Journal articles on the topic 'Albanians – education'
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1
Kadi, Fabiola, and Helona Pani. "THE ALBANIAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH – A POWERFUL SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 6 (October 4, 2019): 1749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34061749k.
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It is a fact that Christianity is deeply rooted in the history of the Albanian nation, but, unfortunately, such a fact has opened the gate to endless discussions. This paper aims to highlight an important event in the history of Albania, which will influence the future history of this nation. During the nineteenth century, Protestants contributed significantly to the Albanian national issue through performing translations of several books of the Bible, at a time when books in Albanian language were very rare. Different foreign missionaries came to Albania to spread their religious views. They strongly influenced the opening of Albanian schools while Albanians, under Turkish rule, were forbidden to use their language, to learn to write, or read it. Gradually, the foreign missionaries were attended by Albanian intellectuals, who insist on the opening of the Albanian school and the education of Albanians in Albanian language. Interestingly, Protestantism was the only religious belief that supported Albanian writing and reading, while other religious beliefs exercised in Albania were the fiery opponents of every Albanian component. The Albanian language on one hand was opposed by the Greek Orthodox Church, on the other hand, by the Latin Catholic Church and above all, Ottoman rule opposed the teaching of the Albanian language in order to keep the Albanian people as subordinate as possible. It seems that Protestantism has emerged in all the countries where it has spread, supporting various national identities, but especially in Albania, it has played an important role in supporting the national identity of Albanians and the education of generations, especially of girls. The opening of the first Albanian girls' school in the city of Korça keeps the seal of the Protestant church and it has had a great impact in the future for the emancipation of Albanian society, of women and girls who are oppressed and printed in many directions. Sevasti Qiriazi, as a representative of the Protestant church in Korça, and the first teacher in Albania, will protect the school and try to support the spread of the Albanian language at all costs. Through the spread of faith in Albanian, the first Protestants in Albania conveyed not only knowledge, but also great human, moral, and educational values to people who were suffering, but eager for knowledge and development. The Protestant Albanian movement was actually an 'Albanian spiritual movement' with religious, educational, national and cultural values and purposes. For several decades, during the communist regime in Albania, a good part of the influence of protestants in the country was denied and all efforts were made to overshadow the influence of Protestantism towards education and emancipation of Albanians in this period. Today, after many years of shadow, Protestantism is again one of the religions that are practiced in Albania and numerous efforts are being made to discover many of the unknown elements of the positive influence that this belief had in educating Albanians over the years.
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Leka, Agim. "Religion and the modern education." Academicus International Scientific Journal 27 (January 2023): 176–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.27.11.
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The purpose of the research is to solve the paradox of religion integration in education, by the new balance between religion, philosophy and science, during the post communism transition. In the field of thinking, the process is the transition from ideology to integral thinking. It is realized through the re-evaluation of the topics of the integration of religion, transitology and integral though, education, inclusiveness, solidarity, new laicity and new secularity. In the philosophical sense, integration is the objective process of being developed. This is understood as a return to identity towards a universal being. In the context of the social being, the process realizes the opening and cooperative development of all mental, spiritual-religious, scientific, creative-artistic, economic, cultural, material and non-material political fields. It includes the individual, the community, and all institutions of social life. The path of integration development is the transitive movement in a spiral form. In Albania, with the fall of communism, freedom of religion was legalized according to the standards of European democracy. The rehabilitation of religious figures that had been condemned and persecuted by the totalitarian regime began. The post-communist transition brought profound changes in the field of faith and religion such as the new dimension in the relationship of society with religion, new and unfamiliar attitudes of believers to religion, new relations between the state and religious institutions, new relations between education and religion in public institutions, opening of religious schools and increasing the influence of religion through the media and religious literature. What is considered tolerance in Europe, in the Albanian case is respect. Albanians are the best model for religious tolerance (respect). There has never been a religious clash in Albania for any reason. Respect for the religious affiliation and religious belief of the other in the Albanian case is modeled as the guiding value of their identity and appears in everyday life as the acceptance of the other. For this reason, they are the best model of respect and acceptance of the other, regardless of religious affiliation. This is an ontological value, built over the centuries and continues to this day. Albanians have not converted, but have adapted to a religious belief for economic and survival reasons. Marriages with different religions and keeping two names (Christian and Muslim) are natural phenomena among Albanians. In Albania, there are in the family and tribe people with Christian and Muslim religions individuals with two names, Christian and Muslim: Kristo and Muhamed. Albanians have lived in peaceful symbiosis with the Slavs in the centuries of the latter’s influx into Albanian lands. They have also lived peacefully with other neighbors, Greeks or Romans. This is even though the neighbors have not always been peaceful with the Albanians.
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Kume, Enida. "A Historical Overview on Fulfillment of the Right to Basic Education Among Albanians from Middle Ages to Beginning of The Last Decade of the XX Century." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, no. 1 S1 (April 23, 2024): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n1s106.
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Albanians are among the peoples of the Balkans who for centuries have faced the denial of the right to be educated in their native language. The attitude and action of the Ottoman occupier for the prohibition of education in the Albanian language in all Albanian regions during all occupational period was added the effect of the prohibitive action of the religious institutions and neighboring countries that aimed at the territorial annexation of Albania. The realization of the right to education in the Albanian language among Albanian people has been one of the main objectives of the Albanian National Movement for freedom and independence. The declaration of independence also marks the beginning of education in the Albanian language for Albanians as a public right. The decisions of the Vlora government were the first important efforts to realize this right. Economic and social development, the level of culture and traditions, the heritage related to long period under occupation, the geopolitical factors and developments in the first half of the century XX do not promote the process for the development of the basic education system in Albania. At the end of the second world war, Albania was the country with the highest level of illiteracy in the Balkan region. The development of the education system has been one of the main priorities of the Government in the period after the second world war. The right to education was defined as a constitutional right and basic education as a legal obligation for every Albanian citizen. During the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the main characteristic of the education system in Albania was its high level of ideologization. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024
4
Katolo, Artur. "Arbërisht Literature as an Example of Preserving a Cultural Identity Abroad." Collectanea Philologica, no. 26 (October 5, 2023): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.26.20.
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the origins of the literature of the Arbëreshë people and its impact on the survival of the language outside the country of origin. The cultural identity of the Italo-Albanians is marked by Byzantine influences: religion, economy, culture and military. The centuries-long, harsh Turkish occupation of Albania contributed to the cultural stagnation. Albanians in the territory of the Ottoman Empire were deprived of all rights, including the right to use their own language and profess their faith. The teaching of the Albanian language, as well as teaching in that language, and all publications were banned. Groups of Albanian refugees were welcomed in southern Italy as heroes and defenders of the faith. The few Albanian humanists were the descendants of immigrants educated in Ragusa, Padua or other Italian centres of research and education.
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Janova, Arjan, and Oktaj Hasani. "The attitude of the international community to the October 1997 student protests in Kosovo, before and after the outbreak." UNISCI Journal 20, no. 58 (January 15, 2022): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31439/unisci-131.
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During the administration of the former Yugoslavia, the Albanian population of Kosovo was denied the basic right to education. Albanian students, although they were numerically in the majority at the University of Pristina, did not even enjoy the basic rights to education in the Albanian language, despite the fact that this university was Albanian and was founded by Albanians more than 20 years ago. This situation pushed Albanians to organise themselves to defend their freedoms and rights, especially in the field of education. The student protests of October 1997, organised in a spirit of cooperation between students, civil society and teachers, became one of the many factors that brought the treatment of the Albanian people under Slobodan Milosevic's regime to the attention of the world.
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Pata Kapo, Irena. "ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFLUENCE IN THE 21st CENTURY ALBANIA AND ENGLISH LOANS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 33, no. 1 (July 10, 2011): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.33.41.
