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1
Culaba, Alvin B., Aristotle T. Ubando, Phoebe Mae L. Ching, Wei-Hsin Chen, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Biofuel from Microalgae: Sustainable Pathways." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198009.
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As the demand for biofuels increases globally, microalgae offer a viable biomass feedstock to produce biofuel. With abundant sources of biomass in rural communities, these materials could be converted to biodiesel. Efforts are being done in order to pursue commercialization. However, its main usage is for other applications such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and aquaculture, which has a high return of investment. In the last 5 decades of algal research, cultivation to genetically engineered algae have been pursued in order to push algal biofuel commercialization. This will be beneficial to society, especially if coupled with a good government policy of algal biofuels and other by-products. Algal technology is a disruptive but complementary technology that will provide sustainability with regard to the world’s current issues. Commercialization of algal fuel is still a bottleneck and a challenge. Having a large production is technical feasible, but it is not economical as of now. Efforts for the cultivation and production of bio-oil are still ongoing and will continue to develop over time. The life cycle assessment methodology allows for a sustainable evaluation of the production of microalgae biomass to biodiesel.
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Hu, Muxin, Dichen Zhao, Qiuchi Jin, Hanrui Li, and Wenmin Wang. "Systematic review and perspective on the progress of algal biofuels." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703008.
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In recognition of the increasing demand of energy and the worsening environmental problems linked with fossil fuels usage, algal biofuel has been proposed as one of the alternative energy sources. It has become one of the hottest topics in renewable energy field in the new century, especially over the past decade. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of different types of algae biofuels. Besides, an in-depth evaluation of the systematic cultivation and practical application of algae have been conducted. Although algal biofuel has a great potential, its unacceptably high cost limits the large-scale industrialization. In order to resolve such restrictions, feasible methods of improving the large scale production and practical application of algal biofuels are proposed. Future efforts should be focused not only on the cost reduction and innovation techniques, but also towards high value by-products to maximize economic benefits. Our results are dedicated to provide valuable references for subsequent research and guidelines on algae biofuels field.
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Oves, Mohammad, Huda A. Qari, and Iqbal MI Ismail. "Biofuel formation from microalgae: A renewable energy source for eco-sustainability." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 04–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.2.
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In the current scenario, biofuel production from microalgae is beneficial to sustainability. Recently, one of the most pressing concerns has been finding cost-effective and environmentally friendly energy sources to meet rising energy demands without jeopardizing environmental integrity. Microalgae provide a viable biomass feedstock for biofuel production as the global market for biofuels rises. Biodiesel made from biomass is usually regarded as one of the best natural substitutes to fossil fuels and a sustainable means of achieving energy security and economic and environmental sustainability. Cultivating genetically modified algae has been followed in recent decades of biofuel research and has led to the commercialization of algal biofuel. If it is integrated with a favorable government policy on algal biofuels and other byproducts, it will benefit society. Biofuel technology is a troublesome but complementary technology that will provide long-term solutions to environmental problems. Microalgae have high lipid content oil, fast growth rates, the ability to use marginal and infertile land, grow in wastewater and salty water streams and use solar light and CO2 gas as nutrients for high biomass development. Recent findings suggest nano additives or nanocatalysts like nano-particles, nano-sheet, nano-droplets, and nanotubes. Some specific structures used at various stages during microalgae cultivation and harvesting of the final products can enhance the biofuel efficiency and applicability without any negative impact on the environment. It offers a fantastic opportunity to produce large amounts of biofuels in an eco-friendly and long-term manner.
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Gao, Conghao, Huaijia Xin, Shu Yang, Zhuo Li, Shulin Liu, Bin Xu, Tianyang Zhang, Susmita Dutta, and Yulin Tang. "TRENDS AND PERFORMANCES OF THE ALGAL BIOFUEL: A BIBLIOMETRIC APPROACH." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.16746.
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The paper systematically presents a survey of the literature on algal biofuel by a bibliometric assessment. Based on 10,201 articles extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded database during 1980–2019, a knowledge-generating system about algal biofuel has been established through analysis of publication performance, social networks, citations analysis and keywords analysis. Annual publication output in algal biofuel research has rapidly increased, particularly over the past decade. “Bioresource Technology” is the most outstanding journal when all analysis indices have been taken into account. The USA ranks 1st with 2,151 publications and has a high supremacy in international research collaborations. Through the analysis of keywords, the research trends of algae biofuel in algae selection, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, conversion and bioproducts are reviewed. The future of algal biofuel is quite promising, however, for its commercial production, several technical challenges like large-scale algal biomass production, cheap harvesting technology, etc. have to be met a-priori.
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Bhatt, Neha Chamoli, Amit Panwar, Tara Singh Bisht, and Sushma Tamta. "Coupling of Algal Biofuel Production with Wastewater." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210504.
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Microalgae have gained enormous consideration from scientific community worldwide emerging as a viable feedstock for a renewable energy source virtually being carbon neutral, high lipid content, and comparatively more advantageous to other sources of biofuels. Although microalgae are seen as a valuable source in majority part of the world for production of biofuels and bioproducts, still they are unable to accomplish sustainable large-scale algal biofuel production. Wastewater has organic and inorganic supplements required for algal growth. The coupling of microalgae with wastewater is an effective way of waste remediation and a cost-effective microalgal biofuel production. In this review article, we will primarily discuss the possibilities and current scenario regarding coupling of microalgal cultivation with biofuel production emphasizing recent progress in this area.
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Ashok, K., M. Babu, S. Anandhi, G. Padmapriya, and V. Jula. "Microalgae as a renewable source of energy –processing and biofuel production a short review." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S1 (October 25, 2021): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1600.
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The large application potential of micro-algae in the clean energy, biopharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries have recently drawn a substantial world interest. Biofuels, bioactive pharmaceutical drugs and food additives are organic, natural and economical sources. As biofuels, they have a good cost, renewability or environmental replacement for liquid fossil fuels. Microalges provide productive biomass feedstock for biofuel as demand for biofuels rises worldwide. These resources may be processed into biodiesel with ample supplies of biomass in rural communities. The cultivation of genetically modified algae in recent years has been pursued to promote the marketing of algae. In particular, this would benefit society if linked with a successful policy on algal biofuels and other by-products in the government. In terms of survival of the world's current problems, Algal technologies are a transformative but complementary tool. Algal fuel marketing remains a bottleneck and a threat. It is technically possible to have a big output but it is not economic. This study therefore focuses principally on problems in commercial development of biological microalgae and potential strategies for overcoming this challenge.
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K., Santhoshkumar, Prasanthkumar S., and J. G. Ray. "Chlorococcum humicola (Nageli) Rabenhorst as a Renewable Source of Bioproducts and Biofuel." Journal of Plant Studies 5, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v5n1p48.
