Journal articles on the topic 'Algal Protein'
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Hirakawa, Yoshihisa, Fabien Burki, and Patrick J. Keeling. "Genome-Based Reconstruction of the Protein Import Machinery in the Secondary Plastid of a Chlorarachniophyte Alga." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2012): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05264-11.
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ABSTRACT Most plastid proteins are encoded by their nuclear genomes and need to be targeted across multiple envelope membranes. In vascular plants, the translocons at the outer and inner envelope membranes of chloroplasts (TOC and TIC, respectively) facilitate transport across the two plastid membranes. In contrast, several algal groups harbor more complex plastids, the so-called secondary plastids, which are surrounded by three or four membranes, but the plastid protein import machinery (in particular, how proteins cross the membrane corresponding to the secondary endosymbiont plasma membrane) remains unexplored in many of these algae. To reconstruct the putative protein import machinery of a secondary plastid, we used the chlorarachniophyte alga Bigelowiella natans , whose plastid is bounded by four membranes and still possesses a relict nucleus of a green algal endosymbiont (the nucleomorph) in the intermembrane space. We identified nine homologs of plant-like TOC/TIC components in the recently sequenced B. natans nuclear genome, adding to the two that remain in the nucleomorph genome ( B. natans TOC75 [BnTOC75] and BnTIC20). All of these proteins were predicted to be localized to the plastid and might function in the inner two membranes. We also show that the homologs of a protein, Der1, that is known to mediate transport across the second membrane in the several lineages with secondary plastids of red algal origin is not associated with plastid protein targeting in B. natans . How plastid proteins cross this membrane remains a mystery, but it is clear that the protein transport machinery of chlorarachniophyte plastids differs from that of red algal secondary plastids.
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Blaby-Haas, Crysten E., and Sabeeha S. Merchant. "Comparative and Functional Algal Genomics." Annual Review of Plant Biology 70, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 605–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095841.
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Over 100 whole-genome sequences from algae are published or soon to be published. The rapidly increasing availability of these fundamental resources is changing how we understand one of the most diverse, complex, and understudied groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Genome sequences provide a window into the functional potential of individual algae, with phylogenomics and functional genomics as tools for contextualizing and transferring knowledge from reference organisms into less well-characterized systems. Remarkably, over half of the proteins encoded by algal genomes are of unknown function, highlighting the volume of functional capabilities yet to be discovered. In this review, we provide an overview of publicly available algal genomes, their associated protein inventories, and their quality, with a summary of the statuses of protein function understanding and predictions.
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Sproles, Ashley E., Anthony Berndt, Francis J. Fields, and Stephen P. Mayfield. "Improved high-throughput screening technique to rapidly isolate Chlamydomonas transformants expressing recombinant proteins." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, no. 4 (February 2022): 1677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11790-9.
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Abstract The single-celled eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has long been a model system for developing genetic tools for algae, and is also considered a potential platform for the production of high-value recombinant proteins. Identifying transformants with high levels of recombinant protein expression has been a challenge in this organism, as random integration of transgenes into the nuclear genome leads to low frequency of cell lines with high gene expression. Here, we describe the design of an optimized vector for the expression of recombinant proteins in Chlamydomonas, that when transformed and screened using a dual antibiotic selection, followed by screening using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), permits rapid identification and isolation of microalgal transformants with high expression of a recombinant protein. This process greatly reduces the time required for the screening process, and can produce large populations of recombinant algae transformants with between 60 and 100% of cells producing the recombinant protein of interest, in as little as 3 weeks, that can then be used for whole population sequencing or individual clone analysis. Utilizing this new vector and high-throughput screening (HTS) process resulted in an order of magnitude improvement over existing methods, which normally produced under 1% of algae transformants expressing the protein of interest. This process can be applied to other algal strains and recombinant proteins to enhance screening efficiency, thereby speeding up the discovery and development of algal-derived recombinant protein products. Key points • A protein expression vector using double-antibiotic resistance genes was designed • Double antibiotic selection causes fewer colonies with more positive for phenotype • Coupling the new vector with FACS improves microalgal screening efficiency > 60%
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K., Santhoshkumar, Prasanthkumar S., and J. G. Ray. "Chlorococcum humicola (Nageli) Rabenhorst as a Renewable Source of Bioproducts and Biofuel." Journal of Plant Studies 5, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v5n1p48.
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Among the diverse new generation biomass yielding species, green algae are the most promising organisms. Compared to biomass production of other organisms, production of algae is less laborious, quite fast, and more economical. Moreover, eutrophicated waters get naturally purified in the cultivation process of algae. Algal biomass from monoculture of specific species, which are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, is considered a good source of diverse bio-products and feed-stock for food, feeds and bio-fuels. Quantity and quality of algal biomass for specific products depend on the species and strains as well as environmental conditions of cultivation. In this connection, biomass productivity and oil-yield of a local strain of <em>Chlorococcum humicola </em>(Nageli) Rabenhorst was assessed in Bold’s Basal Medium. Long-term storage capacity of the alga was tried by entrapping the algal cells in sodium alginate beads, which showed viability up to 14 months. Estimation of total carbohydrate, protein, lipid and chemical characterization of oil as well as the feasibility of its conversion to biodiesel revealed the industrial potential of this local strain as a source of food and biofuel. Fatty acid profiling of the extracted oil showed that 70% are mono-saturated and 12.2 % are nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oil could be effectively trans-esterified to methyl esters and the conversion was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Further standardization of the mass production of the alga in natural environmental conditions for biomass and oil is progressing to optimize its value as globally competent food, nutraceutical and biofuel resource.
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Zivanovic, Ana, and Danielle Skropeta. "c-AMP Dependent Protein Kinase a Inhibitory Activity of Six Algal Extracts from South Eastern Australia and Their Fatty Acid Composition." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 7 (July 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700731.
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c-AMP Dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, PKA) is an important enzyme involved in the regulation of an increasing number of physiological processes including immune function, cardiovascular disease, memory disorders and cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the PKA inhibitory activity of a range of algal extracts, along with their fatty acid composition. Six algal species were investigated including two Chlorophyta ( Codium dimorphum and Ulva lactuca), two Phaeophyta ( Phyllospora comosa and Sargassum sp.) and two Rhodophyta ( Prionitis linearis and Corallina vancouveriensis), with the order of PKA inhibitory activity of their extracts identified as follows: brown seaweeds > red seaweeds > green seaweeds with the brown alga Sargassum sp. exhibiting the highest PKA inhibitory activity (84% at 100 μg/mL). GC/MS analysis identified a total of 18 fatty acids in the six algal extracts accounting for 72-87% of each extract, with hexadecanoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid as the dominant components. The most active extract ( Sargassum sp.) also contained the highest percentage of the saturated C14:0 fatty acid (12.8% of the total extract), which is a known to inhibit PKA. These results provide the first description of the PKA inhibitory activity of marine algae along with the first description of the fatty acid composition of these six algal species from South Eastern Australian waters. Importantly, this study reveals that abundant and readily available marine algae are a new and relatively unexplored source of PKA inhibitory compounds.
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Tipsukhon Pimpimol, Burassakorn Tongmee, Padivarada Lomlai, Prsert Prasongpol, Niwooti Whangchai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, and Rameshprabu Ramaraj. "Spirogyra cultured in fishpond wastewater for biomass generation." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i3.245041.
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Algae are aquatic organisms that can be found in a wide range of water bodies. Algae, a form of aquatic organism, is found in many different water types. Besides being relatively easy to maintain, algae are also numerous, making them a good choice for biomass production. The filamentous Spirogyra sp., a common green alga, tends to grow in freshwater. It is said that this macroalga has a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Research in this area highlights biomass's creation and builds on our understanding of the composition of macroalgae generated in fish farm wastewater. A study of Spirogyra in undisturbed fish farm wastewater was conducted in this study. Various algal species were evaluated for their qualities, including biomass yields and productivity, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. This investigation has confirmed that the nutrients in fish farm effluent are suitable for cultivating algal biomass. Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate levels in unaltered fish farm effluent were the highest for Spirogyra, with percentages of 19.03, 8.38, and 45.71%, respectively. Thus, it was the most suitable organism for various biomass-based applications and nutrient removal.
