Journal articles on the topic 'Albania Economic policy'
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1
Vukadinovic, Igor. "The shift in Yugoslav-Albanian relations: The establishment of ties between Albania and the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1966-1969)." Balcanica, no. 51 (2020): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc2051235v.
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The intra-party conflict in Yugoslavia in 1966 resulted in a fundamental shift in the attitude of the Yugoslav leadership toward the Albanian national minority, which was also reflected in the country?s foreign policy orientation. The normalization of relations with Albania was set as one of the objectives of Yugoslav foreign policy. Yugoslavia stopped responding to the anti-Yugoslav statements of Albanian officials and launched a series of cooperation initiatives with Albania. The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija was assigned a special role in the normalization of relations with Tirana and, with the consent of Belgrade, an exchange of publications, visits of cultural-artistic associations and contacts between the cultural institutions of Kosovo and Metohija and Albania ensued. This policy resulted in the establishment of direct cultural, economic and political ties between the governments of Albania and the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, into which the Yugoslav political leadership no longer had any insight.
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Ramosacaj, Miftar, and Alba Robert Dumi. "Research Application Method of Analyzing New Economic Model Followed in Albania." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p210.
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Abstract In my topic, I would like to present theoretical approaches and concrete direction of the new economic model that Albania should follow, based on the current situation that Albania experienced in global economy. In this paper, initially, I will present an overview of the Albanian economic transition and then I will suggest a heap of conclusions based on 20 years of history of success and failures. Primarily,concerning Europe means to have clear concepts, in order to build and to consolidate a system of economic and social-capitalist-comprehension. Have you ever thought to raise a question, and more we tried to make a qualitative analysis of policy which responses to specific questions or queries following correctly: what is the most appropriate model for Albania capitalism?Are we building a coherent and structured model or are we building a mosaic of elements of capitalism for Albania, whose portrait we do not know any more and that we didn’t ‘’projected” yet and no one else has done it in a long-term vision? The best response is a response expected of the type `as far as our final objective is the European Union, and then our model of capitalism will be European capitalist model, then the problem starts here. Capitalism has some basic principles and rules that form the core of it, but on the other hand each country is profiling capitalism according to the specifications of his choices. France has chosen the model of “capitalism of State”, Germany and the Nordic countries “social-democratic-capitalism”, ‘’liberal capitalism of England’’ as English-Saxon one, etc.In this regard the experts or politicians, should not reduce any debate, analysis or summary only of certain elements of the system of market, individual freedom, comparative advantages, social policy, which means the role and presence of the state in the economy, system of taxation, social security and the system of pensions, in order to build a port in its entirety capitalist model that we really need in Albania.
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Garo, E., V. Kume, and S. Basho. "Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students: Case of Albania." Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 23, 2015): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/muse.2015.3691.
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<p>In Albania, during the last decades entrepreneurship has been in focus. It is commonly agreed that developing entrepreneurship in the long term would be translated into sustainable economic development. Albanian economy, being an economy in transition greatly and urgently needs to invest into increasing the number of entrepreneurs in the country. Entrepreneurial intention is considered to be really important. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to observe the determinants of entrepreneurial intention in Albania. The target is university students. Many programs that foster entrepreneurship such as incubator centers, business plan competitions along with new educational practices have been developed. In addition, even though studies conducting in this field are few, Albanian education institutions have shown a willing to study the factors influencing entrepreneurship development. The reason is the belief that developing and supporting entrepreneurial activities among youth will positively influence the economy of the country in terms of economic growth.</p><p>This study widely represents the Albanian students and shows the deteminants of entrepreneurial intention they have. Hopefully the findings of this study would be useful to the policy makers and the Albanian government to undertake effective policies focused on entrepreneurial activity; targeting economic development of the country. </p>
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SHTIZA, Aurela. "Extractive industry a burden or an opportunity for sustainable development?" European Journal of Sustainable Development 2, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n4p199.
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The shortage of raw materials in global markets and the sky rocketing of commodityprices, have induced European authorities to take initiatives to improve innovation inEurope by creating the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials (2012) and make inventory of the existing European raw materials. Albania is a rich country in natural raw materials, such as chromium, copper, ferronickel, coal, bitumen as well ascrude oil which might supply primary and secondary raw materials for some of the European needs. This literature review discusses the role of the Albanian institutions, the natural resources industry, potential investors and stakeholders in order to provide a setof indicators and platforms that can help to develop the extractive industry in Albania and monitor amelioration within sustainable development principles. A map with the potential prospects of the natural resources will be a first step in identifying the further potential for exploitation. Mineral resource policies and governance, sustainable processing and supply chain as well as environmental management information system (EMIS) are some of the crucial tools identified, which will help to set up the indicators and quantify the achievements in environmental management in Albania. Moreover, the integration of practices that will support institutional capacity building; follow-up practices; the mainstreaming of global environment into planning; and the compliance monitoring process will additionally improve the environmental situation in Albania. Aligning business strategy with environmental policy, socio-economic analysis, environmental auditing are decisive tools in order to provide the Albanian authorities with a clear overview of the economic costs and the social benefits for sustainable development of the extractive sector in Albania.
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Proda, Anisa. "Institutional Performance in Albania Regarding Social Protection Policies." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i2.p234-241.
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Albania is often considered ''the most difficult case'' of regime change compared to other ex-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The long way, often too hard and chaotic, towards democracy and market economy put the country into a disadvantageous situation in comparison with other ex-communist countries because of the limited progress in these directions. Structural changes in Albania before and after the 90's are extraordinary. Now Albania is in a European integration phase, which means there's a series of standards to accomplish and political-economic challenges to be faced. In the first part, this paper will give a chronological view of social protection policies in Albanian going through the major historical phases such as communist regime and pluralist regime period. In the second part, our main focus will be the change in political regime and its consequences which dictated the need for new social protection policies. The inclusion policy or the policy of social protection in Albania is a component of a greater general frame named National Strategy for Development and Integration (SKZHI) 2007-2013, which brings in a single document the perspectives of social and economic stable development, in the framework of the integration in the UE and realization of the Millennial Objectives (SKZHI, 2008).The main social groups and social fields treaded by the policy documents such as National Strategy on Development and Integration, National Strategy on Social Protection, National Strategy on Social Inclusion will be explained. In the third part, social security and health care policies and institutions will be treated concluding with some findings from the empirical research.