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Among the diverse new generation biomass yielding species, green algae are the most promising organisms. Compared to biomass production of other organisms, production of algae is less laborious, quite fast, and more economical. Moreover, eutrophicated waters get naturally purified in the cultivation process of algae. Algal biomass from monoculture of specific species, which are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, is considered a good source of diverse bio-products and feed-stock for food, feeds and bio-fuels. Quantity and quality of algal biomass for specific products depend on the species and strains as well as environmental conditions of cultivation. In this connection, biomass productivity and oil-yield of a local strain of <em>Chlorococcum humicola </em>(Nageli) Rabenhorst was assessed in Bold’s Basal Medium. Long-term storage capacity of the alga was tried by entrapping the algal cells in sodium alginate beads, which showed viability up to 14 months. Estimation of total carbohydrate, protein, lipid and chemical characterization of oil as well as the feasibility of its conversion to biodiesel revealed the industrial potential of this local strain as a source of food and biofuel. Fatty acid profiling of the extracted oil showed that 70% are mono-saturated and 12.2 % are nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oil could be effectively trans-esterified to methyl esters and the conversion was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Further standardization of the mass production of the alga in natural environmental conditions for biomass and oil is progressing to optimize its value as globally competent food, nutraceutical and biofuel resource.
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Jabłońska-Trypuć, Agata, Elżbieta Wołejko, Mahmudova Dildora Ernazarovna, Aleksandra Głowacka, Gabriela Sokołowska, and Urszula Wydro. "Using Algae for Biofuel Production: A Review." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041758.
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One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to obtain an ecological source of transport fuels. The production of biofuels based on feedstock obtained through the exploitation of arable land translates into an increase in food prices and progressive degradation of the environment. Unlike traditional agricultural raw materials, algae are a neutral alternative in many respects. They can even be obtained as waste from polluted water reservoirs. One of the manifestations of the deterioration of surface waters is the eutrophication of water reservoirs, which leads to an increase in the number of algae. Algae reaching the shores of water reservoirs can be used as a raw material for the production of biofuels, including biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel. However, it should be remembered that water blooms are a periodic phenomenon, appearing in the summer months. Therefore, in order to ensure the continuity of obtaining energy from biomass, it is necessary to conduct algae cultivation in artificial open tanks or photobioreactors. Accordingly, this review first briefly discusses the properties and possible applications of different species of algae in various industrial areas, and then describes the process of eutrophication and the presence of algae in eutrophicated reservoirs. Technologies of algal cultivation in various systems and technologies of algal biomass pretreatment were critically discussed. Various methods of obtaining biomass from algae were also reviewed, and the process conditions were summarized. Biofuels of various generations and raw materials from which they are obtained are presented in order to determine the possible future directions of development in this field. Parameters affecting the selection of algae species for the production of biofuels were also examined and presented. Overall, algal biofuels still face many challenges in replacing traditional fossil fuels. Future work should focus on maximizing the yield and quality of algae-derived biofuels while increasing their economic viability.
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M. Pore, Smita, Pankaj R. Sutkar, Laxman S. Walekar, and Vinayak P. Dhulap. "Biofuel Generation by Macro and Micro Algae as a Renewable Energy Source: A Systematic Review." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.024.
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Recently, the fossil fuel consumption is increasing owed to industrial revolution which leads to serious human health and environmental problems. For sustainable energy generation and survival of human life and earth planet biofuel is an alternative source of energy. Non-renewable energy causes environmental effects which results in environmental degradation, to overcome these problems biofuel is the best environmental friendly option. Biofuel can be generated from different types of biomass, among these algae have potential to produce considerable amount of biofuel. But it is very difficult task to produce algal biofuel from specific type of algae. The present review compares and discusses the different types of feedstock, methods of oil production and improvement of method for biodiesel production and their utilization. This review mainly focuses on the cultivation and methodology for biofuel generation and recovery from algae for sustainable development.
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Rahman, Ashiqur, Saumya Agrawal, Tabish Nawaz, Shanglei Pan, and Thinesh Selvaratnam. "A Review of Algae-Based Produced Water Treatment for Biomass and Biofuel Production." Water 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092351.
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Produced water (PW), the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries, has the potential to be a harmless product rather than being a waste. Biological processes using microorganisms have proven useful to remediate PW contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, complex organic chemicals, and solvents. In particular, the bioremediation of PW using algae is an eco-friendly and low-cost approach due to algae’s ability to utilize certain pollutants as nutrient sources. Therefore, the utilization of PW as an algal growth medium has a great potential to eliminate chemicals from the PW and minimize the large volumes of freshwater needed for cultivation. Although several reviews describing the bioremediation of PW have been published, to the best of our knowledge, no review has exclusively focused on the algae-based PW treatment. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by portraying the many different facets of the algae cultivation in PW. Several algal species that are known to thrive in a wide range of salinity and the critical steps for their cultivation in hypersaline PW have been identified. Overall, this comprehensive review highlights the PW bioremediation using algae and brings attention to utilizing PW to grow biomass that can be processed to generate biofuels and useful bioproducts.
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Al-Shammari, Rana H. Hameed. "Harvesting of Chlorella sp. by Co-cultivation with Some Fil-amentous Fungi." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 28, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v28i2.497.
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Algae are play a major role as straight producers of biofuels, so expansion of a new. harvesting-technology is important to achieve economic feasibility of biofuel production from algae.. Fungal pelletization-assisted.. Microalgal harvesting has Emerged as new research area for decreasing the harvesting cost and energy inputs in the algae-to-biofuel method. The present study tried to opti-mize process circumstances as (substrate inputs, process time and pH). Through choice of a ro-bust fungal strain. Four fungal strains (Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp. and Rhi-zopus sp.) were screened for their pelletizing efficiency in fresh/supplemented chu-10 with select-ed media nutrient (glucose, nitrogen and phosphorous). Results showed that Aspergillus terreus was the most efficient strain for pelletizing in the nutrient supplemented chu-10 with its neutral pH (7) and acidic pH (5). Stimulatingly, A. terreus was capable to harvest nearly 100 % of the Clorella sp. cells (1×106 spore/ml at optical density (OD) approximately 2.5 initial working algal concentration) within only 24 h. at supplementation of (10 g/l glucose, 2.5 mg/l aNH4NO3 and 0.5 mg/l mK2HPO4) also performed well at lower glucose level (5 g/l) can also results in similar har-vesting but its need relatively higher incubation time. The procedure kinetics in term of harvesting index (H. I) as well as the variation of residual glucose and pH with time was also studied. The mechanism of harvesting process was studied through microscopic, examination. A. terreus strain investigated in this study could emerge as an efficient, sustainable and economically viable tool in microalgae harvesting for biofuel production and time conservation
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Jian, Hou, Yang Jing, and Zhang Peidong. "Life Cycle Analysis on Fossil Energy Ratio of Algal Biodiesel: Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency and Oil Extraction Technology." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920968.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used to analyze various pathways of biofuel preparation from “cradle to grave.” Effects of nitrogen supply for algae cultivation and technology of algal oil extraction on life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel are assessed in this study. Life cycle fossil energy ratio ofChlorella vulgarisbased biodiesel is improved by growing algae under nitrogen-limited conditions, while the life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel production fromPhaeodactylum tricornutumgrown with nitrogen deprivation decreases. Compared to extraction of oil from dried algae, extraction of lipid from wet algae with subcritical cosolvents achieves a 43.83% improvement in fossil energy ratio of algal biodiesel when oilcake drying is not considered. The outcome for sensitivity analysis indicates that the algal oil conversion rate and energy content of algae are found to have the greatest effects on the LCA results of algal biodiesel production, followed by utilization ratio of algal residue, energy demand for algae drying, capacity of water mixing, and productivity of algae.
