts se creusent entre les plus faibles, qui font faillite, et les gros, qui s'enrichissent et s'anoblissent. Le groupe élargit ses horizons géographiques et culturels. Les relations avec paris s'intensifient. Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, une nouvelle élite rurale s'est mise en place : les fermiers-gentilshommes, qui n'ont rien à envier à leurs homologues anglaisIn the country surrounding Paris, commercial agriculture favoured development of a great farmers class, economically high tech. Fixed here from the later middle ages, they set themselves up as a social group of notables during the 16th. From 1550 to 1650, big estate go through secondaries changes, within the context of a still diversified agriculture. Between 1650 and 1750, the change is general. The size of farmes treble, the cereal specialization increase and social distances grow between weak farmers who collapse and biggest who get rich and ennoble. Relations with paris increase. The group widen his geographical and cultural horizons. In the middle of the 18th, a new rural elite is born : gentlemen-farmers, who has no cause to be jalous of their english equivalents
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Clifton, Naomi. "Women, work and family in England and France : a question of identity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d39ca1d0-d8fc-4f54-aea3-fba3fd68e984.
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This thesis explores some of the individual attitudes and choices which may explain differing patterns in women's work in England and France. Women's work, however, cannot be considered outside the context of their family lives, and there exist important differences between England and France in terms of the structures in place to facilitate the combining of paid work and family commitments. It is proposed that these are related to broader social and economic structures which characterise the countries concerned, and the family and gender roles assumed by them. The question addressed, therefore, is the relationship between work identity and female identity. This is examined by comparing full-time working women, both single and with families, in the two countries. Since the question concerns meanings rather than frequencies, quantitative methods such as surveys are rejected in favour of a triangulated methodology combining repertory grid, Twenty Statements Test and in- depth interview. The results from each of these are reported separately. There is strong convergence within and clear differences between national groups, regardless of marital status. French and English groups are both committed to working, but this takes different forms in the two countries. The French women define themselves equally in terms of work, personal relationships and social lives, with relatively little conflict between them. For the English women, work identity comes first, there is more conflict between work and family roles and more tension in personal relationships. This may partly be accounted for by the English women's greater concern with career progression and personal advancement, which is more likely to conflict with family roles. The findings are related to broader issues of economic, social and family policy, historical factors, religious traditions and attitudes towards gender and equality. These themselves are seen as reflecting more general ideologies in the countries concerned. Finally, there is a consideration of questions raised by the study, and suggestions for further research.
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Allogo, Obame Gouédard. "La France et la mise en valeur de l'Afrique noire : étude de la contribution de la France au développement économique et social de l'AEF : 1946-1959." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10023.
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La mise en oeuvre du plan de développement économique et social de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française, décidé par la France au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fut le fait d'une collaboration entre les instances métropolitaines, notamment les ministères de la France d'Outre-mer et des Finances, le comité directeur du FIDES, la Caisse centrale de la France d'Outre-mer et des assemblées locales. En dépit des principes de tutelle et des intentions de centralisation, affirmés dès le début de l'expérience par le pourvoir central métropolitain, les territoires se sont progressivement impliqués dans le processus décisionnel. Un processus empreint de la difficulté de bâtir des procédures acceptables et des règles communes soit pour satisfaire les revendications de chaque territoire de la fédération, soit pour partager les risques et les coûts de l'oeuvre collective. La politique de planification fut ainsi le théâtre d'une perpétuelle remise en cause des rapports politiques et économiques entre la métropole et les territoires ainsi qu'entre ces derniers et le pouvoir fédéral, si bien qu'un transfert de compétence s'effectua dès 1949, d'abord entre l'administration métropolitaine et la fédératin de l'A. E. F. , puis, à partir de 1955, entre les organismes fédéraux et territoriaux. Les conflits de compétence concernant le plan et son fonctionnement ont de fait souvent représenté, chez les différents acteurs, les différences d'approche sur les priorités, les réalités et les nécessités économiques, politiques et sociales des territoires, tout en étant le fruit du même climat d'incertitude qui règnait sur le processus décisionnel de la politique de planification.
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Peri-Rotem, Nitzan. "The role of religion in shaping women's family and employment patterns in Britian and France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0cedea1-973c-4395-9916-d47416672802.