6
Balla, Bernard. "Albania's Monetary Policy and the Basic Indicators that Effect the Economic Growth." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2019-0012.
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Macroeconomic policies aim to stabilize the economy by achieving their goal of price stability, full employment and economic growth. Price stability is the responsibility of macroeconomic policies that are developed to maintain a low inflation rate, contribute to the solidity of the domestic product and maintain an exchange rate that can be predictable. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Albania's monetary policy by highlighting the main indicators that can be used as a measurement of the efficiency of this policy in the economic development. The literature review shows that there are many attitudes regarding the factors that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing monetary policies, including the elements of fiscal policies. In the Albanian economy, the prices and the level of inflation are the most important aspects. The Bank of Albania uses the inflation targeting regime, considering that the main indicator of inflationary pressures in the economy is the deviation of inflation forecasted in the medium term by its target level. In numerical terms, the bank intends to maintain its annual growth in consumer prices at the level of 3%. According to the latest reports published by the Bank of Albania in 2019, monetary policy continues to contribute positively to a financial environment with a low interest rate and an annual inflation rate of 2%. Although the inflation rate hit the lowest value of 1.8 % in 2018, a balanced rate was achieved through the reduction of interest rates and risk premiums in financial markets and, more recently, through the tightening of the exchange rate. These monetary conditions are appropriate to support the growth of domestic demand and the strengthening of inflationary pressures.
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Xhaho, Armela, and Erka Çaro. "Returning and Re-Emigrating Gendered Trajectories of (Re)Integration from Greece." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p171-180.
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The aim of this research paper is three fold: (1) to shed some light on the struggles Albanian return migrants are facing in their psycho-social, cultural and labor market reintegration in the origin country, looking as well to the gendered trajectories of return and re-emigration(2) to highlight their gendered strategies in transferring back in their home country their financial, social and human capital;(3) to better understand the dynamic paths of their migration trajectories and finally (4) to push policy makers to put with high priority the returnees reintegration plan into the policy agenda. We base our analyze on 42 life stories of Albanian migrants, from which, 12 interviews with return migrants from Greece, 30 migrants that are actually in Greece (from which 50% have at least made an 1 attempt to return in Albania and 5 are circular migrants).The study found that: many Albanian migrants return to Albania to stay either temporary or permanently with the idea of investing in home country, though not all of them who return stay in Albania. Returnees and at a greater degree women, face lot struggles and difficulties in their psycho-social, cultural and economic reintegration upon their return, which make them mentally and psychologically vulnerable. Women experienced a sense of disempowerment, reconfiguration and re-traditionalisation of gender relationships upon their return. Labor market integration seem more problematic especially for returned women who faced a gendered gap in labor force participation . Moreover, despite migrant willingness to invest their financial and social remittances in Albania by bringing new ideas in the labor market trend, they experience a sense of disillusion. Therefore, having no support system back home, remaining jobless and in many cases failing in their investment endeavors, make returnees consider further re-emigration as a surviving strategy. This study suggest that it is time for policy makers to compile with high priority and with a gender lens analysis a new National Migration Strategy and Return Reintegration strategy, while developing concrete and coherent measures upon returnees successful reintegration in the home country. This policy research brings at the policy agenda an holistic and multidisciplinary approach to returnee reintegration through better multi- level/stakeholder collaboration and dialogue.
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Matraku, Doriana, and Adela Çafuli. "The Impact of Waste Management in the Macroeconomic Performance." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p235-246.
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Public attention to solid waste management has increased dramatically over the past decade in Europe because of the fact that the economic development has had its impact in consume. This increase in consume has affected to the production of different waste and therefore the necessity to manage them through different necessary policies of each country. Currently, Albania is a potential candidate country to be part of European Union. With the assignment of the Stabilization-Association Agreement, in 2006, the government undertook a series of commitments, where some of them are relative to taking into consideration the environment values during the decision-making process, in line with the sixth Action Program for the Environment, 2002. This paper provides an overview of recent trends in solid waste and management and the related public policy issues, in some cases combined with the economics literature related to this issues, in Europe and in particular in Albania. The main issues that will be treated in this paper are the public policies in Albania for solid waste and management. Is Albania completely ready for their management or not yet? The first part of this paper will give a theoretical overview of solid waste and of the ways used for their management as well as the economics literature related to the issues of the paper. A literature review will describe the recent trends in solid waste in some of the countries of European Union that have undertaken a lot of waste management policies and that have taken economic profit from this industry. The second part of the paper will focus in the Albanian case. Taking into consideration that Albania is a potential country to be integrated to European Union, we have commitment to complete also the waste management, in the framework of environmental issues. Also a very important part will focus in the impact of this issue to GDP growth of the country. In the end we will focus in some conclusions and also in recommendations about these important issues.
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Mitaj, Arjola, Jonida Avdulaj, and Klodian Muco. "Albanian EU Integration and its Economic Convergence in the Agricultural Sector." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p83-89.