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Loria, Mark H., James S. Griffin, George F. Wells, and Kurt R. Rhoads. "Effects of feast-famine nutrient regimes on wastewater algal biofuel communities." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): e0279943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279943.
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Microalgae accumulate lipids in response to nutrient deprivation, and these lipids are a biodiesel fuel stock. Algal cultivation with secondary wastewater effluent is one proposed platform for biofuel production, which provides nutrients to algae while further polishing wastewater effluent. Algal bioreactors were tested using a feast-famine feeding regiment in simulated secondary wastewater effluent to evaluate the effects on lipid content and algal community structure. Algal polycultures were inoculated into reactors fed with synthetic secondary wastewater effluent at pH 7.5 and 9 and operated under a feast-famine nutrient (N, P, and BOD) supply regime in sequencing batch reactors. Fatty acid methyl ester contents of the reactors were assessed, which showed a decrease in lipid content after the feast-famine cycling (from 12.2% initially to 5.2% after four cycles at pH 9). This decrease in lipid content was not correlated with an increase in carbohydrate storage within biomass, nor an increase in bacterial biomass abundance relative to algal biomass in the reactors. The eukaryotic microbial communities from reactors operated at pH 9 diverged from reactors operated at pH 7.5 during cycling, with the pH 9 reactors becoming dominated by a single Operational Taxonomic Unit aligning to the Scenedesmus genus. These results suggest that high pH and feast-famine nutrient cycling may select for a less diverse algal community with a lower lipid content within a secondary wastewater polishing scheme.
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Preradović, Milica, and Saša Papuga. "Third generation biofuels: Cultivation methods and technologies for processing of microalgal biofuels." Zastita materijala 62, no. 4 (2021): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2104249p.
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Energy production from biomass is gaining a lot of attention. Algal oil (microand macroalgae) can be used for biofuel production. Biofuels from this type of feedstock are called third generation biofuels or advanced biofuels. Focus of this paper is on the microalgal biofuels and on the available process technologies. Very important advantage of microalgal biofuels is that microalgae can be cultivated on any type of land, with the possibility of using wastewater streams. Microalgae can be cultivated in open systems, so called "raceway ponds" or in closed systems - photobioreactors: flat panel photobioreactors, horizontal tubular, vertical tubular photobioreactors with or without airlift. Also, basic information on cultivation conditions (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic) are presented. Available technologies for microalgal biofuels production are: transesterification, fermentation, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion and biomass to liquids (BtL). Additionally, basic information on life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation and CO2 sequestration potential is given in the final chapter of this work.
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Schlagermann, Pascal, Gerold Göttlicher, Robert Dillschneider, Rosa Rosello-Sastre, and Clemens Posten. "Composition of Algal Oil and Its Potential as Biofuel." Journal of Combustion 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/285185.
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First test flights using blends with algae oil are already carried out and expectations by the aviation and other industries are high. On the other hand technical data about performance of cultivation systems, downstream processing, and suitability of algae oil as fuel are still limited. The existing microalgae growing industry mainly produces for the food and feed market. Energy efficiency is so far out of scope but needs to be taken into account if the product changes to biofuel. Energy and CO2balances are used to estimate the potential of algae oil to fulfil the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels. The analysis is supported by lab tests as well as data gained by a pilot scale demonstrator combined with published data for well-known established processes. The algae oil composition is indicator of suitability as fuel as well as for economic viability. Approaches attaining high value fractions are therefore of great importance and will be discussed in order to determine the most intended market.
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Kumar, Suresh. "Algal Biomass to Bio-Energy: Recent Advances." Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 19, no. 3&4 (December 26, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2019/23376.
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The crops, grasses, trees, algae and cyano-bacteria in the presence of sun perform photosynthesis and store chemical energy in a wide range of feed stocks such as starch, sugars and lipids that can be used for the production of biofuels. The crop plants such as sugar cane, oil palm, sugar beet, rapeseed soyabeans, wheat and corn are extensively used for the production of biofuels such as ethanol, diesel and methane. Due to increasing world population and extensive droughts in major regions pressure on food supplies has resulted in growing concern and has led to a heated food versus fuel debate. Biofuel systems that do not require arable land is developed and these include lingo cellulosic processes which convert cellulose-based products from plants into liquid fuels. Myscanthus, Camelina, Switchgrass, Sorghum, and Poplar trees are some of good source of biofuel at present. The success of these systems is depend on research and development of energy-efficient manufacturing processes, typically enzymatic lignin digestion processes, although chemical digestion methods are also under investigation. Due to demand for large amounts of enzyme appears to be as mountable challenge, ultimately this technology might also contribute to food versus fuel concerns because of its dependence on forest. This in turn could lead to a forest versus fuel issue, unless waste products from agricultural and forestry systems are exclusively used, or feed stocks produced on non-arable land can be developed. Although these crops can be grown on non-arable land, their productivity remains linked to soil fertility and water supply, and the scale of cultivation required to make a meaningful contribution towards global energy consumption will inevitably require lands that are currently used for food production or forestry. Many micro algae can be grown in saline water and are able to produce a wide range of feed stocks for the production of biofuels, including biodiesel, methane, ethanol, butanol and hydrogen, based on their efficient production of starch, sugars and oils.
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Panahi, Yunes, Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, and Hamid Reza Heidari. "Impact of Cultivation Condition and Media Content on Chlorella vulgaris Composition." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.022.
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Microalgae are a source material in food, pharmacy, and cosmetics industries for producing various products including high-protein nutritional supplements, synthetic pharmaceuticals, and natural colors. A promising algal source for such productions is Chlorella vulgaris which contains a considerable protein content. Similar to other microalgae, its desirability is minimal nutrient requirements since they are unicellular, photosynthetic, and fast-growing microorganisms. Another propitious option to be produced by C. vulgaris is biodiesel, since it is rich in oil too. Besides, algal well thriving in presence of increased amount of carbon dioxide makes them a practicable alternative biofuel resource without some problems of the traditional ones. At the same time, C. vulgaris is also a promising source for nutraceuticals such as amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. This review aims to discuss the conditions need to be observed for achieving a favorable growth efficiency of the C. vulgaris, as well as targeted productions such as biomass, antioxidant, and biofuel. Additionally, different approaches to induce any specific production are also considered comprehensively.
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Bhaskar, Sailendra, Krishnan Kathiravan, and Sachitra Kumar Ratha. "Algal Strain Improvement by Chemical Mutagenesis of Microalga AMS16 A Strain of Thraustochytrid Alga Schizochytrium limacinum." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.029.
