Journal articles on the topic 'Algal Culture'
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Hupp, Bettina, Gabriella Huszár, Attila Farkas, and Gergely Maróti. "Algal Hydrogen Production and Exopolysaccharide Patterns in Chlorella–Bacillus Inter-Kingdom Co-Cultures." Fermentation 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050424.
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Biohydrogen production from wastewater using eukaryotic green algae can be facilitated by appropriately selected bacterial partners and cultivation conditions. Two Chlorella algal species were chosen for these experiments, based on their robust growth ability in synthetic wastewater. The applied three Bacillus bacterial partners showed active respiration and efficient biomass production in the same synthetic wastewater. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus cereus as bacterial partners were shown to specifically promote algal biomass yield. Various inter-kingdom co-culture combinations were investigated for algal–bacterial biomass generation, for co-culture-specific exopolysaccharide patterns, and, primarily, for algal biohydrogen evolution. Chlorella sp. MACC-38 mono- and co-cultures generated significantly higher biomass compared with that of Chlorella sp. MACC-360 mono- and co-cultures, while in terms of hydrogen production, Chlorella sp. MACC-360 co-cultures clearly surpassed their Chlorella sp. MACC-38 counterparts. Imaging studies revealed tight physical interactions between the algal and bacterial partners and revealed the formation of co-culture-specific exopolysaccharides. Efficient bacterial respiration was in clear correlation with algal hydrogen production. Stable and sustainable algal hydrogen production was observed in synthetic wastewater for Chlorella sp. MACC-360 green algae in co-cultures with either Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus cereus. The highest algal hydrogen yields (30 mL H2 L−1 d−1) were obtained when Chlorella sp. MACC-360 was co-cultured with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Further co-culture-specific algal biomolecules such as co-cultivation-specific exopolysaccharides increase the valorization potential of algal–bacterial co-cultures and might contribute to the feasibility of algal biohydrogen production technologies.
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Fisher, Carolyn L., Pamela D. Lane, Marion Russell, Randy Maddalena, and Todd W. Lane. "Low Molecular Weight Volatile Organic Compounds Indicate Grazing by the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis on the Microalgae Microchloropsis salina." Metabolites 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10090361.
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Microalgae produce specific chemicals indicative of stress and/or death. The aim of this study was to perform non-destructive monitoring of algal culture systems, in the presence and absence of grazers, to identify potential biomarkers of incipient pond crashes. Here, we report ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are robustly generated by the marine alga, Microchloropsis salina, in the presence and/or absence of the marine grazer, Brachionus plicatilis. We cultured M. salina with and without B. plicatilis and collected in situ volatile headspace samples using thermal desorption tubes over the course of several days. Data from four experiments were aggregated, deconvoluted, and chromatographically aligned to determine VOCs with tentative identifications made via mass spectral library matching. VOCs generated by algae in the presence of actively grazing rotifers were confirmed via pure analytical standards to be pentane, 3-pentanone, 3-methylhexane, and 2-methylfuran. Six other VOCs were less specifically associated with grazing but were still commonly observed between the four replicate experiments. Through this work, we identified four biomarkers of rotifer grazing that indicate algal stress/death. This will aid machine learning algorithms to chemically define and diagnose algal mass production cultures and save algae cultures from imminent crash to make biofuel an alternative energy possibility.
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Kim, Gwang Soo, Yeonghwa Gwon, Eun Ji Oh, Dongsu Kim, Jae Hyun Kwon, and Young Do Kim. "Classification Technique of Algae Using Hyperspectral Images of Algae Culture Media." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074631.
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Increases in algal growth have been reported in rivers, reservoirs, and other water resources worldwide, including Korea. Algal overgrowth can result in algal bloom, which has several negative impacts, such as ecosystem degradation and economic losses. Mitigation measures employed in Korea include an algal warning system and survey-based water quality forecast systems. However, these methods are time-consuming and require sample collection from the site. On the other hand, remote sensing techniques that use chlorophyll a are unable to distinguish between different types of algal species. In this paper, we aimed to identify a classification technique based on remote sensing methods that can be used to distinguish between blue-green algae and green algae. We acquired and prepared an algal culture solution and used a hyperspectral sensor to obtain an algae spectrum. Thereafter, we measured the absorption and emission spectra of blue-green and green algae and distinguished them using the instantaneous slope change of the spectrum. The absorption spectra for green algae showed two peaks at 417–437 nm and 661–673 nm, whereas those of blue-green algae showed three peaks at 449–529 nm, 433–437 nm, and 669–677 nm. The results of this study could form a basis for developing mitigation measures for algal overgrowth.
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Persson, Per-Edvin. "Odorous Algal Cultures in Culture Collections." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0245.
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The IAWPRC Specialist Group on Tastes and Odours collected a list of odorous algal cultures available from culture collections around the world. A list of 42 algal strains is presented, supplemented by data on their odour, purity and where to obtain them.
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Petkov, Georgi D., and Svetlana G. Bratkova. "Viscosity of algal cultures and estimation of turbulency in devices for the mass culture of micro algae." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 81 (September 18, 1996): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/81/1996/99.
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Gil, Chan Saem, Shucheng Duan, Ji Hye Kim, and Seok Hyun Eom. "Allelopathic Efficiency of Plant Extracts to Control Cyanobacteria in Hydroponic Culture." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112350.
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Cyanobacteria rapidly form harmful algal blooms (HABs) that cause serious nutritional imbalances in crop production via hydroponics. Allelopathic extracts from plants can be applied as a solution for ecologically sustainable control of algal blooms. In this study, the effects of 11 aqueous extracts of 10 allelopathic plants in controlling Microcystis aeruginosa were evaluated. Among the extracts, walnut husk and rose leaf extracts exhibited high inhibitory levels for efficient control of algae. High inhibitory levels were achieved owing to large amounts of water-soluble tannins, especially tannic acid. The effective extracts were applied to a hydroponic system cultivated on leafy perilla vegetables. Although the severe doses (IC90) did not guarantee complete algal control due to partial algal regrowth, walnut husk and rose leaf extracts only exerted strong persistent effects on algae control. Persistent algae inhibition contributed to the increase in perilla growth and leaf quality. Rose leaf was potentially a more useful resource for controlling algae in a hydroponic system because the application of rose leaf extract efficiently controlled the algae and was less toxic to perilla growth. In contrast, the treatment of walnut husk extract also controlled algae but inhibited perilla growth with pale green leaves.
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Mohshina, MM, M. Shahjahan, P. Chowdhury, and MS Rahman. "Culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea in different culture media." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 7, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v7i1.33322.
