Relevant bibliographies by topics / Algal Culture

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Academic literature on the topic 'Algal Culture'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Algal Culture"

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Hupp, Bettina, Gabriella Huszár, Attila Farkas, and Gergely Maróti. "Algal Hydrogen Production and Exopolysaccharide Patterns in Chlorella–Bacillus Inter-Kingdom Co-Cultures." Fermentation 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050424.

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Biohydrogen production from wastewater using eukaryotic green algae can be facilitated by appropriately selected bacterial partners and cultivation conditions. Two Chlorella algal species were chosen for these experiments, based on their robust growth ability in synthetic wastewater. The applied three Bacillus bacterial partners showed active respiration and efficient biomass production in the same synthetic wastewater. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus cereus as bacterial partners were shown to specifically promote algal biomass yield. Various inter-kingdom co-culture combinations were investigated for algal–bacterial biomass generation, for co-culture-specific exopolysaccharide patterns, and, primarily, for algal biohydrogen evolution. Chlorella sp. MACC-38 mono- and co-cultures generated significantly higher biomass compared with that of Chlorella sp. MACC-360 mono- and co-cultures, while in terms of hydrogen production, Chlorella sp. MACC-360 co-cultures clearly surpassed their Chlorella sp. MACC-38 counterparts. Imaging studies revealed tight physical interactions between the algal and bacterial partners and revealed the formation of co-culture-specific exopolysaccharides. Efficient bacterial respiration was in clear correlation with algal hydrogen production. Stable and sustainable algal hydrogen production was observed in synthetic wastewater for Chlorella sp. MACC-360 green algae in co-cultures with either Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus cereus. The highest algal hydrogen yields (30 mL H2 L−1 d−1) were obtained when Chlorella sp. MACC-360 was co-cultured with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Further co-culture-specific algal biomolecules such as co-cultivation-specific exopolysaccharides increase the valorization potential of algal–bacterial co-cultures and might contribute to the feasibility of algal biohydrogen production technologies.
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Fisher, Carolyn L., Pamela D. Lane, Marion Russell, Randy Maddalena, and Todd W. Lane. "Low Molecular Weight Volatile Organic Compounds Indicate Grazing by the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis on the Microalgae Microchloropsis salina." Metabolites 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10090361.

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Microalgae produce specific chemicals indicative of stress and/or death. The aim of this study was to perform non-destructive monitoring of algal culture systems, in the presence and absence of grazers, to identify potential biomarkers of incipient pond crashes. Here, we report ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are robustly generated by the marine alga, Microchloropsis salina, in the presence and/or absence of the marine grazer, Brachionus plicatilis. We cultured M. salina with and without B. plicatilis and collected in situ volatile headspace samples using thermal desorption tubes over the course of several days. Data from four experiments were aggregated, deconvoluted, and chromatographically aligned to determine VOCs with tentative identifications made via mass spectral library matching. VOCs generated by algae in the presence of actively grazing rotifers were confirmed via pure analytical standards to be pentane, 3-pentanone, 3-methylhexane, and 2-methylfuran. Six other VOCs were less specifically associated with grazing but were still commonly observed between the four replicate experiments. Through this work, we identified four biomarkers of rotifer grazing that indicate algal stress/death. This will aid machine learning algorithms to chemically define and diagnose algal mass production cultures and save algae cultures from imminent crash to make biofuel an alternative energy possibility.
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Kim, Gwang Soo, Yeonghwa Gwon, Eun Ji Oh, Dongsu Kim, Jae Hyun Kwon, and Young Do Kim. "Classification Technique of Algae Using Hyperspectral Images of Algae Culture Media." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074631.

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Increases in algal growth have been reported in rivers, reservoirs, and other water resources worldwide, including Korea. Algal overgrowth can result in algal bloom, which has several negative impacts, such as ecosystem degradation and economic losses. Mitigation measures employed in Korea include an algal warning system and survey-based water quality forecast systems. However, these methods are time-consuming and require sample collection from the site. On the other hand, remote sensing techniques that use chlorophyll a are unable to distinguish between different types of algal species. In this paper, we aimed to identify a classification technique based on remote sensing methods that can be used to distinguish between blue-green algae and green algae. We acquired and prepared an algal culture solution and used a hyperspectral sensor to obtain an algae spectrum. Thereafter, we measured the absorption and emission spectra of blue-green and green algae and distinguished them using the instantaneous slope change of the spectrum. The absorption spectra for green algae showed two peaks at 417–437 nm and 661–673 nm, whereas those of blue-green algae showed three peaks at 449–529 nm, 433–437 nm, and 669–677 nm. The results of this study could form a basis for developing mitigation measures for algal overgrowth.
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Persson, Per-Edvin. "Odorous Algal Cultures in Culture Collections." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0245.

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The IAWPRC Specialist Group on Tastes and Odours collected a list of odorous algal cultures available from culture collections around the world. A list of 42 algal strains is presented, supplemented by data on their odour, purity and where to obtain them.
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Petkov, Georgi D., and Svetlana G. Bratkova. "Viscosity of algal cultures and estimation of turbulency in devices for the mass culture of micro algae." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 81 (September 18, 1996): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/81/1996/99.

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Gil, Chan Saem, Shucheng Duan, Ji Hye Kim, and Seok Hyun Eom. "Allelopathic Efficiency of Plant Extracts to Control Cyanobacteria in Hydroponic Culture." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112350.

