Journal articles on the topic 'Alcohol as fuel'
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1
Sharudin, Hazim, Nik Rosli Abdullah, A. M. I. Mamat, N. H. Badrulhisam, and Rizalman Mamat. "Application of Alcohol Fuel Properties in Spark Ignition Engine: A Review." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si1, no. 7 (November 30, 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-si1(7)-05.
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Rapid depletion of petroleum resources had raised the awareness of reducing the dependency on the fossil fuels by means of alternative fuels. Alcohols had emerged as the most competitive candidate among the well-known alternative fuels because it can be produced from renewable resources such as waste material. Some of the examples of alcohols are methanol, ethanol, and butanol. Each of these alcohols has the capability for its utilization in vehicles due to its cheap price than the other alcohol and has similar chemical properties to gasoline and diesel. Currently, only few research papers had discussed the alcohol fuel properties in the collective form of information including adverse effect of alcohol fuel usages and its responses in spark ignition engine performance and emissions. Therefore, this paper is focusing on the physical and chemical properties of alcohol fuels with recent literature data specifically for spark ignition engines. In addition, the usages on the properties of alcohol fuel to the current available spark ignition engine will also be review in this paper. Advantages and disadvantages of alcohol fuel usages are also summarized. This review indicates that continuous research and development still need to be done especially on alcohol fuel properties as it will give greater engine performance and better emissions.
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Gvozdyakov, D., V. Gubin, and A. Zenkov. "CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOL-COAL-WATER SLURRIES SPRAYING." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 4 (January 2, 2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2020/4/280.
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The aim of this work is to substantiate the efficiency of ethyl or isoamyl alcohol application as the third component of coal-water fuels based on the results of experimental study of coaxial spraying. Studies of alcohols influence on spraying characteristics of coal-water fuels can rarely be found in the literature. Instantaneous fields of fuel droplets velocities in several cross-sections of the jet were determined using Particle Image Velocimetry method. Interferometric Particle Imaging method was used to determine droplets distribution by size in the jet of sprayed coal-water fuel. It was experimentally established that substitution of water (no more than 3 % by weight) in the composition of coal-water slurry by fairly typical alcohols leads to decrease in droplet velocities of alcohol-coal-water slurries in comparison with conventional coal-water fuel by 15–18 %. Concentration of sufficiently small fuel droplets (up to 200 microns) increases by 13.4±0.2 % and by 6.6±0.2 % during atomization of alcohol-coal-water slurries with addition of ethyl and isoamyl alcohol, respectively. Introduction of no more than 5 % by weight of the studied alcohols into the coal-water slurry will reduce the cost of fuel by 15–73 % in comparison with fuel oil. Influence of small additives of ethyl and isoamyl alcohol in the composition of coal-water fuel on spraying characteristics proves the possibility of efficient application of such three-component slurries in thermal power engineering. The results obtained are of practical significance, since they illustrate the possibility of reducing the ignition delay time for droplets of alcohol-coal-water slurries after they are sprayed in the furnaces of boiler units.
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Yakovlieva, Anna, Sergii Boichenko, Vasyl Boshkov, Lukaš Korba, and Marián Hocko. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED ALCOHOL-TO-JET FUELS." Aviation 27, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2023.18564.
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The paper presents an analytical review of technological processes of alternative jet fuel production from alcohols and experimental results on the study of its physical-chemical properties. State-of-the-art in the sphere of civil aviation development within the framework of sustainable development and minimization of transport’s negative impact on the environment is presented. The development and implementation of sustainable aviation fuels are considered the main measure for reaching carbon-neutral growth. Two technologies of alcohol-to-jet fuel production are considered, and possible feedstock and processing pathways are presented. Physical-chemical properties of two kinds of alcohol-to-jet fuels are studied experimentally, as well as the properties of conventional jet fuels blended with alternative ones. It is shown that the physical-chemical properties of jet fuels blended with alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics are very close to conventional jet fuels. All of the studied fuel blends with alcohol-to-jet components completely satisfy the requirements of specifications. Basing on the received results it is expected that alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics may be successfully used for blending with conventional jet fuel and used as a drop-in fuel.
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Saeed, M. N., and N. A. Henein. "Combustion Phenomena of Alcohols in C. I. Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240273.
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A study was conducted on a direct-injection, single-cylinder, research-type diesel engine to determine the effect of adding ethanol or isopropanol to diesel fuel on the ignition delay period. The test parameters were alcohol content, intake-air properties, and fuel-air ratio. It was found that the ignition delay of alcohol-diesel blends is prolonged as the alcohol content is increased. Ethanol-diesel blends developed longer ignition delays than those developed by isopropanol-diesel blends. The results showed that ignition delay of alcohol-diesel blends can be effectively shortened using intake-air preheating and/or supercharging. The high activation energy of alcohols with respect to diesel fuel is believed to be responsible for the long ignition delays associated with the use of alcohols as alternate fuels in compression ignition engines.
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Redel-Macías, María Dolores, Sara Pinzi, Meisam Babaie, Ali Zare, Antonio Cubero-Atienza, and M. Pilar Dorado. "Bibliometric Studies on Emissions from Diesel Engines Running on Alcohol/Diesel Fuel Blends. A Case Study about Noise Emissions." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040623.
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The growing demand for fossil fuels, the rise in their price and many environmental concerns strengthen the incessant search for fuel alternatives. Recently, traffic noise has been described as a threat to human health and the environment, being responsible for premature deaths. In this context, the usage of alcohol/diesel fuel blends in diesel engines has gained increasing impact as a substitute fuel for use in internal combustion engines. Moreover, alcohol can be derived from environmentally friendly processes, i.e., fermentation. Furthermore, alcohols can enhance combustion characteristics due to a rise of the oxygen concentration, thus decreasing major emissions such as soot and reducing knock. The commonly used alcohols blended with diesel fuel are methanol and ethanol, recently followed by butanol. In contrast, there are very few studies about propanol blends; however, emissions reduction (including noise) could be remarkable. In the present work, an analytical literature review about noise and exhaust emissions from alcohol/diesel fuel blends was performed. The literature review analysis revealed a continuous increase in the number of publications about alcohol/diesel fuel blend exhaust emissions since 2000, confirming the growing interest in this field. However, only few publications about noise emission were found. Then, an experimental case study of noise emitted by an engine running on different alcohol (ethanol, butanol and propanol)/diesel fuel blends was presented. Experimental results showed that although diesel fuel provided the best results regarding noise emissions, butanol displayed the least deviation from that of diesel fuel among all tested alcohol blends. It may be concluded that tested alcohol/diesel fuel blends in general, and butanol blends in particular, could be a promising alternative to diesel fuel, considering noise behavior.