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Recently, the core of political and economic debate in Albania consists on reflections related to increasing the Albanian competitiveness in international markets. Fiscal pressures, low labor costs in the Albanian market and the attraction of foreign investment during the last years seems to have not yielded the expected results, not only for being more competitive in foreign markets but even for domestic consumption. It is mentioned here domestic consumption because focused on agricultural sector, it can be considered as a strategic sector of the future in Albania, and especially the EU where we aspire to take part, requests from Albania to orient production toward agriculture. This sector although constitutes 22% of GDP and occupies 47% of total employees fulfills only a quarter of domestic consumption (INSTAT, 2013). The impact of this sector in EU countries is only 1.7%. These indicators are simple enough to understand that even though agriculture is the most important sector of the country, from the standpoint of employment and the strategies remains still one of the sectors with the lowest productivity in Europe and shows that our country in order to achieve EU levels, has a lot of work to do and it is very essential for this process taking in consideration or paying attention to the "best practices" of this sector to reduce the gap created between Albania and the EU countries if we truly aspire to become part of this family. It is often discussed about the stimulation of foreign enterprises to displace a part of their manufacturing in our country. Or more precisely, it has often been demanded that foreign enterprises should operate in traditional sectors with output compartments that use a non-specialized labor intensive. According to modern economic theories, low labor cost is one of the primary factors in the international fragmentation of production (Lucas, 1988; Stokey, 1991; Bassanini and Scarpetta (2002b). While talking about labor cost, this should not be confused with low salaries, because not always a low salary coincides with a low labor cost. The problem of these entrepreneurs is the fact that although they shift their production to countries like Albania, they do not create a long-term cooperation with these countries. Not even a distribution of technology or an increase of total productivity is noticed, even in those sectors where there has been a shift of production. The objective of this paper is to measure the convergence in the agricultural sector and the role that integration has played in the economic development of the country in order to give some modest suggestions for policy makers which may be necessary for designing development strategies in the future
10
Bardhi, Ejona. "Albanian Economy: Proportional or Progressive Taxation?" Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p176.
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Abstract Choosing the best system of taxation lies in the balance between equality and fairness or efficiency. It is an expression that should guide any fiscal policy. Given that one of the hottest economic topics that pits the political parties can not stay away from the attention of citizens and scholars of the economy. On the one hand we have a tax that provides the same percentage for all categories of income, on the other hand you have a tax increase progressively in line with revenues. therefore, taxes less progressive taxation individuals with lower incomes, but if the tax burden shifted progressively to individuals with higher incomes, it remains to be discussed. Like most developing countries, Albania differs in many respects from developed countries, among which capacity institutional, state, rule of law, the structure of the economy and other economic characteristics. Such differences justify a different tax policy. Progressive taxation has been applied in Albania since 2015. Is this a tax that provides equality for all? Stated every moment and in every public appearance of our politicians, "equality before the law" as a principle that should be applied objectively and accurately reports, but this system offers true equality before the law? What has brought the Albanian economy this system? What happened to investments or unemployment? Through this work I intend to present a clear analysis of income tax applied in Albanian economic system and how this tax has affected the economy as a whole. Also this work is also a reflection on the advantages and disadvantages of this tax system.
11
Çakerri, Lorena, Migena Petanaj, and Oltiana Muharremi. "The Effect of Government Expenditures on Economic Growth. the Case of Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p242-253.
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One of the main issues of economic policy and government is to ensure a sustainable economic growth of a country.Economic growth has been at the center of every government in place since at least year 2000.Though for this teen-year ,growth values were satisfactory in Albania, the macroeconomic situation changed in 2009,when appeared the elements of the global crisis. Economic global crisis has awakened interest in the case of fiscal policy.Fiscal policy and monetary policy as well, are two basci components of state economic policy which are used for macroeconomic purposes:influence of gross domestic product, the level of enmployment, income and price level. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government expenditures and taxes. Government expenditures are considered as the most powerful weapon available to fiscal policy makers, especially in developing countries such as Albania. During the last century , governments have spent more and more in relation to their national income. This increase in government spending can be explained by the impact that this variable can have on the economic growth of a country? In fact ,about the connection between the government spending and the economic growth of a country various studies seem full of contradictions.This conflict is explained by changes in terms of definitions and from the differencies of the various countries included in these studies. The objective of this study is to give an appropriate answer to the question : Can government spending have the potential to impact and stimulate economic growth? How the changes of the size of the fiscal policy instruments have affected indicators of economic growth in Albania? This article will focus on the role that the fiscal policy has on economic growth , especially in our country, reviewing economic growth theories, debates about the effectiveness of fiscal policy , and active fiscal policy. Finally some suggestions for the future addressing the government expenditures towards priority sectors.
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Rama, Arlind, and Ilir Vika. "Real Time Data." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v4i3.p147-154.
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Interpretation of exchange rate volatility in the light of economic fundamentals comprises an issue of interest for policymakers when it comes to implementing the monetary policy. Understanding the impact of economic news on the Lek exchange rate against two main hard currencies, Euro and US dollar, would serve to better orient the monetary policy and forex market agents positioning in time. Exchange rates volatility on economic news in short-term is an often discussed phenomenon in the economic literature, but through this material we tend to measure these effects in the Albanian foreign currency market and contribute in the literature interpreting foreign currency markets volatility in developing economies. Very often, domestic foreign exchange movements are attributed to developments in large international markets. In the case of Albanian Lek volatility analysis, we tend to find answers regarding the importance of economic news coming from the two main economies in focus, Eurozone and the US. Furthermore, we investigate the importance of the economic information flow in Albania in determining the Lek exchange rate against Euro and US dollar. For a period in focus from January 2007 until July 2012, we try to understand if the exchange rate volatility has been a result of economic fundamentals or financial markets stress related economic news.
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Llazo, Edlira, and Violeta Neza. "FOOD POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION REFORM IN ALBANIA." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061715l.
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Albanian agriculture and especially the albanian farmer are experiencing a difficult situation with the ability to compete in the market. Albanian agriculture is a very important sector of the economy but with little contribution in the economic growth, due to a misorientation in the market of the albanian production. This study aims to adress some concerns and to open a discussion linked to the urban food strategy as an instrument that would help to rivitalize lokal economy . This instrument can be usefull to the new administrative units, creating benefits for stakeholders .This paper is based on the wide literature and on the experience of the more developed countires also referring to primary data.
