Journal articles on the topic 'Albans Bay'

From 1979 to 1990, the LaPlatte River Watershed and the St. Albans Bay Watershed Rural Clean Water Program projects in Vermont (USA) sought to reduce sediment, nutrient, and bacteria loads to parts of Lake Champlain impaired by eutrophication. Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control diffuse sources of pollution from dairy agriculture were widely implemented through a voluntary program of technical assistance and cost-sharing by agencies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Intensive water quality monitoring was undertaken to document water quality changes resulting from the land treatment programs, including studies of BMP effectiveness and long-term watershed-scale trend monitoring. Some BMPs significantly reduced edge-of-field pollutant delivery to surface waters. Phosphorus export from corn fields was up to 1500% higher where manure was winter spread and up to 15% of the phosphorus applied in winter-spread manure was lost in runoff. A vegetated filter strip retained more than 90% of sediment and nutrients in milking center waste and functioned effectively year-round. Watershed-level response, however, was not simply the sum of edge-of-field changes. Sediment concentration and export decreased in both project areas, but anticipated decreases in nutrient concentrations and loads did not occur. The most significant water quality trends observed were 50–75% reductions in indicator bacteria counts in all study watersheds. Factors contributing to the lack of general response in nutrient levels, recommendations for future agricultural pollution control projects, and implications for planning of diffuse source pollution control programs are discussed.

The Albany Beach Restoration Project was initiated with the goal of stopping landfill erosion into San Francisco Bay, while creating aquatic habitat, and nourishing a pocket beach at McLaughlin Eastshore State Park, Albany, California. The site contains an existing sandy pocket beach which is unique to San Francisco Bay, and was formed by construction of the Albany Neck and Bulb, which was created as a landfill. Coastal engineering analysis, numerical modeling of coastal processes, and pocket beach morphology modeling were performed to evaluate and protect against erosion on the Albany Neck and prevent contaminant entry to the Bay, evaluate potential enhancement alternatives for the sandy pocket beach, and develop design criteria for living shorelines structures/habitat elements. In addition, analysis was performed to evaluate the stability of living shoreline structures, including a crescent reef with oyster shell nourishment, a pebble beach and groin system, avian roosting islands/breakwater elements, and tidepools.

During progression of a mass mortality of Australian pilchards in late 1998 and early 1999, quantities of dead pilchards on the sea-surface, sea-floor and along beaches were estimated in three regions along southern Western Australia (WA) by use of transects. Total mortality was estimated at 17 590, 11193 and 144.4 t for Esperance, Bremer Bay and Albany respectively. Mortality rates at Esperance and Bremer Bay were similar at 74.5% and 64.7% respectively, with a mean of 69.6%. In contrast, estimated mortality at Albany was only 2.4%. Although the difference in total mortality between regions is probably related to differences in stock size, as determined by simulation models, the much lower estimate for Albany is probably an artefact of an over-estimated pilchard biomass and not due to large differences in actual mortality rates. Variability in estimates of both pilchard biomass and quantities killed resulted in a wide range of estimated mortality rates, with lower estimates for Esperance and Bremer Bay of 28.0% and 22.9% respectively. This represents a significant decline in the breeding stock of WA pilchards. If the impact was closer to the mean (69.6%), then pilchard stocks in WA are severely depressed.

Indians depleted the beaver, yet we do not understand why. We analyzed the pattern and determinants of beaver exploitation in the hinterlands of three Hudson's Bay Company posts. Simulating beaver population, we found declining beaver stock within each hinterland, but overharvesting in only two. Central to this process was the Company reaction to French competition. Managers raised prices in the Albany and York hinterlands, and in response the Indians increased their harvests. Churchill, which did not experience French competition, had more stable fur prices and showed no evidence of overexploitation of the beaver.

This study provides a preliminary investigation of the home range and habitat selection of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, Western Australia. Six individuals were captured (trap success 1.9%) from 810 trap-nights. This low number suggests that the water rat population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve is much smaller than anecdotal evidence would suggest. Home-range size (neighbour-linkage method) averaged 18.9 ha (±11.6). Individuals preferentially utilised wetland habitats characterised by dense, low-lying vegetation (0–30 cm from ground), low-density canopy cover and shallow, narrow water bodies.

The identification of conifer stomata in fossil pollen preparations of peat cores from the Hudson Bay Lowlands is used to determine the local presence of conifers in lieu of macrofossil analyses. The differentiation of eight conifer stomate types (Picea type, Larix laricina, Pinus sp., Abies sp., Tsuga mertensiana, Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, and Thuja type) is accomplished with a key, diagrammatic stomate illustrations, photographs, and measurements. Results of fossil conifer-stomate analyses indicate that both Picea and Larix arrived locally in the Albany River area of the Hudson Bay Lowlands about 4800 BP. In the Old Man Bog area, Larix arrived earlier, about 6000 BP, but Picea arrived more than 2000 years later (3700 BP). Fossil stomate and pollen results are compared. Key words: conifer stomata, local conifer presence, Hudson Bay Lowlands.

