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1
Luigi, Picci Rocco, ed. Alcol, alcolici, alcolismo. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1990.
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2
Alcoh?olicos an?onimos: El relato de c?omo muchos miles de hombres y mujeres se han recuperado del alcoholismo. New York: Alocholics Anonymous World Services, 1990.
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3
Ugolini, Paolo. Alcol e buone prassi sociologiche: Ricerca, osservatori, piani di zona, clinica, prevenzione. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2013.
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4
Aráuz, José Antonio Baca. El alcoholismo es algo más que una enfermedad. Managua: Pavsa, 1998.
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5
Annovi, Claudio, Roberta Biolcati, and Renato Di Rico. Manuale di prevenzione dei problemi alcol-correlati negli ambienti di lavoro. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2006.
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6
Kuusi, Hanna. Viinistä vapautta: Alkoholi, hallinta ja identiteetti 1960-luvun Suomessa. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2003.
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7
Alcol e giovani: Cosa è cambiato in vent'anni. Roma: Carocci, 2012.
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8
Alco holism: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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9
Flanagan, Owen. Identity and Addiction. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0051.
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Chapter 51 focuses on the subjective side of alcoholism, specifically about what memoirs of alcoholism teach about alcoholism, and argue that a common theme in many memoirs is that drinking, sometimes heavy drinking, a prerequisite of addiction, was modelled, endorsed, and eventually achieved in a way that involves deep identification, and also argues that alcoholic memoirs, even assuming that they suffer from objectivity problems such as the latter, nonetheless serve an important function, and not just whatever cathartic function they serve for the author.
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Maria, Marchese Consiglio Anna, and Blandino Mario, eds. Alcol, alcolismo, alcolisti. Palermo: Flaccovio, 1990.
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11
Arauz, Jose Antonio Baca. El alcoholismo es algo mas que una enfermedad. Pavsa, 1999.
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12
Underwood, Doug. Depression, Drink, and Dissipation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036408.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the prevalence of alcoholism, substance abuse, depression, and general mental health symptoms among journalist–literary figures, along with the connections that can be made between addiction and compulsive behaviors and the experiences in journalism that may have helped to foster them. The stereotype of the hard-drinking journalist pervades the work of journalists that both celebrate and condemn the lifestyle of the journalistic personality. Ernest Hemingway's romanticizing of drinking in the 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises provides a tragic counterpoint to the story of his last years—that of a depressed and despairing writer suffering from alcoholic psychosis, trying in vain to rediscover his lost talent, and ultimately committing suicide. This chapter first considers the depression, anxiety, and aberrant behavior found among journalist–literary figures before discussing their excessive drinking, drug abuse, and dysfunctional lives. It also looks at twentieth-century journalists and writers with addictive and psychologically compulsive behaviors, such as Charles Bukowski, Brendan Behan, and Thomas Paine.
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Genosko, Gary. Drinking Animals: Sobriety, Intoxication and Interspecies Assemblages. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0016.
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While Deleuze explored the temporalities of alcoholism in American literature in The Logic of Sense, and Jean Clet Martin, among others, has extended this inquiry by further extracting the alcoholic’s lines of flight from the same literature, this chapter breaks the mould by understanding alcohol, distilled and in its pure form of ethanol, as well as its imbibition, as a question of a component that passes through anthropocentric, and across multiple non-anthropocentric assemblages. The exploitation of ethanol fermentation, for example, exists across species. Indeed, as we entertain more overtly human cultural examples, such as ‘wine’ for cats, a recent Japanese pet trend, the metabolic communion of interspecies companionship requires that the material expressivity of the substance is overcoded because the ‘wine’ is not only non-alcoholic but liquid catnip in a ‘wine’ bottle. Indeed, theorization of the pursuit of shared pleasures – using Guattari’s ethological terms, we might say deterritorializing from deterministic biological factors yet also modifying these in some measure as well (Machinic Unconscious) – and engaging multiple species is this chapter’s goal, achievable by plotting the passages of alcohol and its related components across assemblages and their material and socio-cultural expressive trajectories beyond strictly anthropocentric and Western prerogatives.