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An experiment of algal culture was conducted in natural light and temperature conditions at a balcony of a room at the 2nd floor of Fisheries Faculty Building facing the north. The experiment was done to evaluate the growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea in four different media, viz, medium I (inorganic), medium II (organic, whole pulse powder extract), medium III (organic, whole lentil powder extract) and medium IV (organic, whole gram powder extract) under natural environment conditions during January-June, 2015. Growth rates of the algal species in four different media were found not significantly different. The alga, C. ellipsoidea attained maximum cell density of 28.89×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium I, of 30.69×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium II, of 26.18×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium III and of 21.12×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium IV. The ranges of air temperature, water temperature and light intensity were 21°C to 38°C, 23°C to 36°C and 2.28×103to 9.60×103 Lux respectively during the culture period. The average sunshine period was 5.87±2.82 hrs. Total alkalinity, free CO2, pH , NO3-N and PO4-P of algal culture media I, II, III and IV were 128, 540, 554 and 322 mgL-1; 32, 162, 102, 70 mgL-1; 7.4, 8, 7.9 and 7.9; 180, 36.6, 62.4 and 150 mgL-1, and 25.2, 48.2, 42.4 and 45.6 mgL-1, respectively. According to ANOVA of cell densities of cultures of C. ellipsoidea under treatments are not significantly different (F=1.441077). It is clear that differences between them are not significant i.e. mean algal cell densities are more or less same as differences between treatments are less than 20%.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (1): 51-57, June, 2017
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Maruyama, Shumpei, Julia R. Unsworth, Valeri Sawiccy, and Virginia M. Weis. "Algae from Aiptasia egesta are robust representations of Symbiodiniaceae in the free-living state." PeerJ 10 (July 29, 2022): e13796. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13796.
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Many cnidarians rely on their dinoflagellate partners from the family Symbiodiniaceae for their ecological success. Symbiotic species of Symbiodiniaceae have two distinct life stages: inside the host, in hospite, and outside the host, ex hospite. Several aspects of cnidarian-algal symbiosis can be understood by comparing these two life stages. Most commonly, algae in culture are used in comparative studies to represent the ex hospite life stage, however, nutrition becomes a confounding variable for this comparison because algal culture media is nutrient rich, while algae in hospite are sampled from hosts maintained in oligotrophic seawater. In contrast to cultured algae, expelled algae may be a more robust representation of the ex hospite state, as the host and expelled algae are in the same seawater environment, removing differences in culture media as a confounding variable. Here, we studied the physiology of algae released from the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (commonly called Aiptasia), a model system for the study of coral-algal symbiosis. In Aiptasia, algae are released in distinct pellets, referred to as egesta, and we explored its potential as an experimental system to represent Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state. Observation under confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy revealed that egesta contained discharged nematocysts, host tissue, and were populated by a diversity of microbes, including protists and cyanobacteria. Further experiments revealed that egesta were released at night. In addition, algae in egesta had a higher mitotic index than algae in hospite, were photosynthetically viable for at least 48 hrs after expulsion, and could competently establish symbiosis with aposymbiotic Aiptasia. We then studied the gene expression of nutrient-related genes and studied their expression using qPCR. From the genes tested, we found that algae from egesta closely mirrored gene expression profiles of algae in hospite and were dissimilar to those of cultured algae, suggesting that algae from egesta are in a nutritional environment that is similar to their in hospite counterparts. Altogether, evidence is provided that algae from Aiptasia egesta are a robust representation of Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state and their use in experiments can improve our understanding of cnidarian-algal symbiosis.
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Hupp, Bettina, Bernadett Pap, Attila Farkas, and Gergely Maróti. "Development of a Microalgae-Based Continuous Starch-to-Hydrogen Conversion Approach." Fermentation 8, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070294.
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Eukaryotic algae represent a highly heterogeneous group in terms of organization, lifestyle, and metabolic capabilities. Unicellular green microalgae are capable of biohydrogen production through direct and indirect photolysis as well as dark fermentation. Most algae hydrogen studies focus on axenic algal cultures, although these are difficult and expensive to maintain for continuous operation. Moreover, the complex interplays and metabolic fluxes between algae and bacteria in natural ecosystems provide a number of clear biological and technological benefits to large-scale functional algae-based systems. Two green algae species from the Chlamydomonas and Chlorella genera were used to engineer stable synthetic communities by incorporating a starch-degrading bacterium from the Bacillus genus into the inter-kingdom consortium. Continuous photoheterotrophic biohydrogen production was achieved by elaborating an appropriate algal–bacterial ratio and fine-tuning the culture conditions for the synthetic consortia. Medium with starch as only carbon source served as a simple model of cheap substrate for algal hydrogen generation. The engineered pairwise algal–bacterial associations showed increased biomass and biohydrogen yield compared to the axenic control conditions. Chlorella sp. MACC-360 produced a significantly higher amount of hydrogen when both the bacterium partner and starch were added to the media compared to the axenic algae. Continuous, elevated algal hydrogen production was achieved in media supplemented with 8 g L−1 starch as sole carbon source when carefully selected initial cell number values were used for the Chlorella sp. MACC-360–B. amlyloliquefaciens co-cultures.
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Fisher, Carolyn L., Michelle V. Fong, Pamela D. Lane, Skylar Carlson, and Todd W. Lane. "Storage and Algal Association of Bacteria That Protect Microchloropsis salina from Grazing by Brachionus plicatilis." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030786.
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Loss of algal production from the crashes of algal mass cultivation systems represents a significant barrier to the economic production of microalgal-based biofuels. Current strategies for crash prevention can be too costly to apply broadly as prophylaxis. Bacteria are ubiquitous in microalgal mass production cultures, however few studies investigate their role and possible significance in this particular environment. Previously, we demonstrated the success of selected protective bacterial communities to save Microchloropsis salina cultures from grazing by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. In the current study, these protective bacterial communities were further characterized by fractionation into rotifer-associated, algal-associated, and free-floating bacterial fractions. Small subunit ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing was used to identify the bacterial genera present in each of the fractions. Here, we show that Marinobacter, Ruegeria, and Boseongicola in algae and rotifer fractions from rotifer-infected cultures likely play key roles in protecting algae from rotifers. Several other identified taxa likely play lesser roles in protective capability. The identification of bacterial community members demonstrating protective qualities will allow for the rational design of microbial communities grown in stable co-cultures with algal production strains in mass cultivation systems. Such a system would reduce the frequency of culture crashes and represent an essentially zero-cost form of algal crop protection.
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Cheban, Larysa. "The use of Chlorella vulgaris beijer in bioremediation activities." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.01.026.
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The article focuses on the possibility of applying the green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. culture to bioremediation activities. Two types of wastewater were simulated, agricultural (ACW) and domestic (DW). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The ratio of the amount of the algal culture and the wastewater volume was 1:10. The content of NO3-, NO2-and NH4+ in the composition of the wastewater was tested before and after cultivating the alga; during cultivation, the pH of the culture medium and the optical density of the Ch. vulgaris culture were monitored. The indicators of the amount of various forms of nitrogen and the pH level show that simulated domestic and agricultural wastewater can serve as an alternative nutrient medium for growing green algae. The use of Ch. vulgaris for the treatment of domestic and agricultural effluents allows avoiding almost completely their nitrate and ammonia pollution. The amount of biomass obtained within 25 days of cultivating Ch. vulgaris on agricultural sewage was two times higher than in the control Tamiya medium. Resulting Ch. vulgaris algal mass with the proteins content of 55% and lipids reaching 30% can match various needs being used a source of protein or lipids.