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Random mutagenesis has for long been used as a tool to genetically modify organisms for various purposes, such as increasing biomass yield or yield of specific biomolecules or improved adaptation to cultivation conditions. Random mutagenesis is especially attractive for systems where it is not obvious which genes require modification and has been extensively used to beneficially modify crop plants. However, even with the renewed interest in microalgae for biofuel applications, there is relatively little current research available on the application of random mutagenesis in microalgae. In this research project we used the chemical mutagen NTG - N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the medium that the thraustochytrid alga Schizochytrium limacinum was grown and algae that survived the mutagenesis were cultured and analysed for lipid production. One mutagenic strain of the alga was found to grow well and produced 30% more lipid than the control which was not exposed to NTG. This proves that random mutagenesis can be an important tool in the hands of algal scientists who are looking to improve productivity of biomolecules in specific algae.
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Banerjee, Srijoni, Soumendu Dasgupta, Arnab Atta, Debabrata Das, Deen Dayal, Sumira Malik, Harshavardhan Kumar, Shristi Kishore, Sarvesh Rustagi, and Abdulmajeed G. Almutary. "Flow Rate Optimization in a Flat-Panel Photobioreactor for the Cultivation of Microalgae for Mitigating Waste Gas." Water 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 2824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152824.
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Biofuel production is a renewable energy resource that is not only the most stabilized source of energy but also one of the sustainable alternatives to non-renewable-sourced fuels. Microalgal biomass is emerging as a third-generation biofuel owing to its high lipid content. The specific biomass concentration and lipid content are responsible for direct biodiesel production. Computational Fluid Dynamics (C.F.D.) studies are gaining importance due to the luxury of exploration without requiring a considerable capital cost. The microalgal strains of Chlorella sorokiniana have shown the maximum specific growth rate of 0.11 h−1 among several algal species and contain 19% w w−1 lipid. Characterization reveals that the lipid content is suitable for biodiesel production. CO2 sequestration, biodiesel production, and secondary metabolites by green algae, C. sorokiniana, are reported in this work. A C.F.D. study is also being conducted for the flat-panel photobioreactor.
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Tourlouki, Konstantina, Vasiliki Tsavatopoulou, Dimitris Alexandropoulos, Ioannis D. Manariotis, and Simone Mazzucato. "A Novel Microalgae Harvesting Method Using Laser Micromachined Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Photonics 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020042.
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Microalgae are an ideal source for next-generation biofuels due to their high photosynthetic rate. However, a key process limitation in microalgal biofuel production is harvesting of biomass and extraction of lipids in a cost-effective manner. The harvesting of the algal biomass amounts to approximately 20 to 30% of the total cost of the cultivation; hence, developing an efficient and universal harvesting method will make the commercialization of microalgal bio-cultures sustainable. In this study, we developed, demonstrated, and evaluated a novel harvesting method based on Glass Reinforced Fiber Polymer (GFRP) panels, suitable for industrial-scale installations. The proposed method was based on previous observations of preferential micro-algae development on glass surfaces, as well as in the assumption that the microalgae cells would prefer to attach to and grow on substrates with a similar size as them. At first, we developed a laser micromachining protocol for removing the resin and revealing the glass fibers of the GFRP, available for algal adhesion, thus acting as a microalgae biomass harvesting center. Surface micromachining was realized using a ns pulsed ultraviolet laser emitting at 355 nm. This laser ensured high machining quality of the GFRP, because of its selective material ablation, precise energy deposition, and narrow heat affected zone. A specially built open pond system was used for the cultivation of the microalgae species Scenedesmus rubescens, which was suitable for biofuel production. The cultivation was used for the experimental evaluation of the proposed harvesting method. The cultivation duration was set to 16 days in order for the culture to operate at the exponential growth phase. The biomass maximum recovery due to microalgae attachment on the GFRP surface was 13.54 g/m2, a yield comparable to other studies in the literature. Furthermore, the GFRP surfaces could be upscaled to industrial dimensions and positioned in any geometry dictated by the photobioreactor design. In this study, the glass fiber reinforced polymer used was suitable for the adhesion of Scenedesmus rubescens due to its fiber thickness. Other microalgae species could be cultivated, adhere, and harvested using GFRP of different fiber sizes and/or with a modified laser treatment. These very encouraging results validated GFRPs’ harvesting capabilities as an attachment substrate for microalgae. Additional studies with more algae species will further strengthen the method.
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Wu, May, Sarah McBride, and Miae Ha. "Viability of Reclaiming Municipal Wastewater for Potential Microalgae-Based Biofuel Production in the U.S." Water 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2023): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173123.
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Reclaimed municipal wastewater is a crucial component in biofuel production, especially in regions experiencing increasing freshwater scarcity. However, accurately estimating the potential for fuel production is challenging because of the uneven distribution of biofuel feedstock regions and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study assesses the viability of using reclaimed municipal water for algal biomass production in pond systems co-located with WWTPs under scenarios driven by biomass production and based on water transport logistics. We performed state- and county-level analysis of reclaimed water resources throughout the United States based on WWTP facility data. We overlaid these data onto estimated algae facility sites and examined the temporal resource availability to address seasonal variations in cultivation demand. Our findings reveal that 2694 billion liters per year of reclaimed water could potentially be used to produce 42.2 million metric tons (ash-free dry weight) of algal biomass, equivalent to 29.2 billion liters of renewable diesel equivalent (RDe). The use of reclaimed water would double current national water reuse and expand such reuse significantly in 455 counties across the United States. However, when we limit the construction of algae facilities to counties that can fully meet their water demand in order to minimize water transport burdens, the available supply decreases by 80%, to 512 billion liters, resulting in annual production of 12.2 billion liters of RDe, which still doubles current biodiesel production. Our analysis highlights the degree to which the location and flow of WWTPs and water transport affect the deployment of algae biofuel facilities and tradeoffs. These findings underscore the importance of improving the current WWTP infrastructure for reclaimed water reuse, especially in southern states.
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Sharma, Nishesh, Ajay Singh, Felicia Lalremruati, _. Vanlalmalsawmi, and Rohit Sharma. "Diverse application and future prospects for commercial cultivation of microalgae species: A review." Plant Science Today 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.4.581.
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Industrial revolutions, advancements in health care, pharmaceuticals, transportation can be attributed to advancements made in the field of science and technology. Environment and natural resources has paid a heavy cost for most of industrial development. Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources of energy eventually leading towards the energy crisis, direct or indirect release of industrial effluents into soil and natural water bodies, global warming are among major consequences of industrialization. Ever since these environmental concerns have been recognized substantial studies have been conducted to minimize, control pollution and restore environment and natural resources. Among several measures cultivation of algae on large scale stands out to be a multipurpose solution. Inherent potential of microalgae species to accumulate lipids makes algae an efficient source of biofuel. Beside this ability of algae to detoxify polluted water and industrial effluent support utilization of algae for environment management and restoration. Efficient CO2 fixation, ability to tolerate wide range of environmental conditions, minimal nutritional requirements further support commercial cultivation of algal species to achieve their widespread application. However, efforts are required to develop large scale cultivation protocols (beyond the range of photobioreactors) so as to achieve practical applicability of algae and their products. Alongwith, cultivation protocols there is simultaneous need of either selection of naturally occurring high yielding strains / species or genetic improvement. Standardization of optimum cultivation conditions along with harvesting procedure is equally important.