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Corzine, Nathan Michael. Time in a Bottle. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039799.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the history of alcohol use in Major League Baseball (MLB) and considers the sudden urge, amid an atmosphere of partisan culture war that clouded the 1990s, to celebrate the era that Mickey Mantle so vividly symbolized—the golden days of his sport and the men who played it. It shows how Mantle,who was ravaged by liver cancer due to a lifelong battle with alcoholism, was used by some as a diversion from baseball's mounting troubles. It also discusses the “Drink Hard, Play Hard” ethic in MLB and how alcoholism relates to masculinity in the league. Finally, it examines alcohol problems among teams such as the New York Yankees and players like Ryne Duren, Sam McDowell, and Don Newcombe.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Alcoholic liver disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0211.
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Alcoholic liver disease develops in excessive drinkers and can manifest in three forms: alcoholic fatty liver (steatosis; >80%), alcoholic hepatitis (10%–35%), and cirrhosis (10%). The more alcohol consumed, the greater the risk of alcoholic liver disease, although other factors may also be involved. Alcohol can cause significant damage without producing any symptoms, and many patients will only have liver dysfunction detected on routine blood tests. Many patients report non-specific symptoms, such as anorexia, morning nausea, diarrhoea, and vague right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The underlying pathogenesis of alcohol-induced injury is not fully understood but is thought to involve various mechanisms. This chapter discusses alcoholic liver disease, focusing on its etiology, symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Saylor, Deanna, and John C. Probasco. Nutritional Deficiencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0184.
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Nutritional deficiencies are estimated to affect at least one third of the world’s population. Although they are most common in developing countries, they are also found in the developed world where they often occur in the setting of alcoholism, eating disorders, post bariatric surgery, and malabsorptive disorders. Neurologic manifestations of vitamin deficiencies are varied, reflecting the diversity of biochemical activity of vitamins throughout the nervous system. Here the neurological manifestations of common vitamin deficiencies are examoned, beginning with a discussion of relevant biochemistry and pathophysiology of each respective vitamin. Several micronutrients are included in the tables within this chapter.
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Huszcza, Romuald, and Anna Wojakowska-Kurowska, eds. Kultura koreańska od kuchni – rytuały, etykieta i estetyka. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323548911.
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The texts included in the book refer to the earliest history of Korean culinary culture, the symbolism of rice and its ritualization, the role of tea and alcoholic drinks in everyday culture, they also explore feast threads in poetry and historical and contemporary culinary traditions.
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McGrane, Tracy. Alcohol Withdrawal. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0093.
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This chapter, “Alcohol Withdrawal,” reviews the prevalence, presentation, pathophysiology, and anesthetic considerations for patients encountered at risk of alcohol withdrawal, as well as current intensive care unit practices caring for patients at risk of alcohol withdrawal to allow for improved perioperative crisis management. It reviews physiologic derangements in both acute and chronic alcoholism, and reviews the current evidence for prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the intensive care unit, including fixed-dose versus loading-dose versus symptom-based treatment using benzodiazepines, and the use of alcohol, barbiturates, propofol, beta blockers, and alpha-2 agonists as treatment choices. Also discussed are complications of alcohol withdrawal syndrome to recognize and considerations for treatment of pregnant women and elderly patients in alcohol withdrawal.
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Modir, Shahla J. Ayurvedic Approach to Addiction. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0015.
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Ayurveda is one of the oldest systems of natural medicine in the world. Originating over 4,000 years ago, it is the root of several other branches of traditional medicine including the Chinese and Greek medical systems. The word “veda” means knowledge or science and the term “ayus” means life in Sanskrit. Thus, the term “ayurveda” means the knowledge or “science of life.” In this chapter, we review the basic principles and pathophysiology of illness from an Ayurvedic medicine perspective. We also discuss in depth the disease treatment model from an Ayurvedic perspective. Additionally, we explore the Ayurvedic view of addiction and discuss treatment approaches. Included is the use of the Ayurvedic model to describe and treat three different types of alcoholism as an illustration of varying doshic imbalances.