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Young, Erica B., Lindsay Reed, and John A. Berges. "Growth parameters and responses of green algae across a gradient of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions." PeerJ 10 (July 21, 2022): e13776. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13776.
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Many studies have shown that algal growth is enhanced by organic carbon and algal mixotrophy is relevant for physiology and commercial cultivation. Most studies have tested only a single organic carbon concentration and report different growth parameters which hampers comparisons and improvements to algal cultivation methodology. This study compared growth of green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii across a gradient of photoautotrophic-mixotrophic-heterotrophic culture conditions, with five acetate concentrations. Culture growth rates and biomass achieved were compared using different methods of biomass estimation. Both species grew faster and produced the most biomass when supplied with moderate acetate concentrations (1–4 g L−1), but light was required to optimize growth rates, biomass yield, cell size and cell chlorophyll content. Higher acetate concentration (10 g L−1) inhibited algal production. The choice of growth parameter and method to estimate biomass (optical density (OD), chlorophyll a fluorescence, flow cytometry, cell counts) affected apparent responses to organic carbon, but use of OD at 600, 680 or 750 nm was consistent. There were apparent trade-offs among exponential growth rate, maximum biomass, and culture time spent in exponential phase. Different cell responses over 1–10 g L−1 acetate highlight profound physiological acclimation across a gradient of mixotrophy. In both species, cell size vs cell chlorophyll relationships were more constrained in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, but under mixotrophy, and outside exponential growth phase, these relationships were more variable. This study provides insights into algal physiological responses to mixotrophy but also has practical implications for choosing parameters for monitoring commercial algal cultivation.
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Marin, Oana, Valentina Coatu, Andra Oros, and Nicoleta Damir. "Comparative Aspects on the Metallic and Organic Contaminants Content of the Red Alga Pyropia Leucosticta (Thuret) Neefus & J. Brodie, 2011 Obtained under Laboratory-Controlled Conditions and Natural Environment." Cercetări Marine - Recherches Marines 51, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.55268/cm.2021.51.92.
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"Macroalgal cultures, a new domain for the Romanian Black Sea coast, provide interesting information on the intermediate stages of development and reproduction of algae, and also raw algal material with exploitable potential in most of diverse fields (industrial, cosmetic, pharmaceutical). Porphyra and Pyropia species are considered the world most valuable mariculture algal products. The aim of the paper was to present the comparative aspects regarding the chemical composition (heavy metals, lipids and organic contaminants, respectively, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls) of the specimens obtained in laboratory culture with those collected from the natural environment. The analyzed biological material consisted of P. leucosticta tissue harvested from both laboratory culture and natural environment. After 5 months of experimental culture, the obtained wet biomass was 44.23 g, while the lyophilization dried biomass was 4.94 g. In the specimens obtained through reproductive elements manipulation, under laboratory-controlled conditions, 7 organic compounds were detected, which represent a much smaller number compared with the 20 compounds detected in specimens collected from natural environment. Meanwhile, the presence of all chlorinated organic pollutants was identified in the algal material collected from natural environment. Also, the lipids content was higher in cultured organisms. Heavy metal concentrations (20.72 - 31.91 µg/g d.w. Cu; 0.01-0.21 µg/g d.w. Cd; 12.14-18.69 µg/g d.w. Ni; 0.01-9.56 µg/g d.w. Cr) were comparable with the ranges reported for various macroalgae species from Black Sea region. Key-Words: macroalgae culture, chemical composition, organic contaminants, heavy metals "
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Graham, Nigel J. D., Valerie E. Wardlaw, Roger Perry, and Jia-Qian Jiang. "The significance of algae as trihalomethane precursors." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0110.
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The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of algae and algal derived organic precursors in the generation of Trihalomethane compounds (THMs). Laboratory tests have been carried out using cultures of two common algal species dominating natural reservoir populations to assess the importance of species, growth phase and biomass versus Extracellular product (ECP) in THM production. The results of the study showed that THMFP of algae cells and ECP increased with culture age. THM formation from cells was more than double that from ECPs for Asterionella formosa and Anabaena flosaquae. It is predicted that typical blooms in a reservoir of either species could produce a substantial fraction of the THM's formed during chlorination.
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Czerwik-Marcinkowska, Joanna, Katarzyna Gałczyńska, Jerzy Oszczudłowski, Andrzej Massalski, Jacek Semaniak, and Michał Arabski. "Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 6494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246494.
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The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.
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Luxem, Katja E., Bas Vriens, Renata Behra, and Lenny H. E. Winkel. "Studying selenium and sulfur volatilisation by marine algae Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira oceanica in culture." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 4 (2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16184.
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Environmental contextVolatile selenium compounds from the oceans may ultimately be an important selenium source for agricultural soils. It has been hypothesised that marine algae are responsible for volatile selenium emissions, but in laboratory experiments, we observed minimal volatile selenium production by two marine algae known to produce large amounts of volatile sulfur. Instead, we found hints that bacterial processes may be important in the production of volatile selenium in the oceans. AbstractVolatile methylated selenium compounds, especially dimethylselenide, are thought to comprise the majority of marine selenium emissions. Despite their potential importance for the global redistribution of this trace element, which is essential for human health, little is known about the algal production of volatile organic selenium compounds. Previous studies have found correlations between dissolved dimethylselenide concentrations, dimethylsulfide concentrations (the sulfur analogue of dimethylselenide) and proxies for algal activity, most notably during a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. In culturing studies, we investigated the ability of three globally important marine algal species, E. huxleyi, Phaeocystis globosa and the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica, to produce dimethylselenide. Despite substantial uptake of selenium and the production of volatile sulfur, E. huxleyi and T. oceanica produced negligible volatile selenium (<2nM). P. globosa produced low amounts of volatile selenium (~8nM), but grew poorly in our laboratory. However, cultures of marine bacteria and mixed bacterial–algal cultures showed that substantial amounts of volatile selenium can be produced in the presence of marine bacteria. In addition, a culture of marine bacteria alone produced ~50nM volatile selenium, far more than axenic cultures of E. huxleyi when exposed to equivalent selenite concentrations. Our results hint that marine algae may be of minor importance in the direct production of volatile selenium in the oceans, and suggest that the production of these compounds in the marine biosphere may instead be controlled by bacterial activity.
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Li, Guiju, Huixiang Xie, Guisheng Song, and Michel Gosselin. "Production of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Laboratory Cultures of Arctic Sea Ice Algae." Water 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050926.