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Cavalier-Smith, T. "Genomic reduction and evolution of novel genetic membranes and protein-targeting machinery in eukaryote-eukaryote chimaeras (meta-algae)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1429 (January 29, 2003): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1194.
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Chloroplasts originated just once, from cyanobacteria enslaved by a biciliate protozoan to form the plant kingdom (green plants, red and glaucophyte algae), but subsequently, were laterally transferred to other lineages to form eukaryote–eukaryote chimaeras or meta–algae. This process of secondary symbiogenesis (permanent merger of two phylogenetically distinct eukaryote cells) has left remarkable traces of its evolutionary role in the more complex topology of the membranes surrounding all non–plant (meta–algal) chloroplasts. It took place twice, soon after green and red algae diverged over 550 Myr ago to form two independent major branches of the eukaryotic tree (chromalveolates and cabozoa), comprising both meta–algae and numerous secondarily non–photosynthetic lineages. In both cases, enslavement probably began by evolving a novel targeting of endomembrane vesicles to the perialgal vacuole to implant host porter proteins for extracting photosynthate. Chromalveolates arose by such enslavement of a unicellular red alga and evolution of chlorophyll c to form the kingdom Chromista and protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata, which diverged from the ancestral chromalveolate chimaera. Cabozoa arose when the common ancestor of euglenoids and cercozoan chlorarachnean algae enslaved a tetraphyte green alga with chlorophyll a and b . I suggest that in cabozoa the endomembrane vesicles originally budded from the Golgi, whereas in chromalveolates they budded from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) independently of Golgi–targeted vesicles, presenting a potentially novel target for drugs against alveolate Sporozoa such as malaria parasites and Toxoplasma . These hypothetical ER–derived vesicles mediated fusion of the perialgal vacuole and rough ER (RER) in the ancestral chromist, placing the former red alga within the RER lumen. Subsequently, this chimaera diverged to form cryptomonads, which retained the red algal nucleus as a nucleomorph (NM) with approximately 464 protein–coding genes (30 encoding plastid proteins) and a red or blue phycobiliprotein antenna pigment, and the chromobiotes (heterokonts and haptophytes), which lost phycobilins and evolved the brown carotenoid fucoxanthin that colours brown seaweeds, diatoms and haptophytes. Chromobiotes transferred the 30 genes to the nucleus and lost the NM genome and nuclear–pore complexes, but retained its membrane as the periplastid reticulum (PPR), putatively the phospholipid factory of the periplastid space (former algal cytoplasm), as did the ancestral alveolate independently. The chlorarachnean NM has three minute chromosomes bearing approximately 300 genes riddled with pygmy introns. I propose that the periplastid membrane (PPM, the former algal plasma membrane) of chromalveolates, and possibly chlorarachneans, grows by fusion of vesicles emanating from the NM envelope or PPR. Dinoflagellates and euglenoids independently lost the PPM and PPR (after diverging from Sporozoa and chlorarachneans, respectively) and evolved triple chloroplast envelopes comprising the original plant double envelope and an extra outermost membrane, the EM, derived from the perialgal vacuole. In all metaalgae most chloroplast proteins are coded by nuclear genes and enter the chloroplast by using bipartite targeting sequences – an upstream signal sequence for entering the ER and a downstream chloroplast transit sequence. I present a new theory for the four–fold diversification of the chloroplast OM protein translocon following its insertion into the PPM to facilitate protein translocation across it (of both periplastid and plastid proteins). I discuss evidence from genome sequencing and other sources on the contrasting modes of protein targeting, cellular integration, and evolution of these two major lineages of eukaryote ‘cells within cells’. They also provide powerful evidence for natural selection's effectiveness in eliminating most functionless DNA and therefore of a universally useful non–genic function for nuclear non–coding DNA, i.e. most DNA in the biosphere, and dramatic examples of genomic reduction. I briefly argue that chloroplast replacement in dinoflagellates, which happened at least twice, may have been evolutionarily easier than secondary symbiogenesis because parts of the chromalveolate protein–targeting machinery could have helped enslave the foreign plastids.
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Vasileva, Iv, and J. Ivanova. "BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF GREEN AND RED ALGAE – A KEY FOR UNDERSTANDING THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS FOOD ADDITIVES." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, no. 1 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.01.001.
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PURPOSE: With the improvements of the microalgal cultivation industry, it became possible to add algal biomass and its metabolites in foods in order to create a balanced and health-food. METHODS: By determining the growth and the biochemical composition (lipids, carbohydrates and proteins), two algal strains were evaluated as a potential source of food additives – the newly isolated strain of the green algae Scenedesmus sp. and the red algae Porphyridium cruentum). RESULTS: It turned out that in Scenedesmus sp. BGP the most abundant component were the proteins (up tp 45 %), which makes this alga an excellent unconventional protein producer. As opposed to it, the biochemical composition of Porphyridium cruentum was dominated by carbohydrates (up to 57%), but there was also a high content of some essential polyunsaturated fatty acids: arachidonic (AA, 20:4; 13-29%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, 24-25%). CONCLUSIONS: Microalgae are a really remarkable source of biomass and a wide range of substances, but this area is poorly explored. Both of the microalgal strains proved to be important sources of functional ingredients that could be successfully used as food additives together or separately.
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Bocanegra, Aránzazu, Adrián Macho-González, Alba Garcimartín, Juana Benedí, and Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz. "Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083816.
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Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.
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Makwana, Hiren V., Priyanka G. Pandey, and Binita A. Desai. "Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content of Algal Biomass Found in Tapi River in Surat." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41897.
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Abstract: The present study aims to assess the phytochemicals of algal biomass which has seven species identified microscopically. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was done on all the biomass in the Tapi River, Surat in Gujarat. For the qualitative phytochemical analysis total 12 different parameters were analysed and used on algal biomass. Extract prepared in water. Amongst the water extract showed the presence of a maximum number of phytochemical compounds. Next to that, water extract showed alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phytosterol, coumarins, tannins, diterpenes, and quinones, carbohydrates, The protein present in algal biomass. The evaluation of total phenolic content presence in algal biomass. Keywords: Algal biomass, Phytochemical analysis, Algae, Phytochemicals, Total phenol content, Qualitative analysis of biomass, Tapi, Biomass Extract, Algae extract.
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McAuley, P. J. "The cell cycle of symbiotic Chlorella. I. The relationship between host feeding and algal cell growth and division." Journal of Cell Science 77, no. 1 (August 1, 1985): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.77.1.225.
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When green hydra were starved, cell division of the symbiotic algae within their digestive cells was inhibited, but algal cell growth, measured as increase in either mean volume or protein content per cell, was not. Therefore, control of algal division by the host digestive cells must be effected by direct inhibition of algal mitosis rather than by controlling algal cell growth. The number of algae per digestive cell increased slightly during starvation, eventually reaching a new stable level. A number of experiments demonstrated that although there was a relationship between host cell and algal mitosis, this was not causal: the apparent entrainment of algal mitosis to that of the host cells could be disrupted. Thus, there was a delay in algal but not host cell mitosis when hydra were fed after prolonged starvation, and algae repopulated starved hydra with lower than normal numbers of algae (reinfected aposymbionts or hydra transferred to light after growth in continuous darkness). Two experiments demonstrated a direct stimulation of algal cell division by host feeding. Relationships of algal and host cell mitosis to numbers of Artemia digested per hydra were different, and in hydra fed extracted Artemia algal, but not host cell, mitosis was reduced in comparison to that in control hydra fed live shrimp. It is proposed that algal division may be dependent on a division factor, derived from host digestion of prey, whose supply is controlled by the host cells. Numbers of algae per cell would be regulated by competition for division factor, except at host cell mitosis, when the algae may have temporarily uncontrolled access to host pools of division factor. The identity of the division factor is not known, but presumably is a metabolite needed by both host cells and algae.