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de Bie, Robertus M. A. “He Wants It All the Time, Doctor”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0002.
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Impulse-control disorders are an increasingly recognized complication of dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson’s disease, being present in approximately 15% of patients treated with dopamine agonists but also observed in patients treated with levodopa (referred to as “dopamine dysregulation syndrome”). Impulse-control disorders include pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, and compulsive eating. Factors associated with a higher risk for impulse-control disorders are a young age at disease onset, a history of addictive behavior before the disease started, a family history of addiction such as alcoholism, and being male. It is undoubtedly true that current estimates are conservative due to embarrassment or shame preventing patients from disclosing behavioral change to their doctors. All patients must be questioned about impulse-control disorders at every visit, and where possible a collateral should be obtained from a family member or carer.
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Trezvai︠a︡ ėkonomika: Ėkonomicheskai︠a︡ modelʹ protivodeĭstvii︠a︡ alko- i narkozavisimosti. Moskva: Soltėks, 2005.
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22
Mancell, Sara, and Deepa Kamat. Nutritional management of liver disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0068.
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The chapter on nutrition and liver disease describes the pathophysiology of the malnutrition that frequently accompanies chronic liver disease in children and then discusses the suggested management as well as ways of nutritional assessment and monitoring of the children. There is also a section of specific suggestions for various conditions such as biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, Wilson disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as an overview of the various special feeds and supplements used in these conditions.
23
Hochman, Gilberto, Nísia Trindade Lima, and Marcos Chor Maio. The Path of Eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of Miscegenation. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0030.
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This article deals with the diffusion of eugenics in Brazil that occurred in the context of the social and economic problems associated with widespread infectious and parasitic diseases, and are often regarded as a serious obstacle to Brazil's successful transformation into a nation. It explains that Brazilian eugenics has brought together a wide range of professionals—physicians, journalists, and lawyers—and involves a series of different and sometimes contradictory responses to local challenges of national identity. It proceeds with the discussion of racial theories and Brazilian dilemmas at the end of nineteenth century and formulates the matrix for reflection on the possibilities of a civilized country. The strong association between eugenics and hygiene, with its emphasis on intervention in the environment and the regulation of, among other practices, alcoholism and sexual behavior is also addressed. This article presents eugenics as a heterogeneous intellectual and political movement and examines the national and the racial question.
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Payne, Roberta. Translation and Ethics in Psychiatry. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.8.
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In this article, the author reflects on the importance of translation and ethics in psychiatry based on his personal experience as a patient suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, alcoholism, and cancer. He talks about his sessions with psychiatrists he has met—what he terms their “human translating.” More specifically, he emphasizes the translation activities between patients and psychiatrists that matter to him, mainly because they are not only fraught with ethical dangers but also present an opportunity for both patient and psychiatrist to excel. The author recalls his exchange with a psychiatrist and how they translated each other’s words very well, and how their session illustrates many ethical qualities for which the doctor should be proud. Finally, he lists the qualities that he deems important and useful and accessible today as they were in 1990, including respect for the patient’s intellect and pace of thinking, appreciation for the patient’s pain, and absence of intellectual competition with the patient.
25
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons., ed. Minutes of proceedings in the House of Commons of the Imperial Parliament in the session of 1834: Relative to an inquiry into the extent, causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of intoxication, with extracts from the report of the committee of the said House on the subject, also, an incident on the Maine Law. [Toronto?: s.n.], 1986.
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26
Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Prevention of gastrointestinal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0346.
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Disease prevention is usually directed where there is considerable morbidity or mortality, and etiological factors that can be controlled, treated, or reduced. The greatest morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal disease is related to infectious diarrhoea and gastrointestinal cancer, both of which can be prevented. Smoking has been closely associated with oesophageal, gastric, and liver cancer and also has a significant effect in inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis are preventable causes of liver disease, liver failure, and hepatic cancer. This chapter addresses the prevention of gastrointestinal disease, focusing on alcohol, smoking, peptic ulcer disease, colorectal cancer, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and gastrointestinal infection.