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Kumpulan fauna bentik di hamparan lamun di Albany, Australia Barat In order to compare benthic fauna assemblages in four locations of seagrass beds in Albany (Princess Royal Harbour, Oyster Harbour, Two People Bay and Frenchman Bay), a research had beenconducted between 18 and 21 April 2017. There were two aims of this study. First, to investigate six sites within four locations with various degree of anthropogenic impact in order to understand the faunal richness and abundance in those locations. Second, to measure and record the environmental factors which are assumed to be important regulators of the observed patterns between the sites. The result showed that the highest faunal abundance (227 Faunal) was found at Frenchman Bay, a less anthropogenically impacted area, while the lowest abundance (26 Faunal) was at Oyster Harbour-Emu Point which was an anthropogenically affected site. However, in terms of faunal diversity, there was no significant difference among all sites. The environmental factor which had significant relationship with the difference in benthic faunal assemblages at each site was found to be coarse sand.Satu kegiatan penelitian pada tanggal 18 hingga 21 April 2017 telah dilakukan untuk membandingkan kumpulan fauna bentik di empat lokasi padang lamun di Albany (Pelabuhan Princess Royal, Pelabuhan Oyster, Teluk Two People, dan Teluk Frenchman). Penelitian inimempunyai dua tujuan, yaitu: 1) menyelidiki enam titik penelitian yang beradadalam empat lokasi dengan berbagai tingkat dampak antropogenik untuk memahami kekayaan dan kelimpahan fauna di lokasi tersebut; dan 2) mengukur dan mencatat faktor-faktor lingkungan yang dianggap berperan sebagai pengaturdari pola yang diamati pada semua lokasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan,bahwa kelimpahan fauna tertinggi (227 fauna) ditemukan di Teluk Frenchmanyang merupakandaerah yang kurang terdampak gangguan antropogenik;sedangkan kelimpahan terendah (26 individu) ditemukandi Oyster Harbour-Emu Point yang merupakan lokasi yang terpengaruh secaraantropogenik. Namun, dalam hal keanekaragaman fauna, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan di antarasemua lokasi. Faktor lingkungan yang memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan perbedaan kumpulan fauna bentik di masing-masing lokasi ialah pasir kasar.

<p class="Pa5">In 1905 and 1906, the Cree of the southwestern James Bay region signed Treaty No. 9 whereby they relinquished to the Canadian government their claim to the lands south of the Albany River (the northern boundary of the province of Ontario at the time). The official text of Treaty No. 9 made no mention of land submerged below water cover, and thus the Cree did not relinquish such regions at that time. By contrast, the Cree of the northwestern James Bay and southwestern Hudson Bay region who signed the 1929–30 Adhesions to Treaty No. 9 relinquished their claims to “land covered by water” for the area bounded on the south by the northerly limit of Treaty No. 9, as this clause was specifically included in the text of the adhesion. The issue of “land covered by water” is significant because the western James Bay region has been, and will continue to be, subject to sea level changes associated with ongoing adjustments due to the last ice age and modern global warming signals. In the absence of detailed maps, we used models of these processes, constrained by available geophysical and geodetic data sets, to retrodict shoreline changes and the rate of land emergence over the last two centuries within the boundaries specified by Treaty No. 9. We also project shoreline migration to the end of the 21st century within the same region. The rate of land emergence since 1905 in the area south of the Albany River is estimated as ~3.0 km²/yr. Over the next century, land will continue to emerge in this region at a mean rate of ~1.4 km²/yr. This emergent land should be a subject of consideration within any comprehensive land claim put forward by the Cree; in this regard, it will be interesting to see how the Canadian judicial system and the Comprehensive Claims Branch handle the novel issue of emergent land.</p>

Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882), the type species of Metaprotella, was originally described from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia and was reported from there in literature published between 1882 and 2003. However, the type specimens are lost and no further specimens could be found in recent surveys in New South Wales waters. The only current records are from Albany, Western Australia and from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Based on the materials from Western Australia, the poorly known type species, Metaprotella haswelliana is redescribed, a neotype is assigned, and the genus Metaprotella Mayer, 1890 is redefined.

Abstract A total of one hundred and twenty six species of macroinvertebrates were collected from five major Ontario rivers (Moose, Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk and Severn) of the Hudson Bay Lowland. Benthic communities in all rivers were dominated primarily by chironomids and oligochaetes except in the East channel of the Moose River where gastropods were also a common taxon. Diversity, as measured by both species richness and the Shannon-Weiner index, was not significantly different in each river. Species distribution was related to substrate composition, river velocity and depth at each station. Community similarity analysis showed that rivers geographically closest together, sharing common flow directions and similar drainage basins resembled each other most in terms of benthic communities. The exception to this was the East channel of the Moose River which showed little resemblance to the other Lowland rivers studies. This was attributed to the highly channelized nature of the Moose River and the origin of the East channel itself which is fed by waters draining the Clay Belt, a unique subprovince of the Canadian shield.