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Kaska, D. D., K. I. Kivirikko, and R. Myllylä. "Purification and characterization of protein disulphide-isomerase from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii. A 120 kDa dimer antigenically distinct from the vertebrate enzyme." Biochemical Journal 268, no. 1 (May 15, 1990): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2680063.
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Protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI) has been isolated from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii and purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration and DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxyapatite and f.p.l.c. chromatography. The active algal enzyme is a 120 kDa dimer with a subunit molecular mass of 60 kDa when determined by SDS/PAGE. Although similar in size to the previously isolated vertebrate PDIs, the algal enzyme is antigenically distinct, polyclonal antibodies against the algal PDI showing no cross-reactivity with the vertebrate enzyme on immunoblots, and vice versa. The anti-(algal PDI) antiserum did not inhibit algal PDI activity, and C. reinhardii PDI could be immobilized on anti-PDI-Protein A-Sepharose in active form. In contrast with the situation in vertebrates, where PDI functions as a subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, the C. reinhardii PDI is not associated with the algal prolyl 4-hydroxylase.
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Wang, J., and AE Douglas. "Nitrogen recycling or nitrogen conservation in an alga-invertebrate symbiosis?" Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 16 (August 15, 1998): 2445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.16.2445.
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When corals and allied animals are deprived of their symbiotic algae, the ammonium content in their tissues rises. This is commonly interpreted as evidence for nitrogen recycling (i.e. algal assimilation of animal waste ammonium into amino acids that are released back to the animal), but it can also be explained as nitrogen conservation by the animal (i.e. reduced net ammonium production in response to the receipt of algal photosynthetic carbon). This study discriminated between these interpretations in two ways. First, the increased ammonium concentration in the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella, caused by darkness or depletion of the alga Symbiodinium, was partially or completely reversed by supplementing the medium with organic carbon compounds (e.g. <IMG src="/images/symbols/&agr ;.gif" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="12" ALIGN= "BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">-ketoglutarate). Second, the activity of the ammonium-assimilating enzyme glutamine synthetase and the concentration of protein amino acids in the free amino acid pool of the animal, which were depressed by darkness and algal depletion, were restored by exogenous carbon compounds. It is concluded that organic carbon, whether derived from algal photosynthate or exogenously, promotes the animal's capacity for ammonium assimilation and reduces ammonium production from amino acid degradation. These processes contribute to nitrogen conservation in the animal, but they confound the interpretation of various studies on nitrogen recycling by symbiotic algae.
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Sun, Yufei, Ben Harpazi, Akila Wijerathna-Yapa, Ebe Merilo, Jan de Vries, Daphna Michaeli, Maayan Gal, Andrew C. Cuming, Hannes Kollist, and Assaf Mosquna. "A ligand-independent origin of abscisic acid perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 19, 2019): 24892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914480116.
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Land plants are considered monophyletic, descending from a single successful colonization of land by an aquatic algal ancestor. The ability to survive dehydration to the point of desiccation is a key adaptive trait enabling terrestrialization. In extant land plants, desiccation tolerance depends on the action of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) that acts through a receptor-signal transduction pathway comprising a PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1-like (PYL)–PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C)–SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SnRK2) module. Early-diverging aeroterrestrial algae mount a dehydration response that is similar to that of land plants, but that does not depend on ABA: Although ABA synthesis is widespread among algal species, ABA-dependent responses are not detected, and algae lack an ABA-binding PYL homolog. This raises the key question of how ABA signaling arose in the earliest land plants. Here, we systematically characterized ABA receptor-like proteins from major land plant lineages, including a protein found in the algal sister lineage of land plants. We found that the algal PYL-homolog encoded by Zygnema circumcarinatum has basal, ligand-independent activity of PP2C repression, suggesting this to be an ancestral function. Similarly, a liverwort receptor possesses basal activity, but it is further activated by ABA. We propose that co-option of ABA to control a preexisting PP2C-SnRK2-dependent desiccation-tolerance pathway enabled transition from an all-or-nothing survival strategy to a hormone-modulated, competitive strategy by enabling continued growth of anatomically diversifying vascular plants in dehydrative conditions, enabling them to exploit their new environment more efficiently.
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Cao, Jingguo, Zezhang Dong, Hongyan Zhao, Shuhui Duan, Xiaole Cao, Honglei Liu, and Zongzheng Yang. "Allelopathic effect of rhubarb extracts on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 6 (May 11, 2020): 1092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.225.
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Abstract With its advantages of ecological safety, environmental affinity, and high selectivity, allelopathic technology has been widely developed for algae inhibition. However, obtaining effective allelochemicals and realizing their mechanism are difficult. In this paper, a Chinese herbal medicine, namely, Rheum palmatum L. (Chinese rhubarb), was utilized as a source of allelopathic substances for the first time. Four units of rhubarb organic extracts were collected to study the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, proteins, and algal toxin of Microcystis aeruginosa. Results showed that the ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous phases of the rhubarb extracts have notable inhibitory effects. After a 16-day treatment, the four extracts reduced M. aeruginosa by 64.1%, 59.3%, 61.9%, and 7.2% with disruption of algal photosynthesis and protein synthesis and reduction of algal toxin.
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Langlotz, Petra, Wolfgang Wagner, and Hartmut Follmann. "A Large Chloroplast Thioredoxin ƒ Found in Green Algae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-0306.
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Unicellular green algae differ from plant leaves in their thioredoxin profile. Besides several thioredoxins of regular size (Mr = 12,000), the heat-stable protein fraction of extracts from Scenedesmus obliquus cells contains a large protein of molecular weight Mr - 28,000 which is designated thioredoxin ƒ on the basis of typical properties, in particular by its capacity to stimulate spinach chloroplast fructose-bis-phosphatase and, to lower degree, E. coli ribonucleotide reductase. The new thioredoxin was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE cellulose, Sephadex G-50. CM cellulose, and Blue Sepharose. When tested in homologous enzyme systems, reduced thioredoxin ƒ strongly activated algal fructose-bis-phosphatase, but was inactive towards the cytoplasmic algal ribonucleotide reductase; NADP malate dehydrogenase was also stimulated. The protein is missing in extracts from a chloroplast-free mutant strain, C-2A′, but appears together with other chloroplast components upon illumination. Protein ƒ is therefore the main chloroplast thioredoxin of the green algae, probably corresponding to the smaller leaf chloroplast thioredoxins ƒ and m combined. Algal thioredoxin ƒ appears closely related, however, to the large thioredoxin found in a cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp.
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Cheban, Larysa. "The use of Chlorella vulgaris beijer in bioremediation activities." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.01.026.
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The article focuses on the possibility of applying the green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. culture to bioremediation activities. Two types of wastewater were simulated, agricultural (ACW) and domestic (DW). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The ratio of the amount of the algal culture and the wastewater volume was 1:10. The content of NO3-, NO2-and NH4+ in the composition of the wastewater was tested before and after cultivating the alga; during cultivation, the pH of the culture medium and the optical density of the Ch. vulgaris culture were monitored. The indicators of the amount of various forms of nitrogen and the pH level show that simulated domestic and agricultural wastewater can serve as an alternative nutrient medium for growing green algae. The use of Ch. vulgaris for the treatment of domestic and agricultural effluents allows avoiding almost completely their nitrate and ammonia pollution. The amount of biomass obtained within 25 days of cultivating Ch. vulgaris on agricultural sewage was two times higher than in the control Tamiya medium. Resulting Ch. vulgaris algal mass with the proteins content of 55% and lipids reaching 30% can match various needs being used a source of protein or lipids.