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Redel-Macías, María D., David E. Leiva-Candia, José A. Soriano, José M. Herreros, Antonio J. Cubero-Atienza, and Sara Pinzi. "Influence of Short Carbon-Chain Alcohol (Ethanol and 1-Propanol)/Diesel Fuel Blends over Diesel Engine Emissions." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051309.
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Oxygenated fuels, in this case short carbon-chain alcohols, have been investigated as alternative fuels to power compression ignition engines. A major advantage of short-chain alcohols is that they can be produced from renewable resources, i.e., cultivated commodities or biomass-based biorefineries. However, before entering the market, the effects of short-chain alcohols on engine performance, exhaust emissions, noise and sound quality need to be understood. This work sheds light on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the alcohol/diesel fuel blends (ethanol and 1-propanol) on engine performance, exhaust emissions and, for the first time, on noise and sound quality. It has been demonstrated that when the content of alcohol in blends increased, soot and soluble organic material emissions drastically decreased, mainly due to the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. Reduction in soot emissions combined with higher thermodynamic efficiency of alcohol fuels, with respect to diesel fuel, enable their utilization on compression ignition engines. There is also an improvement in the soot-NOx trade off, leading to large reductions on soot with a small effect on NOx emissions. The oxygen content within the fuel reduces CO and THC emissions at extra-urban driving operation conditions. However, hydrocarbons and CO emissions increased at urban driving conditions, due to the high heat of vaporization of the alcohol fuels which reduces cylinder temperature worsening fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air being more significant at lower cylinder temperature conditions (low engine loads and speeds). Similarly, the higher the presence of alcohol in the blend, the higher the noise emitted by the engine due to their low tendency to auto-ignition. The optimization of alcohol quantity and the calibration of engine control parameters (e.g., injection settings) which is out of the scope of this work, will be required to overcome noise emission penalty. Furthermore, under similar alcohol content in the blend (10% v/v), the use of propanol is preferred over ethanol, as it exhibits lower exhaust emissions and better sound quality than ethanol.
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GÜLTEKİN, Nurullah, Halil Erdi GÜLCAN, and Murat CİNİVİZ. "Determination of effects of some alcohol blends on performance, emission, mechanical vibration and noise in diesel engines." European Mechanical Science 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1337150.
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The use of alcohol-derived fuels produced from renewable resources is an effective method to reduce dependence on petroleum. However, alcohols can improve the combustion process by changing the fuel chemistry. In this way, performance, emission, mechanical vibration and noise values can be improved in diesel engines. In this study; New fuel forms (D90E10, D90IB10, D80E10IB10, D77.5E10IB10DEE2.5, 75E10IB10DEE5) were formed by mixing ethanol, isobutanol and diethyl ether alcohols with diesel fuel in certain proportions. The fuels generated was used in experiments. The studies were conducted with four different loads (%25, 50, 75, and 100) at a constant speed (2800 rpm). The optimum fuel mixture was determined by examining the engine performance, exhaust emissions, mechanical vibrations and noise data obtained in the experiments. When the most important data output of the test results is evaluated; In tests with D75E10IB10DEE5 fuel, it was determined that smoke emissions were reduced by 24.6% and mechanical vibrations by 14.2% compared to standard diesel fuel at full load.
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O, Dobrovolsky, Tsiuman M, Stupak N, and Sosida S. "EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVE TO GASOLINE ON EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS WITH THE EXHAUST GAS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-057-066.
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The constant increasing the number of motor vehicles leads to increase the fuel consumption. Because of oil reserves are exhaustive, the problem of replacing the petroleum fuel with alternative ones is actual. One of which is alcohol fuel. At present, the shortage of motor fuels for internal combustion engines requires their improvment in order to reduce fuel consumption and use the alcohol and various its blends with conventional petroleum-based fuels. The pollutant emissions from motor vehicles are more than a third part of the total emissions to atmosphere and more than 90% of all mobile sources. In addition, motor vehicles are the main source of environmental pollution precisely in places with high concentration of people. It enhances significantly the negative impact of motor transport. In the article it is considered the impact of alcohol additive in standard gasoline on the mass emissions of harmful substances by modern petrol engine equipped with fuel injection system with feedback. The study of using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends with different content of the alcohol in range from 0 to 36% has been fulfilled. Dependence of load influence on the mass emissions of pollutants is found. Oxygen concentration in fuel are increased when using the alcohols. It contributes to more complete combustion of the fuel and reduction the mass emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The disadvantages of the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends include less net calorific value than for conventional gasoline and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides due to free oxygen presence. The mass emissions of harmful substances equivalent to carbon monoxide G∑CO have been slightly increased when using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. It is explained by increasing the nitrogen oxides emissions. Objective: To determine the effect of alcohol content in blended fuel for mass emissions of pollutants. Object: environmental performance of spark ignition engine powered by the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. Subject: determination of expedient alcohol content in the fuel to improve environmental performance of spark ignition engine. The conclusions have been made and the obtained results have been analyzed for further experimental and theoretical studies. KEYWORDS: GASOLINE, ALCOHOL, BLENDED FUEL, EXHAUST GAS, POLLUTANTS, MASS EMISSIONS.
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Bata, R. M., and V. P. Roan. "Effects of Ethanol and/or Methanol in Alcohol-Gasoline Blends on Exhaust Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240272.
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The effect on exhaust gas emissions (carbon monoxide, CO, hydrocarbons, HC, and aldehydes, CHO) resulting from mixing methanol and/or ethanol with gasoline for automotive fuels has been studied experimentally. Tests were conducted on an OEM four-cylinder engine running at different conditions of equivalence ratio and spark timing. Fuel blends with different percentages of alcohol content and different ratios of methanol to ethanol in the alcohol mixture were tested. Results of this investigation indicated that the presence of either or both of the alcohols in fuel blends significantly reduced the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust emissions (up to 40–50 percent compared to pure gasoline only), with methanol slightly more effective than ethanol. Hydrocarbon emissions were also decreased by increasing the alcohol content of the fuel, with minimum hydrocarbon production occurring at percent alcohol-gasoline blends in conjunction with near-stoichiometric air-fuel ratios. However, aldehyde emissions were found to be markedly higher with alcohol-gasoline blends. The 10 percent alcohol-gasoline blends were found to produce about 50 percent more aldehyde emissions than pure gasoline.
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Fernández-Nieto, Andrea, Sagrario Muñoz, and Vicenta María Barragán. "Alcohol Diffusion in Alkali-Metal-Doped Polymeric Membranes for Using in Alkaline Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells." Membranes 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12070666.