Albany Bulb, a former landfill, is a thirty-one-acre battleground for the Bay Area’s competing progressive movements for social justice, environmental conservation, and politically engaged art. Street protest, lawsuits, regulatory jockeying, anarchist camp-ins, and art have all been deployed in the name of saving this oddball spit of land from and for its users of many species. Drawing from information collected over sixteen years of visits to the Bulb, including scores of hours of interviews beginning in 2013, this essay brings together work from an interdisciplinary team of UC Berkeley students and Bulb residents to apply techniques of ethnography, contemporary archaeology, oral history, participatory mapping, mobile apps, botany, architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning to the study of the Bulb.

The Noisy Scrub-bird is a small, semi-flightless insectivore which forages in leaf litter and the lower stratum of dense vegetation. More widespread when discovered last century the species declined rapidly after European settlement of Westem Australia due to habitat clearing and large scale, uncontrolled wildfires. A small, remnant population survived in dense low forest and thickets on Mt Gardner at Two Peoples Bay. Exclusion of fire from scrub-bird habitat allowed the population at Two Peoples Bay to increase through natural breeding. Translocations to new sites, where successful, have provided more habitat for the scrub-bird resulting in seven sub-populations in the area between Oyster Harbour and Cheyne Beach east of Albany. Rapid increases in numbers have occurred in the Mt Manypeaks area in recent years. The whole population has now increased to 10.5 times its size at rediscovery. This paper reviews Noisy Scrub-bird conservation efforts during the 35 years since its rediscovery and focuses on recent progress, population trends, and the current status of the species. Successful conservation management has been based on research into the scrub-bird's biology and ecology and has involved habitat reservation and protection, fire management, population monitoring, and translocation. Scrub-bird conservation has also provided benefits for other threatened species.

Faecal analysis from the only known population of Gilbert?s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) near Albany, Western Australia revealed that it, like other rat-kangaroo species is primarily mycophagous. Diet was determined by faecal collections from live-captured animals within Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Microscopic examination of samples collected from June - September 2000 and additional samples from storage, found fungi to comprise over 90% of faecal matter. A total of 44 fungal spore types were identified with many believed to be of hypogeous origin. Fungal spores belonging to the genera Mesophellia, Elaphomyces, Hysterangium and an unknown spore type (Unknown 1) were frequently recorded in samples. Non-fungal material including plants (stems, roots and seeds) and invertebrates represented the remainder. This investigation found that P. gilbertii fed almost exclusively on fungi and could be considered a specialised mycophagist.

Abstract Water, bottom sediment and two species of fish collected upstream of the mouths of the Moose, Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk and Severn Rivers were analyzed for heavy metals and a wide range of organic contaminants. Iron and aluminum were present in raw water samples with mean concentrations ranging from 260 to 860 ug/L and 60 to 470 ug/L respectively. Polycnlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), α-BHC, γ-BHC, cis-chlordane, trans-chloroane, p,p’-DDE, dieldrin and HCB were also found in water at levels comparable to an industrialized region of Ontario. Organochlorine pesticides, cnlorobenzenes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates were not detected in bottom sediments, however, trace amounts of PCBs were found in Moose and Severn River sediments. Trace concentrations of a few organochlorine contaminants were detected in both fish species. The solubi1ization, absorption and bioaccumulation of many of the contaminants were thought to have been affected by the presence of naturally occurring organic acids.

The San Pablo, California, Rapid bus service was planned 17 years ago and was implemented 13 years ago. The Rapid service, which did not include exclusive lanes, was an upgrade of previous limited-stop bus service linking the East Bay communities of San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, and Oakland. The 13 years of service provide some lessons for other communities that are considering moderate (or less than full) service upgrades to bus rapid transit. The service was quick to implement and low in cost, but it has not provided the anticipated ridership benefits. The upgrades apparently were not significant enough to attract ridership increases. The transit signal priority element was not well maintained and thus has not provided the desired travel time and reliability benefits. AC Transit—which operates the service—and the corridor communities are currently reexamining further upgrades to the service. This Rapid service is well used, but more pronounced improvements are needed to fulfill ridership potential in the corridor. The lessons learned are that minor upgrades can be easily implemented, but noticeable changes are required to achieve significant ridership gains.