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Musta, Eugen. "Financial Development Influence on Economic Growth in Albania." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p59-65.
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During the 2000s the private banking sector in Albania started to consolidate and the level of lending in the economy started to grow. In the same period the overall economic indicators were showing positive growth too, but that all changed after the financial crisis of 2008. It took a while for its effects to hit the country but when they came the economy started to slowdown and the banks while facing a rise in Non-Performing Loans (NPL) started to cut out lending. The drop on lending is considered a problem by policy makers who see a pattern of causality in the finance – growth nexus based on theoretical works saying that finance development can influence growth. Even though the theory linking economic growth with financial development is not unanimously accepted on academic circles, empirical studies support the fact that a better developed financial system helps to support a sustainable growth. This seems enough to keep policy makers concerned with keeping lending high in the economy. The purpose of this study is to find if there is a pattern of such correlation between lending and growth in the Albanian economy. For the purpose data from the last 21 years have been analyzed through a time series regression where per capita GDP growth rate is the dependable variable and the domestic credit to private sector by banks is undependable variable. For the analyze is based on the aggregate demand model where credit is influencing investments, the influence which government spending may have on output is tested it the regression as an influential factor. The result showed that the explanatory variable coefficient is negative, suggesting that in this case the financial sector growth has a negative effect on growth. We assume this is so because the main channel through which the finance influences growth, which is by allocating capitals towards the most efficient opportunities, is not actually working and this can be seen by the high number of non-performing loans on the banks’ balance sheets.
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Osmani, Myslym, Rezear Kolaj, Petar Borisov, and Ekaterina Arabska. "Why agricultural policies fail and two cases of policy failures in Albania." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.02.05.
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Purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of economic policy failure in general and agricultural policy failures in Albania in particular. At the same time, the very concept of policy failure is a matter of our interest. To achieve our goal, we have conducted a basic literature review. The most important aspect of interest in the study is the investigation of two cases where agricultural policy in Albania has failed.
Methodology / approach. To conduct the study we use several methods: a review of general literature in relation to government policy failure; review of specific literature regarding farm size and cooperation; review of national policy or strategic documents regarding agricultural and rural development in general and farm size and cooperation in particular; review of national statistical evidence about farm size and cooperation in Albania, and data from international sources such as The Global Economy.
Results. The study is based on the widely recognized evidence that the concept of failure is multidimensional and not uniquely defined. The study contributes to identifying and summarizing some of the main causes of policy failures. Government policies generally fail when intervention leads to inefficient allocation of resources and an overall decline in people’s well-being when they do not increase production, productivity, or revenue, or when society does not achieve the policy objectives set. Policy failures are generally related to the weakness of institutions. Institutions are weak when they fail to perform effectively the three basic functions that are commitment, coordination, and cooperation. In the case of agricultural policies in Albania, the study analyzes the extremely low level of collective action and the small size of farms, which has remained almost the same and fragmented throughout the 30–year period of economic and social transition. Strong institutions responsible for drafting and implementing legislation and developing policies, characterized by the professionalism and high performance of their staff, are the only guarantee for achieving the policy objectives for sustainable agricultural development and accelerating the process of Albania’s integration into the European Union.
Originality / scientific novelty. The literature points out that: (1) government effectiveness, (2) rule of law and (3) weak control of corruption are the root causes of all policy failures, including agricultural policy failures. We analyze the data on these indicators for Albania and some other countries in the Western Balkans region and try to draw conclusions about their impact on the two policy failures we are interested in, which are the serious lack of collective action in the agricultural sector and the small size of farms in Albania. No previous research has been focused on agricultural policy failures, at least in Albania.
Practical value / implications. The study may be useful for the discussion and evaluation of the impact of policies, and performance of related institutions in Albania. It emphasizes not only the need of reforming these bodies but also suggestions for future research on policies and their effectiveness in Albania and beyond.
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Osmani, Myslym, Rezear Kolaj, Petar Borisov, and Ekaterina Arabska. "Why agricultural policies fail and two cases of policy failures in Albania." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/10.51599/are.2022.08.02.05.
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Purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of economic policy failure in general and agricultural policy failures in Albania in particular. At the same time, the very concept of policy failure is a matter of our interest. To achieve our goal, we have conducted a basic literature review. The most important aspect of interest in the study is the investigation of two cases where agricultural policy in Albania has failed.
Methodology / approach. To conduct the study we use several methods: a review of general literature in relation to government policy failure; review of specific literature regarding farm size and cooperation; review of national policy or strategic documents regarding agricultural and rural development in general and farm size and cooperation in particular; review of national statistical evidence about farm size and cooperation in Albania, and data from international sources such as The Global Economy.
Results. The study is based on the widely recognized evidence that the concept of failure is multidimensional and not uniquely defined. The study contributes to identifying and summarizing some of the main causes of policy failures. Government policies generally fail when intervention leads to inefficient allocation of resources and an overall decline in people’s well-being when they do not increase production, productivity, or revenue, or when society does not achieve the policy objectives set. Policy failures are generally related to the weakness of institutions. Institutions are weak when they fail to perform effectively the three basic functions that are commitment, coordination, and cooperation. In the case of agricultural policies in Albania, the study analyzes the extremely low level of collective action and the small size of farms, which has remained almost the same and fragmented throughout the 30–year period of economic and social transition. Strong institutions responsible for drafting and implementing legislation and developing policies, characterized by the professionalism and high performance of their staff, are the only guarantee for achieving the policy objectives for sustainable agricultural development and accelerating the process of Albania’s integration into the European Union.