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The alcohol permeability of anion exchange membranes is a crucial property when they are used as a solid electrolyte in alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells and electrolyzers. The membrane is the core component to impede the fuel crossover and allows the ionic transport, and it strongly affects the fuel cell performance. The aim of this work is to compare different anion exchange membranes to be used as an electrolyte in alkaline direct alcohol fuels cells. The alcohol permeability of four commercial anion exchange membranes with different structure were analyzed in several hydro-organic media. The membranes were doped using different types of alkaline doping agents (LiOH, NaOH, and KOH) and different conditions to analyze the effect of the treatment on the membrane behavior. Methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol were analyzed. The study was focused on the diffusive contribution to the alcohol crossover that affects the fuel cell performance. To this purpose, alcohol permeability was determined for various membrane systems. The results show that membrane alcohol permeability is affected by the doping conditions, depending on the effect on the type of membrane and alcohol nature. In general, heterogeneous membranes presented a positive correlation between alcohol permeability and doping capacity, with a lower effect for larger-size alcohols. A definite trend was not observed for homogeneous membranes.
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Huang, Wei, Xin Zhang, and Zhun Qing Hu. "Selection of New Energy Vehicle Fuels and Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1695.
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Life cycle energy consumption and environment emission assessment model of vehicle new energy fuels is established. And life cycle energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions of new energy fuels are carried out. Results show that the full life cycle energy consumption of alcohol fuels is highest, and the full life cycle energy consumption of the fuel cell is lowest, and the fuel consumption is mainly concentrated in the use stage, and that is lowest in the raw material stage. And the full life cycle CO2 emission of methanol is highest, and the full life cycle CO2 emission of Hybrid is lowest. The full life cycle VOCHCNOXPM10 and SOX emissions of alcohol fuels is highest, and the fuel cell is lowest.
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Vural, Erdinc. "The use of high molecular iso-amyl alcohol as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines." Thermal Science 26, no. 4 Part A (2022): 2919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2204919v.
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Currently, many studies are being conducted to improve the emissions and combustion of diesel fuels of diesel vehicles. The majority of these studies consist of alcohol-derived fuels. Alcohol fuels are usually composed of butanol, methenol, and ethanol fuels. However, a high molecular alcohol such as iso-amyl with a high calorific value, which can be produced from sugar beet pulp, is the focus of more attention. Iso-amyl alcohol, chemical formula (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-OH, oxygen rich, can mix with solvents such as ether, photography, pharmaceutical industry, milk oil quantity determination and synthesis, used in a colorless, foul-smelling liquid. In this study, the effects of the addition of iso-amyl alcohol to diesel fuel in order to reduce Diesel engine emissions were examined. For this purpose, 5%, 10%, and 20% iso-amyl alcohol were added to the diesel fuel. The resulting mixtures were subjected to full fuel analysis, unlike other studies. After that, the fuel mixtures in a Diesel engine at different engine speeds at full load (1400 rpm, 1700 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2300 rpm, 2600 rpm, 2900 rpm. and 3200 rpm) were tried. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the contribution of iso-amyl alcohol caused a 1% -3% reduction in cylinder pressure, 12-20% in power, and 8-25% in torque. Furthermore, when examined in terms of exhaust gas emissions, it decreased in NOx emission by 1-10%, in smoke opacity by 9-36%, and in HC emission by 6-44%.
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Song, Shuqin, Vasiliki Maragou, and Panagiotis Tsiakaras. "How Far Are Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells From Our Energy Future?" Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 28, 2006): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393312.
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Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have been attracting more and more attention and interest during the last decade due to their simplicity, the easy handle and the high power density of the liquid alcohol fuels. However, along with DAFCs’ development several problems related to their performance optimizations have arisen that are well established and researches are already in progress for their solutions. These problems are responsible for the short lifetime and low cell performance and can be summarized as follows: (a) low alcohol electro-oxidation kinetics, (b) alcohol crossover, and (c) electrode delamination. This article briefly reviews DAFCs’ state of the art, the pertinent work done for the localization and quantification of the above-mentioned problems and the work aiming at the identification and use of novel materials which could catalyze the rate-determining step for the DAFCs’ development and further commercialization. Furthermore, taking into account that fuel choice is still a disputed issue, the alcohols suitable as potential fuels for DAFCs are also summarized and compared.
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Yilbaşi, Zeki, Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt, Mevlüt Arslan, and Hayri Yaman. "Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 78 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2023003.
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In this study, it was aimed to examine the influences of biodiesel–diesel-higher alcohol (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) blends on the performance, emission and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The tests were performed at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). For the tests, 80% diesel and 20% hemp seed oil biodiesel were blended and called as B20. Biodiesel fuel was produced by transesterification from hemp seed oil in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide for the preparation of B20 binary test fuel and other ternary fuels. Furthermore, nine ternary blend fuels [20% HSOB + 70%, 60% and 50% diesel, respectively + 10%, 20% and 30% higher alcohol (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) respectively] were prepared. The calculations made with the experimental data revealed that the minimum brake specific energy consumption values were 12,48 MJ/kW h, 13,06 MJ/kW h, 13,27 MJ/kW h, 13,35 MJ/kW h, 13,47 MJ/kW h, and 13,59 MJ/kW h, respectively, for diesel fuel at full load, for fuels B20, B20Hx10, B20Hp10, B20Hx20 and B20Pe10, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 28.85%, 27.56%, 27.14%, 26.97%, 26.73% and 26.49%, respectively, for the same fuels at the same load. The increment in higher alcohol concentration in the blend delayed start of combustion and therefore the ignition delay period was prolonged. In the fuel line pressure data, changes were observed depending on the amount, viscosity and density of the fuel. Furthermore, B20Hx10 and B20Hp10 fuels gave the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, average gas temperature and pressure rise rate values after diesel and biodiesel. The addition of biodiesel and higher alcohol to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in NOX, CO and unburned HC and smoke emissions and an increase in CO2. NOX, CO and unburned HC values of higher alcohol blended fuels at full load showed lower results, between 3.04–22.24%, 22.85–56.35% and 5.44–22.83%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of hemp seed oil biodiesel and higher alcohol in the diesel engine will make a significant contribution to the reduction of NOX emissions.
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Iliev, Simeon. "A Comparison of Ethanol, Methanol, and Butanol Blending with Gasoline and Its Effect on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Engine Simulation." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081322.