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Vijayvargiya, Priyal, and Pratima Shrivastava. "A Review on Commercial Utility of Some Cultivable Algal Species Naturally Inhabiting in Water Bodies of Kota, Rajasthan." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2023): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.1.19.
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Algae, not only one of the most significant organism of the planet, but also acclaimed as major photosynthetic autotrophs and responsibly contributing in sustainability of the planet by their unique yet significant ecological interactions. Along with production of biofuel and biomass, metabolic products of different species of algae are most commonly cultivated and used for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, phytoremediation, wastewater treatment, antibiotics, dyes, food industry and so on. Apart from that, some members serve as bio indicator, provides specific information about the habitats they inhabit in, and thus serves as an effective tool for bio monitoring, and also helps in efficient management of the aquatic ecosystem. This study looks into the value of some naturally occurring chlorophycean and cyanophycean members which are intentionally cultivated and utilized at several parts of the world. For this study, samples were collected and identified for the presence of cultivable species of chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae, their known applications and commercial status so that further need of study for highest possibilities could be estimate in the field of algal cultivation for future prospective for aquatic algal habitats of Kota, Rajasthan.
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Hernández, D., B. Riaño, M. Coca, M. Solana, A. Bertucco, and M. C. García-González. "Microalgae cultivation in high rate algal ponds using slaughterhouse wastewater for biofuel applications." Chemical Engineering Journal 285 (February 2016): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.072.
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Zhang, Tian-Yuan, Yin-Hu Wu, and Hong-Ying Hu. "Domestic wastewater treatment and biofuel production by using microalga Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (April 2, 2014): 2492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.160.
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Cultivation of microalgae for biomass production is a promising way to dispose of wastewater and recover nutrients simultaneously. The properties of nutrient removal and biomass production in domestic wastewater of a newly isolated microalga Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1 were investigated in this study. Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1, which was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, grew well in both the primary and secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant during the 21-day cultivation, with a maximal algal density of 3.6 × 106 and 1.9 × 106 cells · mL−1, respectively. The total phosphorus concentrations in both effluents could be efficiently removed by over 97% after the cultivation. A high removal rate (over 90%) of total nitrogen (TN) was also observed. After cultivation in primary effluent for 21 days, the lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1 in dry weight had reached about 32.2%. The lipid and triacylglycerol (TAG) production of Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1 was increased significantly with the extension of cultivation time. The TAG production of Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1 increased from 32 mg L−1 at 21 d to 148 mg L−1 at 45 d in primary effluent. All the experiments were carried out in non-sterilized domestic wastewater and Scenedesmus sp. ZTY1 showed good adaptability to the domestic wastewater environment.
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Deepa, Ponnuvel, Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan, and Songmun Kim. "A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae." Water 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173074.
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Algae are an important group of photosynthetic autotrophs and are commonly found in different types of water bodies, including paddy fields. The algal group possesses distinctive characteristics and ranges from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Within these, microalgae are unicellular microorganisms widely distributed in saltwater as well as freshwater environments. Microalgae species have been utilized in different fields, especially animal and human nutrition, medicine, bioremediation, and bio-fertilizers. Recently, numerous studies have reported the importance of microalgae in the production of biofuel. Further, microalgae have great carbon dioxide fixation efficiency during growth, so farmable land is not required for cultivating microalgae. Microalgae biomass production is a three-step process: cultivation, harvesting, and processing. Of these, the harvesting process is considered challenging due to its high cost, and it directly affects the processing step. In addition, several factors influence the harvesting process, including the size of microalgae cells (<30 µm), cultural conditions of microalgae, electronegative property of cell membrane, growth rate, etc. The harvesting of microalgae is an elaborate process that involves different chemical or mechanical approaches. A number of harvesting techniques have been utilized to recover algal biomass, such as membrane filtration, chemical and bio-flocculation, flotation centrifugation, sedimentation, and coagulation. In this context, this review aims to discuss various types of techniques used for harvesting microalgae. This review could be useful for selecting appropriate harvesting technology for enhancing the yield of microalgae biomass.
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De-Luca, Riccardo, Fabrizio Bezzo, Quentin Béchet, and Olivier Bernard. "Meteorological Data-Based Optimal Control Strategy for Microalgae Cultivation in Open Pond Systems." Complexity 2019 (January 8, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4363895.
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Outdoor biofuel production from microalgae is a complex dynamical process submitted to climatic variations. Controlling and optimizing such a nonlinear process strongly influenced by weather conditions is therefore tricky, but it is crucial to make this process economically sustainable. The strategy investigated in this study uses weather forecast coupled to a detailed predictive model of algal productivity for online optimization of the rates of fresh medium injection and culture removal into and from the pond. This optimization strategy was applied at various climatic conditions and significantly increased productivity compared to a standard operation with constant pond depth and dilution rate, by up to a factor of 2.2 in a Mediterranean climate in summer. A thorough analysis of the optimizer strategy revealed that the increase of productivity in summer was achieved by finding a trade-off between algal concentration to optimally distribute light and pond temperature to get closer to optimal growth temperature. This study also revealed that maintaining the temperature as high as possible is the best strategy to maximize productivity in cold climatic conditions.
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Ubando, Aristotle T., Joel L. Cuello, Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, Alvin B. Culaba, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, and Raymond R. Tan. "Application of stochastic analytic hierarchy process for evaluating algal cultivation systems for sustainable biofuel production." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18, no. 5 (December 7, 2015): 1281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-1073-z.
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Admirasari, Rahmania, Agus Rifai, Joko Prayitno, Arif Dwi Santoso, and Joko Prayitno Susanto. "Microalgae Photobioreactor for Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Production of Biofuel Feedstock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1187, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1187/1/012010.
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Abstract Microalgae cultivation is considered fit to the concept of green economy, in which greenhouse gases (GHG’s) mitigation and production of valuable substances is performed simultaneously. Carbon dioxide consumption by the algal cells reduces GHG’s emission to the atmosphere, while biomass conversion to biofuel feedstock supports the concept of circular economy of microalgae cultivation process. In this study, Chlorella sp. was cultivated in a Multi Tubular Airlift Photobioreactor (MTAP) system with a total volume of about 600 L. The result of a thirteen days batch culture showed the ability of the system to fix 1.57 g CO2 L-1 day-1. At the last day of experiment, 600 L MTAP showed biomass production of 0.35 g L-1 and 18% oil from cell dry weight was observed. This research showed the ability of 600 L MTAP to absorb 942 g CO2 and produce 37.8 g oil as biofuel feedstock. Compared to other experiments, percentage of oil in this experiment (18% from cell dry weight) was in the average range from other experiments (of about 10 – 40% from cell dry weight). However, this MTAP showed higher performance than other systems (mostly below 1 g CO2 L-1 day-1) in CO2 fixation rate.
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Husainy, Avesahemad S. N., Omkar S. Chougule, Prathamesh U. Jadhav, Samir N. Momin, and Sanmesh S. Shinde. "Review on Smart Algae Bio Panel and its Growth Forecasting Using Machine Learning." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3628.