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Cyanobacteria rapidly form harmful algal blooms (HABs) that cause serious nutritional imbalances in crop production via hydroponics. Allelopathic extracts from plants can be applied as a solution for ecologically sustainable control of algal blooms. In this study, the effects of 11 aqueous extracts of 10 allelopathic plants in controlling Microcystis aeruginosa were evaluated. Among the extracts, walnut husk and rose leaf extracts exhibited high inhibitory levels for efficient control of algae. High inhibitory levels were achieved owing to large amounts of water-soluble tannins, especially tannic acid. The effective extracts were applied to a hydroponic system cultivated on leafy perilla vegetables. Although the severe doses (IC90) did not guarantee complete algal control due to partial algal regrowth, walnut husk and rose leaf extracts only exerted strong persistent effects on algae control. Persistent algae inhibition contributed to the increase in perilla growth and leaf quality. Rose leaf was potentially a more useful resource for controlling algae in a hydroponic system because the application of rose leaf extract efficiently controlled the algae and was less toxic to perilla growth. In contrast, the treatment of walnut husk extract also controlled algae but inhibited perilla growth with pale green leaves.
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Mohshina, MM, M. Shahjahan, P. Chowdhury, and MS Rahman. "Culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea in different culture media." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 7, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v7i1.33322.

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An experiment of algal culture was conducted in natural light and temperature conditions at a balcony of a room at the 2nd floor of Fisheries Faculty Building facing the north. The experiment was done to evaluate the growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea in four different media, viz, medium I (inorganic), medium II (organic, whole pulse powder extract), medium III (organic, whole lentil powder extract) and medium IV (organic, whole gram powder extract) under natural environment conditions during January-June, 2015. Growth rates of the algal species in four different media were found not significantly different. The alga, C. ellipsoidea attained maximum cell density of 28.89×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium I, of 30.69×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium II, of 26.18×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium III and of 21.12×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium IV. The ranges of air temperature, water temperature and light intensity were 21°C to 38°C, 23°C to 36°C and 2.28×103to 9.60×103 Lux respectively during the culture period. The average sunshine period was 5.87±2.82 hrs. Total alkalinity, free CO2, pH , NO3-N and PO4-P of algal culture media I, II, III and IV were 128, 540, 554 and 322 mgL-1; 32, 162, 102, 70 mgL-1; 7.4, 8, 7.9 and 7.9; 180, 36.6, 62.4 and 150 mgL-1, and 25.2, 48.2, 42.4 and 45.6 mgL-1, respectively. According to ANOVA of cell densities of cultures of C. ellipsoidea under treatments are not significantly different (F=1.441077). It is clear that differences between them are not significant i.e. mean algal cell densities are more or less same as differences between treatments are less than 20%.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (1): 51-57, June, 2017
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Maruyama, Shumpei, Julia R. Unsworth, Valeri Sawiccy, and Virginia M. Weis. "Algae from Aiptasia egesta are robust representations of Symbiodiniaceae in the free-living state." PeerJ 10 (July 29, 2022): e13796. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13796.

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Many cnidarians rely on their dinoflagellate partners from the family Symbiodiniaceae for their ecological success. Symbiotic species of Symbiodiniaceae have two distinct life stages: inside the host, in hospite, and outside the host, ex hospite. Several aspects of cnidarian-algal symbiosis can be understood by comparing these two life stages. Most commonly, algae in culture are used in comparative studies to represent the ex hospite life stage, however, nutrition becomes a confounding variable for this comparison because algal culture media is nutrient rich, while algae in hospite are sampled from hosts maintained in oligotrophic seawater. In contrast to cultured algae, expelled algae may be a more robust representation of the ex hospite state, as the host and expelled algae are in the same seawater environment, removing differences in culture media as a confounding variable. Here, we studied the physiology of algae released from the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (commonly called Aiptasia), a model system for the study of coral-algal symbiosis. In Aiptasia, algae are released in distinct pellets, referred to as egesta, and we explored its potential as an experimental system to represent Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state. Observation under confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy revealed that egesta contained discharged nematocysts, host tissue, and were populated by a diversity of microbes, including protists and cyanobacteria. Further experiments revealed that egesta were released at night. In addition, algae in egesta had a higher mitotic index than algae in hospite, were photosynthetically viable for at least 48 hrs after expulsion, and could competently establish symbiosis with aposymbiotic Aiptasia. We then studied the gene expression of nutrient-related genes and studied their expression using qPCR. From the genes tested, we found that algae from egesta closely mirrored gene expression profiles of algae in hospite and were dissimilar to those of cultured algae, suggesting that algae from egesta are in a nutritional environment that is similar to their in hospite counterparts. Altogether, evidence is provided that algae from Aiptasia egesta are a robust representation of Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state and their use in experiments can improve our understanding of cnidarian-algal symbiosis.
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Hupp, Bettina, Bernadett Pap, Attila Farkas, and Gergely Maróti. "Development of a Microalgae-Based Continuous Starch-to-Hydrogen Conversion Approach." Fermentation 8, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070294.