Originality / scientific novelty. The literature points out that: (1) government effectiveness, (2) rule of law and (3) weak control of corruption are the root causes of all policy failures, including agricultural policy failures. We analyze the data on these indicators for Albania and some other countries in the Western Balkans region and try to draw conclusions about their impact on the two policy failures we are interested in, which are the serious lack of collective action in the agricultural sector and the small size of farms in Albania. No previous research has been focused on agricultural policy failures, at least in Albania.
Practical value / implications. The study may be useful for the discussion and evaluation of the impact of policies, and performance of related institutions in Albania. It emphasizes not only the need of reforming these bodies but also suggestions for future research on policies and their effectiveness in Albania and beyond.
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Angjeli, Anastas, and Niko Pano. "The Impact of Economic Policy in Increasing the Value of Human Capital Stock in Albania." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2019-0009.
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This paper raises the question: "How much the economic policy of the government affects the growth of the value of human capital stock in Albania". It does a survey of four key elements of the government's economic policy in recent years, namely: the employment policies, the education policies, health care policies, and state insurance policies. The analysis of the expenditures and investments made in these areas enables to reveal the direct and indirect relationship of these elements to the indicator ‘value of the human capital’. In the methodological aspect, the research is based on the classic forms of assessing how the social and health policy does impact the value of the human capital stock. The study distinguishes the relevant benefiting age groups, focusing particularly on the ages of 7-24 for the impact of education; ages 65-85 for social and health insurance policies and ages 45-55 for employment stimulation policies. This choice comes from the fact that the budgets related to these policies have been drafted taking in consideration the above-mentioned social groups. Consequently, efforts have been made to approximate the Albanian statistical calculations according to the J-F protocol algorithm, with the dynamics of these policies in the last 6 years.
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Stamova, Mariyana. "Albanci na Balkanu tokom Drugog svetskog rata." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.152.
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After the end of the First World War, some countries in the Balkans remained dissatisfied with the status quo achieved with the Versailles system of peace treaties. The Albanian movement for territorial and ethnic Albania failed to fully realize - Kosovo and Metohija remained in the Royal Yugoslavia, established in 1918, which emerged from the First World War as a victorious state. The large Albanian population is a serious problem for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. One of the culprits, according to some researchers, is Belgrade's own political circles in the interwar period. Nationally, culturally, economically and politically, the Albanians in this period are in the worst position of any other national minority in the royal Yugoslavia. Here are a few examples to support the above. In the period between the two world wars, the Albanian minority in Yugoslavia did not have a single school in their mother tongue, nor did it have a single cultural, educational or economic association. Dissatisfaction among Albanians from Kosovo and Metohija is growing with the policy of colonizing the Serb population from other parts of the country. This policy of repression against the Albanian population in Kosovo and Metohija provoked his numerous emigration to Albania. Much of the progressive emigration, in the person of Hassan Prishtina, Bedri Peyani, Ibrahim Gjakova and others, is extremely hostile to the Yugoslav state. This was cleverly used by the Albanian and Italian governments to break up Yugoslavia years later. In this regard, it is very important for Italian intelligence to engage Kosovo emigration in order to achieve full Italian control over Albania and weaken Yugoslavia's position in the south. With the impending new military confrontation on the international field, which would undoubtedly affect this region of Europe as well, Albanians see a real opportunity to achieve their national goals. Undoubtedly, the Albanian territory is also included in the geostrategic plans of the major countries for conducting military operations in the Balkans and implementing their further plans. In this regard, Italy's goal of making Albania a bridgehead in the Balkans for control of the Straits and the Middle East is to support the aspirations of Albanian nationalists after their long struggle to create a state that unites all Albanians. The status quo of the Balkans, reached by the Versailles system of peace treaties, was destroyed in the course of the Second World War. From all the Balkan states Albania was the first to experience the new order of Hitler and Mussolini and with their help accomplished its national program, precisely с the unification of the Albanian people and establishment of an Albanian identity in the Balkans. With the capitulation of Yugoslavia on April 7, 1941, a new territorial situation was created for the Axis forces and their satellite allies. The partition of Yugoslavia is one of the conditions for the realization of the „New Order“ in Southeast Europe. Convinced that the time was coming when, with the help of Italy and Germany, Kosovo and Metohija, western Macedonia, the eastern regions of Montenegro, etc. would enter Albania's borders, the Kosovo Committee with leading figures of Albanian nationalism, such as Bedri Pejani, Rexhep Mitrovica, Ibrahim Gjakova and Rexhep Krasniqi, have elevated political concepts for ethnic and territorial Albania familiar from the interwar period. In these years „Greater Albania” was a wartime creature, which did not get international recognition. The end of the war also put to rest the idea of a national unification of the Albanian people. The Albanian state again had its boundaries established after the end of the World War I; a large part of the Albanian population was left outside of these borders.
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Gemi, Eda. "Albanian Migration in Greece: Understanding Irregularity in a Time of Crisis." European Journal of Migration and Law 19, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342113.
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The third decade of Albanian migration to Greece signalled a historical change in the human geography of Greece’s largest migrant group. The impact of the economic recession and the visa-free regime for Albanians entering the European Union shaped a new fluid reality for Albanian irregular migration. This paper explores the impact of the socio-economic transformation processes on the migrants’ legal status vis-à-vis irregular status and integration dynamics. The emerging mobility strategies are conceptualized as a migrants’ agency that overcome socio-economic barriers or policy restrictions and navigate them. This paper goes beyond the legality-irregularity dichotomy, suggesting it is the multidimensional ‘in-between’ space of semi-irregular status where apparently ‘irregular’ Albanians interact with various forms of agency. Our aim is to explore how the irregular/legal nexus developed within the Balkan in the specific context of Greece. The empirical analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 94 Albanians and 13 stakeholders in Greece and Albania.
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Rembeci, Godiva. "Building an information system to enhance innovative SMEs in Albania." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v7i1.p213-224.