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Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is highly enriched in bottom sea ice in the Arctic during ice algal blooms, giving rise to multifaceted ecological implications in both the sea ice and the underlying seawater. We conducted laboratory culture incubations to assess the potential role of ice algae in the accumulation of CDOM in Arctic sea ice. Non-axenic monocultures of Attheya septentrionalis and Nitzschia frigida and a natural ice algal assemblage (NIAA) were grown at 4 °C in an f/2 medium under cool white fluorescent light. Culture samples were collected several days apart throughout the exponential, stationary, and senescent phases, and analyzed for CDOM absorbance, chlorophyll a, and bacterial cell abundance. The cultures displayed apparent specific growth rates of algal and bacterial cells comparable to those in the field. Accumulations of CDOM were observed in all cultures during the time-course incubations, with the senescent phase showing the largest accumulations and the highest production rates. The senescent-phase production rate for NIAA was ~40% higher than that for A. septentrionalis. The chlorophyll a-normalized CDOM production rates in the cultures are comparable to those reported for Arctic first-year sea ice. The absorption spectra of CDOM in the cultures exhibited characteristic short-ultraviolet shoulders similar to those previously identified in sea ice. This study demonstrates that ice algal-derived CDOM can account for the springtime accumulation of CDOM in Arctic sea ice.
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Perković, Lucija, Elvis Djedović, Tamara Vujović, Marija Baković, Tina Paradžik, and Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac. "Biotechnological Enhancement of Probiotics through Co-Cultivation with Algae: Future or a Trend?" Marine Drugs 20, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020142.
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The diversity of algal species is a rich source of many different bioactive metabolites. The compounds extracted from algal biomass have various beneficial effects on health. Recently, co-culture systems between microalgae and bacteria have emerged as an interesting solution that can reduce the high contamination risk associated with axenic cultures and, consequently, increase biomass yield and synthesis of active compounds. Probiotic microorganisms also have numerous positive effects on various aspects of health and represent potent co-culture partners. Most studies consider algae as prebiotics that serve as enhancers of probiotics performance. However, the extreme diversity of algal organisms and their ability to produce a plethora of metabolites are leading to new experimental designs in which these organisms are cultivated together to derive maximum benefit from their synergistic interactions. The future success of these studies depends on the precise experimental design of these complex systems. In the last decade, the development of high-throughput approaches has enabled a deeper understanding of global changes in response to interspecies interactions. Several studies have shown that the addition of algae, along with probiotics, can influence the microbiota, and improve gut health and overall yield in fish, shrimp, and mussels aquaculture. In the future, such findings can be further explored and implemented for use as dietary supplements for humans.
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Wolfaardt, G. M., J. R. Lawrence, R. D. Robarts, and D. E. Caldwell. "The role of interactions, sessile growth, and nutrient amendments on the degradative efficiency of a microbial consortium." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-055.
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A degradative microbial consortium consisting of at least nine bacterial and one algal species was isolated from soil with diclofop methyl as the sole carbon source. In continuous flow culture, the presence of the algae increased diclofop methyl degradation and removal by 36%. Batch culture experiments with 14C-labeled diclofop methyl confirmed algal involvement in the mineralization of diclofop methyl as there was no significant difference in the amount of 14CO2 evolved by the bacterial consortium with and without the algal activity when the consortium was cultivated in the dark to inhibit algal growth, while 11% more 14CO2 was produced in the light by the algal–bacterial consortium. Pure cultures isolated from the bacterial consortium could not individually mineralize diclofop methyl as the sole carbon source. However, when supplied with an additional carbon source, two strains could mineralize diclofop methyl. Addition of either the complex growth medium, or a cell-free filtrate from the algal–bacterial consortium to batch systems containing 14C-labeled diclofop methyl resulted in a significant increase in the production of 14CO2 by the bacterial consortium, suggesting co-metabolism of diclofop methyl in the presence of a labile carbon source. Removal of diclofop methyl by the bacterial consortium was increased by 36% when a larger surface to volume ratio was provided by glass beads that allowed extensive biofilm formation. The requirement for exogenous carbon sources and the inability of isolated pure cultures to degrade diclofop methyl indicated that interspecies interactions are necessary for degradation. The positive effect of sessile growth suggested that spatial organization of cells may also be important for degradation.Key words: consortium, degradation, herbicide, microbial interactions.
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Sauvage, Justine, Gary H. Wikfors, Xiaoxu Li, Mark Gluis, Nancy Nevejan, Koen Sabbe, and Alyssa Joyce. "Effect of pluronic block polymers and N-acetylcysteine culture media additives on growth rate and fatty acid composition of six marine microalgae species." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 2139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11147-8.
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Abstract The efficiency of microalgal biomass production is a determining factor for the economic competitiveness of microalgae-based industries. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and pluronic block polymers are two compounds of interest as novel culture media constituents because of their respective protective properties against oxidative stress and shear-stress-induced cell damage. Here we quantify the effect of NAC and two pluronic (F127 and F68) culture media additives upon the culture productivity of six marine microalgal species of relevance to the aquaculture industry (four diatoms-Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chaetoceros muelleri, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira pseudonana; two haptophytes-Tisochrysis lutea and Pavlova salina). Algal culture performance in response to the addition of NAC and pluronic, singly or combined, is dosage- and species-dependent. Combined NAC and pluronic F127 algal culture media additives resulted in specific growth rate increases of 38%, 16%, and 24% for C. calcitrans, C. muelleri, and P. salina, respectively. Enhanced culture productivity for strains belonging to the genus Chaetoceros was paired with an ~27% increase in stationary-phase cell density. For some of the species examined, culture media enrichments with NAC and pluronic resulted in increased omega-3-fatty acid content of the algal biomass. Larval development (i.e., growth and survival) of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was not changed when fed a mixture of microalgae grown in NAC- and F127-supplemented culture medium. Based upon these results, we propose that culture media enrichment with NAC and pluronic F127 is an effective and easily adopted approach to increase algal productivity and enhance the nutritional quality of marine microalgal strains commonly cultured for live-feed applications in aquaculture. Key points • Single and combined NAC and pluronic F127 culture media supplementation significantly enhanced the productivity of Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chaetoceros muelleri cultures. • Culture media enrichments with NAC and F127 can increase omega-3-fatty acid content of algal biomass. • Microalgae grown in NAC- and pluronic F127-supplemented culture media are suitable for live-feed applications.
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Kim, J., S. Lee, S. Xu, M. Akiba, M. Nomura, N. Chiba, K. Nakano, and O. Nishimura. "Assimilable organic carbon formation from algogenic organic matter and its variation by chlorination." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.075.
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The objective of this study is to assess the importance of algae and algogenic organic substances concerned with the formation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) during algal growth and chlorination process. Laboratory tests were carried out using cultures of algal species (Phormidium tenue) with different culture medium, M-11 and CT. Extracellular organic matter (EOM) produced during the stationary phase and death phase of P. tenue (106 cells/mL) with M-11 culture medium led to significant increase of the AOC concentration, up to 100 times as high as its initial concentration. In case of CT culture medium containing a high DOC component, the AOC concentration did not increase significantly during P. tenue culture. The formation and removal of AOC derived from EOM and intercellular organic matter (IOM) by chlorination were also examined. The AOC concentration after chlorination of EOM and IOM became maximum with 2 mg/L of chlorine dosage while it decreased with increase of chlorine dosage when the dosage was higher than 2 mg/L, suggesting that necessary chlorine dosage to not form AOC is higher than 2 mg/L.