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Eukaryotic algae represent a highly heterogeneous group in terms of organization, lifestyle, and metabolic capabilities. Unicellular green microalgae are capable of biohydrogen production through direct and indirect photolysis as well as dark fermentation. Most algae hydrogen studies focus on axenic algal cultures, although these are difficult and expensive to maintain for continuous operation. Moreover, the complex interplays and metabolic fluxes between algae and bacteria in natural ecosystems provide a number of clear biological and technological benefits to large-scale functional algae-based systems. Two green algae species from the Chlamydomonas and Chlorella genera were used to engineer stable synthetic communities by incorporating a starch-degrading bacterium from the Bacillus genus into the inter-kingdom consortium. Continuous photoheterotrophic biohydrogen production was achieved by elaborating an appropriate algal–bacterial ratio and fine-tuning the culture conditions for the synthetic consortia. Medium with starch as only carbon source served as a simple model of cheap substrate for algal hydrogen generation. The engineered pairwise algal–bacterial associations showed increased biomass and biohydrogen yield compared to the axenic control conditions. Chlorella sp. MACC-360 produced a significantly higher amount of hydrogen when both the bacterium partner and starch were added to the media compared to the axenic algae. Continuous, elevated algal hydrogen production was achieved in media supplemented with 8 g L−1 starch as sole carbon source when carefully selected initial cell number values were used for the Chlorella sp. MACC-360–B. amlyloliquefaciens co-cultures.
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Fisher, Carolyn L., Michelle V. Fong, Pamela D. Lane, Skylar Carlson, and Todd W. Lane. "Storage and Algal Association of Bacteria That Protect Microchloropsis salina from Grazing by Brachionus plicatilis." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030786.

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Loss of algal production from the crashes of algal mass cultivation systems represents a significant barrier to the economic production of microalgal-based biofuels. Current strategies for crash prevention can be too costly to apply broadly as prophylaxis. Bacteria are ubiquitous in microalgal mass production cultures, however few studies investigate their role and possible significance in this particular environment. Previously, we demonstrated the success of selected protective bacterial communities to save Microchloropsis salina cultures from grazing by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. In the current study, these protective bacterial communities were further characterized by fractionation into rotifer-associated, algal-associated, and free-floating bacterial fractions. Small subunit ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing was used to identify the bacterial genera present in each of the fractions. Here, we show that Marinobacter, Ruegeria, and Boseongicola in algae and rotifer fractions from rotifer-infected cultures likely play key roles in protecting algae from rotifers. Several other identified taxa likely play lesser roles in protective capability. The identification of bacterial community members demonstrating protective qualities will allow for the rational design of microbial communities grown in stable co-cultures with algal production strains in mass cultivation systems. Such a system would reduce the frequency of culture crashes and represent an essentially zero-cost form of algal crop protection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Algal Culture"

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com, n_moheimani@hotmail, and Navid Reza Moheimani. "The culture of coccolithophorid algae for carbon dioxide bioremediationn." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050901.140745.

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The culture of coccolithophorid algae is an attractive option for sequestration or recycling of CO2 as they can fix carbon by photosynthesis as well as in calcium carbonate scales known as coccoliths. They also produce high amounts of lipids which have a potential application as a renewable fuel. Five species of coccolithophorids (Pleurochrysis carterae, CCMP647, Pleurochrysis sp. CCMP1211, Gephyrocapsa oceanica CS-335/2, Emiliania huxleyi CCMP371, and Emiliania huxleyi CS-369) were screened for their ability to grow at high temperature. All species grew up to 28oC except E. huxleyi CS-369. However, Pleurochrysis sp. CCMP 1211 which was found to clump and can therefore not be recommended for large-scale cultivation. The salinity tolerance of these species was also examined. Growth of P. carterae, G. oceanica, and E. huxleyi in laboratory scale closed photobioreactors (plate, carboy, airlift, and tubular photobioreactors) showed the plate photobioreactor to be the best closed cultivation system. The highest productivities were achieved by P. carterae in the plate photobioreactor and were 0.54 g.L-1.d-1, 0.12 g.L-1.d-1, 0.06 g.L-1.d-1 for total dry weight, lipid and CaCO3 respectively. The growth of P. carterae and E. huxleyi was also examined in an outdoor raceway pond. The E. huxleyi culture was easily contaminated resulting in the loss of the culture in less than three weeks, but P. carterae grew well over a period of 13 months. The overall total dry weight productivity of P. carterae was 0.19 g.L-1.d-1 with lipid and CaCO3 contents of up to 33% and 10% of dry weight respectively. There was little protozoan and bacterial contamination. Medium pH increased to pH 11 during the day and was found to be a reliable variable for maintaining the health of the culture. A maximum pH achieved during the day of less than pH 8.5 indicated the imminent collapse of the culture. Heavy rain and low temperature were the main reasons for culture loss in mid winter, whereas high temperature during summer favoured P. carterae growth. A comparison of the growth of P. carterae and Dunaliella salina MUR8 in the raceway ponds showed no significant differences between these two species with regard to areal total dry weight productivity and lipid content. The effects of several limiting factors were also examined. A reduction in medium pH resulting from CO2 addition inhibited the growth of E. huxleyi in the plate photobioreactor, whereas P. carterae growth and productivities increased in the pH range of pH 7.7 to 8.0 in the plate photobioreactor and pH 9.1 to 9.6 in the outdoor raceway pond. The best operational pond depth for outdoor raceway culture of P. carterae was between 16 cm and 21 cm. Early morning temperatures, especially during the winter, highly affected the growth of P. carterae in the raceway pond, whereas artificially increasing the medium temperature improved the health of the culture but resulted in little increase in productivity. Photosynthesis of P. carterae was found to be highly inhibited by high oxygen concentration in the medium irrespective of temperature or irradiance. An economic model of P. carterae in a 63 ha raceway plant resulted in a cost for the biomass of between 7.35 Aus$.Kg-1 and 14.17 Aus$.Kg-1 depending on the harvesting method used.
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Johnson, Michael Ben. "Microalgal Biodiesel Production through a Novel Attached Culture System and Conversion Parameters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32034.

