Journal articles: 'Alcoholism Australia'

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Lewis, Milton. "Treatment of Alcoholism in Australia from the 1950s to the 1980s." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200311.

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Within Australian medicine, interest in the treatment of alcoholism revived in the 1950s, and in the following decade the various states introduced special legislation and established special facilities. Psychiatrists tended to dominate treatment and evaluation of treatment in this period, and state psychiatric centres continued to treat a large number of alcoholics. In the 1970s, the work of voluntary agencies was increasingly subsidised by the state, and the state services to a large extent assumed a supervisory role. In the same decade, criticism of the disease concept of alcoholism and questioning of the effectiveness of treatment began to emerge in Australia as it had overseas. By the mid-1980s, many health professionals saw treatment as a strategy of last resort and were looking to control of consumption as the primary means by which to reduce alcoholism.

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Lewis, Milton J. "The early alcoholism treatment movement in Australia, 1859-1939." Drug and Alcohol Review 11, no. 1 (January 1992): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239200185101.

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Alati, Rosa, Chris Peterson, and Pranee Liamputtong Rice. "The Development of Indigenous Substance Misuse Services in Australia: Beliefs, Conflicts and Change." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 2 (2000): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00018.

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The aim of this paper is to overview earlier and recent issues in the field of Indigenous substance misuse intervention from its beginning to more recent developments. The overview will specifically analyse developments, advancements and change in the area of tertiary intervention or 'rehabilitation' as it is commonly referred to by Indigenous people. First, the paper will focus on Indigenous historical and theoretical constructs that have impacted on the development of Indigenous notions of 'rehabilitation' or intervention. Indigenous interpretations of the disease model of alcoholism, particularly the Alcoholics Anonymous philosophy, is analysed as well as the socio-cultural beliefs associated with those models. Second, conflicts with the mainstream management of substance misuse intervention are overviewed. Third, the paper highlights the complexity of more recent evolution of the services and discusses possible options for change. Attention is also devoted to Indigenous alternative interpretations of intervention and their relevance to the area of secondary intervention. Recent developments in the area of primary health care and their potential towards further improvement is also considered as well as obstacles to those changes.

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Wimmer, Adi. "Autonomous Aboriginal communities in Australia : besieged by scandal and corruption, how can they move forward?" Acta Neophilologica 42, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2009): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.42.1-2.111-122.

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Discourses of Australian Aboriginal culture have all too often relied on the "noble savage" trope, in Australia as in Europe. There were practical outcomesof such views, most notably the creation of over a hundred self-governed indigenous communities in the 1980s, most of them in the Northern territories. The architect of the plan was Nuggett Coombs, a top Canberra administrator and advisor to Whitlam and Hawke. His idea was to allow Aborigines a "pre-contact" lifestyle and to shield them from all evil "white" influences. Neither worked. On the contrary, it has now emerged that the leftist, liberal consensus on how to "empower" Aboriginal culture has resulted in the exact opposite, in degradation, alcoholism, and sexual violence. This is not only due to passivity in indigenous communities but also to a decade-long denial of their dysfunctionality by the white courts, academics, and lawmakers.

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Bruxner, George, Peter Burvill, Sam Fazio, and Sam Febbo. "Aspects of Psychiatric Admissions of Migrants to Hospitals in Perth, Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 4 (August 1997): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709065075.

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Objective: Recent Australian Government initiatives have emphasised problems with service provision to the ethnic mentally ill. This study aims to address the paucity of contemporary data describing the disposition of the ethnic mentally ill in hospital settings. Method: Patterns of admissions for psychiatric disorders to all hospitals in Perth, Western Australia, for the 3 years from 1990 to 1992, of migrants and the Australian born were compared using data from the Western Australian Mental Health Information System. Results: The overall rates for European migrants showed a ‘normalisation’ towards those of the Australian-born. There were high rates for the schizophrenic spectrum disorders in Polish and Yugoslavian (old terminology) migrants. There were low admission rates for South-East Asian migrants, predominantly those from Vietnam and Malaysia. Rates for alcoholism were low in Italian and all Asian migrants. There were high rates of organic psychosis, especially in those older than 75 years, among the Italian and Dutch migrants. The relative risk of a first admission in the 3 years being an involuntary admission to a mental hospital was almost twice that of the Australian-born for migrants from Poland, Yugoslavia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Conclusions: The results imply the possibility of significant untreated and/or undiagnosed psychiatric morbidity in the South-East Asian-born. They also indicate a need for further exploration of the unexpectedly high levels of psychiatric morbidity among some ethnic elderly groups, specifically the Dutch- and Italian-born. The findings demonstrate the persistence of high rates of presentation for psychotic disorders among Eastern European-born populations, many years post migration.

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Harper, Clive. "The neurotoxicity of alcohol." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 3 (March 2007): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107070499.

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Patterns of drinking are changing throughout the world and in many countries this will be detrimental to the health and welfare of the local population. Even uncomplicated alcoholics who have no specific neurological or hepatic problems show signs of regional brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Many of these changes are exaggerated and other brain regions damaged in patients who have additional vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). Quantitative neuropathology techniques and improvements in neuroimaging have contributed significantly to the documentation of these changes but mechanisms underlying the damage are not understood. A human brain bank targeting alcohol cases has been established in Sydney, Australia and provides fresh and frozen tissue for alcohol researchers. The tissues can be used to test hypotheses developed from structural neuropathological studies or from animal models and in vitro studies. Identification of reversible pathological changes and preventative medical approaches in alcoholism should enhance rehabilitation and treatment efforts, thereby mitigating debilitating morbidities and reducing mortality associated with this universal public health problem.

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Lewis, Milton. "Alcoholism in Australia, the 1880s to the 1980s: from medical science to political science." Australian Drug and Alcohol Review 7, no. 4 (October 1988): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595238880000721.

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Blum, Terry C., and Paul M. Roman. "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES FOR ALCOHOLISM IN THE U.S. AND AUSTRALIA: DILEMMAS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 6, no. 4 (April 1986): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013022.

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Renes, Cornelis M. B. "Alexis Wright’s The Swan Book: Indigenous-Australian Swansong or Songline?" Humanities 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h10030089.