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The intake of English lexis in the Eastern Europe countries has been increasing considerably since the end of their political, social and cultural isolation. Having one of the most severe and violent political systems Albania was probably more eager to accelerate the exchanges with the ‘outer world’ and its integration in Europe. Thus adapting to the international context English language was, and still is, one of the mediators to achieve this integration. From the linguistic perspective what results from this languages contact are the loans, neologisms, and even ‘pseudo – loans’ (Albanian words with the form or the pronunciation of the donor language - English in this case, but that do not exist in the donor language). In this context this paper states some of the extra-linguistic factors (historical, social, political and other factors) which conditioned and determined the language contact between English and Albanian and that would further lead to a considerable number of borrowings from English. Pseudo loans and other new Albanian words created under the influence of English language are briefly discussed under the title of ‘Language shifting’. The study also describes Albanians’ attitude toward English language, which is found to be definitely a positive attitude. Based on the above overview of English-Albanian contact and on some of the linguistic outcomes deriving from it, is concluded that the impact of English language and culture in the Albanian context is of a considerable degree, and that the outcomes of this impact are only at the primary stages of identification and examination. Key words: Albanians’ attitude to English, English-Albanian contact, language shifting.
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Mehmeti, Armend. "THE MIGRATION OF ALBANIANS TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58885/ijllis.v12i9.16am.
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<p><span>Economic, social and political conditions forced Albanians throughout the centuries to move abroad in search of a better life. Depending on time and circumstances Albanians migrated to Italy, Egypt, Turkey, Romania, etc., where they formed their communities. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a new opportunity opened to Albanians - migration to the distant continent of America, previously unknown to Albanians. Many Albanians moved and settled in the USA. Initially, they faced numerous challenges, but later adapted to their new life. In order to preserve their culture and identity, they established an Albanian community in order to maintain their ties to their homeland. The article “The migration of Albanians to the United States of America - challenges and achievements during the first two decades of the twentieth century”, aims to elaborate on the circumstances that led to the migration of Albanians, the organization of the Albanian community in the US, challenges and achievements in the field of education and culture, as well as political activity in favor of the national issue during the first two decades of the twentieth century.</span></p><p><span><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>Migration, United States, Albanians, Vatra, Fan Noli, Boston, etc.</span></span></p>
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Gjoshi, Ragip. "Chronicle of Designing of Textbooks – ABC Books, Reading Comprehension and Grammar Books in Albanian Language in Kosovo 1886 – 2019." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p44-52.
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According to the pedagogue and scholar of the school textbooks, the textbook is a basic and mandatory school book, which serves as a basic tool and source of knowledge in the given field of study. Created in support of the education curriculum and didactically shaped, taking into account the psychophysical skills of the students, the subject matter of the course, the type of school, the degree and the profile of education. Students use it in all stages of the learning process and in everyday self-education. It is known that the existence of the scripture is mentioned by the old Babylonia when tile plates were used to write the textual content, as early as four thousand years ago. In addition to that, in ancient Egypt, the texts were written in papyrus, which was used even in old Greece and later in Rome. The parchment was used in the middle Ages, whereby it is believed that the texts were written two thousand years ago. The story of the proper text begins with the discovery of Jan Gutenberg's printing press in 1438. This is where the textbook as a massive book of education derives from. It was an epochal discovery. Meanwhile, while it is known that although Albanian is one of the oldest languages in Europe, it is however documented late. The first documents of the Albanian language are considered from the 15th century (Formula e Pagëzimit, Fjalorthi i A.Von Harfit dhe Perikopeja e Shen Matineut). Meanwhile, Buzuku (Meshari 1555), for us Albanians, is the starting point for text design. It was the time when the didactic reformer Czech pedagogue Jan Amos Komenski (1592-1670), with the first text in Latin, illustrated Orbis sensualium pictus (The Sensual World in Photography), arrived as the founder of the textbook theory. However, it can be concluded that the ABC book, the literature and grammar texts in particular, and the textbook in general, in Kosovo were of multiple importance to Albanians who were deprived of the right to education in Albanian language. The history of textbook design in Albanian language in Kosovo is very new. After the Renaissance, which was marked as a bright epoch in the effort to draft textbooks for Albanian schools, "The Literary Commission" (Komisia Letrare), established in Shkodra in 1916 would join to serve in the name of this cause. The aim of this body was to gather and publish the visions of Albanian folk literature such as: poetry and songs, tales, traditions, lessons, etc. Recently, efforts have been made to compile literary bibliographies in Albanian language. Nevertheless, it would be useful to continue with a bibliography of Albanian Language reading comprehension books in the school tradition in Albania, Kosovo and other areas where Albanians live and are educated in Albanian language. In Kosovo, Mati Logoreci is a pedagogue, is considered to be among the first textbook writers. This patriot and intellectual is a treasure of Albanian tradition in many fields, especially of education and school, as didactic, text analyst, organizer, controversial to highlight scientific, educational, social values. Mati Logoreci has an indisputable value in the history of the Albanian didactic thinking, in particular, the current educational values, adding to these values also some features of contemporary personality traits, traditional learning, within the learning methods. Logoreci was among the first Albanian educators in Kosovo. The path to development of the book in Albanian language in Kosovo was difficult, which at the same time is the best indicator of the situation of this group of the Albanians.
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Nika, Lulzim. "The Democratic Values of the Student Movement in Kosovo 1997/1999 and Their Echoes in Western Diplomacy." Review of European Studies 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n2p167.
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After the fall of east orientated political system and coming of the pluralistic system in the Yugoslav federation, the nationalisms that claimed to dominate Yugoslavia, such as Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian nationalism came to the surface, which also led to the overthrow of Yugoslavia. Following the abolition of Kosovo's limited autonomy of 1974, in March 1989, the Milosevic Serb regime during the 1990s imposed violent measures in all Kosovo institutions by removing Albanian workers from their jobs. Thus, Kosovo, Albanians were expelled collectively from the education process in the Albanian language, and left school and university facilities. Efforts to reach an agreement between Albanians and Serbian representatives for education during 1992 were unsuccessful. In these difficult contexts, the parallel education system of Kosovo Albanians was organized. In these difficult circumstances, students and Albanian students continued learning outside school facilities. After ignoring the Kosovo problem in the peace agreement reached in Dayton for Bosnia, the dissatisfaction with the peace policy led by Dr. Ibrahim Rugova grew all over Kosovo. In these circumstances, professors and students with vision began to talk about the organization of peaceful protests against the Serbian regime. After a long process, a new student movement took place at the University of Prishtina, which marks the beginning of the great protest on 1 October 1997. In this paper, we analyse the attitudes of international diplomacy with a special emphasis on the West in relation to this movement following the 1 October 1997 peace protests in Kosovo.
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Longo, Regina M. "Complicating Legacies." Feminist Media Histories 10, no. 2-3 (2024): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2024.10.2-3.227.
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In 2020 the Albanian Cinema Project’s restoration of Tomka Dhe Shoket e Tij (Tomka and His Friends, 1977) premiered on Turner Classic Movies in their “Women Make Film” series. This event marked the culmination of my work to bring the films of Albania’s first female film director, Xhanfise Keko, into global distribution. A key aim for these projects was to begin to open up a space for Albanians at home and in the diaspora to address the silences that persisted around their years under an extreme, isolationist dictatorship. This article maps the project of re-education that I embarked on as an archivist, curator, and media historian. Now, with ACP shuttered and the benefit of hindsight, I reflect on the work of restoring and re-releasing Albanian films as a project of re-programming (double entendre intended) Albanian socialist-realist cinema for contemporary, global publics.
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Qerimi, Muhamet. "DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN KOSOVA DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR." ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies 12, no. 5 (June 29, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.58885/ijllis.v12i5.57mq.
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<p><span>Following the occupation of Kosova by the dual Austria-Hungarian Empire, the Albanian people had now passed through a long period of occupation by the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the late occupation of the Serbian Kingdom, where the Albanians had gone through a terrible calvary from the new invaders. With all these sufferings and prohibitions, the occupation of Austria-Hungary found the Albanian people in a miserable state in terms of education. The majority of the population was illiterate, therefore the Dualist Empire aimed at bringing the Albanian people closer to itself and tried to regulate the issue of education as much as it was possible, as well as allow freedom in terms of Albanian culture and traditions. It also tried to raise the Albanian population to a higher level in every sphere by cooperating with bright figures, such as Hasan Prishtina and others. On this occasion, they took advantage of the opportunity to develop education in the Albanian language as much as possible. The German language was also included in the program. This short period for the Albanians was a great advancement in various fields such as in the improvement of infrastructure, culture and especially in education through the opening of schools and courses to combat illiteracy in Kosova.</span></p><p><span><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>World War I, Austria-Hungary, Kosova, education, culture, etc.</span></span></p>
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Basha, Kosovar. "The Education of Albanians in Yugoslavia after the Second World War until 1974." Historijski pogledi 6, no. 9 (June 20, 2023): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.205.