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Takáčová, Alžbeta, Miriama Bajuszová, Alexandra Šimonovičová, Štefan Šutý, and Sanja Nosalj. "Biocoagulation of Dried Algae Chlorella sp. and Pellets of Aspergillus Niger in Decontamination Process of Wastewater, as a Presumed Source of Biofuel." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121282.
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The removal of microalgae represents a problematic part of the water decontamination process, in which most techniques are expensive and non-ecological. In the paper, we focus on the synergistic relationship between microscopic filamentous fungi and algal culture. In the process of decontamination of a model sample containing ammonium ions, efficient biocoagulation, resp. co-pelletization of dried algae Chlorella sp. and Aspergillus niger sensu stricto are shown. The microscopic filamentous fungus species A. niger was added to a culture of an algal suspension of Chlorella sp., where the adhesion of the algal cells to the fungi subsequently occurred due to the electrostatic effect of the interaction, while the flocculation activity was approximately 70 to 80%. The algal cells adhered to the surface of the A. niger pellets, making them easily removable from the solution. The ability of filamentous fungi to capture organisms represents a great potential for the biological isolation of microalgae (biocoagulation) from production solutions because microalgae are considered to be a promising renewable source of oil and fermentables for bioenergy. This form of algae removal, or its harvesting, also represents a great low-cost method for collecting algae not only as a way of removing unnecessary material but also for the purpose of producing biofuels. Algae are a robust bioabsorbent for absorbing lipids from the environment, which after treatment can be used as a component of biodiesel. Chemical analyses also presented potential ecological innovation in the area of biofuel production. Energy-efficient and eco-friendly harvesting techniques are crucial to improving the economic viability of algal biofuel production.
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Hoson, T. "Growth Characteristics of the Musty Odor Producing Alga, Oscillatoria tenuis." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0050.
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The production of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by Oscillatoriatenuis Agardh often causes taste and odor problems in tap water supplied from Lake Biwa. In order to understand growth characteristics of O. tenuis, the alga was cultured under several different conditions. The maximum biomass observed in culture was about 2000 filaments/ml, whereas the standing crop measured in the lake was as low as 32 filaments/ml. The optimum temperature and pH were 25-30 C and 8-9, respectively. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus which were optimum for growth in the medium were 0.31 mg/l and 0.08 mg/l and above, respectively. The concentrations of these elements in the lake were almost equal to those resulting in optimum growth. Growth of the alga was suppressed when the alga was grown in the culture medium from which chelated iron was removed. The total concentration of iron in lake water was sufficient for the algal growth; however, the concentration of soluble iron, which is available for the alga, was lower than in CT-medium. Addition of 0.03 mg/l EDTA to lake water promoted the algal growth invitro, while 3 mg/l EDTA suppressed the growth. The difference between growth under culture conditions and that in the lake may be due to the difference in the concentration of soluble iron.
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Ma, Feiyang, Patrice A. Salomé, Sabeeha S. Merchant, and Matteo Pellegrini. "Single-cell RNA sequencing of batch Chlamydomonas cultures reveals heterogeneity in their diurnal cycle phase." Plant Cell 33, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 1042–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab025.
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Abstract The photosynthetic unicellular alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) is a versatile reference for algal biology because of its ease of culture in the laboratory. Genomic and systems biology approaches have previously described transcriptome responses to environmental changes using bulk data, thus representing the average behavior from pools of cells. Here, we apply single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to probe the heterogeneity of Chlamydomonas cell populations under three environments and in two genotypes differing by the presence of a cell wall. First, we determined that RNA can be extracted from single algal cells with or without a cell wall, offering the possibility to sample natural algal communities. Second, scRNA-seq successfully separated single cells into nonoverlapping cell clusters according to their growth conditions. Cells exposed to iron or nitrogen deficiency were easily distinguished despite a shared tendency to arrest photosynthesis and cell division to economize resources. Notably, these groups of cells not only recapitulated known patterns observed with bulk RNA-seq but also revealed their inherent heterogeneity. A substantial source of variation between cells originated from their endogenous diurnal phase, although cultures were grown in constant light. We exploited this result to show that circadian iron responses may be conserved from algae to land plants. We document experimentally that bulk RNA-seq data represent an average of typically hidden heterogeneity in the population.
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Maliki, Intan Mariana, Mailin Misson, Peik Lin Teoh, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, and Wilson Thau Lym Yong. "Production of Lectins from Marine Algae: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities for Non-Destructive Extraction." Marine Drugs 20, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020102.
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Marine algae are an excellent source of novel lectins. The isolation of lectins from marine algae expands the diversity in structure and carbohydrate specificities of lectins isolated from other sources. Marine algal lectins have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Lectins are typically isolated from marine algae by grinding the algal tissue with liquid nitrogen and extracting with buffer and alcohol. While this method produces higher yields, it may not be sustainable for large-scale production, because a large amount of biomass is required to produce a minute amount of compound, and a significant amount of waste is generated during the extraction process. Therefore, non-destructive extraction using algal culture water could be used to ensure a continuous supply of lectins without exclusively disrupting the marine algae. This review discusses the traditional and recent advancements in algal lectin extraction methods over the last decade, as well as the steps required for large-scale production. The challenges and prospects of various extraction methods (destructive and non-destructive) are also discussed.
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Hambsch, B., P. Werner, H. Mäckle, and F. H. Frimmel. "Degradation of Algal Exudates by Mixed Bacterial Biocenoses." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0578.
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In the frame of a research project concerning regrowth problems a water utility at Lake Constance is involved. For this plant it was interesting to find out which effect is exerted by organic products released from algae living in the lake water. Therefore model experiments were carried out using two different algal cultures in the stationary phase, where the algae were carefully separated by filtration. From these extracellular organic carbon solutions (exudates) dilutions were prepared using highly purified deionized water. These were tested for their ability to support bacterial growth by adding a mixed bacterial biocenosis after sterile filtration and monitoring growth curves by turbidity measurements, a method developed at the DVGW-Research-Center in Karlsruhe to judge drinking water with respect to its regrowth potential. It was shown that the exudate from a Haematococcus culture is very growth stimulating, though the substrate concentration analyzed as ∆DOC was very low. In contrast the exudate from a Stephanodiscus culture gave a very low growth response. The effect of the Stephanodiscus culture for the drinking water plant at Lake Constance is much more important because Stephanodiscus is a species common in Lake Constance whereas Haematococcus is not.
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He, Zichen, and Takeshi Naganuma. "Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112111.
