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Journal articles on the topic 'Alcoholism – Diagnosis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mullan, M. J., H. M. D. Gurling, B. E. Oppenheim, and R. M. Murray. "The Relationship between Alcoholism and Neurosis:." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1986): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.4.435.

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The twin register of the Maudsley Hospital was used to select a series of monozygotic (MZ) and same-sexed dizygotic (DZ) twins who had been given an ICD8 diagnosis related to alcoholism. They and their co-twins were traced. Medical and drinking histories were compiled (from records and by interview) for 56 twin-pairs, to permit current and retrospective diagnosis of any neurotic disorders. RDC diagnoses of panic disorder generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder and phobias were more common in the alcoholic probands and the co-twins who were also alcoholics than in the normal-drinking co-twins. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) were completed by 54 individuals. Neuroticism scores were significantly higher for both male and female alcoholics than for their normal-drinking co-twins; and intra-pair differences in neuroticism were significantly correlated with intra-pair differences in severity of dependence. These results suggest that both clinically diagnosed neurotic illness and high neuroticism scores are more often a consequence than a cause of alcoholism.

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2

van Gool, W. A. "Alcoholism and dementia." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 3, no. 2 (June 1991): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092427080003502x.

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SummaryThe controversy concerning the concept ‘alcoholic dementia’ is reviewed in brief. Evidence from neuroradiological and neuropathological studies contribute little to the solution of this controversy, if dementia is considered as a clinical syndrome. From clinical descriptions it can be concluded that a sub-population of alcoholics suffers from a syndrome typified by psychologic disturbances other than amnesia alone. These patients fulfill the criteria for the syndromal diagnosis of ‘dementia’.The nosologic concept of ‘alcoholic dementia’ implies a direct neurotoxic effect of alcohol and it raises questions concerning pathogenetic mechanisms which can not be answered. The DSM-III-R category ‘dementia associated with alcoholism’ represents a solution for this controversy, because it gives a correct and complete (radically syndromal) clinical description without making assumptions on the relative contribution of multiple factors causing cognitive disturbances in alcoholics.

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3

Schuckit, Marc A., and Michael Irwin. "Diagnosis of Alcoholism." Medical Clinics of North America 72, no. 5 (September 1988): 1133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30733-7.

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4

Bernadt, Morris W., and Robin M. Murray. "Psychiatric Disorder, Drinking and Alcoholism:." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1986): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.4.393.

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We studied 371 psychiatric admissions in an attempt to relate primary and secondary diagnosis, psychopathology, and stated reasons for drinking to alcohol consumption and alcoholism. No diagnostic group other than the alcoholics drank significantly more than the mean, and the schizophrenics drank less. One-third of those with bipolar and minor depression increased their drinking in the month before admission, but this was almost offset by those with similar diagnoses who drank less. Alcoholism, though not alcohol consumption, was related to a high prevalence of affective syndromes, but these did not amount to secondary diagnoses. Drinking for ‘escape reasons' was significantly associated with consumption levels, but the reasons patients gave did not correspond well with the objective presence or severity of the associated psychiatric symptoms.

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5

Martin, M. W. "Alcoholism. Recognizing the diagnosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 16 (April 28, 1989): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.261.16.2446.

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6

Ray, R., D. K. Subbakrishna, M. Gentiana, T. Neeliyara, and N. G. Desai. "Alcoholism — assessment and diagnosis." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 23, no. 1 (January 1989): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(89)90037-9.

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7

Das, Subir Kumar, and D. M. Vasudevan. "Biochemical diagnosis of alcoholism." Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 20, no. 1 (January 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02893039.

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8

Gorwood, P., P. Batel, L. Gouya, F. Courtois, J. Feingold, and J. Adès. "Reappraisal of the association between the DRD2 gene, alcoholism and addiction." European Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (March 2000): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00207-8.

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SummaryWe analysed the impact of the TaqI A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene on the risk for alcoholism, trying to depict three explanations frequently proposed to explain discrepancies in association and linkage studies: that the A1 allele may act as a marker rather than as a vulnerability factor, that stratification biases and unevaluated controls may explain positive results, and that the A1 allele is modifying the phenotype rather than increasing the risk for alcoholism. We thus tested another (dinucleotide STRP) marker within the DRD2 gene, selected a new homogenous sample of 113 alcoholic patients and 49 unaffected controls strictly matched for ethnic origins, and systematically assessed both samples with a semi-structured interview to detect (in both samples) alcohol dependence, but also such related traits as specificities of complications.The frequency of the A1 allele was not significantly different between alcoholics and controls but when comparing different subgroups of alcoholics, the A1 allele was significantly more frequent in alcoholic patients with somatic complications (OR = 3.00, CI[1.37-6.62]), social and professional complications (OR = 2.72, CI[1.25-5.90]), or with co-morbid dependence (OR = 2.88, 95% IC [1.16-7.15]). The association for co-morbid dependence and somatic complications was also positive when taking into consideration both STRP and TaqIA polymorphisms.The A1 allele does not increase the risk for alcoholism per se in our sample, but may be involved in a related trait which is partially dependent on the diagnosis of alcoholism, through a disequilibrium with another close mutation.