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The Swan Book (pub. 2013) by the Indigenous-Australian author Alexis Wright is an eco-dystopian epic about the Indigenous people’s tough struggle to regain the environmental balance of the Australian continent and recover their former habitat. The book envisions a dire future in which all Australian flora and fauna—humans included—are under threat, suffering, displaced, and dying out as the result of Western colonization and its exploitative treatment of natural resources. The Swan Book goes beyond the geographical and epistemological scope of Wright’s previous two novels, Plains of Promise (pub. 1997) and Carpentaria (pub. 2006) to imagine what the Australian continent at large will look like under the ongoing pressure of the Western, exploitative production mode in a foreseeable future. The occupation of Aboriginal land in Australia’s Northern Territory since 2007 has allowed the federal government to intervene dramatically in what they term the dysfunctional remote Aboriginal communities; these are afflicted by transgenerational trauma, endemic domestic violence, alcoholism, and child sexual and substance abuse—in themselves the results of the marginal status of Indigeneity in Australian society—and continued control over valuable resources. This essay will discuss how Wright’s dystopian novel exemplifies an Indigenous turn to speculative fiction as a more successful way to address the trials and tribulations of Indigenous Australia and project a better future—an enabling songline rather than a disabling swansong.

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Boss, Peter. "Systems for Managing Child Maltreatment in Australia: A Study of the Six States." Children Australia 11, no. 4 (1986): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000015691.

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Child abuse constitutes a social problem whose dimensions we cannot yet quite grasp and whose causes are as multi-faceted as they are difficult to identify. Over the past two decades or so, ever since the re-awakening of interest in the topic, there has been an abundance of theorising and speculating about causes of child abuse. Theories which attempt to explain child abuse have ranged from the individual - psychological and specific deviant behaviour (like alcoholism and other types of addiction) - to socio-economic factors, faulty child-parent relationships, lack of family support resources and many more. Each of these theories, even if underdeveloped, has something to contribute to our understanding but none, by itself, has enabled us to say that if only we concentrate our resources on it we will be able to tackle child abuse at its very roots. What we have begun to learn is that we are dealing with a complex situation.

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Wade, Tracey, Andrew C. Heath, Suzanne Abraham, Susan A. Treloar, N. G. Martin, and M. Tiggemann. "Assessing the Prevalence of Eating Disorders in an Australian Twin Population." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 6 (December 1996): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065054.

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Objective: This paper examines the prevalence of disordered eating in a female Australian twin population aged between 28 and 90 years in 1993. Method: In two waves of data collection, the eating behaviour of 3869 female twins was first assessed in 1988–1989 by self-report questionnaire and then in 1992-1993 with a telephone interview, using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism interview. Results: It was found that about 0.4% of the women have a lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa and 1.8% of the group have suffered from bulimia nervosa. The incidence of bulimia nervosa but not anorexia nervosa was markedly higher for those women under 45 (2.3% bulimia nervosa) than for those women 45 years or older. Furthermore, one in three women have at some stage in their life used some extreme method of weight control. Conclusions: The levels of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa found are commensurate with those found in smaller studies in Australia and other parts of the world. The finding of widespread use of extreme weight control methods is of concern as this behaviour is a well-recognised precursor to more serious eating disorders.

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Cawte, John. "Parameters of Kava Used as a Challenge to Alcohol." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (March 1986): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678609158867.

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The kava bowl, a traditional feature of Pacific Island societies, has been adopted and adapted by a number of Aboriginal (Yolngu) communities of northern Australia, where it was introduced in the hope that it would challenge alcohol. This paper reports a study of its usage at Elcho Island, Northern Territory. At the high level of intake in this community, medical effects hitherto unreported are being observed. Some, such as a condition of detachment, reminiscent of the archetypal ‘blissful indolence’ of the lotus-eaters of Greek tradition as limned by the poet Homer, are obvious to the lay observer. Other effects are apparently advantageous for the management of alcohol abuse and some forms of psychosis. A surprising effect is the occurrence of a pellagrinous reaction. These observations indicate that further studies of the clinical effects and the human metabolism of high dosage kava are needed. Looming over all are questions of pharmacology. Do the kava pyrones possess anxiolytic or antipsychotic properties? Do they indeed have the property for which Pacific missionaries introduced them to Australia, as an alternative to alcoholism?

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Boots, R. J., J. Lipman, R. Bellomo, D. Stephens, and R. F. Heller. "Disease Risk and Mortality Prediction in Intensive Care Patients with Pneumonia. Australian and New Zealand Practice in Intensive Care (ANZPIC II)." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0503300116.

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This study of ventilated patients investigated pneumonia risk factors and outcome predictors in 476 episodes of pneumonia (48% community-acquired pneumonia, 24% hospital-acquired pneumonia, 28% ventilator-associated pneumonia) using a prospective survey in 14 intensive care units within Australia and New Zealand. For community acquired pneumonia, mortality increased with immunosuppression (OR 5.32, CI 95% 1.58–17.99, P<0.01), clinical signs of consolidation (OR 2.43, CI 95% 1.09–5.44, P=0.03) and Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (OR 1.19, CI 95% 1.08–1.30, P<0.001) but improved if appropriate antibiotic changes were made within three days of intensive care unit admission (OR 0.42, CI 95% 0.20–0.86, P=0.02). For hospital-acquired pneumonia, immunosuppression (OR 6.98, CI 95% 1.16–42.2, P=0.03) and non-metastatic cancer (OR 3.78, CI 95% 1.20–11.93, P=0.02) were the principal mortality predictors. Alcoholism (OR 7.80, CI 95% 1.20–17.50, P<0.001), high SOFA scores (OR 1.44, CI 95% 1.20–1.75, P=0.001) and the isolation of “high risk” organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp, Stenotrophomonas spp and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (OR 4.79, CI 95% 1.43–16.03, P=0.01), were associated with increased mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia. The use of non-invasive ventilation was independently protective against mortality for patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia (OR 0.35, CI 95% 0.18–0.68, P=0.002). Mortality was similar for patients requiring both invasive and non-invasive ventilation and non-invasive ventilation alone (21% compared with 20% respectively, P=0.56). Pneumonia risks and mortality predictors in Australian and New Zealand ICUs vary with pneumonia type. A history of alcoholism is a major risk factor for mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia, greater in magnitude than the mortality effect of immunosuppression in hospital-acquired pneumonia or community-acquired pneumonia. Non-invasive ventilation is associated with reduced ICU mortality. Clinical signs of consolidation worsen, while rationalising antibiotic therapy within three days of ICU admission improves mortality for community-acquired pneumonia patients.