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Air pollution, especially in large cities around the world, is associated with serious problems both with people’s health and the environment. Over the past few years, there has been a particularly intensive demand for alternatives to fossil fuels, because when they are burned, substances that pollute the environment are released. In addition to the smoke from fuels burned for heating and harmful emissions that industrial installations release, the exhaust emissions of vehicles create a large share of the fossil fuel pollution. Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are derived from resources other than fossil fuels. Because alcoholic fuels have several physical and propellant properties similar to those of gasoline, they can be considered as one of the alternative fuels. Alcoholic fuels or alcohol-blended fuels may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. This study aimed to develop a gasoline engine model to predict the influence of different types of alcohol-blended fuels on performance and emissions. For the purpose of this study, the AVL Boost software was used to analyse characteristics of the gasoline engine when operating with different mixtures of ethanol, methanol, butanol, and gasoline (by volume). Results obtained from different fuel blends showed that when alcohol blends were used, brake power decreased and the brake specific fuel consumption increased compared to when using gasoline, and CO and HC concentrations decreased as the fuel blends percentage increased.
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Ozgur, Tayfun. "A Study on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Operated with Ternary Higher Alcohol Biofuel Blends." Ingeniería e Investigación 43, no. 3 (August 14, 2023): e93696. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.93696.
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This study focused experimentally on the evaluation of a higher alcohol biofuel utilization with diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. To this effect, two different ternary higher alcohol biofuel blends with different percentages by volume were used, i.e., DA5 (85% diesel + 5% butanol +5% pentanol + 5% hexanol) and DA10 (70% diesel + 10% butanol + 10% pentanol + 10% hexanol). The performance and emission results were compared against reference standard diesel fuel. Experiments revealed the brake power (BP) values of the engine to be reduced due to the lower calorific value of the alcohols. In addition, this phenomenon led to increased levels of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), which resulted in a higher fuel consumption to obtain unit power. Regarding emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) was reduced as a result of the additional oxygen content of alcohols, which triggered the more oxidized CO with oxygen. The results regarding unwanted nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were also attractive according to the alcohol utilized. Considerable reductions were obtained with alcohol mixtures when compared to diesel fuel, which can be explained by the reduced combustion temperatures in the cylinder, given the higher latent heat in the evaporation of alcohols.
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Xu, Changwei, Pei-Kang Shen, Dingsheng Yuan, and Shuangyin Wang. "Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/736594.
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Taha, Maha A., Obed Ali, and Musa M. Weis. "Fusel Oil as A Fuel Additive with Gasoline to Operate Spark Ignition Engine, A Comparative Review." NTU Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56286/ntujet.v1i1.16.
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The climate change, global warning, energy price, and energy supply crisis are the essential issues facing of the world. The petroleum based energy supplement was the main responsible for these problems. Alternative fuels need and the increasing of the sources of renewable and clean energy with limited fuel supplies are becoming important. Many students are studies alcohol as alternative fuels. From fermentation process fusel oil is produced as a byproduct with higher alcohol content. During the last decades, fusel oil is took care as a renewable fuel in spark ignition engine. The objective of the present study, is to survey the effects of fusel oil-gasoline mixture on the performance (break torque, break power, brake specific fuel consumption, efficiency, & effective) also on characteristics of combustion and emissions ((CO , HC hydrocarbons, NOx)) in SI engine.
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Ludyn, А. М., and V. V. Reutskyy. "Application of by-products of ethanol production in the fuel industry." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 5 (October 2023): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-150-5-64-71.
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This article analyzes two ways of solving environmental problems in the fuel industry, which arose due to the need to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to the first direction, the ways of using various non-traditional types of raw materials and waste containing sugars for the purpose of producing environmentally friendly types of fuel are considered. According to the second direction, the possibilities of integrated use of ethanol and all by-products formed during its production are analyzed to improve ecology in the fuel industry. We have established the possibility of using the by-products of ethanol production, fuel oil and fuel alcohol, to improve the operational properties of motor fuels used in carburetor and diesel engines. It has been stated that the additives of fuel alcohol and fuel oil increase the octane number of gasoline, improve its fractional composition, as a result of which the completeness of fuel combustion and the uniformity of its supply to the engine cylinders increase. The optimal concentrations of alcohol additives to gasoline are as follows: 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% for fuel alcohols and fuel oil, respectively. It has been established that the addition of fuel oil to diesel fuels increases their cetane number, this causes the mixture to ignite faster and the diesel engine to start. Moreover, with the addition of fuel oil, the temperature of the beginning of boiling decreases which facilitates the starting properties of the fuel, and the viscosity of the fuel mixture decreases which improves the completeness of mixing and transportation in the engine system. The optimal concentration of fuel oil additive to diesel fuel is 10 vol.%.
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Gautam, M., D. W. Martin, and D. Carder. "Emissions characteristics of higher alcohol/gasoline blends." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 214, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650001538263.
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An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the emissions characteristics of higher alcohols and gasoline (UTG96) blends. While lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol) have been used in blends with gasoline, very little work has been done or reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol and pentanol). Comparisons of emissions and fuel characteristics between higher alcohol/gasoline blends and neat gasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending higher alcohols with gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha Cooperative Fuel Research engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-fuel (A/F) ratio. Emissions tests were conducted at the optimum spark timing-knock limiting compression ratio combination for the particular blend being tested. The cycle emissions [mass per unit time (g/h)] of CO, CO2 and organic matter hydrocarbon equivalent (OMHCE) from the higher alcohol/gasoline blends were very similar to those from neat gasoline. Cycle emissions of NOx from the blends were higher than those from neat gasoline. However, for all the emissions species considered, the brake specific emissions (g/kW h) were significantly lower for the higher alcohol/gasoline blends than for neat gasoline. This was because the blends had greater resistance to knock and allowed higher compression ratios, which increased engine power output. The contribution of alcohols and aldehydes to the overall OMHCE emissions was found to be minimal. Cycle fuel consumption (g/h) of higher alcohol/gasoline blends was slightly higher than with neat gasoline due to the lower stoichiometric A/F ratios required by the blends. However, the brake specific fuel consumption (g/kW h) for the blends was significantly lower than that for neat gasoline.
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Musina, G. Sh, T. S. Linkova, and O. V. Khabibrakhmanov. "Development of high-tech production of high-octane components of motor fuel from renewable vegetable raw materials." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-2-264-269.
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In work are studied development of new oxygen-containing high-octane fuel compositions. The short review of comparisons of the main indicators is presented. In this article is shown need of development of production of octane additives. Receiving high-octane gasolines with use of components of the fuels alternative oil, the solution of these questions can become use of alcohols as additives to traditional gasoline, and first of all the ethyl alcohol produced from renewable sources of raw materialsThe goal can be carried out by means of modeling of technological processes. Using a software package of "UnisimDesign" we will make modeling of process of receiving isoamyl alcohol. In a basis of universal system of modeling of "UnisimDesign" the general principles of calculations of material and thermal balances of technological schemes are underlain.On the calculated scheme 1 isoamyl alcohol which is used in the form of additive to motor fuels is emitted one target product. However contained in fusel oils butanol also has broad application. Butanol is applied as solvent to paints, he is a part of brake fluids, industrial detergents. But at allocation of a butanol we face a problem, fusel oils contain water and form azeotrope mixes. For the solution of this problem we suggest to enter into initial raw materials hexane, in the ratio 1:1. It will allow us to allocate besides isoamyl alcohol and butanol. Modeling of process of division of fusel oils I have shown a possibility of allocation of two demanded target products. The technological scheme of installation of division of fusel oils is provided in work. Constructive characteristics of the columned equipment are calculated, material and thermal balances of installation are.