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Cross, Frederick R., and James M. Roberts. "Retinoblastoma protein: Combating algal bloom." Current Biology 11, no. 20 (October 2001): R824—R827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00495-x.
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Chen, Guangyu E., and C. Neil Hunter. "Protochlorophyllide synthesis by recombinant cyclases from eukaryotic oxygenic phototrophs and the dependence on Ycf54." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 2313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200221.
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The unique isocyclic E ring of chlorophylls contributes to their role as light-absorbing pigments in photosynthesis. The formation of the E ring is catalyzed by the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase, and the O2-dependent cyclase in prokaryotes consists of a diiron protein AcsF, augmented in cyanobacteria by an auxiliary subunit Ycf54. Here, we establish the composition of plant and algal cyclases, by demonstrating the in vivo heterologous activity of O2-dependent cyclases from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus and in the non-photosynthetic bacterium Escherichia coli. In each case, an AcsF homolog is the core catalytic subunit, but there is an absolute requirement for an algal/plant counterpart of Ycf54, so the necessity for an auxiliary subunit is ubiquitous among oxygenic phototrophs. A C-terminal ∼40 aa extension, which is present specifically in green algal and plant Ycf54 proteins, may play an important role in the normal function of the protein as a cyclase subunit.
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Castiglia, Daniela, Simone Landi, and Sergio Esposito. "Advanced Applications for Protein and Compounds from Microalgae." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081686.
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Algal species still show unrevealed and unexplored potentiality for the identification of new compounds. Photosynthetic organisms represent a valuable resource to exploit and sustain the urgent need of sustainable and green technologies. Particularly, unconventional organisms from extreme environments could hide properties to be employed in a wide range of biotechnology applications, due to their peculiar alleles, proteins, and molecules. In this review we report a detailed dissection about the latest and advanced applications of protein derived from algae. Furthermore, the innovative use of modified algae as bio-reactors to generate proteins or bioactive compounds was discussed. The latest progress about pharmaceutical applications, including the possibility to obtain drugs to counteract virus (as SARS-CoV-2) were also examined. The last paragraph will survey recent cases of the utilization of extremophiles as bio-factories for specific protein and molecule production.
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Kumagai, Yuya, Keigo Toji, Satoshi Katsukura, Rie Morikawa, Toshiki Uji, Hajime Yasui, Takeshi Shimizu, and Hideki Kishimura. "Characterization of ACE Inhibitory Peptides Prepared from Pyropia pseudolinearis Protein." Marine Drugs 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040200.
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More than 7000 red algae species have been classified. Although most of them are underused, they are a protein-rich marine resource. The hydrolysates of red algal proteins are good candidates for the inhibition of the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE). The ACE is one of the key factors for cardiovascular disease, and the inhibition of ACE activity is related to the prevention of high blood pressure. To better understand the relationship between the hydrolysates of red algal proteins and the inhibition of ACE activity, we attempted to identify novel ACE inhibitory peptides from Pyropia pseudolinearis. We prepared water soluble proteins (WSP) containing phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. In vitro analysis showed that the thermolysin hydrolysate of the WSP had high ACE inhibitory activity compared to that of WSP. We then identified 42 peptides in the hydrolysate by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Among 42 peptides, 23 peptides were found in chloroplast proteins. We then synthesized the uncharacterized peptides ARY, YLR, and LRM and measured the ACE inhibitory activity. LRM showed a low IC50 value (0.15 μmol) compared to ARY and YLR (1.3 and 5.8 μmol). In silico analysis revealed that the LRM sequence was conserved in cpcA from Bangiales and Florideophyceae, indicating that the novel ACE inhibitory peptide LRM was highly conserved in red algae.
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Ahmad, Niaz, Muhammad Aamer Mehmood, and Sana Malik. "Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae: Emerging Trends." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666191014124855.
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: In recent years, microalgae have emerged as an alternative platform for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for different commercial applications. As a production platform, it has several advantages, including rapid growth, easily scale up and ability to grow with or without the external carbon source. Genetic transformation of several species has been established. Of these, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become significantly attractive for its potential to express foreign proteins inexpensively. All its three genomes – nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic – have been sequenced. As a result, a wealth of information about its genetic machinery, protein expression mechanism (transcription, translation and post-translational modifications) is available. Over the years, various molecular tools have been developed for the manipulation of all these genomes. Various studies show that the transformation of the chloroplast genome has several advantages over nuclear transformation from the biopharming point of view. According to a recent survey, over 100 recombinant proteins have been expressed in algal chloroplasts. However, the expression levels achieved in the algal chloroplast genome are generally lower compared to the chloroplasts of higher plants. Work is therefore needed to make the algal chloroplast transformation commercially competitive. In this review, we discuss some examples from the algal research, which could play their role in making algal chloroplast commercially successful.
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Moellering, Eric R., and Christoph Benning. "RNA Interference Silencing of a Major Lipid Droplet Protein Affects Lipid Droplet Size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 1 (November 13, 2009): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00203-09.
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ABSTRACT Eukaryotic cells store oils in the chemical form of triacylglycerols in distinct organelles, often called lipid droplets. These dynamic storage compartments have been intensely studied in the context of human health and also in plants as a source of vegetable oils for human consumption and for chemical or biofuel feedstocks. Many microalgae accumulate oils, particularly under conditions limiting to growth, and thus have gained renewed attention as a potentially sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. However, little is currently known at the cellular or molecular levels with regard to oil accumulation in microalgae, and the structural proteins and enzymes involved in the biogenesis, maintenance, and degradation of algal oil storage compartments are not well studied. Focusing on the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the accumulation of triacylglycerols and the formation of lipid droplets during nitrogen deprivation were investigated. Mass spectrometry identified 259 proteins in a lipid droplet-enriched fraction, among them a major protein, tentatively designated major lipid droplet protein (MLDP). This protein is specific to the green algal lineage of photosynthetic organisms. Repression of MLDP gene expression using an RNA interference approach led to increased lipid droplet size, but no change in triacylglycerol content or metabolism was observed.
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Alghazeer, Rabia, Hesham El Fatah, Salah Azwai, Sana Elghmasi, Maammar Sidati, Ali El Fituri, Ezdehar Althaluti, et al. "Nutritional and Nonnutritional Content of Underexploited Edible Seaweeds." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (October 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8422414.
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Macroalgae are a valuable source of highly bioactive primary and secondary metabolites that may have useful bioapplications. To investigate the nutritional and nonnutritional contents of underexploited edible seaweeds, proximate composition, including protein, fat, ash, vitamins A, C, and E, and niacin, as well as important phytochemicals, including polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, saponins, and coumarins, were screened from algal species using spectrophotometric methods. Ash content ranged from 3.15–25.23% for green seaweeds, 5–29.78% for brown algae, and 7–31.15% for red algae. Crude protein content ranged between 5 and 9.8% in Chlorophyta, 5 and 7.4% in Rhodophyta, and between 4.6 and 6.2% in Phaeophyceae. Crude carbohydrate contents ranged from 20 to 42% for the collected seaweeds, where green algae had the highest content (22.5–42%), followed by brown algae (21–29.5%) and red algae (20–29%). Lipid content was found to be low in all the studied taxa at approximately 1–6%, except for Caulerpa prolifera (Chlorophyta), which had a noticeable higher lipid content at 12.41%. These results indicated that Phaeophyceae were enriched with a high phytochemical content, followed by that of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. The studied algal species contained a high amount of carbohydrate and protein, indicating that they could be considered as a healthy food source.
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Cheban, Larysa, Oleksii Khudyi, Maja Prusińska, Arkadiusz Duda, Lidiia Khuda, Grzegorz Wiszniewski, Olha Kushniryk, and Andrzej Kapusta. "Survival, proximate composition, and proteolytic activity of Artemia salina bioencapsulated with different algal monocultures." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2020-0025.