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SMEs play an important role in the national economic development of any country. Now days SMEs are becoming more and more a subject of high attention of policy makers especially to developing countries due to their great potential in contribution of sustainable economic growth and employment generation for the national economy. In Albania, SMEs represent about 98% of the total enterprises in the country with a contribution to national GDP for about 70%.The economic performance and the structure of national economy is depended very much on the performance and the contribution of SMEs. Therefore, building an information system on SMEs performance is very important especially related to the objective for enhancing the innovative SMEs in the country. To measure SMEs’ ability to compete on national, regional and international markets requires a lot of information on all aspects,not only insights from SMEs but also contribution from SME experts, policy makers, representatives of associations of private enterprises dealing with SME issues. In addition, survey data analysis, is very useful instrument to establish the set of proper indicators (employment, productivity, adopted technology, access to credit, to market) to measure to what extend these indicators are fulfilled by Albanian SMEs. To achieve this objective, the author have used the data collected through sample survey carried out by regional development agency, to 150 SMEs engaged in industrial production, located in 4 regions of the country. The sample results shows that despite the worldwide economic crisis, SMEs in Albania have contributed in growth of new jobs and investments in new technologies. Nevertheless currently SMEs still lack an adequate level of experience with regards to their functioning in the context of a market economy and open competition. The objective of the article, based on sample survey data is to prepare a set of recommendations both for SME’s and the stakeholders committed to SMEs development.
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Vangjeli, Eleni, and Anila Mancka. "Economic Growth, Policies and Influencing Factors: The Case of Albania." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v4i1.p107-115.
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Monetary and fiscal policies are two policies that the government could use to keep a high level of growth, with a low inflancion. Fiscal policy has its initial impact on the stock market, while monetary policy in market assets. But, given that the goods and active markets are closely interrelated, both policies, monetary as well as fiscal have impact on the economy, increasing the level of product through the reduction of interest rates. In our paper we will show how functioning monetary and fiscal policies. But also in our paper we will analyze the different factors which have affected the economic growth of the country. The focus of our study is the graphical and empirical analysis of economic growth, policies and influencing factors. For the empirical analysis we have used data on the economic growth in Albania for 1996– 2014.
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Lami, Blendi. "Turkish Geoeconomics and Its Influence in Albania." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i1.p88-97.
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Geopolitics is often used in reference to the use of geography in determining and shaping the international relations/foreign policy agenda of individual nation states. According to the proponents of the concept of geopolitics, political predominance in the international political system is not just a question of the general power and human resources at a country’s disposal, but also of the geographical undertones within which a particular country exercises its available chunks of power. The rise of geoeconomics as an eminent replacement to geopolitics even becomes more significant in place of Turkey owing to its geopolitical position. The country is strategically surrounded by Europe, Asia, the Middle East and former Soviet states. The dynamics provided by the geopolitical position Turkey ushered in increased calls for the country to take up an active role in its foreign policy endeavors, and with it, a utilization of geoeconomics as a formidable strategy to push for Turkey’s agenda in the Balkan region, especially Albania. Based on the geoeconomic and geocultural conception of the Balkan region, Davutoglu, the architect of new Turkish foreign policy, contents that the only way Balkan states can maintain their strategic importance is by reestablishing their success through intensive political dialogues and pursuing integrated economic policies. These are the endeavors of a country keen on utilizing economic values and principles to cement its political power in the Balkan region, and supplement its political influence over Albanian territories.
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Syka, MSc Xhenet, and Dr Sc Ilir Kaduku. "Correlation between Government and Economic Growth –Fiscal Policy during the Transition in Albania." ILIRIA International Review 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v3i2.121.
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In this paper we tried to analyze some aspects of fiscal policy in our country, without pretending to give our own sample. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditures and taxes which affect economic activity. Determination of fiscal policy in a given year takes into account the time virtually the past (current socio-economic status) and the implications for the future (fiscal sustainability).In general the cases dealt the role fiscal policy plays toward economic growth. The analysis many focused both in the theoretical treatment as well as the role that fiscal policy has played in our country, going even further in some suggestions for the future. The most important issue was addressed in the long-term fiscal policy view, fiscal sustainability. In the final everything is addressed to the role of fiscal policy on social issues.The role that fiscal policy should play in economic and social development has long been a controversial issue and is still different among economists. While a restrictive fiscal policy means increasing taxes and cut government spending. Fiscal policy may be expansionary or restrictive. An expansionary fiscal policy means a reduction of direct and indirect taxes and increased government expenditures. Choose between two types of fiscal policy is not an easy decision, both in terms of the current state of the economy, as well as political decisions.
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Kume, Vasilika. "Albania: which way forward?" Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 7 (November 17, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2014-0127.
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Subject area Public sector management, policy-making, sustainable development, post-Communism. Study level/applicability The case is designed to be used with undergraduate-level and MBA/MPA students. With undergraduate levels, the case can be used on the subject strategic management. In MBA/MPA programs, this case can be used in subjects such as strategic planning for public administration. Here, it can be stressed as being about the problems faced by a country on the long road toward democracy. Issues to be discussed in class include: environmental scanning, competitiveness, public policies and strategic agenda. Case overview At the most general level, the case allows for the analysis and evaluation of the strategy and performance of the Albania from 1928 to 2014 along economic, political and social dimensions, using the techniques of country analysis (see Country Analysis Framework, HBS No. 389-080). Depending on time limitations and the particular objectives of the individual instructor, the case can be used to explore all phases of the nation's development or, alternatively, to focus on a specific era, such as Albania, in the way toward a free market economy. The case provides a setting in which to explore the diamond model as a tool for analyzing competitiveness and setting the economic policy agenda. In the Albania case, we highlight diamond analysis in an emerging economy. Albania also highlights the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, and the importance of a cross-border regional integration in competitiveness. Expected learning outcomes The case is written to serve a number of purposes: Understanding the problems and challenges to sustainable development, especially in a post-communist emerging economy like Albania. The transition/changes that all policymakers have to go through in their efforts for sustainable development of the country. To discuss production factors and the importance of a growth model based on the production factors. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Misha, Ergys. "Regular Econometric Model of Taylor for Albania." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p123-133.