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The paper carefully deals with the constitutional aspect and the development of education in Yugoslavia, with special emphasis - Albanians. After the Second World War, Yugoslavia faced numerous problems both politically and economically. The first reforms that this country had to undergo initially required help from countries such as the Soviet Union. Among the first steps to be taken were the legislative reforms undertaken in 1946 by adjusting the Yugoslav Constitution. This constitution sanctioned important aspects of the political, economic, educational and cultural life of the country. The political life after the Second World War in Yugoslavia had undergone radical changes making it possible for countries like Macedonia to become independent states or to be created from scratch. The only country which was politically eliminated in this aspect was Kosovo, which was left under Serbia from 1945. By oppressing Kosovo politically in all aspects of life, Serbia exercised a segregationist policy towards the Albanian people of Kosovo. Harsh measures were exercised against the Albanian minority, including their relocation to Turkey through various Yugoslav-Turkish agreements, the imprisonment of many political personalities, etc. Political rights of expression were denied and political pressure continued at the national level. These forms were present continuously and did not stop until 1968 when the political situation began to change. Indeed, the Albanian minority in Yugoslavia made good use of the political circumstances after 1968 when, in general demonstrations in all the cities of Kosovo, they opted for more national rights and requested the establishment of the University of Prishtina. Non-Albanian minorities were included in the Yugoslav republics in all spheres of life. Since they were not in large numbers, their presence was not revealed apart from the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority also began to enjoy greater rights with the amendment of several articles of the constitutions of 1946, 1953, 1963 and 1974. The presence of Hungarian schools was evident with several such schools and a lot of students who were allowed to use and be instructed in their mother tongue. Other small minorities such as Russians, Bulgarians, Germans and others were few in number. The Albanian population in Yugoslavia was distributed across several republics such as Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and to a lesser extent Croatia and Slovenia. Political power in Yugoslavia which was largely led by Serbs until 1966 through the iron hand of Alexander Rankovic did not allow the Albanians to even use their national flag and to express any kind of dissatisfaction through various demonstrations or manifestations. The period between 1966-1974 was decisive for Albanians in Yugoslavia, especially since many important steps were taken in political terms, such as the replacement of Serbian politicians with Albanians, the establishment of many different schools and the massification of higher education in general. The Yugoslav constitutions with their reforms changed the direction of comprehensive development of political, social, economic and cultural life for all non-Albanian and Albanian minorities in Yugoslavia. The author has followed the descriptive and analytical scientific methods for dealing with this important issue for general historiography. A serious Yugoslav and Albanian literature covering this socially and scientifically important study has been used.
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Nikolov, Marjan, and Giorgio Brosio. "Efficient Delivery of Local Public Services in Ethnically Fragmented Municipalities." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.3.299-319(2015).
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Macedonia started its transition from a command to a market economy after its declaration of independence in 1991 from the former Yugoslavia. In 1991, ethnic Albanians abstained from voting for the first Macedonian constitution. Soon claims of ethnic Albanians in Macedonia started to aim at proportional representation in all political institutions, more education in the Albanian language at the university level and changes to the constitution proclaiming Macedonia to be a multi-ethnic country made up, on an equal basis, of Macedonians and Albanians. In 2001, immediately after the Macedonian parliament ratified a border treaty with Serbia, ethnic Albanians clashed with Macedonian armed forces. The clashes ended with the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA) in 2001. Decentralization was a main preferential policy choice out of the OFA. This paper estimates the efficiency of Macedonian municipalities by using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). We hypothesise that ethnic fragmentation may have a negative impact on the efficiency of Macedonian municipalities. We also hypothesise that political variables at municipalities in Macedonia also have impact on the municipal efficiency.
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Dimova, Rozita. "“Modern” Masculinities: Ethnicity, Education, and Gender in Macedonia." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 3 (July 2006): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600766586.
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In 2000, when conducting a household survey as part of my research on consumption and ethnicity in the small western Macedonian town of Kumanovo, I received explicit proof of how important education has become for ethnic Albanians. It was a Friday afternoon on a hot summer day. I was in my top-floor apartment, working with my research assistant, Adnan, a 28-year-old ethnic Albanian man who had been helping me for the past year. We had grown to be a well-synchronized team. It was his turn to dictate while I entered data from the survey into the computer. The questionnaire concerned interior decorations, but it began with several general questions about the ages, education, and number of family members. After we finished entering around thirty of the questionnaires completed in Albanian, Adnan suddenly stood up without a word. He went into the kitchen, and started drinking water from the first thing he saw, which was an empty olive jar drying on the dish rack. Then he came back, clearly upset. He wiped the sweat from his forehead with the upper part of his hand, and exclaimed,There is something not right here. I cannot believe that, in a family of eight, six members have college degrees and they all live together in one house. Bullshit! I would have known that family. I know most of the Albanians here and, trust me, this is not true. This is all exaggerations and lies.
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Seidu, Ayuba. "Opportunity cost of time, income, education and food away from home consumption expenditures by type of facility in Albania." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-06-2018-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the socioeconomic and demographic determinants driving food away from home (FAFH) consumption expenditures at full service and fast food restaurants in transition Albania. Design/methodology/approach Using a nationally representative data set, this study estimates a system of full service and fast food restaurant consumption expenditures under sample selection framework. The system estimator exploits full information about the error correlations for gain in efficiency. Findings The results indicate that future growth of the foodservice industry in Albania will be driven by increased spending at full service restaurants due to rising opportunity cost of the food manager’s time at home, household income and years of formal schooling of Albanians. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study can inform policy deliberations in designing nutrition and education programs for the Albanian Government to combat rising obesity rates. Moreover, the findings can inform marketing strategies by foodservice firms in Albania. On FAFH–obesity debate, future research can focus on the analysis of FAFH consumption expenditures on obesity rates in Albania. Originality/value Consumption of FAFH is fast evolving in developing and transition economies. Albania, a typical transition country, is no exception. Concurrently, Albania is under epidemiological transition facing increased incidence of non-communicable diseases and obesity. Any intervention program by the Albanian Government aimed at reversing the rising obesity trend by targeting FAFH consumption should be based on sound empirical findings. Analysis of FAFH consumption expenditures across different foodservice facilities is an under-researched topic for Albania in the literature.
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Mahamutaj, Blerina. "Albanian Digital Communications: Some Aspects of Development." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-2-331-337.
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Internet communications in Albania are developing according to a special scenario. It is explained by the countrys long international isolation and, accordingly, the late arrival of digitalization in this European state. The author notes the high level of currently provided Internet services: Albania is ahead of the leading countries in some indicators. However, this breakthrough is taking place against the background of the generally low level of education of the Albanians and low incomes of the population, so the supply does not match the demand, it overtakes it. A separate problem is the large amount of false information that goes from social networks to online media. The immediate urgent task that the Albanian media community will have to solve is increasing media literacy and regulating the Internet (either through users self-control or with the help of the state).
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Brisku, Adrian. "Internalizing Europe." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2009.010205.
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This article argues that post-socialist Albanian myths and images surrounding the concept of Europe need to be considered from a triadic dimension of (geo)politics, modernities, and cultural identity as well as within a larger historical perspective of the modern Albanian political and intellectual landscape. Seen from a perspective stretching from the late nineteenth century to the present, a triadic Europe appears pluralistic with continuous as well as contested images and narratives. Yet, behind these images and narratives stands one constant understanding of the continent: a political and military power and prosperously untamed marketplace through which Albanians have attempted to navigate their modern existence.
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Stamova, Mariyana. "The Albanians in Yugoslavia from the late 1960s to the early 1980s." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.5.130.