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Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, Sergey Devyanin, Vladimir Markov, Vsevolod Neverov, Matvey Shlenov, and Larisa Spiridonova. "Bio-fuel ignition delay research." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 06025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339006025.
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The relevance of this study is due to the need to replace petroleum diesel fuel with motor fuels obtained from alternative raw materials. Rapeseed oil and ethyl alcohol are considered as promising alternative fuels. The use of these biofuels as a motor fuel makes it possible to solve the problem of reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and switch to carbon-neutral energy. The possibility of using mixtures of these fuels as motor fuel for a diesel engine is considered. Poor flammability of these fuels in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine was noted. The created installation allowing to carry out experimental studies of the ignition delay period of various fuels for diesel engines in the conditions of the engine stand is described. Four types of fuel were studied at this installation – petroleum diesel fuel, rapeseed oil, an emulsion of rapeseed oil and ethyl alcohol in a ratio of 90:10 and an emulsion of rapeseed oil and ethyl alcohol in a ratio of 70:30. The kinetic constants of ignition of these fuels have been determined. A significant dependence of the duration of the ignition delay period on the type of fuel used was noted.
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Dobre, Alexandru, Constantin Pană, Nikolaos Cristian Nuțu, Niculae Negurescu, and Alexandru Cernat. "The Influence of Butanol Use on the Diesel Engine’s Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.183.
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Alcohols begin to show a real interest for their use as fuel at compression ignition engines due to require reducing the pollutants emissions, especially NOx emission. Among the primary alcohols, butyl alcohol (butanol) is considered to be of great perspective in its use as fuel in diesel engines due to its properties close to those of diesel fuel. It is miscible with the diesel fuel and the achieved blend is stable. In paper are presented some aspects regarding the diesel engine’s fuelling with butanol and diesel fuel blends using the experimental research and numerical modelling. The use of the butanol as a fuel for diesel engine has led to the reducing NOx emissions with about 25% and the Brake Specific Energetic Consumption (BSEC) with about 5% at the full load and the maximum torque engine speed.
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Karabektas, Murat, and Mehmet Sabit Yilancilar. "Investigation of the effects of high-carbon alcohol addition to camelina oil methyl ester on the performance parameters and soot emission of a diesel engine." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab096.
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Abstract Reasons such as environmental problems and price instability have increased the interest in alternative energy sources. Biodiesel, which is a renewable alternative to diesel fuel, is among the most popular alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a biofuel obtained from the esterification of various oils such as vegetable, animal, waste frying and microalgae oils. In this study, the camelina plant, which has great potential in biodiesel production with its outstanding economic and agricultural characteristics, was preferred. The biodiesel was obtained from the camelina oil by the transesterification method, and the effects of adding different amounts of high-carbon alcohol (n-pentanol) to the biodiesel on the performance and formation of soot emissions of a diesel engine were investigated. High-carbon alcohols exhibit better fuel properties compared to low-carbon alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. Due to the increase in the number of carbons in the structure of alcohol, the cetane number and heat value increase, while the self-ignition temperature and the tendency to knock decrease. The engine experiments were carried out with four different fuels, namely diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel (B100), 10% pentanol added biodiesel (B90P10) and 20% pentanol added biodiesel (B80P20), at full-load variable-speed conditions. The experimental results revealed an improvement in the engine performance with the addition of 10% pentanol to biodiesel, while the performance parameters get worse with increasing pentanol ratio. In addition, due to the oxygen content of pentanol, it has been determined that it has positive effect on reducing the smoke emissions.
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LARISCH, Jerzy, and Zdzisław STELMASIAK. "Dual fuelling SI engine with alcohol and gasoline." Combustion Engines 145, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117104.
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The Department of Internal Combustion Engines and Vehicles, Technical University of Bielsko-Biala has carried out work on alternative fuels in the area of dual-fueling of SI engines. The paper presents the concept of dual fuel (alcohol and gasoline) MPI injected spark-ignition engine using a fuel mixing device. The solution consists in mixing the fuel (gasoline and alcohol) before or in the fuel rail, which ensures a variable share of alcohol in the mixture in the range from 0÷100%, depending on the engine operating conditions (engine revolutions and load), and its thermal state. The fuels are delivered to the mixing chamber through the solenoid valves that allow a proper selection of the proportion of alcohol and gasoline. The pre-prepared mixture is injected through the original injectors to the intake manifold, around the intake valve. This paper presents the prototype of the mixer that allows mixing of the gasoline and alcohol in any proportion using a PWM.
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Yefymenko, Valerii, Vira Rudenko, Olha Titova, Olena Kosenko, and Tetiana Kravchuk. "USE OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL GASOLINE PRODUCTION." Proceedings of the National Aviation University 88, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2306-1472.88.16006.
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The purpose of this article is to perform research to improve the stability, quality and efficiency of gasoline-alcohol fuel compositions, as well as obtaining high-octane gasolines corresponding to the modern standards with the addition of alcohols and their mixtures to these gasolines. Research methods: The article considers physicochemical methods for studying the stratification of alcohol-gasoline mixtures, determining the water content in them, as well as determining the octane number of alcohol-gasoline compositions. Results: The raw material base and possibilities of bioethanol production in Ukraine as an ecological additive to gasoline and as a way to increase their octane number were studied. Stratification temperatures of alcohol-gasoline mixtures and octane numbers of A-92 gasoline with different alcohol content were determined. Discussion: It is proposed to use higher concentrations of ethanol (bioethanol) in gasoline mixtures more than 40% of alcohol, because it does not require dehydration. It is proposed to use an additional fuel pump, which would work only for mixing the fuel mixture, to prevent stratification of the fuel-ethanol composition during its long-term storage in the car’s tanks.
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TADOKORO, Toshio, and Yasushi MORIKAWA. "Alcohol as a fuel. (I)." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 66, no. 10 (1987): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.66.10_824.
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MORIKAWA, Yasushi, and Toshio TADOKORO. "Alcohol as a fuel. (II)." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 66, no. 12 (1987): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.66.12_982.
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Johns, R. A., A. W. E. Henham, and S. Newnham. "Alcohol fuel for diesel engines." International Journal of Ambient Energy 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1988.9675908.
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Polcar, Adam, Vojtěch Kumbár, and Jiří Čupera. "Alcohol Fuel in Passenger Car." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 3 (2016): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664030863.