Phytophthora cactorum, P. citricola I, and P. plurivora cause bleeding cankers on mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in the northeastern United States. Inoculation experiments were conducted to compare the aggressiveness of the three Phytophthora spp. on stems, leaf disks, and roots of European beech and common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) seedlings. Isolates were obtained from bleeding cankers on European beech from five cities in New York (Albany, Ithaca, Oyster Bay, Plainview, and Rochester) and from a bleeding canker on sugar maple in Ithaca, NY. Stems were inoculated with colonized agar plugs, leaf disks with a zoospore suspension, and roots via infested soil at three inoculum levels. All organs of inoculated beech and lilac developed disease except for lilac roots inoculated with zoospores of P. cactorum. Disease incidence, severity, and plant survival were dependent on isolate and were also influenced by the tissue inoculated and host. Isolates of P. cactorum were the least aggressive and caused less necrosis than isolates of P. citricola I and P. plurivora. Results emphasize the utility of stem and root inoculation for evaluation of this canker disease and underscore critical differences in species aggressiveness.

Preliminary greenhouse experiments indicated that Cucurbita pepo, when grown at high temperatures, shows a high incidence of female flower bud necrosis, preventing those flowers from reaching anthesis and thus delaying fruit set. This can lead to reduced yield in areas with short growing seasons. To determine if delayed fruit set also occurred under field conditions, replicated cultivar trials were conducted during the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 in Ithaca and Albany, N.Y.; Wye, Md., and Bradenton, Fla. Mean growing season air temperatures were 20, 21, 24, and 28 °C, respectively, at the four locations. Delay in fruit set was indicated by the main stem node number at which the first fruit formed. In Ithaca and Albany, the six cultivars grown in both years formed their first fruit at node 17, while this was shifted to node 24 at Wye, and to node 26 or more at Bradenton. Fruit yields among the C. pepo cultivars ranged from 45 to 85 mt·ha–1 in all locations except Bradenton, where they ranged from 7 to 35 tons. Among C. pepo cultivars, `Appalachian' showed least yield decrease at Bradenton, and `Howden' and `Baby Bear' the most, in the hotter 1996 season. The C. maxima `Prize Winner' yielded well in all locations. The results indicate that delayed fruit set occurred most often in the highest temperature locations. There is scope for selecting for improved high temperature female flower development among C. pepo cultivars.

Abstrak: Kredit merupakan transaksi jual beli dengan pembayaran yang dilakukan secara bertahap/angsuran dalam jangka waktu tertentu, dimana pembayaran akan lebih mahal daripada pembayaran secara tunai. Dalam Hukum Islam kredit dikenal dengan istilah bai’ bit taqsith. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pandangan Hukum Islam terkait transaksi kredit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan data yang diperoleh berdasarkan studi kepustakaan. Adapun hasil penelitian dapat disampaikan bahwa status jual beli kredit memiliki dua pendapat yang kontroversi, Syekh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani dan Imam Ibnu Qutaibah melarang transaksi kredit karena mangandung dua akad dalam satu transaksi sehingga terdapat unsur riba di dalamnya. Sedangkan Imam Mustafa, Imam Hanafi, Imam Syafi’i, Zaid bin Ali Al Muayyad Billah membolehkan transaksi kredit dengan memenuhi syarat dan ketentuan penetapan harga yang wajar. Adapun menurut hemat penulis transaksi kredit condong ke pendapat yang membolehkan, alasannya karena telah memenuhi standarisasi prinsip etika bisnis Islam dan adanya pendapat para ulama yang menyatakan boleh, sebagai penguat bahwa transaksi kredit halal.Abstract: Credit is a sale and purchase transaction with payments made in stages/installments over a certain period of time, where payments will be more expensive than cash payments. In Islamic law, credit is known as bai' bit taqsith. This study aims to determine the views of Islamic law related to credit transactions. This research uses qualitative research methods and the data obtained are based on literature study. The results of the study can be conveyed that the status of buying and selling credit has two controversial opinions, Sheikh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani and Imam Ibn Qutaibah forbid credit transactions because they contain two contracts in one transaction so that there is an element of usury in it. Meanwhile, Imam Mustafa, Imam Hanafi, Imam Syafi'i, Zaid bin Ali Al Muayyad Billah allow credit transactions by fulfilling the terms and conditions of fair pricing. In the opinion of the author, credit transactions are inclined to an opinion that allows, the reason being that they have met the standardization of Islamic business ethics principles and the opinion of scholars who state that they are allowed, as reinforcement that credit transactions are halal.

Field production of decorative pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) in New York occasionally results in markedly delayed fruit production in spite of normal vine growth. These episodes of fruitlessness appear to be associated with periods of high temperatures. To determine the link between temperature and pumpkin flowering and fruiting, a series of multilocational field trials and confirmatory greenhouse experiments were carried out. The field trials were conducted in the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 in Ithaca and Albany, N.Y.; Queenstown, Md.; and Bradenton, Fla.; and in Ithaca and Bradenton in 1998. Mean growing season temperatures were 20, 21, 24 and 28 °C, respectively, at the four locations in 1996 and 1997. Delay in fruit formation was indicated by the main stem node number at which the first fruit developed. In Ithaca and Albany, the six cultivars formed their first fruit at node 17, but fruit production shifted to node 24 at Queenstown, and to node 26 or more at Bradenton. The prolonged delay in fruiting at the warmest site resulted in a 74% decrease in total yield of the C. pepo cultivars in 1996 and 1997, compared to Ithaca and Queenstown. In contrast, the yields and yield components of the C. maxima cultivar Prizewinner were similar at all four sites. Greenhouse trials in which `Howden' and `Baby Bear' were grown at 32/27, 25/20, and 20/15 °C confirmed that high temperatures delay formation and anthesis of female flowers. This and other published work indicates that there are genetic differences in susceptibility to high temperature flower delay that could be exploited to improve pumpkin performance.