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Due to a number of factors, the biodiesel industry in the United States is surging in growth. Traditionally, oil seed crops such as soybean are used as the feedstock to create biodiesel. However, the crop production can no longer safely keep up with the demand for the growing biodiesel industry. Using algae as a feedstock has been considered for a number of years, but it has always had limitations. These limitations were mainly due to the production methods used to grow and harvest the algae, rather than the reaction methods of creating the biodiesel, which are the same as when using traditional crops. Algae is a promising alternative to other crops for a number of reasons: it can be grown on non arable land, is not a food crop, and produces much more oil than other crops. In this project, we propose a novel attached growth method to produce the algae while recycling dairy farm wastewater using the microalga Chlorella sp. The first part of the study provided a feasibility study as the attachment of the alga onto the supporting substrate as well as determining the pretreatment options necessary for the alga to grow on wastewater. The results showed that wastewater filtered through cheesecloth to remove large particles was feasible for production of Chlorella sp, with pure wastewater producing the highest biomass yield. Most importantly, the attached culture system largely exceeded suspended culture systems as a potentially feasible and practical method to produce microalgae. The algae grew quickly and were able to produce more than 3.2 g/m2-day with lipid contents of about 9% dry weight, while treating dairy farm wastewater and removing upwards of 90% of the total phosphorus and 79% of the nitrogen contained within the wastewater. Once the â proof-of-conceptâ work was completed, we investigated the effects of repeat harvests and intervals on the biomass and lipid production of the microalgae. The alga, once established, was harvested every 6, 10, or 15 days, with the remaining algae on the substrate material functioning as inoculums for repeated growth. Using this method, a single alga colony produced biomass and lipids for well over six months time in a laboratory setting. The second part of this study investigated another aspect of biodiesel production from algae. Rather than focus solely on biomass production, we looked into biodiesel creation methods as well. Biodiesel is created through a chemical reaction known as transesterification, alcoholysis, or commonly, methylation, when methanol is the alcohol used. There are several different transesterification methods. By simplifying the reaction conditions and examining the effects in terms of maximum fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced, we were able to determine that a direct transesterification with chloroform solvent was more effective than the traditional extraction-transesterification method first popularized by Bligh & Dyer in 1959 and widely used. This synergistic research helps to create a more complete picture of where algal biodiesel research and development is going in the future.
Master of Science
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Rose, P. D. (Peter Dale). "Algal biotechnology and the beneficiation of saline effluent wastes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015967.

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Saline deterioration in the South African public water system has been documented and disposal of brine wastes has been identified as part of the problem. The broad aim of this research programme was to undertake an initial technical study to evaluate the feasibility of integrating algal biotechnology into a disposal function for these wastes. A demonstration of utility in the form of products and waste treatment could produce a beneficiation of saline effluents and provide incentives necessary to deal with the disposal issue. The study attempted to demonstrate a synthesis between the two main thrusts in algal biotechnology that have produced large-scale practical applications - stable, predictable algal production in saline media and the cost effective High Rate Oxidation Ponding (HROP) process for incorporating algal production into a waste treatment function. Tannery organic saline effluents and the biotechnology of Dunaliella salina culture producing β- carotene were chosen as paradigms for the study. 1. The alga was shown to grow in certain tannery effluents producing enhanced biomass yields compared to defined inorganic medium cultivation. The potential for amino acid or protein supplementation of defmed culture media was noted. 2. A reduction in organic load simultaneous with the growth of D.salina was recorded in laboratory-scale simulations of the HROP process. Rates similar to the fresh water HROP equivalent were demonstrated. 3. These results suggested the uptake and storage of organic nitrogen by D.salina. The consequent inhibition of β-carotene accumulation by the organism presented a potentially insurmountable obstacle to the feasibility of β-carotene production in this medium. Uptake and release of organic compounds, previously demonstrated in phytoplankton and other micro-algae, was confirmed in this study for D.salina. The evidence acquired indicated the internalization of both glycine and bovine serum albumin. An ultrastructural study demonstrated mechanisms by which this process might occur. 4. The release of substantial quantities of glycerol was shown. A mechanism whereby D. salina may use this to regulate ammonia availability via control of its associated bacterial population was observed. Glycerol release was identified as presenting an application in treating refractory organic wastes, such as secondary sewage sludges, by elevating C:N ratios. This could demonstrate a significant utility for brine waste impoundments. 5. A multistage production process was proposed to deal with the problem of β-carotene inhibition by separation of the growth and metabolite accumulation functions into separate unit operations. It was shown in this study that the stress of nitrogen deficiency combined with high salinity provides for effectiveβ-carotene accumulation under the conditions of low illumination that pertain in dense cultures. Subjected to these conditions effluent-grown cells show delayed but unimpaired {j-carotene accumulation. 6. A role for the plant hormone abscisic acid in mediating the stress response was demonstrated in D.salina. Fluorescence induction studies suggested the presence of a signalling process forming part of a sensitivity control mechanism. Stress induction of β-carotene accumulation could occur through four clearly defined stages. Potential was identified for using this response as a physiological probe for monitoring and regulating the stress induction process. 7. The multistage processing concept requires effective algal cell separation technology. The use of cross-flow ultrafiltration and diafiltration with a polyethersulfone tubular membrane system was demonstrated as an effective process for the recovery and washing of D. salina. Cell concentrates were produced in a viable form. 8. Process designs incorporating the findings of the research programme are presented demonstrating how effluent and organic waste treatment functions may be combined with the production of D.salina and its products. Application of the multi-stage processing concept to β-carotene production in a defined medium process was identified as offering a potential four-fold yield enhancement. This could have a significant impact on a high cost, marginal algal biotechnology process. Aspects of novelty have been claimed in provisional patents applications. A provisional demonstration of the feasibility of D.salina production in tannery effluent indicates that algal biotechnology may provide a utility for, and hence the beneficiation of saline effluent wastes.
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Berthold, Erwin David. "Enhancing Algal Biomass and Lipid Production through Bacterial and Fungal Co-Culture." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2563.