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The present article studies the effects of combustion of high-percentage mixture of bioethanol and gasoline on the output parameters of a passenger car engine. The car engine has not been structurally modified for the combustion of fuels with higher ethanol content. The mixture used consisted of E85 summer blend and Natural 95 gasoline in a ratio of 50:50. The parameters monitored during the experiment included the air-fuel ratio in exhaust gasses, the power output and torque of the engine and also the specific energy consumption and efficiency of the engine. As is apparent from the results, E85+N95 (50:50) mixture combustion results in lean-burn (λ > 1) due to the presence of oxygen in bioethanol. The lean-burn led to a slight decrease in torque and power output of the engine. However, due to the positive physicochemical properties of bioethanol, the decrease has not been as significant as would normally be expected from the measured air-fuel ratio. These findings are further confirmed by the calculated energy required to produce 1 kWh of energy, and by the higher efficiency of the engine during the combustion of a 50% bioethanol mixture.
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Antolini, E., and E. R. Gonzalez. "Alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 11 (June 1, 2010): 3431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.145.
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KARAOSMANOĞLU, FILIZ, ASLI IŞIĞIGÜR-ERGÜDENLER, and H. AYŞE AKSOY. "Alcohol Fuel Research in Turkey." Energy Sources 20, no. 10 (December 1998): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319808970110.
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Rosillo-Calle, F., and D. O. Hall. "Brazilian alcohol: Food versus fuel?" Biomass 12, no. 2 (January 1987): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(87)90050-3.
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Nuortila, Carolin, Riikka Help, Katriina Sirviö, Helena Suopanki, Sonja Heikkilä, and Seppo Niemi. "Selected Fuel Properties of Alcohol and Rapeseed Oil Blends." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 3821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153821.
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The alcohols ethanol and 1-butanol are interesting options as blending components for renewable fuels. We studied whether it is possible to mix these alcohols with a little refined material, rapeseed oil, to obtain stable fuel samples. At room temperature, the stable samples consisted of rapeseed oil blended with butanol at 5 vol-%, 10 vol-%, 20 vol-%, 30 vol-% and one sample of rapeseed oil with 5 vol-% of ethanol. The samples’ fuel properties analysed were kinematic viscosity (at 40 °C), density (at 15 °C) and surface tension. Cold filter plugging point was measured for rapeseed oil with 20 vol-% and 30 vol-% of butanol. Stability of butanol or ethanol and rapeseed oil blends can be achieved at the studied volumes. The density of neat rapeseed oil and all the alcohol–rapeseed oil blends met the requirements set for residual marine fuels. The 30 vol-% butanol–rapeseed oil blend met the requirements for distillate marine oil for density, and almost for kinematic viscosity. The blends appeared most suitable for power plants and marine engines. More detailed analyses of their properties are needed before recommendations for use can be given.
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Iliev, Simeon, Zdravko Ivanov, Radostin Dimitrov, Veselin Mihaylov, Daniel Ivanov, Stoyan Stoyanov, and Slavena Atanasova. "An Experimental Investigation into the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Fueled with Isopropanol Gasoline Blends." Machines 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11121062.
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Propanol isomers, which are oxygen-rich fuels, possess superior octane ratings and energy density in comparison to methanol and ethanol. Recently, due to advancements in fermentation techniques, these propanol isomers have garnered increased interest as additives for engines. They are being explored to decrease emissions and reduce the usage of conventional fossil fuels. This study delves into this emerging field. One of the alternatives is the use of alcohol fuels in their pure state or as additives to traditional fuels. Alcohols, due to their higher volumetric energy density, are better fuels for spark ignition engines than hydrogen and biogas. Alcohol-blended fuels or alcohol fuels in their pure state may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. The current research emphasizes the effect of isopropanol gasoline blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. This investigation was conducted with different blends of isopropanol and gasoline (by volume: 10% isopropanol [IP10], 20% isopropanol [IP10], 30% isopropanol [IP30], 40% isopropanol [IP40], and 50% isopropanol [IP50]). The reviewed results showed that with increasing isopropanol in the fuel blends, engine brake power increased while BSFC decreased. In terms of emissions, with the increase in isopropanol in the fuel blends, CO and HC emissions decreased while CO2 and NOx emissions increased.
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Lihanov, V. A., and O. P. Lopatin. "Research of high-speed operation modes of a tractor diesel on alcohol-fuel emulsions." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 5 (October 15, 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66383.
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The necessity of using alcohol-fuel emulsions as ecological energy carriers for tractor diesel engines is proved in the work. At the same time, such renewable environmental energy sources as methyl and ethyl alcohols were investigated. With the aim of developing, determining and optimizing the composition of the alcohol-fuel emulsion for tractor diesel engine 4F 11,0/12,5 conducted its tests when working on diesel fuel, methanol - and ethanol-fuel emulsions. Experimental studies have established that for use in a 4F 11,0/12,5 tractor diesel engine environmental energy based on mixtures with alcohols were used emulsions of the following composition: alcohol (methanol CH3OH or ethanol C2H5OH) is 25 %, detergent-dispersant additive succinimide C-5A - 0,5 %, water - 7 %, diesel fuel - 67,5 %. The results of experimental studies of power and economic parameters, indicators of toxicity and smoke content of the exhaust gases of the diesel operating on the ecological mixture of the above composition are presented. The transformation of the investigated diesel from petroleum diesel fuel to environmental energy allowed while maintaining the power factors to reduce the content in the exhaust gases when working on methanol-fuel emulsion - carbon black by 6,9 times, nitrogen oxides by 41,3 %, carbon dioxide by 6,7 %, carbon monoxide by 45,0 %; when operating on ethanol-fuel emulsion - carbon black by 5,2 times, nitrogen oxides by 50,2 %, carbon dioxide by 23,8 %, carbon monoxide by 25,0 %. The conclusion is made about the prospects of using such ecological energy carriers as ethyl and methyl alcohols in tractor diesel engines.
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Chuepeng, S., C. Chinwanitcharoen, W. Ruengphrathuengsuka, and Ekkachai Sutheerasak. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of a High-Speed Diesel Engine Using a 20% Palm Oil Ester and Ethyl Alcohol Blend." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 11372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.2.2024.15.0878.