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Lichens are mutually symbiotic systems consisting of fungal and algal symbionts. While diverse lichen-forming fungal species are known, limited species of algae form lichens. Plasticity in the combination of fungal and algal species with different eco-physiological properties may contribute to the worldwide distribution of lichens, even in extreme habitats. Lichens have been studied systematically for more than 200 years; however, plasticity in fungal–algal/cyanobacterial symbiotic combinations is still unclear. In addition, the association between non-cyanobacterial bacteria and lichens has attracted attention in recent years. The types, diversity, and functions of lichen-associated bacteria have been studied using both culture-based and culture-independent methods. This review summarizes the history of systematic research on lichens and lichen-associated bacteria and provides insights into the current status of research in this field.
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Moudříková, Šárka, Ivan Nedyalkov Ivanov, Milada Vítová, Ladislav Nedbal, Vilém Zachleder, Peter Mojzeš, and Kateřina Bišová. "Comparing Biochemical and Raman Microscopy Analyses of Starch, Lipids, Polyphosphate, and Guanine Pools during the Cell Cycle of Desmodesmus quadricauda." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010062.
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Photosynthetic energy conversion and the resulting photoautotrophic growth of green algae can only occur in daylight, but DNA replication, nuclear and cellular divisions occur often during the night. With such a light/dark regime, an algal culture becomes synchronized. In this study, using synchronized cultures of the green alga Desmodesmus quadricauda, the dynamics of starch, lipid, polyphosphate, and guanine pools were investigated during the cell cycle by two independent methodologies; conventional biochemical analyzes of cell suspensions and confocal Raman microscopy of single algal cells. Raman microscopy reports not only on mean concentrations, but also on the distribution of pools within cells. This is more sensitive in detecting lipids than biochemical analysis, but both methods—as well as conventional fluorescence microscopy—were comparable in detecting polyphosphates. Discrepancies in the detection of starch by Raman microscopy are discussed. The power of Raman microscopy was proven to be particularly valuable in the detection of guanine, which was traceable by its unique vibrational signature. Guanine microcrystals occurred specifically at around the time of DNA replication and prior to nuclear division. Interestingly, guanine crystals co-localized with polyphosphates in the vicinity of nuclei around the time of nuclear division.
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Kim, Hyungseok, Jeffrey A. Kimbrel, Christopher A. Vaiana, Jessica R. Wollard, Xavier Mayali, and Cullen R. Buie. "Bacterial response to spatial gradients of algal-derived nutrients in a porous microplate." ISME Journal 16, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 1036–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01147-x.
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AbstractPhotosynthetic microalgae are responsible for 50% of the global atmospheric CO2 fixation into organic matter and hold potential as a renewable bioenergy source. Their metabolic interactions with the surrounding microbial community (the algal microbiome) play critical roles in carbon cycling, but due to methodological limitations, it has been challenging to examine how community development is influenced by spatial proximity to their algal host. Here we introduce a copolymer-based porous microplate to co-culture algae and bacteria, where metabolites are constantly exchanged between the microorganisms while maintaining physical separation. In the microplate, we found that the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum accumulated to cell abundances ~20 fold higher than under normal batch conditions due to constant replenishment of nutrients through the porous structure. We also demonstrate that algal-associated bacteria, both single isolates and complex communities, responded to inorganic nutrients away from their host as well as organic nutrients originating from the algae in a spatially predictable manner. These experimental findings coupled with a mathematical model suggest that host proximity and algal culture growth phase impact bacterial community development in a taxon-specific manner through organic and inorganic nutrient availability. Our novel system presents a useful tool to investigate universal metabolic interactions between microbes in aquatic ecosystems.
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Skulberg, Olav M. "Oscillatorialean cyanoprokaryotes and their application for algal culture technology." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 75 (October 27, 1995): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/75/1995/265.
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Kamble, Apurva Kapil, and Jogita Tushar Pandkar. "Enlisting Aero-algal Flora and Algal Allergens Using Fan Dust Sampling Method from Pune, Maharashtra." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2958.
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Algae in the atmosphere are one of the bio-components of the environment. Despite the fact that they may have a negative impact on human health, they are the least studied organism in the field of aerobiology. Airborne algae continue to be viable in the atmosphere in the form of spores and filaments. In order to investigate the intramural diversity of airborne algae in Pune, eight residences were chosen, from which 16 fan dust samples were collected over a ten-day period. Total (108) aero-algal forms were recorded. Out of which 107 were Cyanophyta, and only one was Chlorophyta. The dominance of Cyanophyta members is attributed to the presence of a thick mucilaginous sheath around them, which allows them to tolerate the dryness. Overall, filamentous cyanophytes (71) outnumber coccoid cyanophytes (36). However, both fan dust slide samples and culture slide samples show variance. Coccoid cyanophytes (53) outnumber filamentous cyanophytes (11) in direct slide scans, although filamentous cyanophytes (25) were somewhat more numerous in culture samples than coccoid Cyanophyta (19). This increase in filamentous forms might be because of hormogonia of filamentous algae, which remained unidentified in direct slide scan and upon inoculation underwent reproduction increasing number of filamentous algae in culture slides. Chrooccocus, Gloeocapsa, Lyngbya, Nostoc, and Stigonema were among the forms found on the first and tenth days of fan dust sampling, indicating that they were a common inhabitant of fan dust during the study and that the fan, as an aero sampler, was able to capture them, demonstrating its potency as an aero sampler. Soil can be a substantial factor in the creation of fan dust, as these genera were frequently separated from the soil. Gloeocapsa, Phormidium, Lyngbya, Schizothrix, Cylindrospermum, Nostoc, Anabaena, Scytonema, Calothrix, and Scenedesmus were among the allergic aero-algal genera discovered during the investigation.
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Salih, Warqaa Y., and Fikrat M. Hassan. "Environmental diagnosing of the new algal pollution of Tigris River in Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 877, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012024.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to use eDNA in the biodiversity of the Tigris river’s sediment. Algal samples were collected and examined under light microscopy. The collected algae were cultured, and after their growth, the DNA extractions were made from culture and amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene partial sequences data by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic identification of species was conducted by the evaluation of obtained sequence analysis data by using computer software. Leptolyngbya benthonica (MN 714226.1) and Nostoc paludosum (MN 714225.1) were identified by molecular analysis and registered at NCBI and considered as a new record to the algal flora of Iraq. Implementing molecular data in the taxonomy of species will be essential to solve the taxonomic problems associated with microscopic methods.
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Gao, Jiancao, Lei Shen, Zhijuan Nie, Haojun Zhu, Liping Cao, Jinliang Du, Fei Dai, and Gangchun Xu. "Microbial and Planktonic Community Characteristics of Eriocheir sinensis Culture Ponds Experiencing Harmful Algal Blooms." Fishes 7, no. 4 (July 22, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040180.