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The world is facing major issues associated with the reliance on fossil fuels for energy supply, including rising prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and the risk of depletion. Various technologies have been developed for fixing carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming. Biological fixation using photosynthetic microalgae cultured on a large scale is a promising method. In this method, carbon should be either wholly stored in the algal biomass or substituted for fossil fuel. Algal biomass can be degraded to carbon dioxide or methane, which is released to the atmosphere. The use of microalgae as a sustainable source of renewable energy and biofuels has garnered significant attention in recent years. One of the advantages of microalgae is their ability to accumulate high levels of lipids, making them a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Moreover, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land and can be grown using alternative water sources such as seawater, which further enhances their potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source. A photo bioreactor (PBR) is essential equipment for microalgal photosynthetic fixation of CO2. A PBR system implemented in a smart bio panel utilizes algae to trap sunlight energy and convert it into electricity, while also generating biomass as a by-product and acting as a CO2 scrubber. To make the system smart, machine learning algorithms were implemented to monitor and predict the growth rate of the algae Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used to predict the growth behavior of the microalgae, and the results showed that the SVM-based model can predict the growth rate of microalgae with a correlation coefficient of 90 percent. Microalgae biomass production heavily relies on photosynthesis, which only utilizes a small portion of the solar energy, mainly in the blue and red wavelengths. However, in traditional microalgae cultivation, the unused portion of the solar spectrum heats up the algae ponds and causes water evaporation, leading to increased salinity, especially in hot and semi-arid locations.
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Chen, Hui, Jie Wang, Yanli Zheng, Jiao Zhan, Chenliu He, and Qiang Wang. "Algal biofuel production coupled bioremediation of biomass power plant wastes based on Chlorella sp. C2 cultivation." Applied Energy 211 (February 2018): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.058.
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Craggs, R. J., S. Heubeck, T. J. Lundquist, and J. R. Benemann. "Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.100.
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This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.
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Jo, Seung-Woo, Ji Won Hong, Jeong-Mi Do, Ho Na, Jin-Ju Kim, Seong-Im Park, Young-Saeng Kim, Il-Sup Kim, and Ho-Sung Yoon. "Nitrogen Deficiency-Dependent Abiotic Stress Enhances Carotenoid Production in Indigenous Green Microalga Scenedesmus rubescens KNUA042, for Use as a Potential Resource of High Value Products." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 5445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135445.
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The microalgal strain Scenedesmus rubescens KNUA042 was identified in freshwater in Korea and characterized by evaluating its stress responses in an effort to increase lipid and carotenoid production. Under a two-stage cultivation process, the algal strain that generally exhibits optimal growth at a nitrate (source of nitrogen) concentration of 0.25 g L−1 was challenged to different exogenous stimuli—salinity (S), light intensity (L), combined L and S (LS), and nitrogen deficiency (C)—for 14 days. Lipid production and carotenoid concentration increased in a time-dependent manner under these physicochemical conditions during the culture periods. Lipid accumulation was confirmed by thin layer chromatography, BODIPY staining, and fatty acid composition analysis, which showed no differences in the algal cells tested under all four (C, S, L, and LS) conditions. The quality of biodiesel produced from the biomass of the algal cells met the American Society for Testing and Materials and the European standards. Total carotenoid content was increased in the LS-treated algal cells (6.94 mg L−1) compared with that in the C-, S-, and L-treated algal cells 1.75, 4.15, and 1.32 mg L−1, respectively). Accordingly, the concentration of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin was also maximized in the LS-treated algal cells at 1.73 and 1.11 mg g−1, respectively, whereas lutein showed no differences in the cells analyzed. Conversely, chlorophyll a level was similar among the C-, S-, and LS-treated algal cells, except for the L-treated algal cells. Thus, our results suggested that S. rubescens KNUA042 was capable of producing carotenoid molecules, which led to the maximum values of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin concentrations when exposed to the combined LS condition compared with that observed when exposed to the salinity condition alone. This indicates that the algal strain could be used for the production of high-value products as well as biofuel. Furthermore, this article provides the first evidence of carotenoid production in S. rubescens KNUA042.
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Dębowski, Marcin, Marcin Zieliński, Joanna Kazimierowicz, Natalia Kujawska, and Szymon Talbierz. "Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development—Advantages and Limitations." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 9980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239980.
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Microalgal biomass is currently considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. Despite their high potential, the large-scale algal biomass production technologies are not popular because the systems for biomass production, separation, drainage, and conversion into energy carriers are difficult to explicitly assess and balance, considering the ecological and economical concerns. Most of the studies presented in the literature have been carried out on a small, laboratory scale. This significantly limits the possibility of obtaining reliable data for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of such solutions. Therefore, there is a need to verify the results in pilot-scale and the full technical-scale studies. This study summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of microalgal biomass production technologies for bioenergetic applications.
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Ubando, Aristotle T., Joel L. Cuello, Alvin B. Culaba, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, and Raymond R. Tan. "Multi-criterion Evaluation of Cultivation Systems for Sustainable Algal Biofuel Production Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Monte Carlo Simulation." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1132.
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Yu, Yin, Hong-Ying Hu, Xin Li, Yin-Hu Wu, Xue Zhang, and Sheng-Lan Jia. "Accumulation characteristics of soluble algal products (SAP) by a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 during batch cultivation for biofuel production." Bioresource Technology 110 (April 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.023.
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Koh, Hyun Gi, Yong Tae Jeong, Bongsoo Lee, and Yong Keun Chang. "Light Stress after Heterotrophic Cultivation Enhances Lutein and Biofuel Production from a Novel Algal Strain Scenedesmus obliquus ABC-009." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2108.08021.
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Danilovic, Bojana, Jelena Avramovic, Jovan Ciric, Dragisa Savic, and Vlada Veljkovic. "Production of biodiesel from microalgae." Chemical Industry 68, no. 2 (2014): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130205046d.
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In recent years, more attention has been paid to the use of third generation feedstocs for the production of biodiesel. One of the most promising sources of oil for biodiesel production are microalgae. They are unicellular or colonial photosynthetic organisms, with permanently increasing industrial application in the production of not only chemicals and nutritional supplements but also biodiesel. Biodiesel productivity per hectare of cultivation area can be up to 100 times higher for microalgae than for oil crops. Also, microalgae can grow in a variety of environments that are often unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Microalgae oil content varies in different species and can reach up to 77% of dry biomass, while the oil productivity by the phototrophic cultivation of microalgae is up to 122 mg/l/d. Variations of the growth conditions and the implementation of the genetic engineering can induce the changes in the composition and productivity of microalgal oil. Biodiesel from microalgae can be produced in two ways: by transesterification of oil extracted from biomass or by direct transesterification of algal biomass (so called in situ transesterification). This paper reviews the curent status of microalgae used for the production of biodiesel including their isolation, cultivation, harvesting and conversion to biodiesel. Because of high oil productivity, microalgae will play a significant role in future biodiesel production. The advantages of using microalgae as a source for biofuel production are increased efficiency and reduced cost of production. Also, microalgae do not require a lot of space for growing and do not have a negative impact on the global food and water supplies. Disadvantages of using microalgae are more difficult separation of biomass and the need for further research to develop standardized methods for microalgae cultivation and biodiesel production. Currently, microalgae are not yet sustainable option for the commercial production of biodiesel. First of all, the price of biodiesel from microalgae is still higher than the price of diesel due to high production costs.