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The Taylor’s Rule Central Banks is applying widely today from Central Banks for design the monetary policy and for determination of interest rates. The purpose of this paper is to assess monetary policy rule in Albania, in view of an inflation targeting regime. In the first version of the Model, the Taylor’s Rule assumes that base interest rate of the monetary policy varies depending on the change of (1) the inflation rate and (2) economic growth (Output Gap).Through this paper it is proposed changing the objective of the Bank of Albania by adding a new objective, that of "financial stability", along with the “price stability”. This means that it is necessary to reassess the Taylor’s Rule by modifying it with incorporation of indicators of financial stability. In the case of Albania, we consider that there is no regular market of financial assets in the absence of the Stock Exchange. For this reason, we will rely on the credit developmet - as a way to measure the financial cycle in the economy. In this case, the base rate of monetary policy will be changed throught: (1) Targeting Inflation Rate, (2) Nominal Targeting of Economic Growth, and (3) Targeting the Gap of the Ratio Credit/GDP (mitigating the boom cycle, if the gap is positive, and the contractiocycle if the gap is negative).The research data show that, it is necessary that the Bank of Albania should also include in its objective maintaining the financial stability. In this way, the contribution expected from the inclusion of credit gap indicators in Taylor’s Rule, will be higher and sustainable in time.
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Spahiu, Irma. "Government Transparency in Albania and the Role of the European Union." European Public Law 21, Issue 1 (February 1, 2015): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2015006.
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The recognition of transparency as an essential element of good governance is very important for new democracies because it leads to greater public support for their governments' economic and political decisions. This has been clearly understood by the countries in the Western Balkans which following the fall of communism entered a path of rapid democratization struggling to be opened and transparent. This paper explores transparency and open government in Albania looking at how the Albanian legal administrative framework and practices guarantee the principle of transparency in decision-making and the role the EU in complying with this principle. It introduces the concept of 'transparency through integration' as a model which encapsulates the transparency developments in Albania and Western Balkans and looks at how transparency can be transformed from a principle of good governance to a legalistic instrument holding a place in the hierarchy of legal norms. This research focuses on how transparency becomes part of a policy paradigm which can transform a country's politics from secretive and authoritarian to transparent and democratic. In addition, it suggests that the EU has a role to play as a transformative power to induce positive reforms and improve transparency in the decision-making in Albania.
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Skripnik, Olena. "Peculiarities of the process of integration of the republic of Albania to the European Union." European Historical Studies, no. 18 (2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.06.
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The purpose of the article is to explore the process of joining Albania to the European Union in the mainstream of the lands of the Western Balkans became members of the united Europe. The preconditions and development of the process of formation of European integration in the Republic of Albania analyzed. Is undertaken an attempt at the analysis of the real possibilities of Albania to be taken in the European Union and the interest of this integrated association to maintain double-sided cooperation with Albania, in spite of the absence of necessary economic, political and other bases for its adoption in the European Union. Special attention is given to the domestic and foreign policy developments in the Republic of Albania, which directly influenced Albania’s cooperation with the European Union before and after the beginning of the active euro-integration dialogue. Special emphasis made on an overview of the most important issues and problematic moments on determining the start of the EU accession negotiation process with Albania. The methodology of the research based on the principles of systemicity, authenticity, historicism, logics. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-system) methods have been used. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the European integration of Albania studied separately from other countries of the Western Balkans. The studies concluded that Albania’s desire to join the European Union linked to its desire to stabilize the country, modernize the domestic political system, improve the economic situation, facilitate the solution of social problems, participate in the mechanism of redistribution of financial resources, to enhance its political status by taking advantage of the benefits of membership in this organization. As for the EU’s position, official Brussels is pursuing a rather restrained and balanced policy of expanding its borders.
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Veliu, Matilda. "The Impact of Automatic Stabilizers on the Economic Growth of Albania During the Period 1999-2021." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 20 (December 14, 2022): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.24.
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Fiscal policy remains a crucial and powerful strategy to improve the welfare of citizens. During the last three decades, Albania has faced enormous social-economic challenges, raising the necessity for an adequate fiscal policy under the current economic situation. The correlation between fiscal policy and economic growth is a highly debated topic in literature reviews, as some of the fiscal tools do not influence in the same direction on economic growth. The purpose of the article is to see the influence of Automatic Stabilizers (AS) on the Economic Growth of Albania during the period 1999-2022. Most of the topics have been focused on the influence of active fiscal policy on economic growth despite this an unclear gap exists about the influence of the automatic fiscal policy, especially in Albania reality. The secondary data of the Ministry of Finance and INSTAT institutions about the variables and the factors that influence them like the tax system, tax revenues, and public expenditures are analyzed for this purpose. The conclusions reveal the necessity to improve especially the formula of the tax system according to the challenges of the economy. For almost three decades, the data of Automatic Stabilizers (AS) have been included in the multiple linear regression equation using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The empirical result shows a narrow positive impact range of Automatic Stabilizers on Economic Growth. The change in the tax system and events such as the earthquake on November 9th, 2019, and the Covid-19 pandemic seem to have had a huge impact on this relationship. As Automatic Stabilizers have to do with vulnerable groups (social assistance is part of AS), some actions should be undertaken focusing on the improvement of the tax system, according to optimal management of expenditures. Applying the best practices to increase the revenues of vulnerable groups is necessary to cope better with the increasing actual rate of inflation.
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Poni, Merita. "Social Policy Reform in Albania Stuck in Transition." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 67, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0004.