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This thesis investigates the effects of co-culturing microorganisms including 37 yeast, 38 bacteria, nine diazotrophic cyanobacteria, and three fungi on biomass and lipid production in fresh- and saltwater algae. Algal lipid content was measured using Nile Red method and gravimetric techniques. Among the algal strains tested, freshwater Coelastrum sp. 46-4, and saltwater Cricosphaera sp. 146-2-9, showed enhanced biomass yield and lipid content in response to co-culture with bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi. While co-culture with yeast caused inhibition of algal productivity, no difference in algal productivity was observed between nitrogen-free diazotrophic cyanobacterial co-culture and nitrogen-replete monoalgal culture. Results indicated that extracellular compounds from the freshwater bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and marine fungus Fusarium sp. significantly account for stimulation of lipid accumulation within algal cells, while co-cultivation with live microorganism cells stimulated biomass production in algae.
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Pollard, Carol L. Jones John R. "Influence of streambed substrate type and watershed properties on seston algal abundance." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6115.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 9, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. John R. Jones. Includes bibliographical references.
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Park, Sichoon. "The selective use of chlorine to inhibit algal predators and avoid pond crashes for the algae-biodiesel industry." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51867.

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As algae-derived biofuel is a promising renewable energy source, it is well-established that micro-algae have the potential to make a significant contribution to transportation fuel demand. Although it has many advantages including high areal productivity, there are many negative factors. One of these factors is the predation of algae by amoebas, protozoans, ciliates and rotifers, particularly in open pond systems. For example, the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, is able to eat as much as 12,000 algae cells per hour and can be responsible for an entire pond crash within days. Thus, these higher organisms need to be controlled in order to satisfy large-scale algae crop and biofuel production demand. One method of predation control involves the introduction of a toxic chemical to an algal culture that the predator has a higher sensitivity to with respect to algae. Ideally, predation could be minimized or eliminated without a substantial effect on the algal culture growth. Chlorella kessleri was used as the algal culture and Brachionus calyciflorus as the source of predation. Research was conducted in five stages. First, chlorine dissipation tests were carried out using spring water, distilled water, Bolds Basal Medium (BBM), and three different dry weights of algal suspension in order to analyze the dissipation rate of the residual chlorine. The results showed that chlorine in distilled water and spring water rarely dissipated while chlorine concentration in algal suspension rapidly decreased by a maximum of 90% within the second hour. Second, acute chlorine toxicity tests were conducted in order to find the 24-hr LC50 of B. calyciflorus. The 24-hr LC50 of the test animal was 0.198 mg Cl/L. Third, chlorine toxicity tests were conducted in order to find the LC50 of Chlorella kessleri. The 24-hr LC50 of C. kessleri was 0.321 mg Cl/L. Based on these results, the test animal was more sensitive to chlorine than the test algae; therefore chlorine may be used to avoid algae pond crashes by B. calyciflorus. Fourth, C. kessleri and B. calyciflorus were combined into one test to determine how long it would take to observe an algal culture crash. The result demonstrated that the higher the population of predators in algal suspension, the faster it crashed. Finally, chlorine, C. kessleri, and B. calyciflorus were combined into one test to determine what chlorine concentration and dosing interval was needed to significantly reduce predation without significantly reducing algae growth. The results of the fifth experiment showed that the effective intermittent chlorine concentration was between 0.45 and 0.60 mg Cl/L, and a short interval of chlorine dosing was effective in inhibiting rotifers in algal suspension. Even though the rotifers in algal suspension were inhibited by 0.45 to 0.60 mg Cl/L, algae growth was greatly inhibited by chlorine. In this respect, future work is needed to reduce the effect on algae by chlorine or alternative chemicals.
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Steichen, Seth A., and Seth A. Steichen. "Tracking an Algal Predator: Monitoring the Dynamics of Vampirovibrio Chlorellavorus in Outdoor Culture." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622836.

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The environmental conditions created in the Southwestern deserts of the United States are conducive to the production of green microalgae biomass, for use as a feedstock intended for conversion to carbon neutral liquid biodiesel. One promising heat-tolerant, rapidly-growing, high lipid content species is the chlorophyte, Chlorella sorokiniana (Shihira and Krauss, 1965) (isolate DOE 1412), which has been selected for pilot-scale production as part of a larger algal biofuels project to assess its potential for long-term productivity in open, outdoor monoculture production systems. Molecular analysis exposed the presence of the pathogenic bacterium, Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus (Gromov & Mamkaeva, 1972) causing infection and death of DOE 1412, which occurred most rapidly at air temperatures exceeding 34 °C. This Gram-negative bacterium has been reported to attach to and utilize the cellular contents of several Chlorella species, leading to yellowing and flocculation of algal cells, and death of the host. A quantitative PCR assay was developed to monitor pathogen accumulation using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, in addition to the algal 18S ribosomal RNA gene for normalization. The assay is highly sensitive, with limits of quantification for the 16S and 18S gene targets calculated to be 19 and 131 copies, respectively. The qPCR assay was used to monitor several outdoor reactors inoculated with the DOE1412, throughout the warm season growth-to-harvest cycle to understand the disease cycle and inform disease management decisions. Further, the bacterium was monitored in paddlewheel DOE 1412 cultures treated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a biocide tested for the ability V. chlorellavorus attack of DOE 1412. The treatment resulted in a reduced growth rate for DOE 1412, but prolonged the duration of the production cycle resulting in increased total harvestable yield, compared to untreated control cultures.
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Su, Yanyan [Verfasser], and Brigitte [Akademischer Betreuer] Urban. "Settleable algal-bacterial culture for municipal wastewater treatment / Yanyan Su. Betreuer: Brigitte Urban." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1034147862/34.