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The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), is an economically important aquaculture species in China. It is a significantly desirable species by Chinese consumers that causes a high demand for environmentally friendly culture farming. In aiming to break through bottlenecks, i.e., “pond moss” and cyanobacteria, we investigated the microbial community and plankton composition of ponds with filamentous algae and cyanobacterial blooms. As results, we found Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were dominant bacterial phyla, while Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were dominant phytoplankton phyla in E. sinensis ponds. Nitrospira sp., Flectobacillus sp. BAB-3569, Staphylococcus warneri, Fusarium oxysporum, Gromochytrium mamkaevae, and Rhizophydium sp. JEL317 were screened as bioindicators for harmful algal blooms. We found a close relationship between water quality parameters and the species composition of bacteria and zooplankton in the present study. Specifically, total nitrogen and total ammonia nitrogen significantly affected the bacterial community composition, while total phosphorus contributed to the phytoplankton community composition. We further indicated the potential competitive inhibition of Chlamydomonadales on the direct regulation of the control of harmful algal blooms. Finally, we suggested a combination of probiotics and microalgae, e.g., C. vulgaris, to prevent and control potential risks in the culture of E. sinensis. In conclusion, the present study deepened our understanding of harmful algal blooms in aquaculture ponds and suggested the baseline indications for the prevention and control of algal blooms.
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Surek, Barbara. "Meeting Report: Algal Culture Collections 2008." Protist 159, no. 4 (October 2008): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2008.08.001.
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Maršálek, Blahoslav, and Renata Rojíčková. "Stress Factors Enhancing Production of Algal Exudates: a Potential Self-Protective Mechanism?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1996): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-9-1008.
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Algae are known to produce extracellular organic substances under optimum conditions and increase their production under stress. The changes in amount and composition of extracellular carbohydrates and proteins of three green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella kessleri and Raphidocelis subcapitata (known as Selenastrum capricornutum) were studied after a 5-days’ cultivation under the influence of different types of stress factors (osmotic, organic, and heavy metal stressors). NaCl enhanced the quantity of carbohydrates more than proteins. A higher increase of proteins than carbohydrates was observed after addition of 3,5-dichlorophenol, glyphosate and cadmium chloride to algal cultures. The production of dissolved organic matter differs from species to species, with the age of a culture and the type of stressor
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Ueno, Ryohei. "Visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga Prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 4 (April 2009): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-155.
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Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using taxon-specific, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. However, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow FISH probes to permeate over their cell walls. Members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus Prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme attack, and acetolysis. To our knowledge, there has been no report of the successful permeation by the oligonucleotide probes over the cell walls of unicellular green micro-algae, which contain sporopollenin. The DNA probes passed through the cell wall of Prototheca wickerhamii after treating the algal cells with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Most cells in the middle logarithmic growth phase culture fluoresced when hybridized with the rRNA-targeted universal probe for eukaryotes, though individual cells included in this culture differed in the level of cell-wall vulnerability to attack by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, thus reflecting the different stages of the life cycle. This is the first report regarding the visualization of sporopollenin-containing, green micro-algal cells by FISH.
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Fletcher, K. I. G., J. Sim, N. Williams, N. Weber, F. C. Küpper, and P. van West. "Novel lineage of a green alga and Acremonium stroudii (Ascomycota) sp. nov. reported from Ascension Island." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001289.
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Environmental specimens lining seawater blowholes of Whale Point, Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean were collected (August 2012) and investigated by morphological and molecular techniques. Reported here, Acremonium stroudii (Ascomycota) sp. nov., a filamentous conidia-forming fungus, was the only fungus isolated from the samples collected. Molecular analysis of the material also indicates the presence of a novel species of green algae being present, however, isolation of this alga has not been possible. Instead it appears that this specimen, which belongs to a novel lineage within the Ulvales, sister to the Dilabifilum species, encourages fungal growth in culture and has been shown to form a symbiotic relationship on low nutrition agar plates, supported by investigation through electron microscopy. As no holotype of this species could be isolated in an axenic culture it was not suitable at this point to try to define this alga, especially as no established genus could be attributed. We recommend trying to further sample areas of Ascension Island looking for other members of this green algal lineage, both investigating free-living green algae and those which are found as lichenized photobionts.
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Nakai, Satoshi, Masaaki Hosomi, Mitumasa Okada, and Akihiko Murakami. "Control of algal growth by macrophytes and macrophyte-extracted bioactive compounds." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0626.
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Algae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Microcystis aeruginosa) were respectively assayed in a mixed-culture system using various concentrations of macrophytes obtained from Egeria densa, Cabomba caroliniana, and Myriophyllum spicatum in order to evaluate their inhibitory effects on algal growth due to possible secretion of anti-algal bioactive compounds under coexistence conditions. Based on this methodology, we also evaluated the methanol extract from macrophyte tissues, their extract fractions from a polarity-based fractionation process, and the biodegraded filtrate from the most inhibitory fraction of each macrophyte at an initial concentration which was quantitatively confirmed to produce strong inhibition of algal growth, although in this case, heterotrophic bacteria was also added to the assays. Algal assays investigating coexistence showed clear inhibitory effects which confirm the secretion theory, and also indicated the occurrence of a species-specific reaction. In these assays, and in those using the methanol extract fractions, M. spicatum demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effects on both algae. The extract fraction assays showed that in all cases the fraction containing the highest polarized compounds was the most inhibitory one, while the examined filtrates showed rapid biodegradation of all their anti-algal bioactive compounds in parallel with a substantial increase in biomass of heterotrophic bacteria.
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Song, Lirong, Qi Zhang, Lingling Zheng, Guoxiang Liu, Xiaoming Zhang, and Jindong Zhao. "The freshwater algae culture collection at the Institute of Hydrobiology (FACHB): algal resources for fundamental and applied research." Algological Studies 145-146 (October 1, 2014): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2014/0163.
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Mohamed, Zakaria. "Allelopathic activity of the norharmane-producing cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis against cyanobacteria and microalgae." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13545-013-0053-3.
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AbstractThe cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis was observed growing as a monospecies in enriched phytoplankton samples in the laboratory, indicating its allelopathic activity on coexisting phytoplankton species. Therefore, the present study screened the culture medium of an axenic strain of this cyanobacterium for the presence of allelechemicals with algicidal properties by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The allelopathic effect of S. aquatilis was evaluated by co-cultivation of target species of toxic cyanobacteria and green algae with this cyanobacterium, as well as by evaluation of norharmane (β-carboline 9H-pyrido(3,4-b) indole) crude extract prepared from the culture medium of Synechocystis. The growth of target algal species was measured as a cell density after 6 days incubation. The results showed that S. aquatilis produced the indole alkaloid norharmane with large quantities in the culture medium (86 μg l−1). In co-cultivation experiments, S. aquatilis inhibited the growth of all tested cyanobacteria and green algae. Norharmane crude extract exhibited stronger inhibition of cyanobacteria (EC50 = 4.6–4.8 μg ml−1) than green algae (EC50= 6.3–6.4 μg ml−1) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating its apparent role in the allelopathic activity of S. aquatilis. The possible applicability of the allelochemical, norharmane, as an algicide to prevent the formation of harmful algal bloom was discussed.