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The current study examines the influence of religious affiliation and practice on family patterns and labour market activity for women in Western Europe, focusing on Britain and France. While both countries have experienced a sharp decline in institutionalized forms of religion over the past decades, differences in family and fertility behaviour on the basis of religiosity seem to persist. Although previous studies documented a positive correlation between religion and both intended and actual family size, there is still uncertainty about the different routes through which religion affects fertility, how structural factors are involved in this relationship and whether and how this relationship has changed along with the process of religious decline. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interrelationships between religion, educational attainment, female labour force participation, union formation and fertility levels. The data come from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which contains 18 waves from 1991 to 2008, and the French survey of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), which was initially conducted in 2005. By following trends in fertility differences by religious affiliation and practice across birth cohorts of women, it is found that religious differences in fertility are not only persistent across birth cohorts, there is also a growing divide between non-affiliated and religiously practicing women who maintain higher fertility levels. Religious differences in family formation patterns and completed fertility are also explored, taking into account the interaction between education and religiosity. It appears that the effect of education on fertility differs by level of religiosity, as higher education is less likely to lead to childlessness or to a smaller family size among more religious women. The findings on the relationships between family and work trajectories by level of religiosity also point to a reduced conflict between paid employment and childbearing among actively religious women, although these patterns vary by religious denomination and by country.
Books on the topic "Algerians – France – Social conditions"
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Douadi, Rachida. L' Algérie en France: D'une rive à l'autre, regards sur la présence algérienne en France. Paris: Bachari, 2007.
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Hammouche, Abdelhafid. Mariages et immigration: La famille algérienne en France. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon, 1994.
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Kassa, Sabrina. Nos ancêtres les chibanis: Portraits d'Algériens arrivés en France pendant les trente glorieuses. Paris: Autrement, 2006.
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Kassa, Sabrina. Nos ancêtres les chibanis!: Portraits d'Algériens arrivés en France pendant les trente glorieuses. Paris: Autrement, 2006.
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Hervé, Cellier, and Rouag-Djenidi Abla, eds. Algérie France: Jeunesse, ville et marginalité. Paris: Harmattan, 2008.
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Moinet, Bernard. Ahmed, connais pas--. [Paris]: Godefroy de Bouillon, 1997.
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Moinet, Bernard. Ahmed connais pas...: [le calvaire des harkis]. [Paris]: Godefroy de Bouillon, 1997.
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Cohen, Muriel. Des familles invisibles: Les Algériens de France entre intégrations et discriminations (1945-1985). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2020.
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Belaidi, Nadia. L' émigration kabyle en France: Une chance pour la culture berbère? Dijon [France]: Editions universitaires de Bourgogne, 2003.
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Kacet, Salem. Le droit à la France. Paris: P. Belfond, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Algerians – France – Social conditions"
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Isidro, Lola, and Antoine Math. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in France." In IMISCOE Research Series, 165–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_11.
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Abstract After a long judicial fight between the 1970s and the late 1990s leading to the abolition of the condition of nationality that excluded foreigners from non-contributory benefits, and in a context of publicly debated restrictive immigration policies, other restrictive conditions were either reinforced or introduced in order to curb access to social protection for foreigners in France. A new condition of regularity for the access of foreigners to most social protection schemes was introduced and/or extended, especially since 1993. In a growing xenophobic context, restrictions were presented as a means to deter immigration and save the Welfare State placed under strong budgetary constraints. The classical condition of residence was also reactivated in a way to place more restrictions. New requirements, such as a condition of anteriority of presence and a condition of anteriority (seniority) of regular residence, were developed to exclude more non-EU migrants, despite their regular situation.
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Behrent, Michael C. "Pluralism’s Political Conditions: Social Realism and the Revolutionary Tradition in Pierre Leroux, P.-J. Proudhon and Alfred Fouillée." In Pluralism and the Idea of the Republic in France, 99–121. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137028310_6.
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Arrighi, Jean-Thomas, and Jean-Michel Lafleur. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for French Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 193–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_11.
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Abstract While predominantly a country of immigration, France also counts with a sizeable population of citizens abroad of around three million individuals (4% of the domestic population). This chapter provides a general overview of France’s diaspora institutions, consular policies and social protection policies for citizens abroad. It describes in detail expatriates’ conditions of eligibility and access to welfare in the areas of unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and economic hardship. It shows that France, by European standards, has a comparatively strong level of engagement with its expatriates, particularly in the areas of electoral rights, culture and social protection. This must be understood in the light of France’s colonial history, its continued ambition to be a global actor, and its well-developed domestic welfare state that has increasingly become de-territorialised.