27
Smith, Robert M. Other bacterial diseasesErysipeloid. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0025.
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Erysipeloid is an acute bacterial infection usually causing acute localised cellulitis as a secondary infection of traumatised skin. It is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa), a non-sporulating Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, ubiquitous in the environment. It is the cause of swine erysipelas and also a pathogen or commensal in a variety of wild and domestic birds, animal and marine species. Human infection primarily associated with occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animals or handling animal products and therefore is commoner in farmers, butchers and abattoir workers and fisherman.Risk factors for the rare human invasive E. rhusiopathiae infection include conditions that affect the host immune response, such as alcoholism, cancer and diabetes. Treatment is with penicillin.Erysipelas can affect animals of all ages but is recognised more frequently in juveniles. Swine exhibit similar stages to the disease in man. Clinical manifestations in swine vary from the classical rhomboid urticaria (diamond skin), the condition of greatest prevalence and economic importance, to sepsis, polyarthritis, pneumonia and death.Prevention is largely a matter of good hygiene, herd management and by raising awareness in those at risk (especially butchers, farmers and fishermen); ensuring that clinicians are aware of E. rhusiopathiae as a possible cause of occupational skin lesions and bacterial endocarditis is important.
28
Alonso, Paul. Brozo’s El Mañanero. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636500.003.0004.
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Brozo, el payaso tenebroso (the creepy clown)—a misogynistic, alcoholic, coarse, and marginal character—is one of the most popular and influential “journalists” in Mexico. His show, El Mañanero, has been broadcast on Mexican TV since 2000, when the 71-year regime of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) ended. Chapter 4 analyzes the carnivalesque role of Brozo as a subversive and profane court jester able to confront with impunity the elites at the heart of the Mexican power de facto: Televisa, one of the biggest media conglomerates in the world, which has a problematic adhesion to political power. Connecting with the Mexican tradition of clowns and satiric underdogs, this chapter also examines Brozo’s media performance and discursive configuration in relation to the history of institutionalized corruption and violence against journalists in Mexico.
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Helford, Elyce Rae. What Price Hollywood? University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179292.001.0001.
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A prolific director of classic Hollywood cinema, George Cukor was known for his romantic comedies and dramas and his work with difficult leading ladies. For such work, he was labeled a “woman’s director.” He did build or enhance the careers of many strong, independent actresses, including Katharine Hepburn, Greta Garbo, Judy Holliday, Judy Garland, and Marilyn Monroe. However, the tag was also derogatory, referencing the fact of Cukor’s homosexuality. He was also called an “actor’s director,” for he emphasized his connections with his stars to draw out compelling performances even within his less effective films. Taking a queer feminist approach to these labels, the director, and his directing style, this volume explores issues of gender and sexuality within groups of Cukor pictures. Chapters reach across and among eras and genres to study small groups of films by theme, nuanced by ethnicity, class, and race. Topics covered include female friendships, the male alcoholic, domesticity and ethnic assimilation, gender performance, drag acts, and queer musical excess.
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Llano, Samuel. Discordant Notes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.001.0001.
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Scholarship on urban culture and the senses has traditionally focused on the study of literature and the visual arts. Recent decades have seen a surge of interest in the effects of sound on the urban space and its population. These studies analyze how sound generates identities that are often fragmentary and mutually conflicting. They have also explored the rise of campaigns against the negative effects of noise on the nerves and health of the population. However, little research has been carried out on the impact of sound and music in areas of broader social and political concern, such as social aid, hygiene, and social control. Based on a detailed study of Madrid from the 1850s to the 1930s, this book argues that sound and music have played a key role in structuring the transition to modernity by helping to negotiate social attitudes and legal responses to problems such as poverty, insalubrity, and crime. Attempts to control the social groups that own unwanted musical practices such as organ-grinding and flamenco performances in taverns raised awareness about public hygiene, alcoholism, and crime and triggered legal reform in these areas. In addition to marginalizing and persecuting these musical practices, the authorities and the media used workhouse bands as instruments of social control to spread “aural hygiene” across the city and wipe out unwanted musical practices.