From 2017 to 2019, I wrote several news stories about an Indigenous woman’s struggle, with others, in Western Australia’s oldest European settlement of Albany to maintain a ban on water skiing at a culturally significant swamp by the banks of which her mother was born. Until my stories were published, news reports had focused on the needs of skiers. The headline of my first story, ‘The sacred and profane’, invoked Bourdieu’s conception of social space as a field constructed by tensions between holders of unequal levels of cultural and economic capital. This is consistent with Massey’s observations of places as contested social constructs. Both theories are complementary frameworks from which to interrogate and inform journalistic practice. This article shows how critically reflexive articulation of place, through journalism, enabled Indigenous voices to be heard in a regional city that had been ground zero for colonialism in Australia’s largest state by area.

Field studies of the rare and endangered western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) were undertaken at five main sites in south-western Australia. Population studies employing capture-markrelease and telemetry methods were concentrated at Abba River and Locke Estate, near Busselton, and supplementary telemetry records were obtained for three females at Yendicup, Perup, near Manjimup. The location of dreys and sightings were mapped at Geographe Bay (near Busselton) and Emu Point (Albany). Mature adults of both sexes weighed about 1000 g and attained maturity at 830-900 g. Young were estimated to spend about 104 days in the pouch and emerge at 130-150 g. Lactation ceased when young weighed 550-650 g. Most births were of single young, but at Locke 16.7% of females with pouch young carried twins. In the Busselton area some births occurred in all months, but there were few between December and March. Most births occurred during April-July, but a secondary peak occurred during September-November, especially at Locke. At Locke 69% of animals were females and this ratio was similar in all age classes, but at Abba the sex ratio was parity. At Locke hollows were rare and animals usually rested in dreys; at Abba hollows in Eucalyptus gomphocephala were the usual rest sites and dreys were rare, occurred only near the watercourse and were used only by males; at Yendicup no dreys were observed and hollows in eucalypts were the usual rest sites. Animals used 2-7 rest sites each. Home ranges of females at Yendicup averaged about 2.5 ha; in the Busselton area home ranges averaged less than 1 ha. Less than 1% of both day and night sightings were of animals at ground level. Plots of the location of dreys and sightings at three sites showed that possums were not evenly dispersed, and at two sites there were areas of apparently suitable habitat that were rarely used. Density was estimated for four sites: Abba River 3.7-4.3 ha-1, Locke Estate 2.4-4.5 ha-1, Geographe Bay 0.3-0.6 ha-1 and Emu Point 0.1-0.4 ha-1. Evidence of predation by foxes was found at Abba, Locke and Geographe Bay. Microscopic inspection of faecal pellets showed that, where Agonis flexuosa grew, its leaves accounted for 79-100% of diet. Small amounts of several other plants were also taken. At Perup A. flexuosa was absent and the diet consisted predominantly of leaves of the two common eucalypts (Eucalyptus calophylla and E. marginata).

ABSTRACTIn the Geraldton and Hemlo areas distantly-derived carbonate tills lie between slightly to non-calcareous tills and can be distinguished by textural, carbonate, and clast compositions. Their occurrence and uniform character over large areas of the Shield attest to high sediment flux by rapid movement of distal debris within the southern part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. This is consistent with low surface profiles reconstructed for the Superior and Michigan lobes which were likely fed by ice north of Superior and probably affected by ice streaming. Till deposition in the Geraldton and Hemlo areas can be explained with one southwestward glacial advance. A broad ice stream probably issued out of James Bay and up the Albany conduit between zones of normal ice velocity within the Laurentide marginal area. It may have split to flow down the Drowning and Kenogami troughs. Eventually, zones of ice streaming reached the Geraldton and Hemlo areas where Shield uplands induced lee side extending flow, downward transport, and lodgment of calcareous englacial debris on local tills. Following the glacial maximum much of the distal englacial debris was laid down by subglacial meltout. However, a glacial reactivation occurred which moulded drumlins in the carbonate tills near Geraldton and deposited an upper calcareous lodgment till at Hemlo. Final Laurentide decay resulted in meltout of supraglacial debris that had been sheared up to or near the glacier surface from the stoss sides of the uplands.