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Tudzarovska, Emilija. "Disorganised Collective Citizens’ Interest, Social Transformations and Technopopulism." In The Interplay of Civic Engagement and Institutionalised Politics, 245–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54231-2_10.
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AbstractNew ways of doing politics, embodied in the appeal to populism, the appeal to technocracy, or both combined, that is, ‘technopopulism’, are revealing symptoms of crisis in citizens’ representation in democratic societies in the European Union. This type of doing politics indicates ruptures in the organised citizens’ interest, which are leading to the rise of new parties and party leaders promising to solve ‘the people’s’ problem in general, that is, populism, and of unelected technocrats that offer economic solutions and managerial approaches ‘for doing politics, but not policy’. It also a precursor in determining how countries can navigate systemic health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Both are symptoms of the same crisis of democratic representation of citizens’ organised interests. To unpack the causes, this chapter looks at the historical conditions under which technopopulism has risen since the 1990s. The Czech Republic in Central-East Europe and France in Western Europe, as two different cases with the same outcome, are used to illustrate the same path dependency of the conditions leading to the use of the logic of technopopulism. It argues that these ruptures are the result of the long processes that have led to disorganised citizens’ interests amidst the shift to neoliberal doctrine, the decline of party politics, and societal transformations in globalised societies.
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Sallandre, Marie-Anne, and Brigitte Garcia. "Chapter 10. Overview of and epistemological conditions for building and using LSF corpora." In Advances in Sign Language Corpus Linguistics, 262–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.108.10sal.
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This chapter discusses French Sign Language (LSF) corpora and how they have evolved over the last thirty years in France. We first outline the epistemological and social conditions in which corpora were constructed by the pioneers of the field to explain how, in our opinion, their corpus-driven approach was decisive and very specific to France. Second, we focus on the theoretical framework we use, namely the Semiological Approach, and on the corpus-driven linguistics underlying this approach. On these bases, we present various LSF corpora that exist today, with particular focus on the two main corpora designed by our team, namely LS-Colin and Creagest, with special attention to data collected from deaf children. We then highlight how our own relationship with corpus data remains fundamental and heuristic.
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Barozet, Emmanuelle, Marcelo Boado, and Ildefonso Marqués-Perales. "The Measurement of Social Stratification: Comparative Perspectives Between Europe and Latin America." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 171–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_6.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses compared social stratification in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and four European countries (Finland, France, Spain, Great Britain). We focus on both external and internal borders of social classes, as well as on the challenges posed by their analysis for sociology. We compare social classes using EGP6 in relation to a variety of social indicators, to examine how social classes vary among countries. We include debates on production models and welfare state policies to understand the specific configurations and compare the conditions of some of the INCASI countries regarding social stratification. Lastly, we apply a latent class analysis to validate the number of social classes and to recognise class boundaries.
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Jarty, Julie, and Karina Batthyány. "Recent Evolutions of Gender, State Feminism and Care Models in Latin America and Europe." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 361–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_12.
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AbstractThis chapter presents and characterises the way in which, in the twenty-first century, after years of feminist struggles inside and outside of institutions, gender relations are organised in the different countries of the INCASI project (on the European side, Spain, Italy, Finland, France and the United Kingdom, on the side of the South American Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay). It pays special attention to the implementation of feminist issues on political agendas, and in particular the assignment of women to unpaid care work—an aspect of the power continuum that we look to relate to other aspects. Gradually and for almost a century all countries in both continents have granted women the status of subjects, citizens and employees. However, the conditions, challenges and timelines of this process differ considerably from one continent to another, so they need to be addressed separately. The neoliberal era did not have the same impact in Europe as it did in South America (nor was it exactly the same between particular European countries or among South American ones).
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Salais, Robert. "“La donnée n’est pas un donné”: Statistics, Quantification and Democratic Choice." In The New Politics of Numbers, 379–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78201-6_12.