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9

Smith, Annette R. "Alcoholism and Gender: Patterns of Diagnosis and Response." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 3 (July 1986): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600307.

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Through in-depth interviews with 10(ten) male and 10(ten) female self-identified recovering alcoholics, this study examines the gender-related differences in pathways to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment. Respondents' stories suggest that while denial of the diagnosis delays appropriate treatment for both men and women, gender-related differences in the nature of the denial systems, such as who makes the diagnosis, who responds to it and how, keep women from such treatment more often than men. This applies irrespective of other gender differences in actual drinking behavior or rationale, symptoms (including psychopathology), time of onset or course of illness.

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10

Carney, Michael WP, and Brian F. Sheffield. "Alcoholism diagnosis and Celtic names." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, no. 3 (September 1995): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700014518.

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AbstractObjective: To investigate assertions that Celts have higher rates of alcoholism and mental illness than non-Celts.Method: The records of 3,000 admissions to Northwick Park Hospital Psychiatric Unit, Harrow (a North West London suburban middle class borough research hospital with a strictly defined catchment area – the London Borough of Harrow: population 200,000), from June 1987 for three years under the clinical care of four consultant psychiatrists, were examined.Results: There were 683 with non-Celtic names and 175 with Celtic names (16.7%) (data on 10 patients incomplete). 306 (35%) of non-Celts and 88 (50%) of Celts were aged under 40 years. Alcohol dependence (ICD 303) was significantly commoner (p<0.001) among the Celts (35.3%) than among the non-Celts (12.9%). There were highly significant excesses (p<0.001) of native-born Celts with ICD 303 (54%) compared with non-Celts 12.9% or with Celts born outside Celtdom (23%). Patients with Norman names tended to follow the Celts in these respects. There were no differences with respect to the prevalence of psychosis or other ICD categories among Celts and non-Celts.Conclusion: Doctors should be aware of the high prevalence of alcoholic dependence among people with Celtic names, whether these were born in Celtic countries or not, entertain a high index of diagnostic suspicion and take preventative measures accordingly. However, we found no excess of other categories of psychiatric disorder among Celts as compared with non-Celts. Patients with Norman-derived names seemed to follow the Celts in these respects.

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11

Malcolm, Robert, Ellie T. Sturgis, Raymond F. Anton, and Linda Williams. "Computer-Assisted Diagnosis of Alcoholism." Computers in Human Services 5, no. 3-4 (September 27, 1989): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j407v05n03_13.

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12

Roy, Alec, and Markku Linnoila. "Diagnosis and nosology of alcoholism." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (January 1986): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(86)90070-9.

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13

Sokolova, O. V., and J. A. Petrova. "In regard to the question of macroscopic differential diagnosis of alcoholic and dilated cardiomyopathy." Scientific Notes of the I. P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2014-21-4-43-44.

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The differential diagnosis of alcoholic and dilated cardiomyopathy according to the macroscopic data is represented in the article. The identity of macroscopic changes of heart, related to alcoholic and dilated cardiomyopathy, cannot diagnose these diseases based on the macroscopic characteristics; especially if there are no other visceral manifestations typical for chronic alcoholism.

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14

Morse, Robert M. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 61, no. 1 (January 1986): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61414-1.

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15

Lesch, O. M., J. Kefer, S. Lentner, R. Mader, B. Marx, M. Musalek, A. Nimmerrichter, et al. "Diagnosis of Chronic Alcoholism – Classificatory Problems." Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (1990): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000284644.

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16

Parker, D. A. "Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54, no. 6 (November 1993): 762–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1993.54.762.

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17

Orrok, Barbara G. "Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 24 (December 22, 1993): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240100044.

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18

O'BRIEN, CHARLES P. "Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 11 (November 1994): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.11.1708.

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19

Larson, Eric W. "Alcoholism: The disease and the diagnosis." American Journal of Medicine 91, no. 2 (August 1991): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(91)90001-e.