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Tillett, David McIlvain. "Lipid productivity and species competition in laboratory models of algal mass cultures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10274.

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Henrich, Christian-Dominik. "Algal and bacterial nitrogen processing in a zero-discharge suspended-culture shrimp production system." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211390821/.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Clemson University, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 174 p. ; also includes graphics (chiefly col.). Contains additional supplemental file.
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Books on the topic "Algal Culture"

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1948-, Andersen Robert A., ed. Algal culturing techniques. Boston, Mass: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005.

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Murphy, Matt. Algal bloom: Chile, August-September. Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Ireland: Sherkin Island Marine Station, 1988.

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Murphy, Matt. Algal bloom: Chile, August-September. Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Ireland: Sherkin Island Marine Station, 1988.

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A, Borowitzka Michael, and Borowitzka Lesley J, eds. Micro-algal biotechnology. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Fogg, G. E. Algal cultures and phytoplankton ecology. 3rd ed. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

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V, Subba Rao D., ed. Algal cultures, analogues of blooms and applications. Enfield, (NH): Science Publishers, 2005.

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Hendzel, L. L. A dual-chamber chemostat for the study of algal interactions. Winnipeg, Man: Central and Arctic Region, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1986.

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Palanisamy, V. A guide on the production of algal culture for use in shrimp hatcheries. [Kuala Lumpur]: Dept. of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia, 1991.

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Adey, Walter H. The biology, ecology and mariculture of Mithrax spinosissimus, utilizing cultured algal turfs. [Los Angeles? Calif.]: Mariculture Institute, 1989.

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R, Barclay William, McIntosh Robins P, and University of Colorado Boulder, eds. Algal biomass technologies: An interdisciplinary perspective : proceedings of a workshop on the present status and future directions for biotechnologies based on algal biomass production, April 5-7, 1984, University of Colorado, Boulder. Berlin: J. Cramer, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Algal Culture"

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Wikfors, Gary H., and Steve L. Morton. "Culture and Culture Collections." In Harmful Algal Blooms, 507–14. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.ch14.

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Doucha, Jiří, and Karel Lívanský. "High Density Outdoor Microalgal Culture." In Algal Biorefineries, 147–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7494-0_6.

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Grobbelaar, Johan U. "Inorganic Algal Nutrition." In Handbook of Microalgal Culture, 123–33. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118567166.ch8.

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Skulberg, O. M. "Biophotolysis, Hydrogen Production and Algal Culture Technology." In Hydrogen Energy System, 95–110. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0111-0_8.

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Pawlowski, A., J. L. Guzmán, M. Berenguel, F. G. Acién, and S. Dormido. "Event-Based Control Systems for Microalgae Culture in Industrial Reactors." In Prospects and Challenges in Algal Biotechnology, 1–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1950-0_1.

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Meghan Downes, C., and Qiang Hu. "First Principles of Techno-Economic Analysis of Algal Mass Culture." In Handbook of Microalgal Culture, 310–26. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118567166.ch15.

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Boraas, Martin E. "Single-Stage Predator-Prey Algal-Rotifer Chemostat Culture." In Ecological Studies, 51–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77804-9_6.

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Rhee, G.-Yull. "Continuous culture algal bioassays for organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems." In Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application, 247–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1896-2_23.

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Sen, Nomita. "Photosynthesis in Nature-Micro-Algal Growth in Dim Light Dilute Culture." In Research in Photosynthesis, 733–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0383-8_157.

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Shahmohamadloo, René S., Thijs Frenken, Seth M. Rudman, van West, Bastiaan W. Ibelings, and Vera L. Trainer. "Diseases and Disorders in Fish due to Harmful Algal Blooms." In Climate Change on Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture, 387–429. 3rd ed. GB: CABI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621640.0010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Algal Culture"

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Dey, Dipayan, Dipayan Dey, Ashoka Maity, and Ashoka Maity. "INTEGRATED ALGA-CULTURE IN INUNDATED COASTAL FARMLANDS OF INDIAN SUNDARBANS AS A SUSTAINABLE ADAPTATION FOR MARGINAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b94727c6e25.03483562.

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Algae has a great potential for quick capture of biological carbon and its storage in saltwater-inundated coastal wetlands and can also be introduced as a climate adaptive alternate farming practice. An intervention with native algal flora Enteromorpha sp. in enclosed coastal Sundarbans in India on two open water culture techniques, viz. U-Lock & Fish-Bone, shows that growth in native algal stock is influenced by seasonal variations of salinity and other limnological factors. Sundarbans, facing the odds of climate change is fast loosing arable lands to sea level rise. Algaculture in inundated coastal areas can be an adaptive mitigation for the same. Perusal of results show that daily growth rate (DGR%) increases with increasing salinity of the intruding tidal waters to an extent and biomass increment under salt stress results in accumulation of metabolites those are having nutrient values and can yield bio-diesel as well. Algal growth recorded mostly in post monsoon period, has impacts on pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the ambient water to facilitate integrated pisciculture. The paper suggests that alga-culture has unrealized potentials in carbon sequestration and can be significantly used for extraction of Biodiesel.
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Dey, Dipayan, Dipayan Dey, Ashoka Maity, and Ashoka Maity. "INTEGRATED ALGA-CULTURE IN INUNDATED COASTAL FARMLANDS OF INDIAN SUNDARBANS AS A SUSTAINABLE ADAPTATION FOR MARGINAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315abc24f.