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Zhang, Yulei, Jieyi Li, Zhangxi Hu, Dong Chen, Feng Li, Xianghu Huang, and Changling Li. "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Algicidal Mechanism of Brevibacillus laterosporus against Microcystis aeruginosa through Multiple Metabolic Pathways." Toxins 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070492.
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It is widely accepted that eutrophication has played an important role in the formation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in recent decades, which impacts water quality and ecological environment and causes huge economic losses. Algicidal bacteria have a promising application prospect in controlling cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture water. Here, the process of the algicidal bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus strain Bl-zj acting on Microcystis aeruginosa was explored using transcriptome analysis to elucidate the algicidal mechanism. The results of the co-culture of bacterium and alga showed a strong alga-lysing effect of B. laterosporus against M. aeruginosa with an extreme morphology deformation of the algal cells. A total of 2744 differentially expressed genes of B. laterosporus were identified, which were mainly involved in the metabolism of amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid. In the co-cultured group, the expression of genes mainly enriched in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and fatty acid degradation were significantly increased. However, the expression of the genes related to ribosome were mainly inhibited. Transcriptome analysis showed that B. laterosporus obtained ATP and energy by the degradation of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and fatty acids, and destroyed algal cells by efflux pump transporters, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, proteases, and other secondary metabolites, resulting in algal death and achieving the algicidal effect.
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Abd El Baky, Hanaa H., and Gamal S. El Baroty. "Optimization of Hydrogen Gas Production Conditions from Egyptian Chlamydomonas Sp." Academic Journal of Life Sciences, no. 510 (October 15, 2019): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajls.510.70.80.
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Hydrogen gas could provide attractive options as ideal fuel for a world, in which environmental friendly and economically sustainable manner. Microalgae have the ability to bio-synthesis hydrogen gas. Algal H2 does do not generate any toxic or polluting bi-products and could potentially offer value-added products derived from algal biomass. In this work, the feasibility of coupling sulfur deprivation and light on hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas sp grown in photobioreactor was investigated. The cells growth, hydrogen production, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll content were determined. The results showed that, under optimum condition, algae cells were required 168 hr (7days) to reach the late logarithmic phase (the algal dry weight 4.11 g/L). Whereas the algae cells were needed about 18~22 days to reach this value (3.55 g/ L) when grow in optimum medium. The concentration of Chlorophyll (5.65%) and carbohydrate (39.46%) were accumulated in algae cells grow in S-deprives medium coupled with dark condition over that did in algae cells cultured in optimum medium. After about a 24 h of cultivation, photo-production of H2 was observed for C. sp either in absence or presence of sulfate. But under sulfur deprivation coupled with dark condition, higher H2 gas was obtained after 16 hr (7 several days) of incubation period. In new design photobioreactors (PhBRs), after 18 days of cultivation, the volume of H2 gas in was found to be 450 ml in cells grow in sulfur-deprived culture). This value was 360 ml in cells grow under optimal condition.
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Höger, Anna-Lena, Carola Griehl, and Matthias Noll. "Infection with intracellular parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum induces shifts in associated bacterial communities in microalgae cultures." Journal of Applied Phycology 33, no. 5 (September 6, 2021): 2863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02542-9.
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AbstractIn recent years microalgae products have developed increasing market demand, but sustainable industrial production is still challenged by biological stability of large-scale production plants. Yet the relationships between algal hosts, associated microbiomes, and contaminants in photobioreactors remains widely understudied. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal development of microbiomes of four freshwater microalgae species Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Desmodesmus quadricauda, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Botryococcus braunii, in presence and absence of the zoosporic parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum. To compare the effects of sterile and nonsterile culture conditions, infection experiments were performed in sterile laboratory (sterile) and simulated industrial conditions (open). Algal growth (dry weight, optical density, and nutrient consumption) was observed for 21 days, and samples of the associated microbiome were collected for bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Infection patterns of A. protococcarum were algae species-specific, irrespectively of culture conditions. Bacterial community analysis demonstrated distinct and stable bacterial communities for each algae species, which were mostly dominated by α- and γ-Proteobacteria. Upon aphelid parasitosis, bacterial diversity increased, and community compositions diverged algae-specific over time. Moreover, bacterial functional traits shifted to detoxification, degradation, and cellulolysis once algae were infected. This study provides a first insight into the close connection between algae, associated bacterial microbiomes and appearing contaminants in photobioreactor systems.
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Patil, Keerthi, and Doris M. Singh. "OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA FOR THE GROWTH OF ANABAENA PCC550, ANABAENA PCC 574, AND CYLINDROSPERMUM PCC518, CYLINDROSPERMUM PCC 567." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 06 (July 31, 2022): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213619.
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In the present study, Anabaena PCC550, Anabaena PCC574 and Cylindrospermum PCC518, Cylindrospermum PCC 567 have been subjected to 7 different inorganic culture media. In order to identify the best growth medium i.e.; optimized medium, the nutrient requirement of these two algae have been evaluated as prime requisite. The present investigation analyzed the growth of wet biomass of the four microalgae. In order to attain optimal growth of Anabaena and Cylindrospermum species, the 7 culture media employed in the current study were (i) BG11 medium (ii) Knoops medium (iii) Cyanophycean agar medium (iv) Modified Bristols medium (v) Prigsheims Medium (vi) Foggs Medium and (vii) Algal culture medium. Highest growth on 60th day was seen in Cylindrospermum PCC 518 (0.134mg/100ml), Anabaena PCC 574 (0123mg/100ml), Cylindrospermum PCC 567 (0.098mg/100ml), Anabaena PCC 550 (0.094mg/100ml) in Algal culture media which shows luxurient growth when compared to BG11, Foggs Media, Modified Bristols media, Knoops media. While, Prigsheims medium did not show any growth of Anabaena PCC550, Anabaena PCC574 and Cylindrospermum PCC518, Cylindrospermum PCC 567.
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Mohanty, Swati. "Strategic Designing of The Algal Culture System to Obtain Valuable Products." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/98.
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Cheng, Edmond D. H., and Gordon L. Dugan. "Low-Energy Mixing in Algal Culture Raceways." Journal of Energy Engineering 121, no. 3 (December 1995): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1995)121:3(100).
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Fallowfield, H. J., and M. K. Garrett. "The treatment of wastes by algal culture." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 59 (December 1985): 187S—205S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb04900.x.
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Ashok, Vaishali, Amritanshu Shriwastav, and Purnendu Bose. "Nutrient Removal Using Algal-Bacterial Mixed Culture." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 174, no. 8 (October 8, 2014): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1229-z.
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Grobbelaar, J. U. "Algal culture, from laboratory to commercial production." South African Journal of Botany 73, no. 2 (April 2007): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2007.02.050.
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Taub, Frieda B. "Algal Culture as a Source of Feed1." Proceedings of the annual workshop - World Mariculture Society 1, no. 1-4 (February 25, 2009): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1970.tb00017.x.
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