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Abstract This study focused on testing Artemia sp. zooplankton saturation with freshwater microalgae biomass and then using this method to correct the nutritional composition of Artemia. Accordingly, the influence of three species of microalgal monocultures was analyzed (2 freshwater – Desmodesmus armatus (Chod.) Hegew. and Chlorella vulgaris Veijerinck; one halophilous – Dunaliella viridis Teodor.). The algal monocultures were applied once in a quantity of 2-3 × 106 cells × l−1 for each 200,000 Artemia individuals hatched. The control group Artemia did not receive algae. The enrichment process lasted 24 h, and control measurements were performed every 6 h. The survival of Artemia nauplii, their proteolytic activity, and the content of proteins, lipids, and carotenoids were analyzed. The choice of algae species for Artemia enrichment was guided by the size of the algal cells and their biochemical composition. Selected algae contained about 50% protein, 20% lipid, and 12 mg of carotenoids per g of dry weight. Using algae to saturate the Artemia nauplii permitted reducing their mortality during the 24 h enrichment regime. The introduction of C. vulgaris biomass halved this value. The use of algae also increased the proteolytic activity in Artemia nauplii and the content of proteins, lipids, and carotenoids in their biomass. The best results of the bioencapsulation of Artemia nauplii with algae was with the C. vulgaris biomass.
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Zhang, Qiang, Yi Bai, Zhi Chen, Jiezhang Mo, Yulu Tian, and Jiahua Guo. "Lincomycin-Induced Transcriptional Alterations in the Green Alga Raphidocelis subcapitata." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 8565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238565.
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Lincomycin (LIN), as a waterborne contaminant, may pose a threat to algal health and may affect the provision of ecosystem services. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of lincomycin in algae are still unknown. Here, we attempted to use the transcriptome analysis to elucidate for the first time the potential impact of LIN at an environmentally relevant concentration on the algal growth, and verify the hypothesis that lincomycin can disrupt algal protein synthesis by combining with its subunits of ribosome at high-LIN level. In this study, 7-day growth inhibition tests and RNA-seq sequencing were conducted in Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata) in response to a LIN at the concentrations of 0.5 µg L−1 (low), 5 µg L−1 (medium), and 400 µg L−1 (high) treatment groups. A negligible influence on algal growth and merely 21 (21 up- and 0 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was observed at low concentration of LIN, and medium groups showed a 13.4% inhibition and 92 (64 up- and 48 downregulated) DEGs, while high-LIN dosing caused 65.4% reduction in algal growth and 2514 (663 up- and 1851 downregulated) DEGs. In 0.5 and 5 µg L−1 groups, LIN upregulated the genes in the process of photosynthesis consisting of photosynthesis-antenna proteins, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathways, suggesting that photosynthesis at low LIN exposure was more sensitive than algal growth. Whereas DEGs in the 400 µg L−1 group were mostly enriched in carbohydrate, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and nucleotide metabolism pathways. Furthermore, genes involved in detoxification processes were nearly downregulated in high-LIN group. In addition, genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes in the peroxisome pathway such as superoxide dismutase (sod2), peroxin-2 (pex2), 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase ((3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing) (decr2) were upregulated, which are responsible for deleting extra intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by LIN to protect algal health, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress. Taken together, this is the first meticulous study unraveling the molecular mechanism of antibiotics in algae.
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Hannan, Md Abdul, Raju Dash, Md Nazmul Haque, Md Mohibbullah, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Md Ataur Rahman, Md Jamal Uddin, Mahboob Alam, and Il Soo Moon. "Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites: Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Advances." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070347.
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Beyond their significant contribution to the dietary and industrial supplies, marine algae are considered to be a potential source of some unique metabolites with diverse health benefits. The pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance and anti-amyloidogenic potentials of algal metabolites endorse their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis which are known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and the associated complications after cerebral ischemia and brain injuries. As was evident in various preclinical studies, algal compounds conferred neuroprotection against a wide range of neurotoxic stressors, such as oxygen/glucose deprivation, hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, amyloid β, or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and, therefore, hold therapeutic promise for brain disorders. While a significant number of algal compounds with promising neuroprotective capacity have been identified over the last decades, a few of them have had access to clinical trials. However, the recent approval of an algal oligosaccharide, sodium oligomannate, for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease enlightened the future of marine algae-based drug discovery. In this review, we briefly outline the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries for identifying the targets of pharmacological intervention, and then review the literature on the neuroprotective potentials of algal compounds along with the underlying pharmacological mechanism, and present an appraisal on the recent therapeutic advances. We also propose a rational strategy to facilitate algal metabolites-based drug development.
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Djabayan-Djibeyan, Pablo, Roslyn Gibbs, and Brian Carpenter. "In vivo Release of Lectins from the Green Alga Ulva fasciata." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 4 (April 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500422.
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The green alga Ulva fasciata Delile (Ulvaceae), after thawing from storage at −20oC, has been used to study the in vivo biosynthesis and release of lectins. The alga was made to resume viable growth by immersion in a PBS buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.01% w/v sodium azide and irradiating with a halophosphate lamp. The growing alga readily took up 14C leucine, when this was added to the buffer, as seen by a decrease in a sample count rate of ~ 8000 cpm over a period of twenty minutes. The transfer of the radioactivity fed algae into fresh PBS buffer resulted in 14C labeled proteins being subsequently released into solution. As well as observing changes in levels of radioactivity, the release of proteins was also monitored by UV absorption at 280 nm. Both techniques indicated an initial steady release over the first twelve hours, followed by a slower approach to a plateau value. Transfer of the algae that had undergone an initial period of protein release into a subsequent second and third volume of fresh PBS buffer produced similar UV absorption profiles, but the total quantities of material released were reduced. Identification of the released proteins was obtained from their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, which was inhibited by L-fucose, and their electrophoretic mobilities when compared with earlier isolated samples of the U. fasciata lectin. The reference lectin was obtained by affinity chromatography, following the selective precipitation of the water soluble algal proteins with ammonium sulfate. We postulate that the observed release profiles support the previously suggested concept that lectins have the ability to function as protection agents for living marine algae.
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Bleakley, Stephen, and Maria Hayes. "Functional and Bioactive Properties of Protein Extracts Generated from Spirulina platensis and Isochrysis galbana T-Iso." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 3964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093964.
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There is growing consumer demand for food products derived from microalgae, driven largely by the perceived health benefits associated with them. The functional and bioactive potential of proteins isolated from two microalgae—Spirulina sp. and Isochrysis galbana T-Iso—were determined. The results obtained show the potential of microalgal protein extracts for use in the beverage industry, based on solubility values and other functional characteristics, including water and oil holding capacities, foaming, emulsifying activities and stabilities, water activities, solubility and pH. The solubility of algal proteins was pH-dependent, and they were largely insoluble at pH values between 2 and 11. However, the proteins were increasingly soluble at a pH of 12, and they have potential use in formulating foods with higher viscosities or gels, where they could act as fillers to strengthen networks. Compared with whey and flaxseed proteins, the Spirulina sp. protein extract had a superior oil-holding capacity (OHC). The OHC is important in developing texture in food products such as meats. Overall, better foam stability was observed for both Spirulina sp. and Isochrysis sp. soluble protein extracts, compared with flaxseed protein at pH values from 2 to 10 over a period of 120 min. The foam capacity and stability increase the physical properties of foods. However, the emulsion activity and stability values for soluble algal protein extracts were less than the values observed for flaxseed and whey proteins. Algal proteins would not be suitable for use in creaming and food processing involving flocculation. In addition, algal protein extracts inhibited Angiotensin-converting enzyme-I (ACE-I) and renin, and they have potential for use in functional food ingredient applications to maintain heart health and also to act as meat substitutes.