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20

Nace, Edgar P. "Alcoholism: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and biological aspects." Alcohol 3, no. 2 (March 1986): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-8329(86)90014-5.

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21

Fichter, MM, N. Quadflieg, A. Greifenhagen, M. Koniarczyk, and J. Wölz. "Alcoholism among homeless men in Munich, Germany." European Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (1997): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)89644-7.

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SummaryProbably in association with changes in the economic structure and high unemployment rates in western industrialized countries, homelessness is becoming more apparent publicly and receiving increased media attention. More studies on the issue of mental illness and homelessness have been performed in recent years in North America while hardly any representative and reliable data exists concerning Germany and some other European countries. The aim of our study was 1) to assess alcohol abuse and dependency as well as other mental disorders in a representative sample of homeless men in Munich using reliable methods of case identification (Diagnostic Interview Schedule [DIS and DIS/DSM-III diagnoses); 2) to compare homeless alcoholics with homeless non-alcoholics in our sample on relevant variables and issues and 3) to compare our data from the sample of homeless men in Munich with data obtained by others using the same case identification procedure (DIS/DSM-III diagnoses). According to our results, the lifetime prevalence of any DIS/DSM-III Axis I diagnoses was 94.5% and the lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder was 91.8%. The single most prevalent diagnosis among homeless males in Munich was alcohol dependency (lifetime 82.9%), while alcohol abuse (lifetime 8.2%) and drug abuse/dependency were considerably lower (lifetime 17.8%). Data show that alcoholism and its consequences were more severe in the Munich as compared to the Los Angeles homeless sample. Homeless alcoholics showed a high comorbidity with other mental disorders (lifetime) such as affective disorders (44.4%), anxiety disorders (22.6%), drug abuse/dependence (18.8%) and schizophrenia (12.0%); 64% of those with alcoholism at some time during their life had at least one other lifetime mental disorder. Alcohol-related patterns of living and symptoms as well as social or role functioning are described for homeless alcoholics in Munich and compared with data from other relevant studies. Considering the extremely high prevalence of alcohol dependence frequently in combination with other mental disorders, the use of alcohol rehabilitation and other services as well as self-help groups was minimum among Munich homeless alcoholics. New concepts to deal with these problems are needed and if they exist, they need to be implemented.

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22

Schwoon, Dirk R., and Gabriele Saake. "Female Alcoholism: Approaches towards a Differential Diagnosis." European Addiction Research 3, no. 1 (1997): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000259142.

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23

Lewis, David C. "Book ReviewThe Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." New England Journal of Medicine 314, no. 21 (May 22, 1986): 1394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198605223142123.

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24

Jones, A. W., L. Nilsson, S. A. Gladh, K. Karlsson, and J. Beck-Friis. "2,3-Butanediol in plasma from an alcoholic mistakenly identified as ethylene glycol by gas-chromatographic analysis." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1453.

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Abstract 2,3-Butanediol was mistakenly identified as ethylene glycol in plasma specimens from two alcoholic patients. The cyclic phenylboronate ester derivatives of 2,3-butanediol and ethylene glycol had the same retention time when OV-17 was used as the stationary phase for gas chromatography. This led to incorrect diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning and unnecessary invasive therapy. Plasma from two chronic alcoholics contained 2,3-butanediol at 3.5 and 3.4 mmol/L. The elimination half-life of 2,3-butanediol was 3.9 days when ethanol was administered during therapy for suspected ethylene glycol poisoning. Low concentrations of 2,3-butanediol might be present in blood of chronic alcoholics as a result of a novel pathway of intermediary metabolism associated with some forms of alcoholism. However, a more likely explanation for fairly high concentrations of 2,3-butanediol is enzymatic production from 2-butanone. This ketone occurs in denatured alcohol preparations often consumed by alcoholics in Sweden.

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25

Lligoña Garreta, A., A. Lligoña, C. Roncero, L. Ortega, C. Daigre, M. Walther, E. Navarro, T. Jimenez, T. Gual, and M. Casas. "ADHD in alcoholism: A real problem?" European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71785-0.