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The paper focuses on the events after the Brioni plenum of the Central Committee of the LCY in 1966. The turning point for the development of the national relationships in the Yugoslav federation became namely the Brioni plenim. This plenum and its decisions led to a liberalization of the national relationships in Yugoslavia, thus to the outburst of the Albanian problem, which was severely suppressed to this moment. This is the first major victory for the Albanians in Yugoslavia. In this regard, a movement has begun among the Albanian population in the multinational federation with the main goal of achieving full national recognition, including republican status for Kosovo. This new policy towards the minorities in Yugoslavia was introduced after the middle of the 1960s. Its expression became the new constitutional definition of “Yugoslav peoples and ethnoses”, which had to substitute the term “national minorities”. That led to changes into the rights of Albanians in Yugoslavia, and as a result their socio-political activity drastically aroused. The Yugoslav party leadership started again to look for a solution of the Albanian issue. Significant Yugoslav financial aid and investments were directed towards Kosovo, aiming at a closer incorporation of the Albanians in the Yugoslav federation and an interruption of their connection with Albania. After the Brioni Plenum, the Albanian problem in the Yugoslav Federation entered a qualitatively new state. The events in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and the neighboring Republic of Macedonia at the end of 1968 played an important role in the further development of this problem and in the changes in the constitutional, legal and socio-political development of the Yugoslav Federation. So after the demonstrations of the Albanian population in Kosovo and Macedonia at the end of 1968, a “creeping Albanization” started in Kosovo. The Albanian political elite and intelligencia played the most important role in the imposition of the “Albanization” as a political line at the end of the 1960s. Albanians hold all important posts in administration, culture, education and political life of Kosovo. That led to an increasing mistrust between the Albanian population and the Serbian-Montenegrin minority, and the last was forced to leave its homes and to migrate in other republics and regions. The political leadership in Prishtina insisted the autonomous region to get equal rights with the republics as a federal unit. That is how at the beginning of the 1970s Kosovo issue transferred into a problem of the whole Yugoslav federation, not only a Serbian one. The Albanians in Prishtina were involved into the confrontation Zagreb-Belgrade and acquired a support from the Croatian side, as well as the Slovenian one in the efforts to take their problem out of Serbia and to put it on a federal level at the League Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The processes in the political life of the autonomous region Kosovo were not isolated and were connected with the events in the Yugoslav federation as a whole, and precisely in Croatia at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 70s, which culmination was so-called “Zagreb Spring” in 1971. The Croatian crisis had an important influence on the national relationships in the federation and led to an inflammation of the national disputes. That had a direct impact on the political life of Kosovo. Searching for allies against Serbian hegemony and unitarism, which were the main danger for the Croatian republic, Zagreb’s political leadership supported Kosovo pretensions for the extension of the autonomous rights and the freedoms of the Albanians. The amendments to the federal system of Yugoslavia (1968-1971) and the new Yugoslav constitution from 1974 are reflected in Kosovo, which makes the Albanian problem not only a problem of Serbia, but also a common Yugoslav problem.
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Kolaj Ristanović, Irena. "Serbsko-albańska koegzystencja w Kosowie w latach 1878–1912 na przykładzie osmańskiego państwowego systemu edukacyjnego." Bracia, wrogowie, renegaci. Słowiańszczyzna i muzułmanie na Bałkanach w xix i xx w. 150, no. 2 (2023): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.23.017.17954.
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Serbian-Albanian coexistence in Kosovo in 1878–1912: the example of the Ottoman State Education System The principle of equality proclaimed by the Edict of Gulhane (tur. Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerîf) in 1839 resulted in many changes in the socio-political sphere of the Ottoman society, but also with several legal acts regarding education issued by the Ottoman authorities. The Constitution of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 proclaimed equality between all citizens of the state regardless of ethnicity and religion. Even though, relations between the Albanian and Serbian populations in the Kosovo Vilayet were tense in all aspects of socio-political spheres. The representatives of Albanians, as a majority in the vilayet, defended the status of Islam as a dominant religion and Christianity as a religion of slaves (rayah). As the Ottoman authorities issued many legal acts regarding formal basic education in Islamic primary schools (mekteb) during the second half of the 19th century, tensions and misunderstandings between the Serbian and Albanian populations increased. This paper analyzes relations between Serbs and Albanians in the Vilayet of Kosovo in 1878–1912 in the area of implementation of the right to primary education for both communities as this issue has not been researched in detail until now. Our research is based on interdisciplinary approach to the subject and the use of primary archival sources of the Ottoman and Serbian provenance, as well as the relevant literature.
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Vrapi, Fatmire, and Asllan Vrapi. "Paul Kretschmer and Hansjorg Frommer About the language and Education of the Illyrians." Research Journal of Education, no. 102 (April 4, 2024): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/rje.102.30.34.
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The European Renaissance brought important developments in science and at the same time in the studies of the language, history and culture of nations. Due to the Ottoman occupation and the geographical position, the language and history of the Albanians for a long time were unknown to German and European scholars in general. For these reasons, the first studies of Europeans focused on the study of Albanians as a separate entity within the empire. Albanians, being part of a region through which empires spread, conquered, strengthened, fought each other, promiscuous, weakened and replaced each other, had been part of the contributions to those developments. Albanians had lost part of their identity and gained at the same time, managing to preserve some distinctive features of the nationality such as language and historical and cultural heritage. An important contribution to the language, history and culture of the Albanians was made by German researchers. German albanologs have made a special contribution to albanology, language, history and culture of Albanians. Among German albanologs, Paul Kretschmer and Hansjorg Frommer are studied. Mainly their studies focus on archaeological finds, old writings, works of ancestors, oral heritage and linguistic, cultural and historical specifics.
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Zejnullahi, Veton. "Albanians in Presevo Valley and Their National Rights." European Journal of Language and Literature 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v2i1.p90-99.
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The situation of Albanians in Serbia, especially in three municipalities bordering with Kosovo-Presevo, Bujanovac and Medvegja, which are known as the Presevo Valley region remains the same even after the Kosovo war and after the war that took place in this region between Serbian government forces and ethnic Albanian fighters LAPMB. Since in this region the majority of the population is Albanian, then the object of study will be focused in the situation of the population there and the challenges facing it in everyday life and problems they encounter, starting from the most basic ones like: education, information, health, use of language, use of national symbols and many other problems. Presevo Valley throughout the stages of its history has always been marked with the various tensions depending on the circumstances, which have escalated to armed conflicts as happened during World War II when fighters of this area contributed greatly to the fight against fascism and Nazis, but even in the latter case when the war took place between government forces and ethnic Albanian Serbian organized around LAPMB. We will also see that the Albanian population in this region is indigenous to the early centuries of history being part of the Ancient Dardania and despite many invaders, Albanian population managed to preserve its national identity. Therefore the aim of this paper is to show the state of Albanians in the Presevo Valley focusing on historical, political, economic, demographic, cultural, educational, health, national rights - the symbols and language, information, migration and many problems other faced by the people of this region.
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JANI, Greta, and Doliana CELAJ. "LANGUAGE BARRIERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH FOR YOUTH ALBANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN ENGLAND." Ezikov Svyat volume 22 issue 2, ezs.swu.v22i2 (May 30, 2024): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v22i2.17.
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The emigration of Albanians to England has increased significantly in recent years, making the role of using and learning the English language decisive, especially for the Albanian youths who attend school. The purpose of studying the English language encompasses various aspects such as education, economics, social integration, and more. This study explores the language barriers young immigrant Albanians face in England when learning English, as well as the unique factors that influence their experiences in school. The study involved the observation of 75 Albanian youths, 30 males and 45 females. The problems caused by mastering the mother tongue are related to grammar, vocabulary, and articulation. Given the connections between culture, language, and individuality, cultural concerns emphasise how crucial it is to include different cultures in the classroom. The study suggests educational approaches, such as bilingual classes, to address language barriers and promote fluency in Albanian and English. Adding Albanian social aspects to culturally sensitive curriculum and teaching is recommended to improve student interaction and foster a sense of belonging. The study recommends teacher preparation courses that emphasise barriers to linguistic and cultural sensitivity, to improve the capacity of teachers to deal with particular issues. The research suggests a comprehensive, collaborative strategy that combines educators, communities, and legislators to create a welcoming and encouraging atmosphere for successful language learning in English through the skills and social inclusion of Albanian youth immigrants.
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Nikolajević, Milan, and Dragoljub Sekulović. "The Albanian National Army at the beginning of the 21st century." Bezbednost, Beograd 65, no. 2 (2023): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2302132n.