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Abnet, Christian C., Olof Nyrén, and Hans-Olov Adami. Esophageal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0009.
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Esophageal cancer shows distinct geographic distributions, changing incidence rates, and primary risk factors when examined separately as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histologic type in many low- and middle-income countries and occurs frequently, while adenocarcinoma is classified as rare but predominates in Western countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the dominant risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in Western countries, but not in high-incidence Asian populations, where hot beverages and specific nutritional deficiencies may be important. For adenocarcinoma, tobacco use is causal while alcoholic beverages are not. Rather, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the other dominant identified risk factors. Genetic predisposing factors and somatic mutations are also cell type specific. The differences in esophageal cancer incidence within and between countries, by sex and race, and in known risk factors suggest major strides in understanding the etiology of esophageal cancer is within reach.
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Foy, Daniele. An Overview of the Circulation of Glass in Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0009.
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This chapter presents new data from archaeological finds, the study of stamps, and the results of laboratory analysis, on local and inter-regional trade in different glass products in the Roman period—raw glass, glass for recycling, windowpanes of different types, glass drinking and table vessels and containers. Raw glass, remelted and blown in western workshops, originates from several primary production centres in the eastern Mediterranean: until the mid-second century AD, glass from the Syro-Palestinian coast dominates. Large containers, for alcoholic drinks, oils, or garum, were traded over short distances. The unguentaria of the second and third centuries, containing perfumed oil, travelled further. Some of these containers are stamped and enable a more precise study revealing local, regional, and inter-regional exchange. These stamps, referring to the producer of the contents and not to the maker of the object, emanate from private individuals, the imperial power, and perhaps also towns.
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Underwood, Doug. Stories of Harm, Stories of Hazard. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036408.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the life stories of journalist–literary figures in the context of childhood history, mental health symptoms, and categories of traumatic experience that today are recognized as “triggers” of psychic conflict. More specifically, it considers the ways that journalists have coped with childhood stress and professional trauma throughout their careers. The chapter first explains the historical limitations of our understanding of trauma's role in the lives of early journalist–literary figures such as Charles Lamb, Walt Whitman, Bret Harte, and William Dean Howells before discussing religion as the early framework for understanding trauma and traumatized emotions. It then explores the link between trauma and the romantic movement, and between trauma and psychological writing, and proceeds with an analysis of psychological themes in the fiction of journalists, such as parental and family loss, abandonment, family breakup, and/or living with psychologically ill and/or alcoholic parents. It also outlines what novel writing could do that journalism did not in terms of conveying the emotional impact of traumatic experience.
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Marsh, John. The Emotional Life of the Great Depression. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847731.001.0001.
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The Emotional Life of the Great Depression documents how Americans responded emotionally to the crisis of the Great Depression. Unlike most books about the 1930s, which focus almost exclusively on the despair of the American people during the decade, The Emotional Life of the Great Depression explores the 1930s through other, equally essential emotions: righteousness, panic, fear, awe, love, and hope. In expanding the canon of Great Depression emotions, the book draws on an eclectic archive of sources, including the ravings of a would-be presidential assassin, stock market investment handbooks, a Cleveland serial murder case, Jesse Owens’s record-setting long jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, King Edward VIII’s abdication from his throne to marry a twice-divorced American woman, and the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous. In concert with these, it offers new readings of the imaginative literature of the period, from obscure Christian apocalyptic novels and H.P. Lovecraft short stories to classics such as John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Richard Wright’s Native Son. The upshot is a new take on the Great Depression, one that emphasizes its major events (the stock market crash, unemployment, the passage of the Social Security Act) but also, and perhaps even more so, its sensibilities, its structures of feeling.
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Waters, Tawni. Beauty of the Broken. Simon Pulse, 2014.
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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.
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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.