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Jiang, Heng, and Robin Room. "The many facets of alcohol policy." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.234.

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Jiang, H., & Room, R. (2016). The many facets of alcohol policy. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(3), 85-87. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.234The articles in this section are revised from papers presented at a thematic meeting on alcohol policy research of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol, held in Melbourne in September, 2014. The international meeting was titled “Alcohol Policy Research: Putting Together a Global Evidence Base,” with attendees from 15 countries across five continents, including researchers from Australia, Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Papers revised from presentations at the conference are also published as special issues or sections in three other journals: Alcohol and Alcoholism (in Volume 50, No. 6), Drug and Alcohol Review (in Volume 35, No. 1), and Contemporary Drug Problems (in Volume 42, No. 2).

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Pollard, Irina. "Bioscience-bioethics and life factors affecting reproduction with special reference to the Indigenous Australian population." Reproduction 129, no. 4 (April 2005): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00268.

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The demand for equality of recognition or respect is the dominant passion of modernity. The 20th century experienced a giant leap in technological inventiveness and ruthless use of technological power. In the 21st century, human welfare and environmental wellbeing demand fundamental political appraisal. We have the means, if we choose, to eradicate poverty and to responsibly protect the global environment. However, economic, political and cultural systems act to differentially allocate the benefits and risks for growth between socioeconomic groups. For example, it is a matter of pride that the neonatal mortality rate in affluent societies has dropped substantially since the late 1970s. However, the level of infant mortality (three times the national average) and low birthweight (13%) among the Indigenous Australian population is the highest in the country. With hindsight we now know that is the inevitable legacy of Australia’s colonial history. Chronic physical and psychological stress is recognized as an important etiological factor in many lifestyle diseases of the cardiovascular, immune and reproductive systems. Diseases of adaptation are further advanced by non-adaptive lifestyle choices, depression, alcoholism and other drug dependencies. This review describes the principles of bioscience ethics and targets equity issues as they affect human reproduction across generations with particular reference to the Indigenous population of Australia. The review also considers ways we may advance global and cultural maturity from the Indigenous Australian perspective and proposes an ecologically based model of preventative care. If we are to embrace fundamental social change and protect future children without threatening parents’ basic freedoms, then new beliefs and priorities – based on a compassionate understanding of biological systems – must evolve from the general public. Belief in human rights arising from a sense of human dignity is a collective outcome originating from individual commitment. The golden rule; that is, Nature’s principle of reciprocity, is fundamental in bridging the gap between knowledge and effective action.

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Bhandary, Satheesh Kumar, Ivan Paraekulam Mani, Rajeshwary Aroor, and Vadisha Bhat. "A Case Report of Meilodosis." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 08, no. 03 (September 2018): 034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708761.

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AbstractMeilodosis is an infection caused by a gram negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei associated with high fatality rates. This organism is a widely distributed environmental saprophyte found in soil and stagnant water in the endemic regions of south East Asia and 1 Australia. It was first diagnosed in Burma by Captain Alfred Whitmore, and his assistant, C.S. 2 Krishnaswami in 1911. Meilodosis is an emerging pathogen in South India predominantly due to negligent management and a delayed diagnosis.The majority of the cases of B. pseudomallei infections are subclinicalwith the primary modality of transmission being through broken skin. The disease predominantly manifests in individuals 3 with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease and alcoholism. The majority of patients present 4 with pyrexia and localized skin ulcerations or abscesses. There is a high incidence of 5 pneumonia and septic shock following contamination. Transmission from a patient by droplet 6 spread is rare even with the presence of pulmonary melioidosis. Meliodosis of the head and neck region is not common, however it accounts for 40% of the cases of supportive parotitis in 7 children in Thailand and Cambodia. Diagnosis can be challenging due to its close symptomatic resemblance to tuberculosis. Isolation of the organism is difficult; this leads to poor identification of the causative agent and mismanagement.

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HEATH, A. C., P. A. F. MADDEN, K. K. BUCHOLZ, S. H. DINWIDDIE, W. S. SLUTSKE, L. J. BIERUT, J. W. ROHRBAUGH, et al. "Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 5 (September 1999): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008909.

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Background. Substantial evidence exists for an important genetic contribution to alcohol dependence risk in women and men. It has been suggested that genetically determined differences in alcohol sensitivity may represent one pathway by which an increase in alcohol dependence risk occurs.Methods. Telephone interview follow-up data were obtained on twins from male, female and unlike-sex twin pairs who had participated in an alcohol challenge study in 1979–81, as well as other pairs from the same Australian twin panel surveyed by mail in 1980–82.Results. At follow-up, alcohol challenge men did not differ from other male twins from the same age cohort on measures of lifetime psychopathology or drinking habits; but alcohol challenge women were on average heavier drinkers than other women. Acomposite alcohol sensitivity measure, combining subjective intoxication and increase in body-sway after alcohol challenge in 1979–81, exhibited high heritability (60%). Parental alcoholism history was weakly associated with decreased alcohol sensitivity in women, but not after adjustment for baseline drinking history, or in men. High alcohol sensitivity in men was associated with substantially reduced alcohol dependence risk (OR=0·05, 95% CI 0·01–0·39). Furthermore, significantly decreased (i.e. low) alcohol sensitivity was observed in non-alcoholic males whose MZ co-twin had a history of alcohol dependence, compared to other non-alcoholics. These associations remained significant in conservative analyses that controlled for respondents' alcohol consumption levels and alcohol problems in 1979–81.Conclusions. Men (but not women) at increased genetic risk of alcohol dependence (assessed by MZ co-twin's history of alcohol dependence) exhibited reduced alcohol sensitivity. Associations with parental alcoholism were inconsistent.