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Gran-Stadniczeñko, Sandra, Anders K. Krabberød, Ruth-Anne Sandaa, Sheree Yau, Elianne Egge, and Bente Edvardsen. "Seasonal Dynamics of Algae-Infecting Viruses and Their Inferred Interactions with Protists." Viruses 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11111043.
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Viruses are a highly abundant, dynamic, and diverse component of planktonic communities that have key roles in marine ecosystems. We aimed to reveal the diversity and dynamics of marine large dsDNA viruses infecting algae in the Northern Skagerrak, South Norway through the year by metabarcoding, targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) and its correlation to protist diversity and dynamics. Metabarcoding results demonstrated a high diversity of algal viruses compared to previous metabarcoding surveys in Norwegian coastal waters. We obtained 313 putative algal virus operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), all classified by phylogenetic analyses to either the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae families, most of them in clades without any cultured or environmental reference sequences. The viral community showed a clear temporal variation, with some vOTUs persisting for several months. The results indicate co-occurrences between abundant viruses and potential hosts during long periods. This study gives new insights into the virus-algal host dynamics and provides a baseline for future studies of algal virus diversity and temporal dynamics.
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Zeng, Yan, Enhui Chen, Xuewen Zhang, Demao Li, Qinhong Wang, and Yuanxia Sun. "Nutritional Value and Physicochemical Characteristics of Alternative Protein for Meat and Dairy—A Review." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 23, 2022): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213326.
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In order to alleviate the pressure on environmental resources faced by meat and dairy production and to satisfy the increasing demands of consumers for food safety and health, alternative proteins have drawn considerable attention in the food industry. However, despite the successive reports of alternative protein food, the processing and application foundation of alternative proteins for meat and dairy is still weak. This paper summarizes the nutritional composition and physicochemical characteristics of meat and dairy alternative proteins from four sources: plant proteins, fungal proteins, algal proteins and insect proteins. The difference between these alternative proteins to animal proteins, the effects of their structural features and environmental conditions on their properties, as well as the corresponding mechanism are compared and discussed. Though fungal proteins, algal proteins and insect proteins have shown some advantages over traditional plant proteins, such as the comparable protein content of insect proteins to meat, the better digestibility of fungal proteins and the better foaming properties of algal proteins, there is still a big gap between alternative proteins and meat and dairy proteins. In addition to needing to provide amino acid composition and digestibility similar to animal proteins, alternative proteins also face challenges such as maintaining good solubility and emulsion properties. Their nutritional and physicochemical properties still need thorough investigation, and for commercial application, it is important to develop and optimize industrial technology in alternative protein separation and modification.
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Weber, Sophie, Philipp M. Grande, Lars M. Blank, and Holger Klose. "Insights into cell wall disintegration of Chlorella vulgaris." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): e0262500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262500.
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With their ability of CO2 fixation using sunlight as an energy source, algae and especially microalgae are moving into the focus for the production of proteins and other valuable compounds. However, the valorization of algal biomass depends on the effective disruption of the recalcitrant microalgal cell wall. Especially cell walls of Chlorella species proved to be very robust. The wall structures that are responsible for this robustness have been studied less so far. Here, we evaluate different common methods to break up the algal cell wall effectively and measure the success by protein and carbohydrate release. Subsequently, we investigate algal cell wall features playing a role in the wall’s recalcitrance towards disruption. Using different mechanical and chemical technologies, alkali catalyzed hydrolysis of the Chlorella vulgaris cells proved to be especially effective in solubilizing up to 56 wt% protein and 14 wt% carbohydrates of the total biomass. The stepwise degradation of C. vulgaris cell walls using a series of chemicals with increasingly strong conditions revealed that each fraction released different ratios of proteins and carbohydrates. A detailed analysis of the monosaccharide composition of the cell wall extracted in each step identified possible factors for the robustness of the cell wall. In particular, the presence of chitin or chitin-like polymers was indicated by glucosamine found in strong alkali extracts. The presence of highly ordered starch or cellulose was indicated by glucose detected in strong acidic extracts. Our results might help to tailor more specific efforts to disrupt Chlorella cell walls and help to valorize microalgae biomass.
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Ahmadi, Azin, Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Sazaly Abubakar, and Keivan Zandi. "Antiviral Potential of Algae Polysaccharides Isolated from Marine Sources: A Review." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/825203.
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From food to fertilizer, algal derived products are largely employed in assorted industries, including agricultural, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Among different chemical compositions isolated from algae, polysaccharides are the most well-established compounds, which were subjected to a variety of studies due to extensive bioactivities. Over the past few decades, the promising results for antiviral potential of algae-derived polysaccharides have advocated them as inordinate candidates for pharmaceutical research. Numerous studies have isolated various algal polysaccharides possessing antiviral activities, including carrageenan, alginate, fucan, laminaran, and naviculan. In addition, different mechanisms of action have been reported for these polysaccharides, such as inhibiting the binding or internalization of virus into the host cells or suppressing DNA replication and protein synthesis. This review strives for compiling previous antiviral studies of algae-derived polysaccharides and their mechanism of action towards their development as natural antiviral agents for future investigations.
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Gregory, James A., Aaron B. Topol, David Z. Doerner, and Stephen Mayfield. "Alga-Produced Cholera Toxin-Pfs25 Fusion Proteins as Oral Vaccines." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 13 (April 19, 2013): 3917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00714-13.
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ABSTRACTInfectious diseases disproportionately affect indigent regions and are the greatest cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Practical, low-cost vaccines for use in these countries are paramount to reducing disease burdens and concomitant poverty. Algae are a promising low-cost system for producing vaccines that can be orally delivered, thereby avoiding expensive purification and injectable delivery. We engineered the chloroplast of the eukaryotic algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiito produce a chimeric protein consisting of the 25-kDaPlasmodium falciparumsurface protein (Pfs25) fused to the β subunit of the cholera toxin (CtxB) to investigate an alga-based whole-cell oral vaccine. Pfs25 is a promising malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate that has been difficult to produce in traditional recombinant systems due to its structurally complex tandem repeats of epidermal growth factor-like domains. The noncatalytic CtxB domain of the cholera holotoxin assembles into a pentameric structure and acts as a mucosal adjuvant by binding GM1 ganglioside receptors on gut epithelial cells. We demonstrate that CtxB-Pfs25 accumulates as a soluble, properly folded and functional protein within algal chloroplasts, and it is stable in freeze-dried alga cells at ambient temperatures. In mice, oral vaccination using freeze-dried algae that produce CtxB-Pfs25 elicited CtxB-specific serum IgG antibodies and both CtxB- and Pfs25-specific secretory IgA antibodies. These data suggest that algae are a promising system for production and oral delivery of vaccine antigens, but as an orally delivered adjuvant, CtxB is best suited for eliciting secretory IgA antibodies for vaccine antigens against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces using this strategy.
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Moore, EK, HR Harvey, JF Faux, DR Goodlett, and BL Nunn. "Protein recycling in Bering Sea algal incubations." Marine Ecology Progress Series 515 (November 18, 2014): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10936.
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Launay, Hélène, Véronique Receveur-Bréchot, Frédéric Carrière, and Brigitte Gontero. "Orchestration of algal metabolism by protein disorder." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 672 (September 2019): 108070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2019.108070.
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Beal, Colin M., F. Todd Davidson, Michael E. Webber, and Jason C. Quinn. "Flare gas recovery for algal protein production." Algal Research 20 (December 2016): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.022.
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Cutolo, Edoardo Andrea, Giulia Mandalà, Luca Dall’Osto, and Roberto Bassi. "Harnessing the Algal Chloroplast for Heterologous Protein Production." Microorganisms 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040743.