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AbstractThis article investigates the transformation of employment policies in France, Germany, the UK and at European level, problematizing their shift towards governance-driven quantification, which has at its core the quest for efficiency putting equivalence between more and better, and having more for less. Numbers become both targets and evaluators leading to rational optimization of the data produced. This calls democracy into question. Citizens have no say in how they are accounted for. Employment takes on a very different meaning encompassing any job, regardless of wage, working conditions, or contract type. Social criticism movements face the task to produce alternative data relying on democratized procedures and justice expectations. Such data, capable of legitimately counteracting governance-driven quantification, would support another “understanding” of the collective issue at hand.
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Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos, Iliana Giannouli, and Ioanna Archontaki. "The Media in Southern Europe: Continuities, Changes and Challenges." In Springer Studies in Media and Political Communication, 133–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32216-7_6.
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AbstractThe media systems of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey represent what Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini have proposed as the Southern European or polarised pluralistic model. Regardless of their differences, the media in Southern Europe are characterised by low levels of newspaper circulation, a tradition of advocacy reporting, instrumentalisation of privately owned media, politicisation of public broadcasting and broadcast regulation and limited development of journalism as an autonomous profession. In the digital era, the media in Southern Europe have to adjust themselves to the new conditions, as citizens have turned rapidly to the digital and social media, regardless the uneven development of the Internet in most countries. It seems that digitisation of the media landscape has led the Southern European media to follow a path not very dissimilar to other European countries as in the past. The advent of digital and social media, as well as the emergence of citizen journalism, has made the news media landscape even more uncertain for the legacy media and the professional journalist, but less controlled by the state, which used to be the norm in the analogue past.
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Kullberg, Christina. "Constructing the Self Between Worlds." In Points of Entanglement in French Caribbean Travel Writing (1620-1722), 99–160. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23356-2_3.
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AbstractThis chapter shifts the attention toward another point of entanglement, namely the construction of the travelers’ self as a changing narrative category within the travel narratives. Drawing on recent research around the complex development of the notion of the self in the seventeenth century, the argument is that the self is unstable and multiple; it mediates between the space of reception (France) and the space described (the Islands). The self thus becomes a site where the effect of otherness can be traced: it becomes a narrative locus of unsettlement where the impact of early island society and its people is visible on several levels. The first section is devoted to the conditions governing travel writing in order to understand how the travelers used this strategically in their representations of the islands in terms of both distance and embodiment. The second section centers on Labat’s travelogue in order to analyze how that embodiment led to the construction of an experimental self influenced by the islands: the individual traveler’s experience becomes a way to think through the social body’s experience. The third section examines how the self negotiates encounters with others. By interrogating the figure of the commentary, it questions the construction of a discourse of ambivalence, bordering on sentimentality, with regard to enslaved peoples and enslavement as an institution. The last section looks closer at engagements with Indigenous peoples in terms of an anxiety of influence: the narratives configure that influence through style. The travelers, it claims, both underscore and distance themselves to uphold an intermediary position.
Conference papers on the topic "Algerians – France – Social conditions"
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Ivanova, Anna, and Svetlana Popova. "EFFICIENCY OF STATE SUPPORT MEASURES OF POPULATION INCOME DURING THE PERIOD OF CONSTRAINTS: A COUNTRY APPROACH." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_82-89.
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This article is devoted to the research of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world and its consequences on society. Today, the social policy of the Russian Federation and the whole world is experiencing great stress. The crisis, which arose due to the imposed restrictive measures to ensure the isolation regime in order to prevent the spread of COVID-2019 by foreign governments, revealed previously existing gaps in the provisions of social protection. The ways of formation and improvement of state support of incomes of the population during a crisis situation all over the world are considered. In the conditions of the crisis, the load on the social system has increased many times over, due to the increase in the number of poor citizens. Funding has been introduced for various measures, methods and ways to improve livelihoods and prevent the closure of Micro-Enterprises, SMEs of all types, self-employed and workers, in order to prevent unemployment caused by the global situation. The analysis of the gross domestic product and the effectiveness of the implemented additional measures of state support of the population’s income has been carried out. For example, the leading countries of the world were considered, such as: Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA.
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Demir, Emre. "THE EMERGENCE OF A NEO-COMMUNITARIAN MOVEMENT IN THE TURKISH DIASPORA IN EUROPE: THE STRATEGIES OF SETTLEMENT AND COMPETITION OF GÜLEN MOVEMENT IN FRANCE AND GERMANY." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/bkir8810.