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Algae has a great potential for quick capture of biological carbon and its storage in saltwater-inundated coastal wetlands and can also be introduced as a climate adaptive alternate farming practice. An intervention with native algal flora Enteromorpha sp. in enclosed coastal Sundarbans in India on two open water culture techniques, viz. U-Lock & Fish-Bone, shows that growth in native algal stock is influenced by seasonal variations of salinity and other limnological factors. Sundarbans, facing the odds of climate change is fast loosing arable lands to sea level rise. Algaculture in inundated coastal areas can be an adaptive mitigation for the same. Perusal of results show that daily growth rate (DGR%) increases with increasing salinity of the intruding tidal waters to an extent and biomass increment under salt stress results in accumulation of metabolites those are having nutrient values and can yield bio-diesel as well. Algal growth recorded mostly in post monsoon period, has impacts on pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the ambient water to facilitate integrated pisciculture. The paper suggests that alga-culture has unrealized potentials in carbon sequestration and can be significantly used for extraction of Biodiesel.
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Michael B Johnson and Zhiyou Wen. "Production of Oil-Rich Algae from Animal Manure Using Attached Algal Culture Systems." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25125.

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Rasheed, Rihab, Touria Bounnit, Hareb Al Jabri, and Imen Saadaoui. "Algae-based Biofertilizer for Date Palm Cultivation in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0034.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the main fruit crop found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It naturally adapts to the adverse environments of extreme heat and water scarcity and prevents further desertification in addition to producing fruits with high nutritional value. It is seen in many parts of the world that traditional cultivation practices such as mixed planting and chemical fertilizers have led to low fruit quality resulting in low market values. Long generation time also hinders production of the dates. Tissue culture is therefore considered the most promising solution for rapid large-scale production of trueto- type clonal plants. The plantlets originating from in vitro callus proliferation are transferred from synthetic media to soil. The conventional method of using chemical fertilizers also leads to low plantlet viability with increased environmental and health risk. The current research targets the use of a local microalga, Tetraselmis sp. QUCCCM8, identified as an organic source of nutrients, a substitute for chemical fertilizers to acclimatize cultured date palmlets to soil. Soil was supplemented with different concentrations of algal biomass and plant growth was monitored for 3 months. Soil without any fertilizer and soil amended with 1 g conventional fertilizer were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Supplementation with 0.5 g of algal biomass led to higher plant growth rates, 100% survival rates, high ability of rooting (3.17 ± 0.14 roots), higher number of leaves (2.5 ± 0.25 leaves), largest stem thickness, longer shoot (33.75 ± 1.56 cm), and higher total chlorophyll (159.61 ± 9.6 mg L⁻ ¹) as compared to conventional fertilizer. These stated findings are significantly higher than the control. Furthermore, elemental analysis of the soil showed that supplementation with algal biomass increased the soil total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus contents essential for plant growth. Finally, the comparison of heavy metals composition between soils amended with conventional fertilizer and algae-based fertilizer highlights the potential use of algae as a safe and efficient biofertilizer post tissue culture mode of plantlet generation. This enhanced the viability of healthy plantlets without affecting the environment, averting usage of chemical fertilizers.
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Li, Yan, Dongliang Hua, Jie Zhang, Haipeng Xu, Xiaohui Liang, Yuxiao Zhao, and Xiaodong Zhang. "Study on effect of composite flocculants on marine algal culture." In 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2013.6893643.

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Bounnit, Touria, Imen Saadaoui, Rihab Rasheed, Hareb Al jabri, Sami Sayadi, and Ahmad Ayesh. "Assessment of SnO2 Nanoparticles’ Impact on local Pichoclorum Atomus Growth Performance, Cell Morphology and Metabolites Content." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0034.

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Oxide nanoparticles are among the most used nanomaterials and have received considerable attention over their potential ecological effects. Increasing investigations report toxicity of certain oxide nanoparticles, however, there are also studies showing opposite results, highlighting the fact that these nanoparticles may differ in their toxicological effects, which depend on particle variety and size, test organism species, and test method. The current study investigates the ecotoxicity of SnO2 nanoparticles on a local marine algae isolate. Five different concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50 and 100mg/L) were tested and the culture was followed for 72h. Algae growth, morphology and metabolites were followed each 24h. The obtained data showed that the SnO2 presented a toxicity on the algae growth that was decreasing with the dose, with lower doses presenting more negative impacts than the higher doses. In parallel, the slow growth observed at 1-5 mg/L was explained by the dramatic damages caused by the SnO2 on the cell morphology, which was detected using the scanning electronic microscopy. Indeed, this low negative impact of higher concentrations of SnO2 (50-100mg/L) is explained by the high agglomeration of ten particles leading to reduced effect on the cell morphology and health. Furthermore, and in accordance with the morphological data, the metabolites analysis data revealed that SnO2 nanoparticles induced stress, which was manifested by an increase in the lipid content and decrease in the proteins, a metabolite that is involved in the algal growth.
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Anil Kommareddy and Dr. Gary Anderson. "Design and construction of light guides for efficient transfer of light in to a dense algal culture in a Photo-Bio Reactor (PBR)." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13869.