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Smith, D. Ian, and Peter W. Burvill. "Effect on Traffic Safety of Lowering the Drinking Age in Three Australian States." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600206.

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Lowering of the drinking age in three Australian States was found to adversely affect traffic safety. In the case of the South Australian reduction from 20 to 18 years the significant increase in the number of male drivers and motorcyclists injured still existed four to six years later. For Western Australia and Queensland different results were obtained for the metropolitan and Rest-of-State areas. A highly significant increase in drink-driving enforcement activity in Queensland was not able to contain the adverse effect on traffic safety of increasing the availability of alcoholic beverages.

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Vinayan, Sruthi, and U. Pratibha Bhat. "Clinical, Epidemiological and Microbiological Profile of A Potentially Pathogenic Environmental Saprophyte, Burkholderia pseudomallei; at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal India." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.09.

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Melioidosis is a severe systemic infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacillus with bipolar staining. It is an environmental saprophyte endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. The disease can have varying manifestations. This is a retrospective study of the clinical and microbiological profile of culture-proven cases of melioidosis who presented to a tertiary care hospital in Coastal Karnataka between January 2018 and December 2020. The epidemiological, demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were studied and analyzed. A total of 27 cases were seen during the study period. All patients were from the western coastal areas of India. Fever was the most common presenting complaint. Analysis of the clinical manifestations showed 11 (40.74%) with bacteremia. Pneumonia was the most common primary clinical presentation with 11 cases (40.74%). 9 (33.3%) patients had an abscess in some part of the body on presentation. Secondary foci were seen in 5 (18.5%) patients. The prominent risk factors seen were history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, age >40 years, alcoholism and smoking. 13 (48.15%) were started with the treatment regimen for melioidosis. Only 8 (29.63%) were prescribed the eradication treatment regimen. One case which was inadequately treated came back with reactivation of melioidosis. Varied clinical presentation of melioidosis makes the specific clinical diagnosis difficult. Due to the high mortality and morbidity rate, early diagnosis and prompt management is warranted, this requires clinical vigilance and an intensive microbiological workup. Lack of adherence to the treatment protocol can lead to reactivation.

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Preuss, U. W., S. Watzke, and F. M. Wurst. "Dimensionality and stages of severity of DSM-5 criteria in an international sample of alcohol-consuming individuals." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 15 (April 25, 2014): 3303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000889.

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Introduction.The DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria proposal contains 11 criteria that include most of the DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria plus craving. The aims of the current study in a large and international alcohol-consuming sample were to confirm the dimensionality of the DSM-5 AUD criteria and to differentiate grades of severity of DSM-5 AUD in subjects who pass the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic threshold of two criteria.Method.We used the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society on Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (ISBRA) Study on State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence dataset. Subjects included in the analyses were aged ⩾18 years and were recruited in five countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Finland and Japan. Assessment of AUD and additional characteristics was conducted using an adapted version of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS). Dimensionality of the DSM-5 criteria was evaluated using factor analysis and item response theory (IRT) models. The IRT results led to the classification of AUD patients into three severity groups. External validators were used to differentiate statistically across subgroups.Results.A total of 1424 currently drinking individuals were included in the analyses. Factor and IRT analyses confirmed the dimensional structure of DSM-5 AUD criteria. More than 99% of the subjects could be allocated to one of the suggested severity subgroups. The magnitude of the external validators differed significantly across the severity groups.Conclusions.The results confirm the dimensional structure of the proposed DSM-5 AUD criteria. The suggested stages of severity (mild, moderate and severe) may be useful to clinicians by grouping individuals not only in the mild but also in the moderate to severe spectrum of DSM-5 AUD.

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Ni Mhurchu, Cliona, Ryan Brown, Yannan Jiang, Helen Eyles, Elizabeth Dunford, and Bruce Neal. "Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 3 (April 14, 2015): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015000968.

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AbstractObjectiveTo compare the nutrient profile of packaged supermarket food products available in Australia and New Zealand. Eligibility to carry health claims and relationship between nutrient profile score and nutritional content were also evaluated.DesignNutritional composition data were collected in six major Australian and New Zealand supermarkets in 2012. Mean Food Standards Australia New Zealand Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion (NPSC) scores were calculated and the proportion of products eligible to display health claims was estimated. Regression analyses quantified associations between NPSC scores and energy density, saturated fat, sugar and sodium contents.ResultsNPSC scores were derived for 23 596 packaged food products (mean score 7·0, range −17 to 53). Scores were lower (better nutrient profile) for foods in Australia compared with New Zealand (mean 6·6 v. 7·8). Overall, 45 % of foods were eligible to carry health claims based on NPSC thresholds: 47 % in Australia and 41 % in New Zealand. However, less than one-third of dairy (32 %), meat and meat products (28 %) and bread and bakery products (27·5 %) were eligible to carry health claims. Conversely, >75 % of convenience food products were eligible to carry health claims (82·5 %). Each two-unit higher NPSC score was associated with higher energy density (78 kJ/100 g), saturated fat (0·95 g/100 g), total sugar (1·5 g/100 g) and sodium (66 mg/100 g; all P values<0·001).ConclusionsFewer than half of all packaged foods available in Australia and New Zealand in 2012 met nutritional criteria to carry health claims. The few healthy choices available in key staple food categories is a concern. Improvements in nutritional quality of foods through product reformulation have significant potential to improve population diets.

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Barons, Katerina Penelope, Davina Mann, Liliana Orellana, Mia Miller, Simone Pettigrew, and Gary Sacks. "Nutrition-Related Information on Alcoholic Beverages in Victoria, Australia, 2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084609.