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The Albanian National Army is a terrorist organization that operates on the territory of several Balkan states in the areas it considers to be the so-called geospace of "Greater Albania". It was created very soon after the end of the war in Kosovo and Metohija and has since then promoted the new Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) under a different name. The idea of the so-called Greater or Natural Albania dates from the middle of the 19th century. Namely, in 1878, a group of Albanians and Albanian champions, assisted by the Turks, formed their first organization, the League of Prizren, in the town of Prizren, Kosovo and Metohija, where they proclaimed the ideas of the so-called Greater Albania, as well as the fight against Orthodox Christians in the Balkans. That struggle continues today. It started with the so-called Kosovo Committee, and it continued until the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century with the so-called Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UÇK). The idea of the so-called "Greater Albania" never died. It culminated in the wars of 1998 to 1999, as well as in new armed conflicts in 2000 and 2001 in the area of southern Central Serbia and part of today's North Macedonia. The inheritors and executors of this idea are the new terrorist organizations created by the reorganization of the KLA, namely "OVPMB", "ANA", "ONA" and "OVČ", as well as the armed formations of the so-called "Kosovo". These organizations will not be significantly different from their mother, the KLA, except that they will face new challenges. The great Western powers will also show their interests and will immediately provide their moral and economic support to the terrorists in the fight against the Serbian and Macedonian authorities.
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Gjoshi, Ragip. "Opening of Albanian Schools for Learning the Albanian Language in Kosovo During 1941-45." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p37-43.
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Difficult, long and troublesome was the journey of Albanian letters in all Albanian lands, especially in Kosovo. The marking of the 75th anniversary of the Albanian school, being commemorated this year in all Albanian lands, is a good opportunity to see the long-lasting path of Albanian education. There are many reasons, but some are more necessary to be written and spoken about. It is rare that nations had to pay dearly for the right to write on their own language compared to Albanian people. So much blood has been shed to escape assimilation. However, when World War II had spread largely over Europe, the Nazi-fascist powers had invaded other countries including all Albanian-inhabited areas. After Albania, Yugoslavia succumbed as well. At that time, the territories of today’s Republic of Kosovo were also occupied. At that point, Kosovo was divided into three occupation zones: Italian, German and Bulgarian. Almost most of Kosovo's lands belonged to the Italian occupation zone. Thus, most of Kosovo and Western Macedonia joined Albania with Royal Decree and King of Vicar Decree no. 264, dated 12. VIII. 1941. In all three areas of occupation, the administration of governance was established in the service of the occupiers. The long and harsh oppression had an impact that Albanians would experience and perceive the new circumstances in every aspect as a resemblance of a real freedom, because the tyranny of the 1918-1941 period had exceeded all genocidal dimensions. With the initiative of Albanian Minister E. Koliqi, a contingent of teachers was sent to Kosovo as Kosovo lacked educational-pedagogical staff. This work set in motion the reflection of Albanian intelligence in Kosovo in order to open Albanian schools for Albanian students everywhere as soon as possible.
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KOCIĆ, MARIJA. "THE PROBLEM OF “ALBANIAN NATIONALISM” DURING THE REIGN OF KOCA MEHMED RAGIB PASHA (1757-1763) IN THE LIGHT OF THE VENETIAN REPORT." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 26 (January 6, 2016): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2015.26.82-90.
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This paper examines the position and actions of the Albanian population in certain sanjaks on the basis of published material of Venetian provenance. From the perspective of his position in Constantinople, Francesco Foscari, the Venetian ambassador (1757-1762) in the Ottoman Empire, followed with great interest the developments in connection with the actions of Albanians for several years, especially because their actions threatened to disrupt the Ottoman-Venetian relations. His correspondence is one of the major neo-Ottoman sources regarding the interests of Albanians and their relationship with the Ottoman authorities. This contemporary watched the events from the perspective of a man whose education, beliefs and manners did not belong to the Islamic (Ottoman) cultural sphere, which added credibility to his reports. The reports of Francesco Foscari are kept at the State Archive in Venice (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) and were published in 2007 due to the efforts of the publishing house La Malcontenta and editor Filippo Maria Paladini.
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Zejnullahi, Veton, Denis Çelçima, Antigona Gashi, Donikë Krasniqi, and Votim Hanoli. "Religious Diversity and The Influence of Religion on Albanians During Different Stages of History." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 7 (May 13, 2024): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/t1mthx41.
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The paper aims to investigate the role and influence of religion on Albanians in all ethnic areas, as well as show the role and influence that religions have had on the Albanian nation since their appearance, especially the influence they have today. In this research, authors reiterate that religious tolerance, cultivated for centuries, has now gone beyond acceptance and tolerance, and has advanced in religious harmony and coexistence, which is often taken as an example by other peoples. However, the religious conversions taking place within the ethnic Albanian territories, it is assumed to be a consequence of the economic situation and the decline in the level of education. Still, there are also some other reasons because many circles are trying to introduce disunity and division among the Albanians. the religious aspect, among others, an absurd accusation by the Special Court of The Hague, which at one point mentions the mistreatment and torture caused by the KLA fighters against Catholics, forgetting the fact that within the KLA there were many fighters of the faith Christians, who have never been identified as such, therefore this absurd decision to treat Catholics as a special category within the Albanian nation, which for us as a nation, is as insulting as it is tendentious and unacceptable. In this research, in addition to other research methods, we created a survey on the Google platform, trying to include citizens of all ages, ethnicities, and religions, because only in this way would the picture be more complete.
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Suvakovic, Aleksandra. "Communication as necessary factor of a collective remembrance of the common life on example of Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo and Metohija." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 171 (2019): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971327s.
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Far-reaching consequences that linguistic policy may leave in the future decades are denoted in the paper, especially in regions where two nations with their differences interlace. After the World War II, it was enabled for the Albanians in the region of Kosovo and Metohija to get education entirely in their mother tongue, Albanian language, which simultaneously reduced the range of interactions with fellow citizens of Serbian nationality, the ability to understand each other, reducing also their professional possibilities. The years that followed only deepened the linguistic barrier between the two nations living in the same region, which inevitably led to constantly growing ethnic distance and escalation of conflicts. Empirical researches regarding the linguistic and ethnic distance between the Serbs and Albanians were conducted among Serbian students in Kosovska Mitrovica and Albanian students in Pristina after a long time, in December 2016 and January 2017. An opinion poll in the field was implemented along with the representative sample, while Likert scale and modified Bogardus scale were used as instruments. The obtained results showed both the ignorance of the language of the other ethnic group and unwillingness to master that language, as an obstacle for communication. The results could be the guidelines for future state linguistic and educational policy in this region. Ethnic minorities have an indisputable right to foster their mother tongue and culture but necessarily must also master the language of the state whose territory they live on. On the other hand, the Serbian population also should get to know the language of fellow citizens - Albanians, primarily for establishing communication and better understanding, but also for improving the quality of life. Establishing such a linguistic policy would gradually remove linguistic barriers, leading to the reduction of ethnic distance. It would create also the presumptions for overcoming the ?ethnic cultural memory? that deepens differences by its unilaterality, i.e. it would create conditions for the transmission of over-ethnic memory to a common life in the region where such life existed. It would represent the first condition for establishing a common ?cultural memory?.
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Milosavljevic, Sasa, Jovo Medojevic, and Aleksandar Valjarevic. "Changes in the ethnic structure of the population of AP Kosovo and Metohija settlements 1948-2022." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 103, no. 1 (2023): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2301237m.
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AP Kosovo and Metohija is a unique geographical area in Europe, during which the most complex demographic processes, caused by: political conflicts, the NATO bombing of 1999, and took place during the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century: killing, ethnic cleansing, persecution and segregation of the population. Since June 1999, about 220,000 people were displaced from Kosovo and Metohija. Most of them were Serbs, followed by non-Albanian populations: Montenegrins, Gorans, Roma and Ashkali. The mass persecution of the Serb and other non-Albanian populations has resulted in tremendous changes in the ethnic structure of the Province. Previously, heterogeneous settlements became ethnically homogeneous with a dominant Albanian population. With 93% of the total population Albanians is dominated, while other ethnic communities have a participation of 7%.
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YILDIZ YALÇINDAĞ, Elifnur. "SYNTAX IN SKOPJE TURKISH DIALECTS." Turkology 111, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-3/2664-3162.05.
