Academic literature on the topic 'Albion College – History'

Abstract: This essay examines Gilded Age voter fraud and voter suppression through the lenses of Mark Twain and Albion W. Tourgée. Twain is the most famous commentator on the Gilded Age. Less well known, Tourgée wrote best-selling Reconstruction fiction and became Homer Plessy's lawyer. Both were personally committed to the welfare of people of color. But Twain supported the Fifteenth Amendment as a color-blind standard to reduce voting fraud while Tourgée criticized the amendment for inadequately protecting freedmen from disfranchisement. The essay starts with Reconstruction's failure to reform the undemocratic system of presidential elections linked to the Electoral College. It ends with Twain's and Tourgée's reactions to laws enacted in the 1890s designed to block both fraud and African American suffrage. In between there is a section comparing fictional scenes dramatizing Twain's and Tourgée's views on literacy and voting; one highlighting how Twain's celebration of political independence and Tourgée's defense of political partisanship affected their understanding of the franchise; and one on the 1887 Law of the Electoral Count. Despite Twain's canonical status, Tourgée more poignantly exposes why the US continues to allow voter suppression and a minority to elect presidents.

Resumo: Este ensaio consiste em uma tentativa inicial de propor um método que vem lentamente ganhando forma em nossas investigações individuais e colaborativas acerca da história da democracia nos Estados Unidos e na França. Nossa abordagem como um todo se baseia em diversas influências metodológicas, mas, neste ensaio em particular, destacamos apenas dois dos precedentes mais influentes do nosso trabalho: primeiro, a abordagem pragmático-hermenêutica explicitamente delineada em “Thinking Historically: A Manifesto of Pragmatic Hermeneutics”, de James T. Kloppenberg; segundo, os ensaios metodológicos de Pierre Rosanvallon sobre uma história conceitual do político, apresentados em sua palestra inaugural no College de France.[1] A primeira seção deste artigo relata as primeiras pesquisas voltadas para uma concepção mais filosófica da história americana conforme demonstram as investigações de James Kloppenberg acerca de uma hermenêutica mais pragmática. A segunda parte traça o caminho um tanto diverso de Pierre Rosanvallon em sua busca por uma orientação histórica mais pragmática a partir de seu lugar particular em uma tradição histórica francesa, com um pedigree filosófico (e simbólico) já bem desenvolvido. Concluímos com algumas breves reflexões sobre como os rudimentos do método histórico pragmático podem ser implementados e desenvolvidos no futuro.[2][1] James T. Kloppenberg, “Thinking Historically: A Manifesto of Pragmatic Hermeneutics”, Modern Intellectual History 9 (2012): 201–216; Pierre Rosanvallon, “Inaugural Lecture, College de France”, in Democracy Past and Future, ed. Samuel Moyn (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 31–58.[2] Entre outras influências, esse método também foi influenciado pelo método genealógico de Foucault, bem como pela “virada pragmática” nas ciências sociais francesas, sobretudo por sua influência em certos membros dos Annales, conforme apresentado por Bernard Lepetit em Les formes de l’expérience: Une autre histoire sociale (Paris: Albin Michel, 1995). Esperamos elaborar esses outros aspectos em futuros estudos. Abstract: This essay is an initial attempt to posit a method which has slowly taken shape through our individual and collaborative investigations into the history of democracy in the United States and France. Our overall approach builds on a number of diverse methodological influences, but in this particular essay we highlight just two of the most influential precedents for our work: first, the pragmatic-hermeneutical approach most explicitly outlined by James T. Kloppenberg in his “Thinking Historically: A Manifesto of Pragmatic Hermeneutics” and second, Pierre Rosanvallon’s methodological essays on the theme of “Une histoire conceptuelle du politique,” which he launched with his inaugural lecture at the College de France.[1] Part one of this article recounts the original search for a more philosophical conception of American history as illustrated in James Kloppenberg’s pursuit of a more pragmatic hermeneutics. Part two charts Pierre Rosanvallon’s somewhat different path towards a more pragmatic historical orientation from his distinctive place within a French historical tradition with an already well-developed philosophical (as well as symbolic) pedigree. We conclude with some brief reflections on how the rudiments of this pragmatic historical method might be further deployed and developed in the future.[2][1] James T. Kloppenberg, “Thinking Historically: A Manifesto of Pragmatic Hermeneutics,” Modern Intellectual History, 9 (2012): 201-216; Pierre Rosanvallon, “Inaugural Lecture, College de France,” in Samuel Moyn, ed., Democracy Past and Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006): 31-58.[2] Among other influences, this method has also been influenced by Foucault’s genealogical method as well as the “pragmatic turn” in French social science and specifically its influence on certain members of the Annales as presented by Bernard Lepetit in Les formes de l’expérience: Une autre histoire sociale (Paris: Albin Michel, 1995). We hope to elaborate these other aspects in future studies.