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Alcoholic beverages sold in Australia are largely exempt from requirements to display nutrition information on packages, unlike other food and beverages. However, alcoholic beverage manufacturers can provide nutrition-related information voluntarily. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nutrition-related information on packaged alcoholic beverages in Australia. An in-store audit of the largest alcohol retailer in Melbourne, Australia was conducted in July 2021. A systematic sampling method was used to assess the presence and format of nutrition information on 850 alcoholic beverages across 5 alcohol categories (wine (n = 200), beer (n = 200), spirits (n = 200), ready-to-drink beverages (n = 140) and ciders (n = 110)). Most products (n = 682, 80.2%) did not present nutrition-related information. Where information was presented (n = 168), it was most frequently on ready-to-drink beverages (n = 81, 57.9%) and least frequently on spirits (n = 9, 4.5%) and wines (n = 9, 4.5%). Nutrition information was most frequently in the format of a nutrition information panel (n = 150, 89.3%) and approximately half of labelled beverages (n = 86, 51.2%) included a nutrition content claim (e.g., ‘low in carbs’). Given limited voluntary implementation of nutrition labelling on alcoholic beverages in Australia and the substantial contribution of alcoholic beverages to energy intake, consideration of mandatory nutrition labelling, in a standardised format designed to maximise public health benefit, on alcoholic beverages is warranted.

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Hazlehurst, Kayleen M. "Alcohol, Outstations and Autonomy: An Australian Aboriginal Perspective." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600208.

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It has been argued that a variety of pressures—a history of colonial exploitation, socio-economic decline, and psycho-environmental factors—have contributed to Aboriginal alcoholism and alcohol related crime. Other analyses have connected Aboriginal drinking patterns with a well established set of social relationships which support and continue to maintain Aboriginal life-style alcoholism. In the search for effective and long-term “solutions” to this addiction the author urges a deeper understanding of Aboriginal drinking relationships and the potential of these relationships to offer real rehabilitative alternatives for Aboriginals.

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Purdey, Annette L., Caroline L. Miller, and Jacqueline A. Bowden. "Depictions of Alcohol in Australian TV ‘Bachelor In Paradise’: A Content Analysis." Alcohol and Alcoholism 55, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa064.

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Abstract Aims To quantify the depictions of alcohol in the popular Australian reality TV show—Bachelor in Paradise (season 1: 2018). Methods All 16 episodes were coded in 1-min intervals for the presence of alcoholic beverage related content and non-alcoholic beverage content, and the categories of actual use, implied use and other references. Results Alcohol was highly prevalent in all episodes. Alcohol content occurred frequently, with 70.7% of intervals having any alcohol content. Actual alcohol use occurred in 31.9% of 1-min intervals, implied alcohol use occurred in 63.4% of intervals and other alcohol references occurred in 14.0% of intervals. Alcohol content was present in the first or second 1-min interval of all 16 episodes. Alcohol content was more than twice as prevalent as non-alcoholic content (34.0%). Conclusions The high volume of alcohol content depicted in the show is of concern, due to the important influence it may have on the audience. Vulnerable viewers, especially minors and young adults, are being exposed to ubiquitous alcohol references. This may influence their perceptions of normal alcohol use, their attitudes toward alcohol and their own consumption of alcohol. A stronger regulatory regime is required in Australia to protect young people more effectively from depictions in television programs.

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Shrapnel, William S., and Belinda E. Butcher. "Sales of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Australia: A Trend Analysis from 1997 to 2018." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041016.

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Lowering intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is being advocated as an obesity prevention strategy in Australia. The purpose of this study was to extend on previous reports of trends in national volume sales of SSBs. Data were extracted from commercially available datasets of beverage sales (AC Nielsen (1997–2011) and IRI Australia (2009–2018)). Linear regression was used to examine trends for the period 1997 to 2018. Per capita attribution of volume sales and sugar contribution was estimated by dividing by the Australian resident population for the relevant year. Per capita volume sales of SSBs fell 27%, from 83L/person to 61L/person, largely driven by declining sales of sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (76 to 45L/person). Volume sales of non-SSB increased, from 48 to 88L/person, the largest contributor being pure unflavoured still waters (6 to 48L/person). Volume sales of non-SSBs have exceeded those of SSBs since 2015. The yearly contribution of SSBs to the sugar content of the national diet declined from 9.0 to 6.4kg/person. Major, long-term shifts are occurring in the market for non-alcoholic, water-based beverages in Australia, notably a fall in per capita volume sales of SSBs and an increase in volume sales of water. Both trends are consistent with obesity prevention strategies.

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Crothers, Cara Elizabeth, and Jillian Dorrian. "Determinants of Nurses' Attitudes toward the Care of Patients with Alcohol Problems." ISRN Nursing 2011 (May 11, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/821514.

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Nurses (, age = 39 ± 11 y) from an Australian metropolitan hospital completed the Marcus Alcoholism, Seaman Mannello Nurses' Attitudes toward Alcoholism, and the shortened Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaires. The majority had personal (73%) and/or professional (93%) experience with people with alcohol problems. Not one reported receiving drug and alcohol training. On average, nurses held neutral to positive attitudes toward alcohol problems; however, 14.3% completely disagreed with the statement “I want to work with drinkers,” and 12.5% completely disagreed that they were likely to find working with people with alcohol problems rewarding. Attitudes to care were significantly influenced by age, personal drinking habits, and beliefs about whether patients can be helped, whether alcoholism is a character defect, and the relationship between alcoholism and social status. Negative attitudes towards patient care persist and are influenced by age, personal drinking habits, and beliefs about alcoholism. Specific training in this area may be beneficial.

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Robinson, Ella, Phuong Nguyen, Heng Jiang, Michael Livingston, Jaithri Ananthapavan, Anita Lal, and Gary Sacks. "Increasing the Price of Alcohol as an Obesity Prevention Measure: The Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Introducing a Uniform Volumetric Tax and a Minimum Floor Price on Alcohol in Australia." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030603.