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Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, is located in a region where different ethnic groups live. In Skopje, Macedonians, Albanians, Gypsies, Vlachs, Turks and Turkish communities whose adults speak Slavic languages live. The languages spoken by these ethnic groups were influenced by Turkish, and Skopje Turkish Dialects were heavily influenced by Macedonian, Serbian and Albanian in terms of phonetics and morphology, as well as syntax. Especially after the Balkan Wars, the mentioned effect increased even more. Due to the migrations that occurred as a result of various difficulties, the Turks living in the region became a minority. Due to the minority of the Turkish-speaking people, their Turkish education and training rights were taken away from them. Turkish people, who are a minority in the region, completed their education after the 8th grade in schools that provide education in Macedonian, Albanian and Serbian. Thus, besides Turkish, they learned at least one or more languages like Macedonian, Serbian or Albanian. As a result, bilingualism or multilingualism has emerged. In this case, while bringing Skopje Turkish Dialects closer to Balkan languages, it moves them away from Anatolian Dialects with standard Turkish. Skopje Turkish Dialects were handled in terms of syntax and a detailed analysis was made through examples. In addition, syntax elements that Skopje Turkish Dialects are influenced by Macedonian, Albanian and Serbian, unlike standard Turkish, are mentioned.
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Kaleshi, Entela. "Effects of Migration and Human Capital Formation in Albania." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/864jjj42q.
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Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at -3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders. Although during the last years it is observed an increase number of return migrants, Albanian citizens continued to migrate and it is observed an increase of the number during 2014, and the new trend now is requesting asylum in EU member states increased during 2014. According to EUROSTAT data show that 65,000 Albanians applied for asylum in 2015, 55,000 of them sought asylum in Germany and 99 percent of Albanian asylum requests have been refused from European countries, half of them belong to the age group 18 – 34 years old. Due to the poor economic and living conditions in Albania, the labor market in Albania is still vulnerable and it affects the on-going migrant flows from Albania to the most developed labor markets of other countries. These migrant flows are directly linked with labor market development especially level of unemployment and poverty. Migration in Albania has major development impact and poverty implications in several levels. It has effects for individuals and their families, for origin and destination countries, and the national economy. At the individual level it shows that migrants benefit economically from their movements, their migration leads to better employment opportunities and income; at the household level in the home country migration reduces poverty at the family level and positively contributes to human capital formation, and improving education and healthcare conditions. Migration also has effects at the national level, bringing positive changes to the national economy.
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Peza, Majlinda. "Reflections on Movement Patriotic in Elbasan in the Years 1909-1910." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i1.p117-122.
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The development of education in the Albanian territories under Ottoman Empire witnessed a rapid evolution after the announcement of Hyrjetit (the Turkish Constitution of 1908). Thus, in the years 1909-1910 patriotic movement in the Albanian territories will mark a new phase of her, revealed at the opening of schools and courses in Albanian language in the new conditions of constitutional freedoms. In this period, through the organization of the Congress of Monastir displayed in 1908, was unveiled final resolution of the case and the use of a common alphabet writing Albanian language. But despite such a situation, Albanians will not enjoyed for a long period of so-called constitutional freedom. The Young Turks (Young Turks) newly consolidated their political positions in the Ottoman Empire, tried with any form to prevent the spread of great little bit he received learning Albanian. In the years 1909 - 1910, the Albanian National Movement difficulties faced even greater. Through this work we aim to highlight not only the achievements of the patriotic movement in the region of Elbasan Albanian education center, but most are focused on coverage of issues; obstacles and difficulties faced by the patriotic movement in this region in the years 1909-1910. The Young Turks use of all forms and, using all opportunities to curb educational movement in the region of Elbasan, using new tactics more sophisticated you put sticks under the Elbasan Patriots wheels. But it must be said that at the same time, taking advantage of the weaknesses of the Albanian patriotic movement, contradictions and differences that existed between the Albanian political elite of the time. Meanwhile, in moments when new tactics did not give the expected result, they turned to old methods of violence and terror.
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Kastrati, Ardian. "The Role of Education for Identity Formation Among Albanians and Serbs of Kosovo: the Application of the Difference-Blinded Approach for Establishing Citizenship Regime in a Multi-Cultural Society." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i1.p146-153.
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As a result of striving accession to the EU, all states in southeast Europe have as precondition to solve inter ethnic conflicts and to balance the system in a way that makes the relations between dominant group and minorities one of the mutual respect, based upon the principle of non discrimination. In Western Balkans some of the most controversial issues in the past decade have revolved around the educational rights. The fragile society of Kosovo faces many challenges, and the system of education is just one of them. The ongoing dialogue between Serbia and Kosovo and painful process of state building often overshadows important educational issues. The educational system of Kosovo is segregated, extremely divisive and highly politicized. It is widely accepted that education has strong impact on individual’s identity formation. In this context ethnicity, nationality and citizenship constitute just a few of the possible identities within the individual’s self-conception being the most relevant to the relationship between citizen and the state. In the analyses of the theoretical foundations of multiculturalism the role of education in a culturally diverse society is very important for identity formation based on the concept of the citizenship as identity. By constitution Kosovo is a multicultural society but the meanings and expressions of this are contested both within the dominant Albanian majority and Serbian minority. Conceiving comprehensive discussions if Albanians and Serbs of Kosovo in the future could potentially accept to identify themselves through the citizenship of the new state before their ethnic and national based identities (cross linked with Albania respectively Serbia), it is a broad topic and beyond the scope of this paper, but for the purpose of this study the concept of the citizenship as identity is considered only in a narrower context - that of the role of education in identity formation
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Kostovicova, Denisa, and Albert Prestreshi. "Education, gender and religion: identity transformations among Kosovo Albanians in London." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29, no. 6 (November 2003): 1079–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183032000171375.
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Zaçellari, Manjola Lumani, and Lediana Beshaj. "Creative Ways of Enhancing Foreign Language Linguistic and Cultural Skills for the Students of Economics." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1305.03.
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This study aims to bring to attention the importance of providing creative ideas on how to enhance the foreign language linguistic skills especially for the student of economics, expanding intercultural awareness and knowledge in business and some tailored made exercises which would come to help in this specific study program. Albanian people who speak English are increasing day by day, but most of them show deficiency in their English when it comes to using it in their profession, in regard to their area of expertise. Most of the Albanians learn English at school, then at university level they learn English for specific purpose. Therefore, the universities must make an effort into providing the students with the right textbook (from all the available ones existing in the market), to be used in their tertiary level of studies. This would facilitate the learning process for the students because they will learn and expand their vocabulary in the area they are actually majoring in. Adopting and by making use of the right book, it will enable and promote the use of creative ideas. Technology and multilingualism are ruling over and in the context of a globalized world, specialized languages flourish at an extremely fast pace, and creativity becomes a necessary instrument in the ESP classroom. In Albania, almost all the study programs have English as a mandatory course for the whole academic year and most of the universities offer it in the first and second year of Bachelor level.
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Mustafë Mustafa, Liburn. "THE EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE SERBIAN STATE TO THE ALBANIAN MINORITY IN SERBIA." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3201129m.
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The right to be educated in mother tongue is considered among the most important human rights in the contemporary world. Such a right is guaranteed to the all world communities in spite of the state and international rights, regardless of the location, extent, and size of the community. Every state is obliged to respect and make possible the realization of the rights to be educated in their language to every minority within it, because the right to education in mother tongue is now considered a crucial tool for preserving and strengthening the cultural and ethnic identity, and vice versa, the non-implementation of these rights to certain communities implies the state's tendency towards these communities. Also, minorities are predestined that the educations in their language attend similar to their mother country, based on textbooks and curricula of the respective states, as such a right is guaranteed by international norms and conventions. But such a thing, very often faces a strong resistance from the states where these minorities are, because in these textbooks is reflected the history, culture and tradition of the past, which in most cases is a clash between identities and produce numerous value controversies between the parties. This situation is particularly reflected in some Balkan countries where ethnic minorities are not "bridges" between communities but are "quarrelsome" among communities. In such a situation is the Albanian minority in Serbia, who because of the conflicting past between the two nationalities, the Albanian and the Serbs, are victimized by preventing the right to learn their history, culture, tradition and their mother tongue. Thus the Serbian state, because of the past between the two nations and issues still open with the state of Kosovo, denies Albanians in Serbia using textbooks from this country. This form of approach reflects state policies on curricula and textbooks currently being implemented by the Albanian minority. In this paper we will explain the problems faced by the Albanian minority in Serbia in the field of education, respectively the problems of the lack of textbooks in Albanian language. We will present the causes and obstacles of the lack of school textbooks in Albanian language in Presheva Valley schools, strategies developed by various factors to solve this problem, implicated parties, legal rights issues and the possible solution of this problem.