Introduction: Copper (Cu) is a metal widely used in agriculture and in industries. Its hepatotoxicity is established in literature. Emblica officinalis, locally known as Amla, has many beneficial health effects and is scientifically reported to be a powerful antioxidant. Aim & Objective: To determine the role of Emblica officinalis fruit in reducing Cu induced inflammation and distortion of hepatic lobules of adult albino rats. Place and duration of Study: The study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Shaikh Zayed Medical College, Lahore for a period of 4 weeks. Material & Methods: 36 Adult male albino rats were equally divided into three groups (A, B, C) by randomization and acclimatized for 1 week. 1.5 ml of normal saline was given to rats of Group A (control) and CuSO4 (200mg/kg b.w./day) was given to those in group B (Cu treated) once daily via orogastric tube. Rats in group C (Cu+EO treated) were given both CuSO4 (200mg/kg bw) and Emblica officinalis fruit extract (300mg/kg bw) once daily by orogastric intubation. The animals were sacrificed after 28 days and livers were dissected out for histological study. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Cu treated rats developed significant distortion of liver architecture and inflammation while Emblica officinalis co-treatment lead to decreased inflammation with preservation of shape of hepatic lobule. These findings were further confirmed by difference in diameters of hepatic lobules between control, Cu-, Cu+EO- treated groups. Conclusion: Emblica officinalis, by limiting oxidative damage, ameliorates hepatic inflammation and preserves liver architecture. Therefore, its use as a hepatoprotective agent should be encouraged.

Aim: An essential medicinal plant, Echhornia crassipes is a member of the Pontederiaceae family and is used to treat a wide range of disorders. Using various animal models, this study sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing benefits of an ethanolic extract of E. crassipes. Study Design: This study engaged in vivo studies to investigate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies of the extract when compare with standard treatment. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Methodology: The optimal dosage of MEEC (Methanolic Extract of Eichhornia crassipes) was established by conducting acute toxicity tests. The efficacy of wound healing was assessed in this study by means of excision and incision wound models. For the purpose of inducing paw oedema and testing the anti-inflammatory efficacy, we utilised carrageenan and formalin, respectively. Results: Experiments on acute toxicity indicated that the extract was acceptable at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Two gel concentrations of the extract, 5% and 10%, were applied topically. Wounds healed significantly faster with 10% MEEC gel than with the conventional 10% povidone iodine ointment. Similar to the gold standard drug diclofenac, MEEC at doses of 200 mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w. demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects in the two animal models. Conclusion: The benefits of MEEC on wound healing and inflammation may be attributed to its chemical components, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and sterols.

Jacob Green was born in 1790 to a prominent New Jersey family of scholars and theologians. He taught at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) from 1818 to 1822 before co-founding Jefferson Medical College (now Thomas Jefferson University) in 1825, where he taught Chemistry until his death in 1841. Between 1818 and 1831, he published a series of nine papers on lizards, salamanders, and snakes, authoring the original description of several well-known species of salamanders from the eastern United States. Many of his names are ambiguous; some have been adjudicated by the ICZN, while others are currently treated as nomina dubia. Here, we review all of Green’s publications, report on newly re-discovered or re-interpreted material from several major natural history collections, and resolve most if not all remaining issues through a series of taxonomic actions. In particular, we first designate a neotype for Salamandra nigra Green, 1818. We then place S. sinciput-albida Green, 1818 and S. frontalis Gray in Cuvier, 1831 in synonymy with S. scutata Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel, 1838 and invoke Reversal of Precedence under Article 23.9 to designate them nomina oblita. We also designate a lectotype for S. bislineata Green, 1818. Finally, we resurrect the name S. fusca Green, 1818 as the valid name for the species Desmognathus fuscus, assuming priority over Triturus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, designating S. fusca Laurenti, 1768 a nomen oblitum, and placing S. nigra Green, 1818 in synonymy. While Green’s herpetological legacy is not as expansive as that of some of his successors such as Holbrook, he is nonetheless a foundational early worker in salamanders, having described some of the most-studied species in the world.

Background: Anxiety and depression are the common mental disorders, which affect the general population upto 15%, once at their life span and an important reason of disability in world with high impact on social-economic status of affected persons. The Benzodiazepines preferred for the treatment of generalized anxiety as they provide immediate relief, however the high potential for abuse and dependence, limits the utilization of Benzodiazepines. Literature suggests that increased serotonergic neurotransmission in synapse leads to allosteric modulation of serotonergic system by 5-HT1A partial agonists and with the blockade of 5-HT3 receptor by its antagonists develop anti anxiety effect which may serve as alternatives to Benzodiazepines as anxiolytic because of lesser side effects and better tolerability with favourable pharmacological records in patients. Objective: To evaluate anxiolytic activity of ondansetron in mice model. Material and methods: Male Swiss albino mice (20-30 g BW) were divided in five groups. Study was undertaken after approval from IAEC, People’s College of Medical Science and Research Centre, Bhopal. Animals received intraperitoneally either Ondansetron (0.1, 0 .5 and 1mg/kg), diazepam (1mg/kg) in intervention group or vehicle (1ml dw) in control. Elevated plus maze and hole board test were used to compare the effects of ondansetron with diazepam for evaluation of anxiolytic activity. In addition, assessment of drugs on motor activity was done by photo actometer. Result: Ondansetron exhibited significant anxiolytic activity at 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg BW dose. Comparison between groups shows significant variation (p<0.05) in dose dependent manner. Locomotor activity was not significantly changed by ondansetron at these test doses. Conclusion: Ondansetron was found to exhibit significant anxiolytic activity in mice models. Further researches are required for elucidating the mechanism and to explore its role in psychopharmacology and its therapeutic application in various psychiatric disorders including anxiety. Keywords: Ondansetron, Anxiolytic, Benzodiazepines