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IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for drug. Prevalence rates between 15 and 30% had been previously found in this population.ObjectiveTo identify the real the prevalence of ADHD in alcoholics and to find/test/ evaluate? a new type of screening (ASRS) for the initial diagnosis of ADHD in alcoholics.Method312 patients from an outpatient clinic for alcoholism were recruited during 1 year. All patients completed the ASRS: Adult Self-Report Scale. DSM IV criteria were used for other psychiatric diagnoses.Results•312 patients (66.3% (207) men) filled out the ASRS of which 13.5% (42) were positive.•Alcohol consumption: 69% for more than 1 month, 17% less than a month and 14% with active consumption.•27.6% (86) had another psychiatric diagnosis from which 69% were ASRS positive. ASRS positive patients present a major risk of having another mental disorder. OR = 8.3 (4,1 - 17,1, c2 = 0,77, p = 0,001).•Other drugs: 70.5% consume other drugs. 76% of them are ASRS positive. 27.6% consumed illegal substances, 47.6% of them being ASRS positive (c2 = 9.77, p = 0,002). ASRS positive patient have more average substance abuse (including tobacco): 1.02 DT: 0.87 versus 0.72, 7 DT: 0.04 (z -2.21, p.027).Conclusions•ASRS detected 13.5% of ADHD diagnosis in alcoholics.•Patients with positive screening present more substance abuse and more risk of psychiatric comorbidity.

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26

Kendler, Kenneth S. "A Twin study of Individuals with both Schizophrenia and Alcoholism." British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 1 (July 1985): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.1.48.

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SummarySubstantial evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute to the aetiology of both schizophrenia and alcoholism, when they occur alone. To examine the role of genetic factors in schizophrenia and alcoholism when they occur together in the same individual, the frequency of both conditions was investigated in the co-twins of 34 monozygotic (MZ) and 47 dizygotic (DZ) index twins with a diagnosis of both schizophrenia and alcoholism. Both disorders alone were significantly more common in the MZ than in the DZ co-twins, suggesting that individuals suffering from schizophrenia and alcoholism have a genetic predisposition to both disorders, which is of the same nature as that which causes the two when they occur alone. In the co-twins of the MZ index twins, the diagnoses of schizophrenia and alcoholism were uncorrelated, indicating that the specific environmental factors of causal importance in the two disorders are not closely related.

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27

Lôo, H., W. Rein, A. Souche, H. Dufour, JD Guelfi, R. Malka, and JP Olié. "Psychopathological and sociodemographic characteristics of 1231 depressed patients with and without co-existing alcoholism." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 5, no. 4 (1990): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00003096.

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SummaryThe relationship of depression and alcoholism has given rise to a large number of studies with alcoholic patients screened for depression but only little information is available on the comparison of depressed patients with and without co-existing alcoholism, indicating similarities in symptom patterns but lower intensity of depression in alcoholic depressives. One thousand two hundred and thirty-one subjects were evaluated for inclusion in an open multicentre trial for one year long treatment with tianeptine, a new antidepressant. Patients had to fulfill DSM III criteria for major depression single episode, recurrent (without melancholia or psychotic features) or dysthymic disorder. Upon inclusion, 23% of those depressed patients also had a DSM III diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. Results confirm the overall lower intensity of depression in the alcoholic-depressed subgroup with a symptom pattern corresponding more to retarded depression in the pure depression subgroup. On the contrary, alcoholic depressives had a higher rate of precipitating life-events and more social difficulties than non-alcoholic depressives. No differences were found regarding duration of the actual illness episode, medical and psychiatric history.

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28

MESSNER, ROBERTA, and SUSAN J. LEWIS. "… ABOUT ALCOHOLISM." Nursing 24, no. 12 (December 1994): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199412000-00025.

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29

Westermeyer, Joseph. "Detection and Diagnosis of Alcoholism in Hospitalized Patients." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76, no. 5 (May 2001): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/76.5.457.

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30

Lewinson, Thea Stein. "Handwriting Analysis in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 1 (February 1986): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.265.

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31

Acharya, U. Rajendra, Vidya S, Shreya Bhat, Hojjat Adeli, and Amir Adeli. "Computer-aided diagnosis of alcoholism-related EEG signals." Epilepsy & Behavior 41 (December 2014): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.001.

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32

Hoes, MJAJM. "Alcoholism: new aspects in epidemiology, diagnosis, and research." European Psychiatry 12, no. 7 (1997): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80012-0.

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33

Kranzler, Henry R., and Richard N. Rosenthal. "Dual Diagnosis: Alcoholism and Co-Morbid Psychiatric Disorders." American Journal on Addictions 12 (May 6, 2003): s26—s40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2003.tb00494.x.

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34

DiPaula, Bethany. "The Difficulties of Dual Diagnosis: Alcoholism and Depression." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 10, no. 5 (October 1997): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009701000504.