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The objective of this study was to estimate, from an obesity prevention perspective, the cost-effectiveness of two potential policies that increase the price of alcohol in Australia: a volumetric tax applied to all alcohol (Intervention 1) and a minimum unit floor price (Intervention 2). Estimated changes in alcoholic drink consumption and corresponding changes in energy intake were calculated using the 2011–12 Australian Health Survey data, published price elasticities, and nutrition information. The incremental changes in body mass index (BMI), BMI-related disease outcomes, healthcare costs, and Health Adjusted Life Years (HALYs) were estimated using a validated model. Costs associated with each intervention were estimated for government and industry. Both interventions were estimated to lead to reductions in mean alcohol consumption (Intervention 1: 20.7% (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 20.2% to 21.1%); Intervention 2: 9.2% (95% UI: 8.9% to 9.6%)); reductions in mean population body weight (Intervention 1: 0.9 kg (95% UI: 0.84 to 0.96); Intervention 2: 0.45 kg (95% UI: 0.42 to 0.48)); HALYs gained (Intervention 1: 566,648 (95% UI: 497,431 to 647,262); Intervention 2: 317,653 (95% UI: 276,334 to 361,573)); and healthcare cost savings (Intervention 1: $5.8 billion (B) (95% UI: $5.1B to $6.6B); Intervention 2: $3.3B (95% UI: $2.9B to $3.7B)). Intervention costs were estimated as $24M for Intervention 1 and $30M for Intervention 2. Both interventions were dominant, resulting in health gains and cost savings. Increasing the price of alcohol is likely to be cost-effective from an obesity prevention perspective in the Australian context, provided consumers substitute alcoholic beverages with low or no kilojoule alternatives.

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Pitts, James A. "The Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Client Workbook, 2nd Edition by Robert R. Perkinson California, USA: Sage Publications Inc. (book available to purchase in Australia from Footprint Books), 2012ISBN: 978-1-41-297922-1, 137 pp. Paperback. Price: A$37.95." Drug and Alcohol Review 32, no. 3 (April 16, 2013): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00505.x.

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Pang, Xiao-Na, Zhao-Jie Li, Jing-Yu Chen, Li-Juan Gao, and Bei-Zhong Han. "A Comprehensive Review of Spirit Drink Safety Standards and Regulations from an International Perspective." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-319.

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ABSTRACT Standards and regulations related to spirit drinks have been established by different countries and international organizations to ensure the safety and quality of spirits. Here, we introduce the principles of food safety and quality standards for alcoholic beverages and then compare the key indicators used in the distinct standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, the People's Republic of China, the United States, Canada, and Australia. We also discuss in detail the “maximum level” of the following main contaminants of spirit drinks: methanol, higher alcohols, ethyl carbamate, hydrocyanic acid, heavy metals, mycotoxins, phthalates, and aldehydes. Furthermore, the control measures used for potential hazards are introduced. Harmonization of the current requirements based on comprehensive scope analysis and the risk assessment approach will enhance both the trade and quality of distilled spirits. This review article provides valuable information that will enable producers, traders, governments, and researchers to increase their knowledge of spirit drink safety requirements, control measures, and research trends.

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Piper, Alana. "All the Waters of Lethe: An Experience of Female Alcoholism in Federation Queensland." Queensland Review 18, no. 1 (2011): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/qr.18.1.85.

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Whether it is treated as an issue for consternation or celebration, a propensity for drunkenness has long been represented as an essential trait of the Australian character. The image of the Australian drinker has remained distinctly masculine, with drinking canonised as a male pastime by Russel Ward's The Australian Legend (Ward 1958: 2). While Australian histories of inebriation have recognised the gendered nature of alcohol use, they have assumed implicitly that because drinking typically has been considered a masculine prerogative, the primary significance of liquor consumption to gender studies lies in the role it played in the construction of masculine identity. The assumption has been that because women's drinking was not conducted on the same scale as men's, the excessive drinking indulged in by a minority of females is unimportant to larger understandings of femininity. This has inhibited investigation of female drunkenness, the responses it provoked and the critical expression of power relations constituted by these reactions.

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Inglis, Timothy JJ. "Melioidosis in Australia." Microbiology Australia 42, no. 2 (2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21027.

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Melioidosis is a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei following contact with a contaminated environmental source, normally soil or water in tropical and subtropical locations. The disease spectrum varies from rapidly progressive bacteraemic infection with or without pneumonia, to focal lesions in deep soft tissues and internal organs to superficial soft tissue infection and asymptomatic seroconversion with possible long-term dormancy. Most infections occur with a background of chronic illness such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease and alcoholic liver disease. Improvements in diagnosis, targeted antimicrobial treatment and long term follow up have improved clinical outcomes. Environmental controls following rare point source case clusters and heightened awareness of melioidosis appear to have reduced the disease burden in some parts of northern Australia. However, the impact of climate change on dispersal of environmental B. pseudomallei, and changing land use in tropical Australia is expected to change the epidemiology of melioidosis in future.

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Wymond, Brooke S., Kacie M. Dickinson, and Malcolm D. Riley. "Alcoholic beverage intake throughout the week and contribution to dietary energy intake in Australian adults." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 14 (April 1, 2016): 2592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001600063x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess alcoholic beverage intake among Australian adults and its contribution to dietary energy intake.DesignSecondary analysis of a national dietary survey using 24 h dietary recall.SettingAustralian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) conducted from May 2011 to June 2012.SubjectsAdults (n9341) aged 19 years and over.ResultsOn the day preceding the survey, 32·8% of Australian adults consumed one or more alcoholic drinks. The median contribution to total energy intake for consumers did not differ significantly between males and females (13·7% and 12·9%, respectively;P=0·10). The prevalence of consumption of alcoholic drinks on Friday, Saturday and Sunday was 38·8 (95% CI 37·1, 40·5)%, higher than the other days (28·6 (95% CI 27·5, 29·8)%). Consumers had a median daily intake of 4·0 standard drinks on the weekend compared with 3·0 standard drinks during the week (P<0·001). Beer was the most commonly consumed alcoholic beverage for men and white wine for women. The highest prevalence of alcoholic beverage intake occurred in the highest quintile of adjusted household income (42·7 (95% CI 40·4, 45·0)%) and the ‘overweight’ BMI category (40·3 (95% CI 38·5, 42·0)%). Alcoholic beverage intake among consumers was significantly different by household income quintile (median 3·84 (highest)v. 3·05 standard drinks (lowest);P<0·05) and by waist circumference category (median 4·09 standard drinks (highest)).ConclusionsAlcoholic drinks contribute substantially to the dietary energy intake of Australian adults. The type and pattern of consumption of alcoholic beverage intake should be considered in the development of strategies to improve dietary intake.