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The issue of diesel engine exhausts is expanding to affect human health, while oxygenated fuels have been continuously studied for a healthier environment. Palm oil ester (POE) is applied in Thailand to reduce exhaust products, but its viscosity is thicker than diesel fuel, which may cause injection systems. It has been improved by mixing with diesel, and diesel blended with 20% POE (POE20) is surveyed as an alternative fuel to reduce viscosity. Currently, ethyl alcohols combined with this blend have gained a lot of attention due to improved fuel properties and the alleviation of exhaust products. Therefore, this research studies a diesel engine's performance parameters and pollution products at high speed at 3,000 rpm and various powers when operated with POE20 and combinations of POE20, 5% ethyl acetate, and ethyl alcohol up to 20%. The results indicate that the POE20 had lower engine performance but higher carbon dioxide and nitric oxide than regular diesel. The 10% ethyl alcohol blended with POE20 improved the brake thermal efficiency, similar to regular diesel. However, POE20 mixed with ethyl alcohols by more than 10% remarkably changed performance parameters and pollution products compared with regular diesel and POE20.
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Lihanov, V. A., and O. P. Lopatin. "Indication of the working process of the tractor diesel working on natural gas and alcohols." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66371.
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The article deals with the use of natural gas and alcohol-fuel emulsions as an alternative fuel for tractor diesel. A distinctive feature of the processes of mixture formation and combustion in a diesel operating on natural gas with a burning portion of diesel fuel, and alcohol-fuel emulsions, will be compared with the diesel process heterogeneity of the fuel mixture in terms of cylinder volume, there is a completely different fuel evaporation and no coincidence in time of the processes of formation of fuel-air mixture and its combustion. Consequently, the use of alternative fuels with different chemical composition and local conditions leads to distinctive indicators of the combustion process. Therefore, for the scientific representation of the actual picture of the combustion process of diesel running on natural gas and alcohol-fuel emulsions, the indexing of its working process and a detailed description of the combustion process is carried out. At the same time, for the indexing of the diesel working process, the composition of alternative fuel was used when working on natural gas: gas-80 %, the ignition portion of diesel fuel-20 %; when working on alcohol-fuel emulsions: alcohol (methanol or ethanol) - 25 %, detergent-dispersing additive succinimide C-5A - 0,5 %, water - 7 %, diesel fuel - 67,5 %. As a result of the experimental studies, the dependences of the influence of the 4F 11,0/12,5 diesel modes on natural gas, natural gas with different degrees of exhaust gas recirculation (used to reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases), methanol and ethanol fuel emulsions on the combustion process were established. The optimal values of the combustion process parameters during the operation of the diesel engine on alternative fuels of these compositions are determined.
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Ivashchuk, O. S., V. M. Atamanyuk, R. A. Chyzhovych, S. S. Kiiaieva, R. R. Zherebetskyi, and I. B. Sobechko. "Preparation of an alternate solid fuel from alcohol distillery stillage." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-54-59.
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The article describes preparation of an alternative solid fuel from corn alcohol distillery stillage, which is the waste of the alcohol industry. We determined the calorific values of the dried alcohol distillery stillage and experimental briquettes, which were made of it by pressing at high pressure and temperature. The average value of the higher calorific value of the dried alcohol distillery stillage is 19545 kJ kg–1, while this value for the produced briquettes is in the range of 22445 to 26594 kJ kg–1. The established calorific values exceed those of analogues, which are widely used for the producing of alternative solid fuels (miscanthus and energy willow). Solid fuel prepared from corn alcohol distillery stillage can be used both in a solid form and in a dried one. The proposed method for preparation of the solid fuel allows providing additional utilization of alcohol distillery stillage and rational use of secondary raw materials of alcohol production.
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Jawad, Noor H., Ali Amer Yahya, Ali R. Al-Shathr, Hussein G. Salih, Khalid T. Rashid, Saad Al-Saadi, Adnan A. AbdulRazak, Issam K. Salih, Adel Zrelli, and Qusay F. Alsalhy. "Fuel Cell Types, Properties of Membrane, and Operating Conditions: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 14653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114653.
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Fuel cells have lately received growing attention since they allow the use of non-precious metals as catalysts, which reduce the cost per kilowatt of power in fuel cell devices to some extent. Until recent years, the major barrier in the development of fuel cells was the obtainability of highly conductive anion exchange membranes (AEMs). On the other hand, improvements show that newly enhanced anion exchange membranes have already reached high conductivity levels, leading to the suitable presentation of the cell. Currently, an increasing number of studies have described the performance results of fuel cells. Much of the literature reporting cell performance is founded on hydrogen‒anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), though a growing number of studies have also reported utilizing fuels other than hydrogen—such as alcohols, non-alcohol C-based fuels, and N-based fuels. This article reviews the types, performance, utilized membranes, and operational conditions of anion exchange membranes for fuel cells.
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Vol'eva, V. B., M. N. Ovsyannikova, T. V. Pokholok, and A. V. Ryzhakova. "Synergistic effects of cyclic ketals in fuel compositions and antibactrial agents." Журнал органической химии 59, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0514749223060125.
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The synergistic effect of cyclic ketals in compositions with lower alcohols was first discovered in the study of the octane-raising effect of ketals additives to alcohol-containing gasolines. The use of model oxidation reactions of ketals and their structural analogs, benzdioxolanes, in proton-donor media made it possible to associate the mechanism of the synergistic effect with the formation of ketal-alcohol complexes with the properties of surfactants that form hydrated supramolecular structures around them. Inside them, more efficiently than in a bulk medium, hot fuel radicals are deactivated with a transfer from an explosive combustion mode to a stationary one. Such a structuring effect is of general importance for the functioning of ketals in hydrophobic-hydrophilic systems, including biological media. This conclusion is confirmed by the study of cyclic ketals activity in compositions with alcohols and carboxylic acids as antibacterial agents.
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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław, and Janusz Semikow. "The criteria of fuelling the dual-fuel SI engine with gasoline and methanol." Combustion Engines 153, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116997.
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In the paper are discussed test results of dual fuel spark ignition engine with multipoint injection of alcohol and gasoline in area of inlet valve. Engine fuelling was accomplished through a prototype fuel supply system comprising duplex injectors controlled electronically. Implemented system enables fuelling of the engine with pure gasoline, with pure methanol, or simultaneous combustion of the both fuels mixture with any fraction of the alcohol. The tests were performed on four cylinder, spark ignition engine of Fiat 1100 MPI type. In the paper are presented criteria to be fulfilled in dual fuel spark ignition engine run on gasoline and methyl alcohol. The criteria were developed on the base of engine testing performed on engine dynamometer. When developing the criteria, one took assumption of energetic equity of fuel doses in traditional and dual fuel supply system in every operational point of the engine. The second criterion consisted in maintaining a minimal elementary dose of gasoline and alcohol injectors, which would assure stable operation of the engine. In result of the performed analysis one proposed a map of possible ranges of dual fuel feeding of the engine with methyl alcohol and gasoline.
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Wala, Marta, and Wojciech Simka. "Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Low Molecular Weight Alcohols—A Review." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082144.