In early 2020, Albany Georgia, located in a predominately rural part of Georgia, had the 4th highest per capita rate of COVID-19 infection in the United States. Many of these patients developed secondary infections or presented with concomitant infections, which were noted anecdotally to be associated with a worse outcome compared to those who did not develop secondary infections. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital in the calendar year 2020. We were primarily interested in the effect of respiratory and bloodstream culture positivity on the outcome. We recorded data for other variables potentially contributing to a bad outcome, including Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Body Mass Index (BMI), age, sex, and race. Variables initially identified as significantly associated with bad outcomes (defined as either need for mechanical ventilation or death) were then analyzed by multinomial regression. During a 10-month period (March to December), 1,431 patients were admitted. Of these, 155 (10.8%) had a positive blood culture and 142 (9.9%) had a positive respiratory culture at any time during admission. Odds ratios (OR) for death or mechanical ventilation without death were 43.0 and 86.1, respectively, for a positive respiratory culture and 4.5 and 3.3, respectively, for a positive blood culture. Age > 70 and CCI also were associated with an increased risk of death, with OR of 2.0 and 1.3, respectively. In conclusion, in our large, single-center study of patients admitted with COVID-19 in the calendar year 2020, positive respiratory culture or a positive blood culture had the highest OR associated with the bad outcome of all the variables considered. Keywords: COVID-19, risk factors, inpatients.

Objective: Research has accumulated over the past several years demonstrating a relationship between childhood trauma such as sexual abuse and female panic disorder (PD). Most of studies have generally suffered from methodological limitations, including small sample size and not controlling for psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality which can influence the clinical characteristics. This study aimed to investigate differences of demographic and clinical characteristics between female PD patients with (PD+S) and without early sexual abuse history (PD-S). Design and Method: We examined data from 101 patients diagnosed with PD. We divided the patients with PD into PD-S (69 patients) and PD+S (32 patients) to compare demographic (age, marriage, education, suicidality history, comorbidity) and clinical characteristics [coping strategies, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Panic disorder severity (PDSS), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ) - agoraphobia subscale, NEO-neuroticism (NEO-N)]. IBM SPSS version 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were no differences between PD+S group and PD–S group with respect to demographics and coping strategies, BAI, BDI, PDSS and ASI. Compared to the PD-S, PD+S group showed higher levels of neuroticism (p=0.00) and agoraphobia (p=0.04). Conclusions: The current study suggests that female PD+S patients can be associated with neuroticism and agoraphobia. Therefore it may be needed to pay attention to the sexual abuse history in female patients with PD.

[First paragraph]Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba. PETER KORNBLUH (ed.). New York: The New Press, 1998. viii + 339 pp. (Paper US$17.95)Psywar on Cuba: The Declassified History of U.S. Anti-Castro Propaganda. JON ELLISTON (ed.). Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. 320 pp. (Paper US$ 21.95)Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis. JAMES G. BLIGHT & DAVID A. WELCH (eds.). London: Frank Cass, 1998. x + 234 pp. (Cloth US$ 47.50)Live by the Sword: The Secret WarAgainst Castro and the Death of JFK. Gus Russo. Baltimore MD: Bancroft Press, 1998. xvi + 619 pp. (Cloth US$ 26.95)From Pirates to Drug Lords: The Post-Cold War Caribbean Security Environment. MICHAEL C. DESCH, JORGE I. DOMI'NGUEZ & ANDRÉS SERBIN (eds.). Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. viii + 161 pp. (Paper US$19.95)Cuba, the Caribbean, and the United States have been frequently and intimately linked for more than a century. Because of the status of the United States as a global power, viewing their common histories from the vantage point of the United States is understandable. Such a perspective consigns the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent Cuba, to the role of passive actors in the making of much of their own histories. Several recent publications, though written for very different purposes, permit us to ask whether Cuba and the Caribbean have not been more active participants in their recent histories than U.S. predominance in the region would seem to allow.

The James Bay Treaty-Treaty No. 9 was unique among the numbered treaties of Canada in that there was a need for the concurrence of the Province of Ontario. Last-minute negotiations by the Dominion of Canada to gain said concurrence led to an agreement with the Province of Ontario, and this agreement became part of the Treaty No. 9 package at Ontario’s insistence. However, since the agreement was not executed until after the Treaty No. 9 expedition had left for the field, an incomplete Treaty No. 9 package that lacked the agreement was presented to and signed by the First Nation groups in 1905. Furthermore, spaces had been left in the vellum copies of Treaty No. 9 and the agreement to add in the date of the agreement when fully executed. In the spaces that were left for this purpose, the date of the agreement was backdated to 3 July. This act of deception was suggested by the Treasurer of the Government of Ontario, A. Matheson in order to date of the agreement earlier than the date in the Treaty. Thus, the common law legality of the Treaty No. 9 package must be questioned, especially since officials of the Governments of Canada and Ontario left documentation of their deception. Without the agreement being attached as specified in the Treaty No. 9 document that left Ottawa in 1905, consideration of the terms of the agreement by the First Nation signatories of the treaty could not have occurred prior to signing. It follows that there exists a question of whether the land south of the Albany River was ever ceded in Treaty No. 9 from a common law perspective, unless documentation can be presented indicating that the complete Treaty No. 9 package was presented to the First Nation signatories; the written record indicates otherwise. In the end, the courts will have to decide the legality of Treaty No. 9 from a common law perspective.