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Haskelberg, Hila, Bruce Neal, Elizabeth Dunford, Victoria Flood, Anna Rangan, Beth Thomas, Xenia Cleanthous, et al. "High variation in manufacturer-declared serving size of packaged discretionary foods in Australia." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 10 (March 17, 2016): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516000799.

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AbstractDespite the potential of declared serving size to encourage appropriate portion size consumption, most countries including Australia have not developed clear reference guidelines for serving size. The present study evaluated variability in manufacturer-declared serving size of discretionary food and beverage products in Australia, and how declared serving size compared with the 2013 Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG) standard serve (600 kJ). Serving sizes were obtained from the Nutrition Information Panel for 4466 packaged, discretionary products in 2013 at four large supermarkets in Sydney, Australia, and categorised into fifteen categories in line with the 2013 ADG. For unique products that were sold in multiple package sizes, the percentage difference between the minimum and the maximum serving size across different package sizes was calculated. A high variation in serving size was found within the majority of food and beverage categories – for example, among 347 non-alcoholic beverages (e.g. soft drinks), the median for serving size was 250 (interquartile range (IQR) 250, 355) ml (range 100–750 ml). Declared serving size for unique products that are available in multiple package sizes also showed high variation, particularly for chocolate-based confectionery, with median percentage difference between minimum and maximum serving size of 183 (IQR 150) %. Categories with a high proportion of products that exceeded the 600 kJ ADG standard serve included cakes and muffins, pastries and desserts (≥74 % for each). High variability in declared serving size may confound interpretation and understanding of consumers interested in standardising and controlling their portion selection. Future research is needed to assess if and how standardising declared serving size might affect consumer behaviour.

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Mahady, Suzanne E., and Leon A. Adams. "Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Australia." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 33 (May 28, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14270.

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Miller, Caroline, Kerry Ettridge, Melanie Wakefield, Simone Pettigrew, John Coveney, David Roder, Sarah Durkin, Gary Wittert, Jane Martin, and Joanne Dono. "Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Juice, Artificially-Sweetened Soda and Bottled Water: An Australian Population Study." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030817.

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Reducing consumption of free sugars, such as those found in high concentrations in manufactured products such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juices, is a global public health priority. This study aimed to measure prevalence of widely available pre-packaged non-alcoholic water-based beverages (carbonated sodas, sports drinks, energy drinks, artificially-sweetened sodas, fruit juices (any type), and bottled water) and to comprehensively examine behavioral, environmental, current health, and demographic correlates of consumption. A cross-sectional, nationally-representative population survey of 3430 Australian adults (18+ years) was conducted using computer-assisted telephone (mobile and landline) interviewing. Past week prevalence of pre-packaged drinks containing free sugar was 47.3%; daily prevalence was 13.6%. Of all the pre-packaged drinks assessed, consumption of fruit juices (any type) was the most prevalent (38.8%), followed by bottled water (37.4%), soda (28.9%), artificially-sweetened soda (18.1%), sports drinks (8.1%), and energy drinks (4.2%). Higher soda consumption was associated with males, younger age, socio-economic disadvantage, frequent takeaway food consumption, availability of soda in the home, obesity, and a diagnosis of heart disease or depression. A diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes was associated with increased likelihood of consuming artificially-sweetened sodas and decreased likelihood of consuming sugar-sweetened soda. SSB consumption is prevalent in Australia, especially among young adults and males, foreshadowing continued population weight gain and high burdens of chronic disease. To reduce consumption, Australia must take a comprehensive approach, incorporating policy reform, effective community education, and active promotion of water.

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Arriaga, Maria E., Claire M. Vajdic, Karen Canfell, Robert MacInnis, Peter Hull, Dianna J. Magliano, Emily Banks, et al. "The burden of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors: the Australian cancer-PAF cohort consortium." BMJ Open 7, no. 6 (June 2017): e016178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016178.

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PurposeTo estimate the Australian cancer burden attributable to lifestyle-related risk factors and their combinations using a novel population attributable fraction (PAF) method that accounts for competing risk of death, risk factor interdependence and statistical uncertainty.Participants365 173 adults from seven Australian cohort studies. We linked pooled harmonised individual participant cohort data with population-based cancer and death registries to estimate exposure-cancer and exposure-death associations. Current Australian exposure prevalence was estimated from representative external sources. To illustrate the utility of the new PAF method, we calculated fractions of cancers causally related to body fatness or both tobacco and alcohol consumption avoidable in the next 10 years by risk factor modifications, comparing them with fractions produced by traditional PAF methods.Findings to dateOver 10 years of follow-up, we observed 27 483 incident cancers and 22 078 deaths. Of cancers related to body fatness (n=9258), 13% (95% CI 11% to 16%) could be avoided if those currently overweight or obese had body mass index of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2. Of cancers causally related to both tobacco and alcohol (n=4283), current or former smoking explains 13% (11% to 16%) and consuming more than two alcoholic drinks per day explains 6% (5% to 8%). The two factors combined explain 16% (13% to 19%): 26% (21% to 30%) in men and 8% (4% to 11%) in women. Corresponding estimates using the traditional PAF method were 20%, 31% and 10%. Our PAF estimates translate to 74 000 avoidable body fatness-related cancers and 40 000 avoidable tobacco- and alcohol-related cancers in Australia over the next 10 years (2017–2026). Traditional PAF methods not accounting for competing risk of death and interdependence of risk factors may overestimate PAFs and avoidable cancers.Future plansWe will rank the most important causal factors and their combinations for a spectrum of cancers and inform cancer control activities.

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Waldron, Mary, Nicholas G. Martin, and Andrew C. Heath. "Parental Alcoholism and Offspring Behavior Problems: Findings in Australian Children of Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.5.433.

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AbstractWe examine the impact of rearing by an alcoholic parent on risk for child behavior problems using data on 2492 offspring drawn from two ongoing studies of children of female and male same- and opposite-sex twin pairs. Results of regression models predicting child behavior problems from parent and co-twin lifetime history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) provide support for genetic but not environmental transmission of externalizing and a measure of total problem behaviors. Results for internalizing behavior were inconclusive with respect to transmission of risk.