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SHEVCHUK, Hanna. "BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE AS A DIRECTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE «GREEN» ECONOMY: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS." 3, no. 3(57) (September 28, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-3-2.
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The article describes environmental aspects of the impact of traditional energy sources on the environment. It is substantiated that energy needs and environmental problems lead to the search for alternative renewable fuels. A comparative analysis of the structure of general supply between traditional and alternative energy sources is done. The current state of production and use of traditional fuels and prospects for the production of biofuels in Ukraine are analyzed. The projected structure of the use of traditional and alternative fuels according to the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 «Safety, energy efficiency, competitiveness» is presented. The classification of biofuels is provided depending on raw materials: first, second and third generation. Unlike biofuels from crops such as sugar cane and corn (first-generation biofuels), as well as animal and vegetable wastes (second-generation), algae-derived fuels (third-generation biofuels) have many benefits. In particular, this is a greater potential for biofuel production compared to previous systems: a variety of possible fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and even jet fuel); flexible production technologies. Algae cultivation technologies have been studied: especially cultivation in open reservoirs or in more advanced closed ponds and bioreactors. It is substantiated that algae are most often used for biodiesel production; a comparison of different technologies for its production is made. The foreign experience of algae biofuel production and its usage by various automobile companies and enterprises, as well as the prospects of algae biofuel production in Ukraine are presented. Despite the prospects for the production of the third-generation biofuels, there we think, that the issue of investigation has been not been studied properly by scientists and Ukrainian producers don’t have basic knowledge.
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Abomohra, Abdelfatah, and Dieter Hanelt. "Recent Advances in Micro-/Nanoplastic (MNPs) Removal by Microalgae and Possible Integrated Routes of Energy Recovery." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122400.
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Reliance on plastic has resulted in the widespread occurrence of micro-/nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic ecosystems, threatening the food web and whole ecosystem functions. There is a tight interaction between MNPs and microalgae, as dominant living organisms and fundamental constituents at the base of the aquatic food web. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the mechanisms underlying the interactions between plastic particles and microalgae, as well as the role of microalgae in removing MNPs from aquatic ecosystems. In addition, finding a suitable route for further utilization of MNP-contaminated algal biomass is of great importance. The present review article provides an interdisciplinary approach to elucidate microalgae–MNP interactions and subsequent impacts on microalgal physiology. The degradation of plastic in the environment and differences between micro- and nanoplastics are discussed. The possible toxic effects of MNPs on microalgal growth, photosynthetic activity, and morphology, due to physical or chemical interactions, are evaluated. In addition, the potential role of MNPs in microalgae cultivation and/or harvesting, together with further safe routes for biomass utilization in biofuel production, are suggested. Overall, the current article represents a state-of-the-art overview of MNP generation and the consequences of their accumulation in the environment, providing new insights into microalgae integrated routes of plastic removal and bioenergy production.
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Oleskin, Alexander V., Andrey L. Postnov, and Cao Boyang. "Impact of Biogenic Amines on the Growth of Green Microalgae." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 11 (November 29, 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2021.11.17.
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Background: The goal of this research project was to test various neuroactive amines in the capacity of growth stimulators/accelerators of the green microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris that have much biotechnological potential because they can be used for producing drugs, food ingredients, cosmetics, and biofuel. The issue of the ecological role of the biogenic amines in terms of interspecies communication in aqueous ecosystems was also addressed in this work. Methods: S. quadricauda strain GEHD and C. vulgaris strain ALP were cultivated in the light with constant aeration at 24oC in a minerals-containing medium. Experimental systems contained 1, 10 or 100 mM of dopamine hydrochloride, histamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine hydrochloride, or serotonin hydrochloride that were added at inoculation as freshly prepared aqueous solutions. Algal cells were counted using a light microscope , and their number in 1 mL of culture was calculated. The culture liquid and sonicated biomass of S. quadricauda and C. vulgaris were tested for the presence of endogenous amines using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an amperometric detector. Results: The biogenic amines serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and histamine significantly stimulated the growth of S. quadricauda, at concentrations of 1 and/or 10 mM but not 100 mM. Histamine was the most efficient stimulator, causing an average 65% increase in biomass accumulation at the end of the cultivation period. The effects of serotonin, dopamine and histamine on C. vulgaris were reported in our previous publication [1], but this work contains the results of our experiments with the previously untested norepinephrine that slightly stimulated the growth of C. vulgaris. HPLC analysis failed to reveal any endogenous amines in the culture liquid and biomass of both microalgae. Conclusions: Since biogenic amines stimulate the growth of the microalgae S. quadricauda and C. vulgaris but are not synthesized by them, we suggest that the algae normally respond to amines produced by other components of aqueous ecosystems, including zooplankton and fish that are known to release significant amounts of biogenic amines into the environment. The data obtained hold some promise with regard to developing a relatively economical technique of boosting algal biomass production.
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Iglina, Tatyana, Pavel Iglin, and Dmitry Pashchenko. "Industrial CO2 Capture by Algae: A Review and Recent Advances." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073801.
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The problem of global warming and the emission of greenhouse gases is already directly affecting the world’s energy. In the future, the impact of CO2 emissions on the world economy will constantly grow. In this paper, we review the available literature sources on the benefits of using algae cultivation for CO2 capture to decrease CO2 emission. CO2 emission accounts for about 77% of all greenhouse gases, and the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions is 56% of all CO2 imports. As a result of the study of various types of algae, it was concluded that Chlorella sp. is the best at capturing CO2. Various methods of cultivating microalgae were also considered and it was found that vertical tubular bioreactors are emerging. Moreover, for energy purposes, thermochemical methods for processing algae that absorb CO2 from flue gases were considered. Of all five types of thermochemical processes for producing synthesis gas, the most preferred method is the method of supercritical gasification of algae. In addition, attention is paid to the drying and flocculation of biofuels. Several different experiments were also reviewed on the use of flue gases through the cultivation of algae biomass. Based on this literature review, it can be concluded that microalgae are a third generation biofuel. With the absorption of greenhouse gases, the growth of microalgae cultures is accelerated. When a large mass of microalgae appears, it can be used for energy purposes. In the results, we present a plan for further studies of microalgae cultivation, a thermodynamic analysis of gasification and pyrolysis, and a comparison of the results with other biofuels and other algae cultures.
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Shurin, Jonathan B., Michael D. Burkart, Stephen P. Mayfield, and Val H. Smith. "Recent progress and future challenges in algal biofuel production." F1000Research 5 (October 4, 2016): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9217.1.
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Modern society is fueled by fossil energy produced millions of years ago by photosynthetic organisms. Cultivating contemporary photosynthetic producers to generate energy and capture carbon from the atmosphere is one potential approach to sustaining society without disrupting the climate. Algae, photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms, are the fastest growing primary producers in the world and can therefore produce more energy with less land, water, and nutrients than terrestrial plant crops. We review recent progress and challenges in developing bioenergy technology based on algae. A variety of high-value products in addition to biofuels can be harvested from algal biomass, and these may be key to developing algal biotechnology and realizing the commercial potential of these organisms. Aspects of algal biology that differentiate them from plants demand an integrative approach based on genetics, cell biology, ecology, and evolution. We call for a systems approach to research on algal biotechnology rooted in understanding their biology, from the level of genes to ecosystems, and integrating perspectives from physical, chemical, and social sciences to solve one of the most critical outstanding technological problems.