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Photosynthetic microbes are gaining increasing attention as heterologous hosts for the light-driven, low-cost production of high-value recombinant proteins. Recent advances in the manipulation of unicellular algal genomes offer the opportunity to establish engineered strains as safe and viable alternatives to conventional heterotrophic expression systems, including for their use in the feed, food, and biopharmaceutical industries. Due to the relatively small size of their genomes, algal chloroplasts are excellent targets for synthetic biology approaches, and are convenient subcellular sites for the compartmentalized accumulation and storage of products. Different classes of recombinant proteins, including enzymes and peptides with therapeutical applications, have been successfully expressed in the plastid of the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and of a few other species, highlighting the emerging potential of transplastomic algal biotechnology. In this review, we provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art tools that are available to introduce protein-encoding transgenes in microalgal plastids, and discuss the main (bio)technological bottlenecks that still need to be addressed to develop robust and sustainable green cell biofactories.
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Costa, Diogo Fleury Azevedo, Joaquín Miguel Castro-Montoya, Karen Harper, Leigh Trevaskis, Emma L. Jackson, and Simon Quigley. "Algae as Feedstuff for Ruminants: A Focus on Single-Cell Species, Opportunistic Use of Algal By-Products and On-Site Production." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122313.
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There is a wide range of algae species originating from a variety of freshwater and saltwater habitats. These organisms form nutritional organic products via photosynthesis from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. Ruminants can utilize the non-protein nitrogen (N) and the cell walls in algae, along with other constituents such as minerals and vitamins. Over recent decades, awareness around climate change has generated new interest into the potential of algae to suppress enteric methane emissions when consumed by ruminants and their potential to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. Despite the clear potential benefits, large-scale algae-livestock feedstuff value chains have not been established due to the high cost of production, processing and transport logistics, shelf-life and stability of bioactive compounds and inconsistent responses by animals under controlled experiments. It is unlikely that algal species will become viable ingredients in extensive grazing systems unless the cost of production and practical systems for the processing, transport and feeding are developed. The algae for use in ruminant nutrition may not necessarily require the same rigorous control during the production and processing as would for human consumption and they could be grown in remote areas or in marine environments, minimizing competition with cropping, whilst still generating high value biomass and capturing important amounts of atmospheric carbon. This review will focus on single-cell algal species and the opportunistic use of algal by-products and on-site production.
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Landi, Simone, and Sergio Esposito. "Bioinformatic Characterization of Sulfotransferase Provides New Insights for the Exploitation of Sulfated Polysaccharides in Caulerpa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 6681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186681.
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Caulerpa is an unusual algal genus from Caulerpaceae (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales). Species from this family produce a wide range of metabolites suitable for biotechnology applications. Among these, sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are often highly desirable for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Here, we provide a classification of sulfotransferases from Caulerpa; these important enzymes catalyze the nodal step for the biosynthesis of SPs. For this, we performed phylogenetic, genomic, expression analyses and prediction of the protein structure on sulfotransferases from Caulerpa. Sequences, domains and structures of sulfotransferases generally shared common characteristics with other plants and algae. However, we found an extensive duplication of sulfotransferase gene family, which is unique among the green algae. Expression analysis revealed specific transcript abundance in the pinnae and rachis of the alga. The unique genomic features could be utilized for the production of complex SPs, which require multiple and specific sulfation reactions. The expansion of this gene family in Caulerpaceae would have resulted in a number of proteins characterizing the unique SPs found in these algae. We provide a putative biosynthetic pathway of SPs, indicating the unique characteristics of this pathway in Caulerpa species. These data may help in the future selection of Caulerpa species for both commercial applications and genetic studies to improve the synthesis of valuable products from Caulerpa.
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Mukherjee, Ananya, and James V. Moroney. "How protein - protein interactions contribute to pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 5033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz299.
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This article comments on:Atkinson N, Velanis CN, Wunder T, Clarke DJ, Mueller-Cajar O, McCormick AJ. 2019. The pyrenoidal linker protein EPYC1 phase separates with hybrid Arabidopsis-Chlamydomonas Rubisco through interactions with the algal Rubisco small subunit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70, 5271–5285.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, and Saif Uddin. "Assessment of Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. as Poultry Feed Supplements: Feasibility and Environmental Implications." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148968.
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Eutrophication, coupled with ocean acidification and warming, results in an increased concentration of marine algae, severely impacting some regions. Several algae are a rich source of protein and minerals. Marine algae are rich in bioactive molecules with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial properties. These properties make them attractive for usage in the pharmaceutical industry. This study evaluated Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. for use as poultry feed. Chemical analyses show that crude protein (CP) in analyzed algae was 9.07–63.63%, with a fiber content of 0.15–17.20%, and a crude fat range of 0.152–2.11%, suggesting that algae can partially substitute imported protein sources used for poultry feed. A rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) was used to assess the environmental footprint of algae usage in poultry feed. The environmental assessment results show promising opportunities to help harvest the algae from the marine area. However, the feasibility of establishing outdoor algal ponds is not environmentally viable in the Middle East.
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Hsu, Yi Chyun, Hsiao Jung Ho, Chih Ming Kao, Jen Jeng Chen, Chun Yen Chiu, and Wen Liang Lai. "Spectrometric Characteristic of Superficial Chlorella Sp. Grown in Photo-Bioreactor under Different Flow Rates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.521.
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In this study, photo-bioreactor designed with 4 L of volume to cultivate Chlorella sp. was conducted for comparing the differences of biomass increase among three gas flow rates. All experiments were controlled at light reaction of 12 hrs. with 1,700 lux. The organic fluorescence of algae, expressed in excitation emission fluorescent matrix (EEFM), was obtained from algal solution deducted from EEFM of the filtrate obtained from the filtration of algal solution using 0.2 μm membrane filter. Also, the surface charge and functional group for Chlorella sp. were respectively measured by zeta meter and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Biomass was measured by absorbance wavelength of 683 nm or dried biomass. Current results reveal that high flow rate produced more biomass than low flow rate did. Regarding to the fluorescent characteristic derived from Chlorella sp., two peaks were appeared in both wavelengths of excitation and Emission (EX/EM) respectively located at 280/330 nm (protein-like) and 440-480/680 nm (pigment). For the variation of autofluorescent intensities during algal incubation, algal image captured by epofluorescent microscope equipped with CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) could be further dealt using image software, showing that there were divergences of fluorescent intensities derived from varied amount of protein-like substance or pigment. Functional group of Chlorella sp. analyzed by FTIR, hydroxyl, peptidic bond, carboxylic acids and polysaccharide were existed with variations of transmittance (%) while gas flow rate was changed.
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Haroun, A. A., I. K. Matazu, Y. Abdulhamid, and J. Sani. "Molecular Identification of Green Algae, Spirogyra Porticalis, along Parts of River Kaduna and its Potential for Singlecell Protein (SCP) Production." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (March 13, 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.61.
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The freshwater alga spirogyra porticalis, a filamentous chlorophyte, was collected and identified on the basis of morphology and molecular characteristics. The nutritional composition of the Alga (protein, carbohydrate, moisture, fat, ash) were determined using the AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis. The components of Single Cell Protein (SCP) were determined using method of proximate analysis. The total content of protein (% dry weight) ranged from 12.46-16.89%, carbohydrate from 34.72-39.25%, moisture from 12.97-16.75%, fat from 20.17-22.03%, ash from 10.78-15.98%. The result revealed that this Macroalga has an appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, moisture, fat, and ash. Amino acids composition determines the protein quality of Algae. Hence, the amino acids present in the algal sample were extracted and estimated using an automated amino acids Analyzer. The results have shown the presence of the following amino acids; Leu, Lys, Ile, Phe, Val, His, Arg, Met, Trp, Thr, Pro, Tyr, Gly, Glu, Asp, Cys, Ser, Ala. The essential amino acids (Leu, Lys, Ile, Phe, Val, His, Arg, Met, Trp, Thr) profile of the alga as compared with conventional protein sources and the WHO/FAO reference pattern of essential amino acids (g per 100 protein), reveals that the levels of the essential amino acids in the alga were either similar to or greater than the levels of the same amino acids in the reference foods and WHO/FAO reference pattern. Thus, results of the present study shows that S.porticalis is a potential source of single cell protein, and may be of use to the food industry as a source of ingredients with high nutritional value. S. porticalis can provide a dietary alternative due to its nutritional value and its commercial value can be enhanced by improving the quality and expanding the range of freshwater macroalgae based products.