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Yücedağ, İsmail, and Nurgün Koç. "Arnavutlar Arasında Anadilde Eğitim Talepleri İle Alfabe Tartışmaları ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tutumu / Mainstream Education Requests with Alphabet Discussions between the Albanian and Attitudes of the Ottoman State." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1412.
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<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Education passed through a wide range of reform movements like other institutions in Ottoman Emire during XIX century. The era of Abdülhamit II is especially prominent regarding educational reforms. A number of important steps were taken during his reign to improve education such as building new schools, effort to increase the number of students, more participation of girls in education and teaching, use of modern tools and techniques etc. This period was also characterized by the development of nation-states that were started to be established under the influence of the nationalist movement. Some cultural privileges were given to the Balkan peoples, such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Vlachs, who had revolted against the Ottoman Empire to keep them binding with the state. The right to education was one of those important privileges. Indeed, non-Muslims who had already educated in their own tongues and schools had begun to use their studies of language and education more in shaping their cultural identities in this period. At this point, it can be said that the Albanians were more backward than the other Balkan peoples, because unlike the other Balkan nations, though they were in an ethnic union but having more religious pluralism (Muslim, Orthodox Christian, and Catholic Christian) in their society. Therefore, the demand of Albanians from the Ottoman State for their education with their own tongues has only emerged from the beginning of the 1900s. The Ottoman central government looked favorably on these requests and considered the right to education in mother tongue as a constitutional right for them. However, the Albanians could not have a consensus that should their education in the mother tongue be in Turkish (Arabic) letters or Latin alphabet. This was also a reflection of the cultural differences in Albanians.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nde diğer bütün alanlarda olduğu gibi eğitimde de geniş reform hareketleri içine girilmiştir. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, özellikle II. Abdülhamit döneminde eğitimle ilgili reformlar öne çıkmaktadır. Okul yapımı, öğrenci sayısının arttırılması çabası, kız öğrencilerin eğitim ve öğretime daha fazla katılması, modern araç- gereç ve tekniklerin kullanılması vb. çalışmalar dikkat çekmektedir. Bu dönem aynı zamanda milliyetçilik akımının güç kazandığı ve belli ölçüde başarıya ulaştığı bir dönemdir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanan başta Rumlar, Bulgarlar, Sırplar, Ulahlar gibi Balkan halklarının devletten kopmasını engellemek için onlara birtakım kültürel ayrıcalıklar verilmiştir. Ana dilde eğitim hakkı da bunlardan biridir. Esasen daha öncesinde de kendi dillerinde ve okullarında eğitim gören gayrimüslim halklar, bu dönemde dil ve eğitim ile ilgili çalışmalarını daha çok kültürel kimliklerin şekillendirilmesi için kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Bu noktada Arnavutların diğer Balkan halklarına göre daha geri planda kaldığı söylenebilir. Çünkü diğerlerinden farklı olarak etnik yönden bir olsalar da dini yönden ayrışım içindeydiler (Müslüman, Ortodoks Hristiyan ve Katolik Hristiyan). Bu yüzden Arnavutların Osmanlı Devleti’nden kendi dilleri ile eğitim talebi ancak 1900’lü yılların başlarından itibaren karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu taleplere Osmanlı merkezi olumlu bakmış ve ana dilde eğitim talebini anayasadan kaynaklanan bir hak olarak görmüştür. Fakat Arnavutlar kendi içlerinde anadilde eğitimin Arapça harflerle mi yoksa Latin alfabesiyle mi olması konusunda bir uzlaşıya varamamışlardır. Bu durum da Arnavutlardaki kültürel farklılığın bir yansımasıdır.</p>
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NIKOLLI, Emirgena, and Elona SHEHU. "Relationship between education and economic growth." Economicus 21, no. 1 (2022): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/uqli8167.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between educational attainment and economic growth in Albania. This research analyses how educational opportunities contribute to Albania’s economic growth via the use of empirical data. Additionally, it examines the relationship between education and economic development in Albania. Using general economic theory as a starting point, this study analyses some of the potential implications for Albanian economic and educational policy. By stimulating technological innovation and boosting capital and labor productivity, education expenditure increases the economy’s revenue. Using statistical analysis, empirical research attempts to ascertain the true causal effect of educational and training quality on individual salaries, firm profitability, and the economy as a whole. The results suggest that education may be a critical factor in Albania’s long-term economic growth, making it a critical component of the country’s economic strategy. According to the study’s results, the government and private sector should collaborate to improve education quality via public-private partnerships. The impact of education on economic development and its relationship is portrayed in this study since it should be a primary goal of policymakers.
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Milenovic, Zivorad. "The impact of secular western education on Albanians in primary school in southern Serbia." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 7, no. 3 (December 2012): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.2012.7.3.191.
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Harizaj, Alfons. "A Case Study of Albania’s Participation in PISA 2009." Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 1, no. 3 (January 18, 2018): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.417.
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The paper presents a view of the results and progress of Albania in the Programme for International Students’ Assessments 2009 (PISA 2009). The overall goal and objectives of PISA are to offer support and expertise in the field of the evaluation of educational development factors in Albania. One of the methods successfully used for monitoring the achievedprogress during the given study period was the estimation and comparison of results with the results of previous PISA participations. A broader comparison of these statistics with those of other PISA participants in the Albanian region provides a real picture of the situation, showing the progress Albania has made and indicating how effective Albania’s educationalpolicies are.
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Zenelaga, Brunilda, and Aida Goga. "Reconstructing Self- Identity: The Image of Albanian as “The Other”." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0037.
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The “other” is seen as a social construction, which helps the establishing of the own identity. To explore how self-identity is reconstructed through deconstructing the image of “the other”, we chose to analyze the case of migrants, who are positioned as ‘the other’ and are treated as distant from the host societies. Albanians in Italy, especially those who have experienced the exodus of March and August of 1991, are at the center of the analysis, because they were the first ones in contact with the Italian society, after the collapse of the communist regime. The secondary data from the literature review and the qualitative primary data, generated from the biographical narration of eighteen people have been used to explore the phenomenon. In order to meet this research criteria, there are some questions to be answered which will help in solving the core issues of the problem. How the boats that arrived from Albanian coasts in Italy did create the image in the plural of settled people as “the other”? Which were the strategies used by these people to deconstruct the image as “the other”? How has self-identity been reconstructed through the time? The research pointed out that the image of “the other”, as a universal process, is created more quickly under the influence of factors that make the "other" more visible, such as the massive exodus through the boats. Although the mimesis tendency was adopted in Albanian immigrants’ case, pushed by the will for a positive social identity, the coexistence with the natives helped to rebuild the perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and identities, even though self-identity is a never-ending process.
Received: 2 January 2021 / Accepted: 27 February 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021
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Balla, Anisa, and Blerta Avdia. "Internal migration and population distribution in Albania – the case of Durana." SEER 25, no. 1 (2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2022-1-79.
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Demographic change in Albania during the last three decades has influenced the socio-economic development of the country but has also contributed to the creation of new economic areas with high socio-economic development potential. During 2011-2021, it is estimated that, on average, 42 000 Albanians emigrated and 23 000 immigrated every year. The main reasons both for emigration and internal migration are related to better opportunities for work, education and healthcare. Internal migration from urban zones to the centre of the country has significantly affected its development, transforming the Durrës and Tiranë area (Durana) into an economic powerhouse. Nevertheless, Durana faces significant social challenges such as poverty (mainly of young families); unemployment of young people; inequality; and difficulty in accessing public goods and services for a part of the population. The purpose of this study is to analyse the socio-economic effects of internal migration into Durana and to present the likely challenges of urbanisation for the area in the next decade, influenced by projections for its population and economy.