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35

Tarter, Ralph E. "Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177, no. 6 (June 1989): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198906000-00017.

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36

Freedland, K. E., M. T. Frankel, and R. C. Evenson. "Biochemical diagnosis of alcoholism in men psychiatric patients." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 46, no. 2 (March 1985): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1985.46.103.

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37

Lukas, S. E. "Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51, no. 1 (January 1990): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1990.51.88.

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38

WOLF, ARON S. "Alcoholism: A Guide to Diagnosis, Intervention, and Treatment." American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 1 (January 1989): 107—a—107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.1.107-a.

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39

Langdon, Dawn. "Neuropsychology of alcoholism—Implications for diagnosis and treatment." Behaviour Research and Therapy 28, no. 1 (1990): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90062-n.

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40

Robertson, Ian. "Neuropsychology of alcoholism: Implications for diagnosis and treatment." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33, no. 5 (January 1989): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(89)90079-2.

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41

Farrell, Michael. "Alcoholism. A guide to diagnosis, intervention and treatment." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 34, no. 5 (January 1990): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(90)90041-2.

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42

Voss, Aline J. "THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM: SECOND EDITION." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 23, no. 9 (September 1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19850901-11.

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43

Woodruff, Michele Lee. "ALCOHOLISM: A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND TREATMENT." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 26, no. 10 (October 1988): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19881001-15.

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44

Radouco-Thomas, Simone, Denyse Boivin, Felix Chabot, Paul-Andre Marquis, Gale Stewart, Francoise Barcin, and Corneille Radouco-Thomas. "Nosology and diagnosis of alcoholism. Issues and perspectives in subtyping (DSM III) simple alcoholism and alcoholism associated with other psychopathologies." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (January 1986): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(86)90066-7.

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45

PRANKE, Mariana de Andrade, and Gabriela Perdomo CORAL. "ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IN GASTROENTEROLOGY OUTPATIENT ON A PUBLIC HOSPITAL." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 54, no. 4 (September 21, 2017): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201700000-40.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease are both considered worldwide health problems. OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of alcohol dependence, the associated risk factors and the concordance between the prevalence found and the data collected during the medical visit were evaluated. METHODS: A prospective study evaluating gastroenterology outpatients at a public tertiary hospital was conducted. Two specific questionnaires to assess alcohol dependence were applied: Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE) and The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Data on comorbidities, clinical diagnosis and assessment of alcohol consumption by the attending physician were collected through medical records. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy eight patients were interviewed, of which 119 (66.9%) were women and 59 (33.1%) were men, with mean age of 57 years. Thirty-three (18.5%) of the 178 patients were considered alcohol-dependent by the CAGE questionnaire. Thirteen (7.3%) patients scored 8 points or more on the AUDIT questionnaire. The agreement (kappa) between these questionnaires was 0.37 (P<0.001). The most consumed drink was beer. The median daily consumption of dependent patients was 64 g. None of the patients were undergoing treatment in a specific treatment center, and 14/33 (42.4%) patients considered themselves alcoholics. Only in 17/33 (51.5%) there was information about alcoholism in their respective medical records. In the bivariate analysis, male gender (P<0.001), onset of alcohol consumption before the age of 15 (P=0.003), daily alcohol consumption in the last 12 months (P<0.001) and smoking (P<0.001) were identified as risk factors. After multivariate analysis, only male gender (P=0.009) and smoking (P=0.001) were associated with alcoholism. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a high prevalence of alcohol dependence in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic, being predominantly associated with male gender and smoking. It is worth noting that approximately half of the dependents were not identified as such in the medical appointment, evidencing the importance of the diagnostic approach in the alcoholic outpatient.

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46

Lentz, Alison. "Alcoholism and thiamine." Nursing 28, no. 4 (April 1998): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199804000-00005.

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47

Clark, William D. "Reviews and Notes: Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00041.

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Tarter, Ralph E., Howard B. Moss, Amelia Arria, Ada C. Mezzich, Michael M. Vanyukov, and John Stuart Mill. "The Psychiatric Diagnosis of Alcoholism: Critique and Proposed Reformulation." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16, no. 1 (January 1992): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00645.x.

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Turner, Sandra, and Marlene Cooper. "The Dual Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Alcoholism." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 14, no. 3 (September 17, 1996): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j020v14n03_07.

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Curtis, J. Randall, Gail Geller, Emma J. Stokes, David M. Levine, and Richard D. Moore. "Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Alcoholism in Elderly Patients." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, no. 4 (April 1989): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05496.x.

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