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Arora, Neha, Enlin Lo, Noah Legall, and George P. Philippidis. "A Critical Review of Growth Media Recycling to Enhance the Economics and Sustainability of Algae Cultivation." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 5378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145378.
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Microalgae hold promise as a sustainable source of biofuels and bioproducts but their commercial development is impeded by high cultivation costs, primarily for growth nutrients, and concerns about the water-intensive nature of algae cultivation. As a result, minimizing water and nutrient input is imperative to reducing algal operating costs, while enhancing the sustainability of future algal biorefineries. However, spent media recycling often results in the accumulation of growth inhibitors, such as free fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated aldehydes, and humic acid, which negatively affect algal growth and productivity. In this review, we critically assess media recycling research findings to assess the advantages and disadvantages of spent media reuse for a wide range of algae strains. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies to overcome growth inhibition through spent media treatment processes, such as ultraviolet oxidation, activated carbon, ultrasonication, microfiltration, crop rotation, and nutrient replenishment.
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Elegbede, Isa, and Cinthya Guerrero. "Algae Biofuel in the Nigerian Energy Context." Environmental and Climate Technologies 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2016-0005.
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Abstract The issue of energy consumption is one of the issues that have significantly become recognized as an important topic of global discourse. Fossil fuels production reportedly experiencing a gradual depletion in the oil-producing nations of the world. Most studies have relatively focused on biofuel development and adoption, however, the awareness of a prospect in the commercial cultivation of algae having potential to create economic boost in Nigeria, inspired this research. This study aims at exploring the potential of the commercialization of a different but commonly found organism, algae, in Nigeria. Here, parameters such as; water quality, light, carbon, average temperature required for the growth of algae, and additional beneficial nutrients found in algae were analysed. A comparative cum qualitative review of analysis was used as the study made use of empirical findings on the work as well as the author’s deductions. The research explored the cultivation of algae with the two major seasonal differences (i.e. rainy and dry) in Nigeria as a backdrop. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the contribution of algae and other sources of biofuels as a necessity for bioenergy in Nigeria. However, for an effective sustainability of this prospect, adequate measures need to be put in place in form of funding, provision of an economically-enabling environment for the cultivation process as well as proper healthcare service in the face of possible health hazard from technological processes. Further studies can seek to expand on the potential of cultivating algae in the Harmattan season.
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Savage, Evan, Nick Nagle, Lieve M. L. Laurens, and Eric P. Knoshaug. "Nitrogen derived from Combined Algal Processing supports algae cultivation for biofuels." Algal Research 50 (September 2020): 101987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101987.
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Matter, Bui, Jung, Seo, Kim, Lee, and Oh. "Flocculation Harvesting Techniques for Microalgae: A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153069.
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Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass feedstocks for various industrial applications such as biofuels, animal/aquaculture feeds, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Several biotechnological challenges associated with algae cultivation, including the small size and negative surface charge of algal cells as well as the dilution of its cultures, need to be circumvented, which increases the cost and labor. Therefore, efficient biomass recovery or harvesting of diverse algal species represents a critical bottleneck for large-scale algal biorefinery process. Among different algae harvesting techniques (e.g., centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, screening, filtration, and air flotation), the flocculation-based processes have acquired much attention due to their promising efficiency and scalability. This review covers the basics and recent research trends of various flocculation techniques, such as auto-flocculation, bio-flocculation, chemical flocculation, particle-based flocculation, and electrochemical flocculation, and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and prospects for the development of eco-friendly and economical algae harvesting processes have also been outlined here.
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Fisher, Carolyn L., Michelle V. Fong, Pamela D. Lane, Skylar Carlson, and Todd W. Lane. "Storage and Algal Association of Bacteria That Protect Microchloropsis salina from Grazing by Brachionus plicatilis." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030786.
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Loss of algal production from the crashes of algal mass cultivation systems represents a significant barrier to the economic production of microalgal-based biofuels. Current strategies for crash prevention can be too costly to apply broadly as prophylaxis. Bacteria are ubiquitous in microalgal mass production cultures, however few studies investigate their role and possible significance in this particular environment. Previously, we demonstrated the success of selected protective bacterial communities to save Microchloropsis salina cultures from grazing by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. In the current study, these protective bacterial communities were further characterized by fractionation into rotifer-associated, algal-associated, and free-floating bacterial fractions. Small subunit ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing was used to identify the bacterial genera present in each of the fractions. Here, we show that Marinobacter, Ruegeria, and Boseongicola in algae and rotifer fractions from rotifer-infected cultures likely play key roles in protecting algae from rotifers. Several other identified taxa likely play lesser roles in protective capability. The identification of bacterial community members demonstrating protective qualities will allow for the rational design of microbial communities grown in stable co-cultures with algal production strains in mass cultivation systems. Such a system would reduce the frequency of culture crashes and represent an essentially zero-cost form of algal crop protection.
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Izmailov, Andrey Yu, Yakov P. Lobachevsky, Aleksey S. Dorokhov, Yuri A. Kozhevnikov, and Ravza A. Mamedova. "Experimental modeling of the microalgae cultivation in a photobioreactor using manure." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700114.
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The article studies the experimental process of cultivation of microalgae in a photobioreactor (PBR) to study the effect of technological conditions on the productivity of microalgae. This process allows obtaining initial data for the development of closed cycles of using the energy potential of alga mass in heat and power supply of various industries, including agricultural enterprises (livestock complexes, poultry farms, etc.) The scheme of a closed cycle of power supply of the cattle complex allows obtaining hot water, feed additives to the cattle ration, bio humus, motor biofuel and carbon dioxide, which is advisable to use in the process of cultivating microalgae. The experiments were carried out on a photobioreactor for cultivating microalgae with an intelligent control system. The developed photobioreactor differs from the known ones in the pulsating hydrodynamic regime of feeding the nutrient solution, which provides an increase in the productivity of the microalgae cultivation up to 15%. The experimental model of the cultivation conditions of the microalga Ch. Vulgaris on a combined diet (Tamiya medium + manure substrate) showed a noticeable increase in crop productivity when adding cattle manure extract to the nutrient medium in an amount from 30 to 60% (vol.). This can be used in the development of closed cycles of heat and power supply for cattle farms based on biofuels of the third generation, obtained from the phytomass of microalgae.
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Ashokkumar, Veeramuthu, Wei-Hsin Chen, Hesam Kamyab, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Ala'a H. Al-Muhtaseb, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Cultivation of microalgae Chlorella sp. in municipal sewage for biofuel production and utilization of biochar derived from residue for the conversion of hematite iron ore (Fe2O3) to iron (Fe) – Integrated algal biorefinery." Energy 189 (December 2019): 116128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116128.
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