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This paper examines the organisational and discursive strategies of the Gülen movement in France and Germany and its differentiation in Turkish Islam in Europe, with the primary focus on the movement’s educational activities. The paper describes the characteristics of organisational activity among Turkish Muslims in Europe. Then it analyses two mainstream religious-communitarian movements and the contrasting settlement strategies of the “neo- communitarian” Gülen movement. Despite the large Turkish population in western Europe, the movement has been active there for only about ten years – relatively late compared to other Islamic organisations. Mainly, the associational organisation of Turkish Islam in Europe is based on two axes: the construction/ sponsoring of mosques and Qur’anic schools. By contrast, the Gülen movement’s members in Europe, insisting on ‘the great importance of secular education’, do not found or sponsor mosques and Qur’anic schools. Their principal focus is to address the problems of the immi- grant youth population in Europe, with reintegration of Turkish students into the educational system of the host societies as a first goal. On the one hand, as a neo-communitarian religious grouping, they strive for a larger share of the ‘market’ (i.e. more members from among the Turkish diaspora) by offering a fresh religious discourse and new organisational strategies, much as they have done in Turkey. On the other hand, they seek to gain legitimacy in the public sphere in Germany and France by building an educational network in these countries, just as they have done in Central Asia and the Balkans region. Accordingly, a reinvigorated and reorganised community is taking shape in western Europe. This paper examines the organizational and discursive strategies1 of the Gülen movement in France and Germany and it is differentiation in Turkish Islam in Europe. We seek to analyse particularly the educational activities of this movement which appeared in the Islamic scene in Diaspora of Europe for the last 10 years. We focus on the case of Gülen movement because it represents a prime example amongst Islamic movements which seek to reconcile-or ac- commodate- with the secular system in Turkey. In spite of the exclusionary policy of Turkish secular state towards the religious movements, this faith-based social movement achieved to accommodate to the new socio-political conditions of Turkey. Today, for many searchers, Gülen movement brings Islam back to the public sphere by cross-fertilizing Islamic idioms with global discourses on human rights, democracy, and the market economy.2 Indeed, the activities of Gülen movement in the secular context of France and Germany represent an interesting sociological object. Firstly, we will describe the characteristics of organizational ability of Anatolian Islam in Europe. Then we will analyse the mainstream religious-com- munitarian movements (The National Perspective movement and Suleymanci community) and the settlement strategies of the “neo-communitarian”3 Gülen movement in the Turkish Muslim Diaspora. Based on semi-directive interviews with the directors of the learning centres in Germany and France and a 6 month participative observation of Gülen-inspired- activities in Strasbourg; we will try to answer the following questions: How the movement appropriates the “religious” manner and defines it in a secular context regarding to the host/ global society? How the message of Gülen is perceived among his followers and how does it have effect on acts of the Turkish Muslim community? How the movement realises the transmission of communitarian and `religious’ values and-especially-how they compete with other Islamic associations? In order to answer these questions, we will make an analysis which is based on two axes: Firstly, how the movement position within the Turkish-Islamic associational organisation? Secondly, we will try to describe the contact zones between the followers of Gülen and the global society.
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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives. "POST-COVID-19 RECOVERY AND RESILIENCEBUILDING IN THE OUTERMOST REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN STRATEGY." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22443.
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The socio-economic environment of the outermost regions of the European Union was severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Due to their geographical and historical specificities, the outermost regions were significantly lagging behind the rest of the European Union in terms of economic indicators even in the pre-pandemic period. Expectedly, COVID-19-induced shocks additionally potentiated their development gap. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, and Saint Martin (France), the Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain), and the related legislative responses of the European Union aiming at eliminating adverse effects of the crisis and building more resilient societies. The factual assessment is carried out primarily through the prism of the European Commission’s 2021 Study on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outermost Regions, which underlines the health, economic and social repercussions of the crisis as well as a recommended set of recovery and resilience-building measures in the outermost regions. The legal analysis focuses on the ongoing codification of the rules and measures regulating the governance of the outermost regions as integral parts of the European Union. Pursuant to Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the European Union shall adopt specific measures for laying down the conditions for the development of the outermost regions, such as those in the area of fiscal policy, European Structural and Investment Funds, State-aid, agriculture and fisheries policies, and others. In that regard, the paper looks into the recently adopted regulations facilitating the use of EU funds and particular benefits (e.g. tax exemptions) in the outermost regions. Special emphasis is put on the currently tabled initiatives for an updated regulatory framework enabling the outermost regions to improve and strengthen their overall socio-economic position. That mainly refers to the forthcoming European strategy for the outermost regions, to be adopted in 2022. The respective strategy shall lay the foundations for a new strategic approach of the European Union to shaping a sustainable and resilient future for the outermost regions apt to face the challenges of the 21st century, notably those related to green, digital, and demographic transition.