Abstract Cryopreserved HPC, CB products are maintained in long-term storage for future clinical use. To evaluate the impact of cryopreservation and storage over time on the quality and potency of the CBU as well as fulfill the FDA requirements for licensed products, stability studies are performed annually. These in vitro studies compare CBU stored for several years to recently processed ones with respect to HPCrecovery, potency, bacteriology, identity and integrity. This analysis summarizes the 2010-2015 annual stability evaluations including45 clinical CBU randomly selected among those processed by NCBP during the period 2006-2015 and stored inBioArchivefreezers.Pre-cryopreservation results, i.e., tests performed prior to freezing after CBU processing with the AXP system, are compared to post-thaw values of the CBU bag, and those of the CBU segment. We also present the quality assessment of segments (N=1924) of CBU processed during the same period that were released for transplantation. Methods:CBU bags were thawed and underwent albumin dextran reconstitution (dilution 1:7).Total nucleated cell (TNC) counts were measured in aSysmexXE2100 analyzer. CD45+/CD34+ counts and viability were evaluated using single platform, 3-color flow cytometry with 7-AAD, and ISHAGE gating strategy.CFU assays were evaluated using the NCBP CFU strategy (Albano et al, ASH 2008).The same assays were used for segment evaluation. Recovery was expressed as the ratio of post-thaw to pre-cryopreservation values. The segment "yield" was calculated as the ratio of segment results to the pre-cryopreservation or post-thaw bag values. Results: All CBU met acceptance criteria for identity, sterility and container integrity. Post-thaw CBU bag TNC recovery averaged 100.5% (SD: 6.2%). The range was 87%-114.5%; only one sample had recovery below 90%. TNC was not measured routinely in the segments. Average post-thaw bag CD34+ viability was 93.1% (SD: 3.2%). While the lowest value was 83.5%, 41/45 samples had viability above 90%. Segment post-thaw mean CD34+ viability was 94.7% (SD: 3.8%); 42 samples had values above 90%. The difference between segment and bag averaged 1.6% (SD: 2.5%; range: -3.1% to 7.5%). This change was statistically significant but too small to impact product quality. CD34+ and CFU recoveries (mean and SD) are shown in the Table. Post-thaw recovery of viable (v) CD34+ cells from theCBUbag ranged 60-133%, while the segment yield was 48-106%. For the 30 CBU with pre-cryopreservation CFU results, mean CBU bag recovery was 71% (range: 34%-120%) and segment CFU yield was 75% (range: 23%-125%). Segment and bag CD34+ and CFU results correlated well (p<0.01). In agreement with the stability studies, CD34+ viability evaluation of 1924 CBU segments showed average of 95.7% (SD: 3.5%; only 5% of the samples had CD34+ viability below 90%). These segments were evaluated prior to CBU release for transplant; median time in the freezer was 2.3 years (range: 0.1-9.5), and they represent 4% of the total AXP-processed CBU in the NCBP inventory. The segment yield of vCD34+ cells was 79% (SD: 25%). Further, a strong correlation was seen between pre-cryopreservation and segment vCD34+ counts (r: 0.87; p<0.01). CFU values of the segment and pre-cryopreservation also showed good correlation (r: 0.72; p<0.01) and the average CFU segment yield was 71% (SD: 24%). CBU processed with manual method (period 1993-2006) are also included in annual stability studies and have met acceptance criteria (data not shown). Further, analysis of 684 segments of manually processed CBU stored for a median of 10 years (range: 6.3-21) showed mean CD34+ viability 94.2% (SD: 4.3%; 11% with viability below 90%); results that compare favorably to those of recently processed CBU. In conclusion, systematic evaluation of NCBP CBU processed in different periods demonstrates that quality/potency can be maintained with storage over many years. The stability studies for the AXP-CBU (2006-to date) and the pre-release segment evaluation show high CD34+ viability and consistently high recovery of HPC, indicating that the process is under control, and set the standard for future studies and other potency assays. The strong correlations between post-thaw bag and segment results demonstrate that the segment is a representative sample of the cryopreserved CBU and its evaluation can predict reliably the potency of the thawed product. Table. Table. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Abstract 3023 Background: The segment attached to the freezing bag is considered an important source of cells for testing the quality of a cryopreserved CBU prior to release for transplantation. CB banks test cells from the segment for CD34+ cell count, viability and colony forming units (CFU) as surrogates of potency of the frozen products. The NCBP reported results of 384 segments of CBU processed with the AutoExpress (AXP) system (Albano et al, ASH 2011). Average segment CD34+ viability was 96% (SD:+/− 3.3%) and correlation with the CBU pre-cryopreservation viable CD34+ counts (vCD34; R2:0.9) and CFU (R2:0.6) were excellent. Segment vCD34+ and CFU also correlated highly with each other (R2:0.69). As of 08/2012, 1056 segments from NCBP AXP CBU have been evaluated with average CD34+ cell viability of 96% (SD:+/− 3.1). However, how the segment results compare to those obtained from the CBU at the transplant center is not established. Methods: To evaluate whether the segment could predict the post-thaw CBU vCD34+ counts, viability and CFU at MSKCC, we compared the post-thaw results of 37 NCBP CBU, AXP-processed and stored in BioArchive freezers, shipped, and thawed at MSKCC, with the information from their respective segments tested at NCBP prior to CBU release and the pre-cryopreservation data. Segment CD34+ counts and viability were evaluated by flow cytometry and 7-AAD exclusion using a single platform and the ISHAGE gating strategy. Segment CFU were evaluated using the NCBP CFU high resolution digital imaging technology (Albano et al, ASH 2008). The segment viable cells/ul were used to estimate the total vCD34 and CFU for the respective CBU. At MSKCC, CBU underwent thaw and albumin reconstitution with 8-fold dilution (10% Dextran 40; 25% albumin) as previously reported (Barker et al, BBMT 2009;15(12):1596–602). Duplicate samples were evaluated by flow cytometry within two hours. Four color flow cytometry using a dual platform was performed to measure CD45+/CD34+/CD3+ cell counts; CD34+ cell viability was assessed using a modified ISHAGE strategy (Scaradavou et al, BBMT 2010;16(4):560–8). CFU assays were performed using 1×105cells plated in duplicate and growth was evaluated at 14 days. All CBU were part of double unit grafts. Results: Consistent with prior NCBP data, segment vCD34+ cell counts correlated well with segment CFU (R2:0.89, p< 0.01; N=21). Additionally, high correlation of vCD34+ cell counts and CFU were seen between the pre-cryopreservation CBU and the segment (p<0.01, Table). Importantly, despite the differences in testing laboratories and gating strategies, the number of vCD34+ cells in the CBU post-thaw correlated with the pre-cryopreservation vCD34+ counts, as well as those from the segment (Table). Average decrease in post-thaw CBU CD34+ cell viability compared to that of the segment was 1.4% (SD:+/− 3.7%, N: 37). Although statistically significant (p: 0.029), this difference was not clinically relevant: the range of change was -10% to +4.8% and the lowest CBU CD34+ viability was 86% (Figure). Post-thaw CBU total CFU and CFUGM did not correlate with pre-cryopreservation values (Table), probably reflecting high inter-laboratory assay variability. Segment CFU and CFUGM correlation with the post-thaw values was significant although the R2was weak. The ratio of post-thaw to segment vCD34 cells (median: 1.3; SD:+/− 0.47) indicated that the segment calculation may underestimate CBU cell content. The median ratio of post-thaw to segment colony-forming cells was 0.54 for total CFU (SD:+/− 0.63) and 0.5 for CFUGM (SD:+/− 0.96). The lower CFU than vCD34 ratio may be explained, in part, by the fact that 7-AAD detects dead cells but not apoptotic; apoptotic cells are counted as alive by flow cytometry but do not have functionality and do not generate CFU in culture. Conclusions: Our results indicate that testing of CBU segments can measure accurately the potency of the frozen CB products. Moreover, the results demonstrate that CBU quality can be maintained following albumin-dextran reconstitution. These findings reflect the cryopreservation procedures, freezing bags and reconstitution method described; whether they can be applied to other CB banks or transplant center laboratories requires further investigation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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The history of Australian right whaling is briefly reviewed. Most catching took place in the first half of the 19th century, with a peak inthe 1830s, involving bay whaling by locals and visiting whaleships in winter and whaling offshore in the summer. In the early 20th century,right whales were regarded as at least very rare, if not extinct. The first published scientific record for Australian waters in the 20th centurywas a sighting near Albany, Western Australia, in 1955. Increasing sightings close to the coast in winter and spring led to annual aerialsurveys off southern Western Australia from 1976. To allow for possible effects of coastwise movements, coverage was extended intoSouth Australian waters from 1993. Evidence from 19th century pelagic catch locations, recent sightings surveys, 1960s Soviet catch dataand photographically-identified individuals is beginning to confirm earlier views about likely seasonal movements to and from warm watercoastal breeding grounds and colder water feeding grounds. Increase rates of ca 7-13% have been observed since 1983. Some effects ofdifferent breeding female cohort strength are now beginning to appear. A minimum population size of ca 700 for the period 1995-97 issuggested for the bulk of the ‘Australian’ population, i.e. animals approaching the ca 2,000km of coast between Cape Leeuwin, WesternAustralia and Ceduna, South Australia.