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Jiang, Heng, Christopher M. Doran, Robin Room, Tanya Chikritzhs, Jason Ferris, and Anne-Marie Laslett. "Beyond the Drinker: Alcohol's Hidden Costs in 2016 in Australia." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 83, no. 4 (July 2022): 512–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2022.83.512.

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SMITH, D. IAN. "Consumption and advertising of alcoholic beverages in Australia, 1969-86." Drug and Alcohol Review 9, no. 1 (January 1990): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239000185051.

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Nowson, Caryl A., and Stella L. O’Connell. "Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence of Australian General Practice Registrars." Journal of Biomedical Education 2015 (August 5, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/219198.

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Nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and confidence were assessed in General Practice Registrars (GPRs) throughout Australia. Of approximately 6,000 GPRs invited to complete a nutrition survey, 93 respondents (2%) completed the online survey, with 89 (20 males, 69 females) providing demographic and educational information. Fifty-one percent had graduated from medical school within the last two years. From a list of 11 dietary strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk, respondents selected weight loss (84%), reducing saturated fats (90%), a maximum of two alcoholic drinks/day (82%), and increasing vegetables (83%) as “highly appropriate” strategies, with only 51% indicating that salt reduction was “highly appropriate.” Two-thirds of registrars felt “moderately” (51%) or “very” confident (16%) providing nutrition advice. Most of them (84%) recalled receiving information during training, but only 34% recalled having to demonstrate nutritional knowledge. The results indicate that this group of Australian GPRs understood most of the key dietary recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk but lacked consensus regarding the recommendation to reduce salt intake and expressed mixed levels of confidence in providing nutritional advice. Appropriate nutrition education before and after graduation is recommended for GPRs to ensure the development of skills and confidence to support patients to make healthy dietary choices and help prevent chronic diseases.

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BUNGEY, JILL, and Carol Winter. "ALCOHOLIC CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION PRIORITIES." Australian Alcohol/Drug Review 4, no. 1 (January 1985): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595238580000171.

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Roche, Ann M., Michael D. Parle, Jane Campbell, and John B. Saunders. "Substance Abuse Disorders: Psychiatric Trainees' Knowledge, Diagnostic Skills and Attitudes." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064980.

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Objective: The drug and alcohol related knowledge and attitudes of trainee psychiatrists were examined to obtain a baseline measure of these factors in order to determine whether current training is appropriate and adequate. Method: A questionnaire was distributed to trainees enrolled in the training program of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia (N=425). Questions were asked relating to theoretical knowledge, diagnostic and problem solving skills for a number of drug groups; further questions concerned the respondents' attitudes and opinions on aspects of management. Results: Sixty per cent of recipients returned the questionnaire. Theoretical and applied knowledge levels were of an adequate standard overall, but highly variable. Notable areas of weakness included knowledge of opiates, barbiturates and stimulants. Trainees' views regarding treatment options were also variable. Alcoholics Anonymous was considered the best supported form of treatment from evidence from controlled trials. Low levels of self efficacy and little support were recognised for early intervention strategies. Conclusions: While positive views were generally expressed towards involvement with patients with alcohol and drug problems, specific strategies to enhance training and performance are needed. Findings are discussed in terms of continuing education. It is recommended that if sufficient training in this area is not provided then psychiatrists will have little confidence in appropriate therapeutic approaches in treating substance misusers.

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Liang, W., T. Chikritzhs, R. Pascal, and C. W. Binns. "Mortality rate of alcoholic liver disease and risk of hospitalization for alcoholic liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic liver failure in Australia between 1993 and 2005." Internal Medicine Journal 41, no. 1a (January 2011): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02279.x.

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Joseph, Zacharia, and Joby Thomas. "Responsible Beverage Service Practices: Comparison between India and Australia." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.20.3.

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Sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages have been rising globally. This is making the alcohol industry worth over $1344 billion today. This rise in alcohol consumption has not been without its gray shades in the form of alcohol abuse, alcohol-related crimes, accidents and deaths. This paper studies and compares the Responsible Beverage Service practices between India and Australia to understand its scope and impact. The study draws upon review and analysis of research and data from literature and alcohol policies of the two countries. The study reveals the similarities and differences in the approach towards Responsible Beverage Service between these two countries and suggests methods to strengthen this practice in India.

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Crook, Gabrielle M., Tian P. S. Oei, and Ross Mac Young. "Structure of the MAST with an Australian sample of alcoholics." Drug and Alcohol Review 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239400185711.

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Laslett, Anne-Marie, Robin Room, Jason Ferris, Claire Wilkinson, Michael Livingston, and Janette Mugavin. "Surveying the range and magnitude of alcohol's harm to others in Australia." Addiction 106, no. 9 (August 5, 2011): 1603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03445.x.

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Heath, A. C., W. S. Slutske, P. A. Madden, and N. G. Martin. "Gender differences in the genetic contribution to alcoholism risk: Findings from the Australian twin panel." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (June 1996): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)88084-9.

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Gilson, Kim-Michelle, Christina Bryant, and Fiona Judd. "The hidden harms of using alcohol for pain relief in older adults." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 11 (July 30, 2014): 1929–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001513.

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Estimates from population-based studies indicate that older adults drink more frequently than younger age groups. Data from the 2010 Australian national household survey reported that daily drinking was evident in 13.3% of older adults aged 60–69 years and in 14.8% of older adults aged 70+ years. These findings are compared to daily drinking rates reported by 10.1% of adults aged 50–59 years and 7.5% in the 40–49 years age range (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The study of alcohol consumption in older adults is particularly important because of their increased sensitivity to alcohol-related harms. With age, the body's ability to process alcohol decreases as a result of physiological changes, such as decreases in body mass and higher levels of fatty tissue, leading to a higher blood alcohol concentration for a given dose compared with younger adults (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1998). This greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol necessitates a stronger understanding of drinking practices in older adults.

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DONOVAN, KATI, ROB DONOVAN, PETER HOWAT, and NARELLE WELLER. "Magazine alcohol advertising compliance with the Australian Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code." Drug and Alcohol Review 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230601037026.

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Hourigan, Kevin J., and Francis G. Bowling. "Alcoholic liver disease: A clinical series in an Australian private practice." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 16, no. 10 (October 2001): 1138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02603.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alcoholism Australia'

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