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The growing climate crisis inspires one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century—developing novel power sources. One of the concepts that offer clean, non-fossil electricity production is fuel cells, especially when the role of fuel is played by simple organic molecules, such as low molecular weight alcohols. The greatest drawback of this technology is the lack of electrocatalytic materials that would enhance reaction kinetics and good stability under process conditions. Currently, electrodes for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) are mainly based on platinum, which not only provides a poor reaction rate but also readily deactivates because of poisoning by reaction products. Because of these disadvantages, many researchers have focused on developing novel electrode materials with electrocatalytic properties towards the oxidation of simple alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol or propanol. This paper presents the development of electrode materials and addresses future challenges that still need to be overcome before direct alcohol fuel cells can be commercialized.
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KARCZEWSKI, Mirosław. "Evaluation of the diesel engine feed by unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 mixed with biocomponents." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-342.
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The problem of the military vehicles engines fuelling increases with the growth of the amount of vehicles in the armies. At the same time, another problem with fuel supply in modern engines is the use of bio component additives, which changes characteristics (quality) of the used fuels. Therefore, it is important to take actions to adapt engines to powering with fuels coming from renewable sources.The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibility of feeding the diesel engine (influence on the useful parameters and composi-tion) with mixtures of the unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 with biocomponents in the form of anhydrous ethyl alcohol and RME. The tests were conducted during fuelling of the engine with six kinds of fuels: basic fuel (diesel oil), NATO code F-34/F-35 fuel, as well as fuel mixtures: F-34 and RME with different ratio and F-34/F-35 with bioethanol. In the result of the research it was concluded that the parameters of the G9T Renault engine with the common rail fuel system in terms of F-34 and RME consumption (using) decreased in comparison to diesel oil basic fuel. It is not possible to supply the engine with the mixture of ethyl alcohol and F-34 fuel – alcohol pre-cipitation and obliteration of fuel system components
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Chu, Y. H., and Y. G. Shul. "Alcohol Crossover Behavior in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) System." Fuel Cells 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2012): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201100044.
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Nor, Azah Ramli, and A. Rahman Roshanida. "Isobutanol Production and Alcohol Tolerance by Yeast Wild Strain." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.334.
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Recently, there have been global movements toward reducing the use of fossil resources as source of energy due to continuous depletion of petroleum fuel-reserves besides contributing to environmental problems such as greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change. Isobutanol is one of biomass-based fuels that has been recognizes for its potentiality as fuel additive or substitute due to its attractive physical properties. This paper investigates the production of isobutanol and alcohol tolerance by five different types of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Kluyveromyces lactisGG799 andPichia pastorisKM71H, GS115 and X33) in batch fermentation. Based on the result obtained,P.pastorisX33 produced the highest concentration of isobutanol at 65 mg/l followed byP.pastorisGS115,K.lactisGG799,P.pastorisKM71H andS.cerevisiaewith concentration of 57 mg/l, 49 mg/l 49 mg/l and 46 mg/l respectively. This result proves that yeast is able to produce isobutanol naturally.S. cerevisiaehas been proven as good yeast in alcohol tolerance as it was capable to grow in more than 2% isobutanol and butanol of up to 2%. Among the different alcohols tested for alcohol tolerance, 3-methyl-1-butanol has the highest toxicity towards yeast growth as compared to isobutanol and butanol.
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Conțiu, R., and R. Chiriac. "On the influence of different alcohol-type biofuels on performance and engine emissions of an SI engine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1303, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1303/1/012025.
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Abstract Greenhouse gas emissions (G.H.G.) from vehicles are the main source of pollution. In this transition period from fossil fuels to the use of synthetic fuels, the diversification of alternative fuels used to fuel internal combustion engines is seen as one of the best alternatives for reducing G.H.G. In Europe, conforming to the stringent emission reduction targets for 2030, as well as trying to fulfil the regulations of the new Euro VII standard will force engine manufacturers to adopt alternative fuel solutions with a low environmental impact. However, fossil fuels will continue to be used but alternative fuels will substantially decrease our dependence on petroleum-derived fuels. Modern simulation software tools make it easy to produce a fairly accurate analysis of how an internal combustion engine works without the need for prototyping. Packages such as Ricardo WAVE or AVL Boost, are relatively cheap and represent accessible tools for developing, designing, and testing modern internal combustion engines. AVL Boost is a widely used engine simulation tool a 1D (one-dimensional) simulation software that allows engineers and researchers to model, simulate, and optimize various internal combustion engines, including spark ignition (SI) engines, diesel engines, and hybrid powertrains. The software also offers a high degree of flexibility in terms of alternative fuel blends. This paper evaluates the influences of using alcohol-based biofuels on performance metrics and pollutant emissions, such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and emissions, such as CO, CO2, and NOx in a spark ignition engine. The effects of varying alcohol fractions in the gasoline-alcohol blends on engine performance and emissions are analysed and explained. In this study, several types of ethanol in gasoline blends were simulated (E25, E50, E85). The one-dimensional model of the tested engine was developed based on the design dimensions of the 1.2L TCe H5FT engine produced by Renault. In the context of maintaining constant engine power output, the findings from the simulation results indicate that the utilization of alcohol-based blends with a high volumetric percentage of alcohol (ranging from 70-90%) can result in a substantial increase in fuel consumption, particularly in the case of methanol blends. Consequently, this phenomenon is associated with an elevated emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, it should be noted that despite this drawback, there is evidence of an inclination towards reduced emissions of other pollutants due to the enhanced combustion processes facilitated by the higher ratio of oxygenated compounds and a lower peak temperature. Methanol, one of the two alcohols investigated in this study, is not recommended for usage in fuel blends for several reasons. Firstly, the consumption rate of methanol is higher compared to ethanol, which can result in increased fuel usage. Secondly, methanol poses health risks due to its toxicity at certain levels, posing potential hazards in handling and utilization. Moreover, high concentrations of methanol are not easily miscible with gasoline without the addition of co-solvents, further limiting its feasibility as a viable fuel component.
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M. F, Aguk Zuhdi, Kazuhiko Ogata, Masataka Hashimoto, and Shinichi Kumamoto. "Combustion of Alcohol-Blended Fuel Droplet." JOURNAL OF THE MARINE ENGINEERING SOCIETY IN JAPAN 28, no. 12 (1993): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime1966.28.793.
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Cremers, C., T. Jurzinsky, A. Bach Delpeuch, C. Niether, F. Jung, K. Pinkwart, and J. Tubke. "Electrocatalyst for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 69, no. 17 (October 2, 2015): 795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06917.0795ecst.
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MOON, MARY ANN. "Alcohol Branding May Fuel Drinking, Bingeing." Clinical Psychiatry News 37, no. 6 (June 2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(09)70194-8.
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