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D'Aprile, Marianela. "A City Divided: “Fragmented” Urban and Literary Space in 20th-Century Buenos Aires." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.22.
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When analyzing the state of Latin American cities, particularly large ones like Buenos Aires, São Paolo and Riode Janeiro, scholars of urbanism and sociology often lean heavily on the term “fragmentation.” Through the 1980s and 1990s, the term was quickly and widely adopted to describe the widespread state of abutment between seemingly disparate urban conditions that purportedly prevented Latin American cities from developing into cohesive wholes and instead produced cities in pieces, fragments. This term, “fragmentation,” along with the idea of a city composed of mismatching parts, was central to the conception of Buenos Aires by its citizens and immortalized by the fiction of Esteban Echeverría, Julio Cortázar and César Aira. The idea that Buenos Aires is composed of discrete parts has been used throughout its history to either proactively enable or retroactively justify planning decisions by governments on both ends of the political spectrum. The 1950s and 60s saw a series of governments whose priorities lay in controlling the many newcomers to the city via large housing projects. Aided by the perception of the city as fragmented, they were able to build monster-scale developments in the parts of the city that were seen as “apart.” Later, as neoliberal democracy replaced socialist and populist leadership, commercial centers in the center of the city were built as shrines to an idealized Parisian downtown, separate from the rest of the city. The observations by scholars of the city that Buenos Aires is composed of multiple discrete parts, whether they be physical, economic or social, is accurate. However, the issue here lies not in the accuracy of the assessment but in the word chosen to describe it. The word fragmentation implies that there was a “whole” at once point, a complete entity that could be then broken into pieces, fragments. Its current usage also implies that this is a natural process, out of the hands of both planners and inhabitants. Leaning on the work of Adrián Gorelik, Pedro Pírez and Marie-France Prévôt-Schapira, and utilizing popular fiction to supplement an understanding of the urban experience, I argue that fragmentation, more than a naturally occurring phenomenon, is a fabricated concept that has been used throughout the twentieth century and through today to make all kinds of urban planning projects possible.
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Ancius, Darius, Rimantas Krenevicius, Saulius Kutas, and Michel Chouha. "Progress in Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP Unit 1." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22057.
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The aim of the paper is to present the Lithuanian legal framework regarding the nuclear safety in Decommissioning and Waste Management, and the progress in the Decommissioning Programme of the unit 1 of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). INPP is the only nuclear plant in Lithuania. It comprises two RBMK-1500 reactors. After Lithuania has restored its independence, responsibility for Ignalina NPP was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania. To ensure the control of the Nuclear Safety in Lithuania, The State Nuclear Power Safety Inspectorate (VATESI) was created on 18 October 1991, by a resolution of the Lithuanian Government. Significant work has been performed over the last decade, aiming at upgrading the safety level of the Ignalina NPP with reference to the International standards. On 5 October 1999 the Seimas (Parliament) adopted the National Energy Strategy: • It has been decided that unit 1 of Ignalina NPP will be closed down before 2005, • The conditions and precise final date of the decommissioning of Unit 2 will be stated in the updated National Energy strategy in 2004. On 20–21 June 2000, the International Donors’ Conference for the Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP took place in Vilnius. More than 200 Millions Euro were pledged of which 165 M€ funded directly from the European Union’s budget, as financial support to the Decommissioning projects. The Decommissioning Program encompasses legal, organizational, financial and technical means including the social and economical impacts in the region of Ignalina. The Program is financed from International Support Fund, State budget, National Decommissioning Fund of Ignalina NPP and other funds. Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP is subject to VATESI license according to the Law on Nuclear Energy. The Government established the licensing procedure in the so-called “Procedure for licensing of Nuclear Activities”; and the document “General Requirements for Decommissioning of the Ignalina NPP” has been issued by VATESI. A very important issue is the technical support to VATESI and the Lithuanian TSO’s (Technical Support Organisations) in their activities within the licensing process related to the Decommissioning of INPP. This includes regulatory assistance in the preparation of decommissioning and radioactive waste management regulatory documents, and technical assistance in the review of the safety case presented by the operator. The Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN, France) and the French Nuclear Safety Authority (DSIN) as well as Swedish International Project (SIP) are providing their support to VATESI in these areas.