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Zachleder, Vilém, Veronika Kselíková, Ivan N. Ivanov, Vitali Bialevich, Milada Vítová, Shuhei Ota, Tsuyoshi Takeshita, Shigeyuki Kawano, and Kateřina Bišová. "Supra-Optimal Temperature: An Efficient Approach for Overaccumulation of Starch in the Green Alga Parachlorella kessleri." Cells 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071806.
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Green algae are fast-growing microorganisms that are considered promising for the production of starch and neutral lipids, and the chlorococcal green alga Parachlorella kessleri is a favorable model, as it can produce both starch and neutral lipids. P. kessleri commonly divides into more than two daughter cells by a specific mechanism—multiple fission. Here, we used synchronized cultures of the alga to study the effects of supra-optimal temperature. Synchronized cultures were grown at optimal (30 °C) and supra-optimal (40 °C) temperatures and incident light intensities of 110 and 500 μmol photons m−2 s−1. The time course of cell reproduction (DNA replication, cellular division), growth (total RNA, protein, cell dry matter, cell size), and synthesis of energy reserves (net starch, neutral lipid) was studied. At 40 °C, cell reproduction was arrested, but growth and accumulation of energy reserves continued; this led to the production of giant cells enriched in protein, starch, and neutral lipids. Furthermore, we examined whether the increased temperature could alleviate the effects of deuterated water on Parachlorella kessleri growth and division; results show that supra-optimal temperature can be used in algal biotechnology for the production of protein, (deuterated) starch, and neutral lipids.
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Wenderoth, Heinz. "Phycoerythrin: Release from Cryptophycean Algae and Bilin Storage by the Primitive Metazoon Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1994): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-7-811.
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Animal species that store bilins from external sources are very rare. A new example is described here. - Since the primitive marine metazoon Trichoplax adhaerens stains crimsonred when feeding on a phycoerythrin-containing alga. i.e. Pyrenomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), the question arose whether an algal pigment can be identified as the staining matter. Thin layer chromatography and visible light absorption spectrography of aqueous Trichoplax extract disclosed several bilin components representing chromophores of phycoerythrin, a photosynthetic antenna protein that occurs only in certain algae and cyanobacteria. - Additional experiments showed that a cell-free Trichoplax extract kills and incompletely digests Pyrenomonas algae releasing phycoerythrin into the medium. These digestive faculties of Trichoplax tissue components, probably enzymes, contribute to the animal’s natural feeding mechanisms that proceed extra-as well as intracorporally. While the large apoprotein component of phycoerythrin is metabolized as a nutrient, the remaining chromophore bilins, strikingly coloured tetrapyrroles, are stored within Trichoplax’ distinct cellular inclusions, staining the animal crimson
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Pokora, Wojciech, Szymon Tułodziecki, Agnieszka Dettlaff-Pokora, and Anna Aksmann. "Cross Talk between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in the Unicellular Green Algae Cell Cycle: How Does It Work?" Cells 11, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152425.
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The regulatory role of some reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide, has been demonstrated in some higher plants and algae. Their involvement in regulation of the organism, tissue and single cell development can also be seen in many animals. In green cells, the redox potential is an important photosynthesis regulatory factor that may lead to an increase or decrease in growth rate. ROS and RNS are important signals involved in the regulation of photoautotrophic growth that, in turn, allow the cell to attain the commitment competence. Both hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide are directly involved in algal cell development as the signals that regulate expression of proteins required for completing the cell cycle, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or histone proteins and E2F complex proteins. Such regulation seems to relate to the direct interaction of these signaling molecules with the redox-sensitive transcription factors, but also with regulation of signaling pathways including MAPK, G-protein and calmodulin-dependent pathways. In this paper, we aim to elucidate the involvement of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in algal cell cycle regulation, considering the role of these molecules in higher plants. We also evaluate the commercial applicability of this knowledge. The creation of a simple tool, such as a precisely established modification of hydrogen peroxide and/or nitric oxide at the cellular level, leading to changes in the ROS-RNS cross-talk network, can be used for the optimization of the efficiency of algal cell growth and may be especially important in the context of increasing the role of algal biomass in science and industry. It could be a part of an important scientific challenge that biotechnology is currently focused on.
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Stadnichuk, Igor N., and Victor V. Kusnetsov. "Phycobilisomes and Phycobiliproteins in the Pigment Apparatus of Oxygenic Photosynthetics: From Cyanobacteria to Tertiary Endosymbiosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032290.
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Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in the course of evolution as a result of the uptake of some unstored cyanobacterium and its transformation to chloroplasts by an ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic cell. The pigment apparatus of Archaeplastida and other algal phyla that emerged later turned out to be arranged in the same way. Pigment-protein complexes of photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II) are characterized by uniform structures, while the light-harvesting antennae have undergone a series of changes. The phycobilisome (PBS) antenna present in cyanobacteria was replaced by Chl a/b- or Chl a/c-containing pigment–protein complexes in most groups of photosynthetics. In the form of PBS or phycobiliprotein aggregates, it was inherited by members of Cyanophyta, Cryptophyta, red algae, and photosynthetic amoebae. Supramolecular organization and architectural modifications of phycobiliprotein antennae in various algal phyla in line with the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast origin are the subject of this review.
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Meyer, Monika, and Christian Wilhelm. "Reconstitution of Light-Harvesting Complexes from Chlorella fusca (Chlorophyceae) and Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1993): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-5-611.
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Abstract Reconstitution experiments of light-harvesting complexes were performed with the green alga Chlorella fusca and the chlorophyll c-containing prasinophyte Mantoniella squamata using a modified method according to Plumley and Schmidt [Proc. N atl. Acad. Sei. U .S.A . 84, 146 -150 (1987)]. Changing the pigment supply quantitatively or qualitatively in the reconstitution mixture homologous and heterologous reconstitutes were obtained. In contrast to higher plants, light-harvesting polypeptides from green algae are able to bind the chlorophylls as well as the xanthophylls in different stoichiometries. Heterologous reconstitutes of M . squamata polypeptides give further evidence for a rather high flexibility of pigment recognition and binding. This is the first report of successful reconstitution of a chlorophyll c-binding protein. Contrary to chlorophyll c-less light-harvesting complexes, the reconstitution of M . squamata is strongly pH-controlled. In summary, the results give evidence for a high specificity of porphyrin ring recognition and variability in xanthophyll binding capacity. Therefore, it is suggested that at least in algal light-harvesting proteins chlorophyll organization may be determined by other mechanisms than xanthophyll binding.
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Liu, Cuixia, Zhiquan Hu, Jiaolan Zuo, Mian Hu, and Bo Xiao. "Removal of Zn(II) from simulated wastewater using an algal biofilm." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 8 (September 9, 2014): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.380.
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An algal biofilm was employed as a novel kind of adsorbing material to remove Zn(II) from simulated wastewater. The algal biofilm system formed by Oedogonium sp. was operated in a dynamic mode for a period of 14 days with an initial Zn(II) concentration of 10 mg/L. The average effluent Zn(II) concentration was 0.247 mg/L and the average removal efficiency reached 97.7%. The effects of Zn(II) on key algal physiological and biochemical indices such as chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase and superoxide dismutase activity, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and soluble protein levels were studied. Our results showed that the algal biofilm could adapt to the simulated wastewater containing Zn(II). Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of algal biofilm revealed the presence of carboxyl, amino, and sulphonate groups, which were the main functional groups of EPS and proteins, and these were likely responsible for biosorption of the Zn(II) ions.