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Ma, Yaoyao, Lu Chang, and Joseph H. W. Lee. "Dynamics of Algal Blooms as revealed by Continuous Machine-learning based Automatic Species Detection and Water Quality Monitoring in Sub-tropical Marine Fish Culture Zone." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc2521711920222037.

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Schor, Alisha R., and Cullen R. Buie. "Non-Invasive Sorting of Lipid Producing Microalgae With Dielectrophoresis Using Microelectrodes." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88317.

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In order to advance the algae biofuel industry, we are constructing a dielectrophoretic, single-cell sorter that selects algae based on lipid content. This tool can lower production costs by aiding in strain selection, online culture monitoring, or directed evolution studies. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the polarization of particles or cells in a non-uniform electric field, which leads to a Coulomb force on the cell. Lipids and cell cytoplasm have vastly different dielectric properties. Therefore, as a cell accumulates lipid, we predict a change in the overall DEP response. Our models show that in algae culture medium, we should be able to distinguish between high and low lipid content cells at frequencies above 100 MHz. This was confirmed by experiments, in which high and low lipid cultures of Neochloris oleoabundans have DEP crossover frequencies of 190 MHz and 125 MHz, respectively. We have also fabricated a proof-of-concept device validating that cells can be manipulated under DEP. However, in order to achieve sorting, we will require higher frequencies as well as a modified design to eliminate non-uniformities in the electric field through the channel height.
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Reichardt, Thomas A., Aaron M. Collins, Jerilyn A. Timlin, Robert C. McBride, and Craig A. Behnke. "Spectroradiometric Monitoring of Open Algal Cultures." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2013.ath1i.7.

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Reports on the topic "Algal Culture"

1

Andersen, Robert A. Marine Phytoplankton Culture Collection: Resources for Algal Biotechnology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada353352.

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Laws, E. A. Shallow Algal Mass Culture Systems for the Production of Oils: Final Report on Work Carried Out 8/16/84 - 6/15/85. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068590.

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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Gantt, Elisabeth, Avigad Vonshak, Sammy Boussiba, Zvi Cohen, and Amos Richmond. Carotenoid-Rich Algal Biomass for Aquaculture: Astaxanthin Production by Haematococcus Pluvialis. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613036.bard.

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The synthesis of carotenoids has been studied toward enhancing the production of ketocarotenoids, since fish and crustaceans raised by aquaculture require astaxanthin and other ketocaroteinoids in their feed for desirable pigmentation. Notable progress has been made in attaining the goals of determining improved conditions for ketocarotenoid production in Haematococcus pluvialis and in elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. For production of astaxanthin a number of strains of the green alga Haematococcus were evaluated, a strain CCAG was found to be optimal for photoautotrophic growth. Of four mutants, selected for enhanced carotenoid production, two hold considerable promise because caroteinoid accumulation occurs without encystment. The biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids was elucidated in photosynthetic organisms by characterizing novel genes encoding carotenoid enzymes and by examining the function of these enzymes in a bacterial complementation system. Two cyclases (b- and e-) were cloned that are at a critical branch point in the pathway. One branch leads to the formation of b-carotene and zeaxanthin and astaxanthin, and the other to the production of a-carotene and lutein. Cyclization of both endgroups of lycopene to yield b-carotene was shown to be catalyzed by a single gene product, b-lycopene cyclase in cyanobacteria and plants. The formation of a-carotene was found to require the e-cyclase gene product in addition to the b-cyclase. By cloning a b-hydroxylase gene we showed that a single gene product forms zeaxanthin by hydroxylatin of both b-carotene rings. It is expected that a second hydroxylase is required in the synthesis of astaxanthin, since canthaxanthin rather than zeaxanthin is the precursor. Evidence, from inhibitor studies, suggests that astaxanthin is formed from canthaxanthin and that b-carotene is a major precursor. Feasibility studies with the photobioreactors have shown that a two-stage system is the most practical, where Haematococcus cultures are first grown to high cell density and are then switched to high light for maximal astaxanthin production. The basic knowledge and molecular tools generated from this study will significantly enhance Haematococcus as a viable model for enhanced astaxanthin production.
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Vakharia, Vikram, Shoshana Arad, Yonathan Zohar, Yacob Weinstein, Shamila Yusuff, and Arun Ammayappan. Development of Fish Edible Vaccines on the Yeast and Redmicroalgae Platforms. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699839.bard.

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Betanodaviruses are causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a devastating disease of cultured marine fish worldwide. Betanodavirus (BTN) genome is composed of two single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecules. The larger genomic segment, RNA1 (3.1 kb), encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, while the smaller genomic segment, RNA 2 (1.4kb), encodes the coat protein. This structural protein is the host-protective antigen of VNN which assembles to form virus-like particles (VLPs). BTNs are classified into four genotypes, designated red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), based on phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein sequences. RGNNV type is quite important as it has a broad host-range, infecting warm-water fish species. At present, there is no commercial vaccine available to prevent VNN in fish. The general goal of this research was to develop oral fish vaccines in yeast and red microalgae (Porphyridium sp.) against the RGNNV genotype. To achieve this, we planned to clone and sequence the coat protein gene of RGNNV, express the coat protein gene of RGNNV in yeast and red microalgae and evaluate the immune response in fish fed with recombinantVLPs antigens produced in yeast and algae. The collaboration between the Israeli group and the US group, having wide experience in red microalgae biochemistry, molecular genetics and large-scale cultivation, and the development of viral vaccines and eukaryotic protein expression systems, respectively, was synergistic to produce a vaccine for fish that would be cost-effective and efficacious against the betanodavirus infection.
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