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Gashi, Avdyl. "Historical Development of Education and Social Work in Kosovo." European Journal of Educational Research 11, no. 4 (October 15, 2022): 2013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.4.2013.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this article is to highlight the history of social work in Kosovo, regarding the major political climate from 1945 to the present. Unfavorable political developments that have existed in Kosovo for a long historical period have made it impossible to develop the social work profession compared to the countries of the region. Although the Former Yugoslav Federation claimed to be a socialist country, the social differences between states and provinces within this were large. The findings of the paper show that social work did not develop in Kosovo as a profession until specific structures, such as the emergence of the University of Pristina as a legal structure of education for Kosovo Albanians, which has been offering a degree program in social work for almost a decade now. The political orientation and organizational infrastructure are highly relevant for the execution and education of social work. Literature review is the methodological framework of this paper. Education and social work have been shown to be an extraordinary opportunity for the transformation of society.</p>
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Dhamo, Iris, and Ana Dhamo. "Albania and the European Integration." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, no. 1 S1 (April 23, 2024): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n1s130.
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This study delves into the evolution of Albania's European integration process, focusing on various critical aspects. We examine the legislative and institutional reforms undertaken by Albania to meet the Copenhagen criteria and European Union standards. Specifically, we scrutinize the sectors of justice, public administration, and fundamental rights, assessing both progress made and lingering challenges. Furthermore, we explore the economic impact of European integration on Albania, evaluating how opening up to European markets and adopting common norms have influenced economic growth, employment, and the country's competitiveness. We also analyze social dynamics, examining how the integration process has shaped Albanian society, impacting culture, education, and social cohesion. From a geopolitical perspective, we consider Albania's strategic position in the Western Balkans and how this may affect regional dynamics and the country's role within the European Union. Finally, we discuss future prospects, exploring remaining challenges and outlining the opportunities that European integration could offer to Albania politically, economically, and socially. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024
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Pepa, Eugen. "The Human Dimension of the Supreme Law of the State on its 25th Anniversary." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, no. 3 S1 (December 23, 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n3s105.
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This article commemorates the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, reflecting on its significance and impact on the country's political, social, and legal landscape. It discusses the evolution of Albania's legal system, emphasizing the need for a more humanized approach to law that is accessible and comprehensible to all citizens. The article analysis the disconnection between the law-making bodies and the people, highlighting the importance of constitutional education from early stages of education. It also addresses ongoing challenges in Albanian society, such as emigration and institutional reform, calling for greater accountability and maturity in governance. Ultimately, the speaker advocates for a reimagining of the Constitution as a living document that embodies the values and aspirations of the Albanian people.
Received: 2 October 2023 / Accepted: 10 December 2023 / Published: 23 December 2023
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BUDINI, Belina. "Editorial - Albanian and European Identities. Perspectives in Communication, Education and Culture." Polis 22, no. 2 (2023): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/idma8137.
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In this issue of Polis Journal (number 22/2) we are focusing on the Albanian and European Identities. Papers reflect upon perspectives in the fields of Communication, Education, International Relations, and Cultural studies. Albania, as a candidate country for membership of the European Union, has made some progress in aligning its laws and regulations with the EU “Acquis Communautaire”. However, challenges remain, particularly in the areas of democratic institutional building. Political and civil society actors are brought into question in the article by Mirela Bogdani emphasizing the lack of legitimacy and the unreliability of political parties and other domestic actors, that have increasingly amplified the importance of the International Community as an external actor in Albania. From within a critical stance, she argues that the inability of local actors to deal with domestic challenges and cooperate with one another have ‘promoted’ this actor, which has been trying to fulfill the role of facilitator and mediator that the state institutions have proved unable to perform. The article focuses on the role of the International Community as a pivotal and reliable actor in democratic transition in Albania, analyzing the role of various actors in the democratization process in Albania, with specific emphasis on one key participant which has played a significant role throughout the three-decade transition period. Therefore, the paper argues that legitimacy in Albania lies with the international community and its verdict tends to be considered as final. Furthermore, the author analyses the impact and influence exerted by the two most significant external actors: the European Union, because of Albania’s aspirational EU membership, steering reforms and providing financial assistance; and the United States, which, through its diplomats and ambassadors, has been very proactive in Albanian politics, helping the country to overcome persistent problems as corruption and organized crime, and more recently the judiciary reform. The paper concludes that Albanian road towards democratization could have had a different trajectory without the involvement and guidance of the international community pushing for and directing reforms. While acknowledging the significance of assistance from external driving forces, the article suggests that the primary onus for the progress of a country should rest upon its domestic actors.
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Burlea-Schiopoiu, Adriana, and Ferjolt Ozuni. "The Potential of Albanian Tourism Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073928.
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The aim is to develop a profile of Albania’s hotels based on a critical analysis of the attitude of foreign tourists visiting the country. COVID-19 negatively affected the Albanian tourism sector because 2,657,818 foreign citizens visited Albania in 2020, which is 41.49% less than in 2019. To investigate the potential of Albanian tourists, this study employs a quantitative analysis and a Regression Model. The results demonstrate that the tourist is a rational decision-maker and our findings indicate that there are differences in expectations and perceptions among respondents. These differences are not significantly correlated with the respondents’ gender, but in terms of education level, the differences are significant for empathy, where the respondents with a college degree have a higher level of expectations than respondents that have higher education. Our findings highlight the practical implications of research for managers of hotels because they have to take into account that tourists are very sensitive to the level of understanding of their specific needs by hotel staff. Recently, more than before pandemic COVID-19, the relationship between expectations and perceptions of tourists visiting Albania is strongly influenced by tangible elements of the touristic package.
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Vukadinović, Igor. "Prosvetna politika Kraljevine Albanije na Kosovu i Metohiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata." Tokovi istorije 29, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2021.1.vuk.109-132.
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Kingdom of Albania’s fascist regime considered education as one of the pillars of its policy in Kosovo and Metohija during World War II. With the aim of spreading and strengthening Albanian national identity and culture, several hundreds of educators were sent from the “Old Albania” to Kosovo and Metohija. The Italian occupation authorities were not supportive of the educational policy pursued by the officials in Tirana, which often resulted in disagreement between the two sides. After liberating the province in 1944, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to keep the teachers and educators who misused their positions to serve the Greater Albania cause, as there was no available staff to replace them. The paper is based primarily on the unpublished sources from the Central State Archives of Albania in Tirana, the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade, the Archives of Serbia, and the Archives of Yugoslavia.
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Vrapi, Asllan. "Teacher Education and Competencies in an Open Democratic Society." Education, Society and Human Studies 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v3n1p32.
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Currently, Albania, our homeland, is involved in the integration processes for membership in the European Union. European integration processes should first of all be understood as processes: achieving standards, adaptation and legal, structural, curricular improvements, etc. The Albanian education system is also part of these processes. The education system, especially in recent years, has been and continues to be part of programs and political, academic, scientific and educational programs and projects of the dominant actors of Albanian society for its reform and adaptation to the education systems of European societies, within Albania's ambitions for integration and membership.The teacher is the main actor of the educational process. It is necessary for the teacher to redefine his position in this constantly changing and integrating society, to empower and acquire new competencies.I think it is very interesting to discuss and research on re-dimensioning the position of teachers regarding the competencies of educating democratic citizens that they should gain in this period of reforms and European integration. The idea of the study is: Today's children can learn better if teachers focus more on activating their strengths than on identifying their weaknesses. Students should be evaluated not only on the basis of the results achieved, but, above all, on the basis of the capacity to fully address life situations.
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Bloodworth, Aryn. "Educational (de)segregation in North Macedonia: The intersection of policies, schools, and individuals." European Educational Research Journal 19, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 310–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904120907723.
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North Macedonia’s two main ethnic groups, the Albanians and Macedonians, have experienced increasing segregation in education, though recent political shifts have made social cohesion a priority, which could replace decades of segregationist policies and break down a damaging cycle of segregation. Using a qualitative approach, I examine the complex relationship between policies, schools, and individuals through analysing 18 years of education policies, interviews/focus groups with 30 participants, and four years living and working in segregated communities. To explore how educational policies, institutions, and practices perpetuate ethnic segregation in North Macedonia, and how growing up in a divided society shapes individuals’ conceptions of themselves and other predominant ethnic groups, I employ contact theory and critical policy analysis. I find that as students grow up in divided schools and communities, their conceptions of the self and of people from other ethnic groups are constituted by these experiences of segregation. While the nation’s education policies currently include more initiatives for integrated education, these have yet to be implemented satisfactorily, meaning that public schools could teach inclusion and serve as a mechanism for dispelling negative stereotypes, but to do so requires a reconceptualization of ethnic difference and a cohesive vision of national identity.
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Sota, Jani, and Lindita Lutaj. "Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0066.
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This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.
Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021