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Vrasmas, Ecaterina, and Traian Vrasmas. "DEVELOPING A EUROPEAN PROFESSIONAL’S NETWORK IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION:E LEARNING PROCESS AND OUTCOMES." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-063.
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Title: Developing a European professional’s network in Inclusive Education: E learning process and outcomes Vrasmas, Ecaterina, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Panduri Street No.90, Bucharest; Email: ecaterinavr@yahoo.com Vrasmas, Traian, Ovidius University Constanta, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bd. Mamaia Street No.124 Email: traianvrasmas@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The context The paper describes a European project focusing on using eLearning media, in order to establish is quite an actual trend establish a European network for professionals. It is a new and strong trend in education, particularly in inclusive education. Inclusive education is one of the highest challenges in the field of education, for all European countries. Each country had its own history, experiences, cultural conditions, its own approaches, opportunities and challenges but common work and values are needed. Short description A group of professionals from national associations in England, France, Island, Italy and Romania has decided, after the European Conference of Social inclusion (2008, Clairmond Ferrand, France) to act for the implementation of the conclusions from this conference. They have planned and started to build a network for inclusive education among those five national organizations. They planned and implemented a Leonardo project called “Partnership of professionals for inclusive education.” They implemented all the project working together, in order to share experiences and debate on which are the most relevant barriers in the European and each national context and find solutions to advance in inclusive education. Aside of the direct meetings, in each country, most of the project preparation and implementation was made via eLearning (email communication, site development, power point preparation and presentation, reporting on a European data base etc). The main objectives of the project were: - To built a web site of the project; - To work together for finding common barriers and solutions for inclusive education. The project has reached these objectives by using eLearning media. During the process and as a result of eLearning we have produced important outcomes: - A web site (http://inclusiveeducation-leonardo-professionals.blogs.apf.asso.fr,Utilisat eur: leo-nardoprofessionals, Mot de passe : leonardoprofessionals; - A list of barriers and facilitators of inclusive education; Additional outcomes were: - A Guide for professionals on inclusive education; - A lot of power point presentations, on international documents and policies on national educational policies and inclusive education history in each country, study cases and ex-periences, lessons learned in different visits. The project website was designed for all the partners and for all institutions dealing with educa-tion. It contains a glossary of inclusion, with the main concepts, in all five languages (English, French, Italian, Romanian and Icelandic). It describes the partners involved, some elements facili-tating the understanding of the European and international perspective on inclusive education, based on the experiences collected in the project, on the results and documents obtained. The list of barriers and facilitators of inclusive education is a synthesis of the professionals work and a result of several debates. After listing barriers and the facilitating factors, the elements which can be barriers and facilitators as well, the list contains the synthesis of the discussion from each country, on the topic of identification of particular aspects: defining inclusion, the major actors, the resources needed - just a few of the analyze points. The Guide for professionals has been developed by the project professionals, as a working tool, issued from the discussions during the school visits in the 5 countries, from the synthesis of analysis and of conclusions (from international sources) regarding inclusive educa-tion. It defines inclusion, suggests a set o principles, identifies solutions for the barriers, and offers concrete examples from each country, regarding policies, practices, cultures and values. It is an open and positive point of view. During the project more than 80 different power points presentation were produced, focusesd on in-ternational and national legislation, scientific arguments on inclusive education, each country policy and experiences. One of them is the Final slide show (album) 2009-2011. It contains photos which are presenting the countries that had participated (places, traditions, touristic attractions, art objects and towns architecture), as well as the "authors" involved in the project. The photos are proving the good collaboration during seminars, visits, during the attractive free time opportunities in each of the five countries. All these are posted on the website of the project, in order to become tools for inclusive education dissemination as eLearning instruments. Conclusions The process of eLearning using different media was vital during and for the success of this pro-ject. At the end it offered to all professionals participant the possibility to better understand the inclusion importance and issues and to promote a new perspective in education, via ongoing collaboration between professionals, cultures and experiences. Working in common for defining inclusive education in five national contexts and describing the barriers and solutions was very challenging. It was also necessary and rewording, in this moment of the European efforts for defending our common values.