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Abstract This article provides an analysis of social policy regarding social protection of vulnerable groups in Albania, by screening whether the welfare state has responded to the varying needs of socially excluded citizens. The scope is to explore how the consecutive reforms of social policy have addressed the social effects of poverty and social exclusion. The analysis delves into the welfare policy official documents to discover how the vulnerable groups needs are addressed and what is the impact of policymakers, service providers, and service users on social policy shape. Social policy reforms developed after the totalitarian regime and have promoted familialism and gender regime, which have reinforced gender stereotypes of women as primary caregivers and have denied them equal access and full participation in the free labour market. During the transition period, the reforms faced conceptual barriers delaying their application. The minimalist approach of social policy offered insufficient protection to vulnerable citizens from the adversities of life. Social care services for children, elderly and people with disabilities suffer from a persistent lack of funding. The social welfare is offered through few social services provided from civil society. Due to the lack of social care services, the users of the welfare state lack the substantial means for inclusion. The welfare state policies need a reformation to offer decent economic aid and social care services.
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Xhaho, Armela, and Elvira Fetahu. "Reintegration Patterns of Return migrants in the Albanian Labor Market." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (November 28, 2022): 1901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.171.
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Over the last few years, the global economic crisis triggered an unexpected increase in the number of migrants returning to Albania. Regardless of the returnees’ typology, the upward trend in return migration highlights the need for measures that could tackle reintegration challenges upon return to their country of origin. In practice, reintegration support consists mainly of project-based programs which are limited and not sustainable over time. The primary goal of this study is to analyze returnees’ patterns and mechanisms of reintegration in the Albanian labor market. The study provides some evidence-based recommendations for policy stakeholders to design targeted reintegration programs and policies for returnees aiming to promote the investment of financial capital, know-how, and know who earned abroad. The findings show that returnees perceived the business environment in Albania as being unfavorable for the successful development of their business. The country’s infrastructure gaps, feeble public investment, non-transparent business procedures regarding investments and soft loans, bureaucracy, and widespread informality seem to hamper foreign entrepreneurial investment from returnees.
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Balliu, Teuta, and Loreta Bebi. "Taxation and Government Expenditures in the Center of the Albanian Policy Debate." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p13-21.
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There are only a very limited number of instruments at a government's disposal when it tries to stimulate long-run growth, and one of these instruments is fiscal policy. The last few years we have seen government spending, taxation, and deficit financing move to the forefront of policy debates worldwide. That is why it's very important to analyze the way in which taxation and government expenditures influence economic growth. This problem is especially vital for the countries suffering very low or negative rates of growth, as Albania is. The aim of this study is to have a clear view of the fiscal reform process and economic development in Albania starting from 1991 till to present and to analyze the impacts of tax revenue and government expenditures on economic growth and development. In general a tax policy aiming at reducing the number of taxes and tax rates, expanding tax incentives to encourage investment, boost exports, encourage the development of domestic production, transfer economic structure and stabilize finance and monetary policies in accordance with the requirements of a market economy to meet the requirements of international economic integration. Tax policy has contributed to encourage investment and promote business and production. Entrepreneurs and investors considered the tax reduction rate and the increase of government expenditures extremely positive and encourage business investment decisions and expansion. Government expenditures in sectors like education, health, infrastructure, and research and development have a positive impact on economic development of a country.
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Csaplár-Degovics, Krisztián. "Austro-Hungarian Colonial Ventures: The Case of Albania." Hungarian Historical Review 11, no. 2 (2022): 267–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2022.2.267.
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In his unpublished 1955 doctoral dissertation, Johann Wagner persuasively argued that certain members of the leading political, economic, and military circles in Austria-Hungary were very interested in the possibility of global colonization.1 Furthermore, as the data gathered by Evelyn Kolm clearly shows, in the last decades of the nineteenth century, joint Ministers of Foreign Affairs Gusztáv Kálnoky and Agenor Gołuchowski and joint Minister of Finance Benjámin Kállay promoted the idea of creating a competitive military fleet, and they were ready to offer political support for the economic interest groups that insisted on the necessity of colonialism.2 Two out of these three people initiated and played a crucial role in the 1896 Vienna Conference, where they decided to adopt and implement a new Albanian policy. This Austro-Hungarian Albanian policy was shaped in part by new colonial ambitions and was not merely the result of a one-time decision made in response to singular circumstances. The new Albanian policy harmonized with the general aspirations of the 1890s: Gustav Kálnoky and Agenor Gołuchowski, as heads of Ballhausplatz, made political and institutional attempts to include, in some form or another, the practice of global colonization as part of the foreign policy profile of Austria-Hungary. One of their allies in these efforts was Benjámin Kállay, who, as the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, was well-versed in both the theoretical and the practical issues of colonization. This study presents the context and consequences of the 1896 conference from a transnational perspective. It also draws attention to two things. First, historical research on the question of colonization should be extended to the Balkan peninsula in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Second, Austria-Hungary’s new Albanian policy was based not only on international models but also on its own experiences in Africa.
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Frasheri, Eneida, and Eris Dhamo. "Factors That Influences Mental Health Policy In Albania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 14 (May 29, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n14p175.
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Mental health policy is a major challenge in every government engagement. Human wellbeing is threatened by mental health issue, and this is why it is necessary to position mental health as a health priority (WHO, 2001). The reduction of human and economic cost of mental health problems can be achieved by providing equitable and evidence-based mental healthcare and treatment. In Albania, the organization of mental health policy has experienced changes in the past half century, especially after the 90’s. This was driven by political commitment at national and intergovernmental levels in response to the challenges posed by mental health problems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, present factors, and circulates what affects and prepossess the adoption of new mental health policy. The methodology used for this paper was based on two main elements. The first was the analyzing of Albanian conceptual framework, which is derived from two grounded elements: policy content and health policy process. The second element involves data collection using semistructured interview (12) with three levels of policy: policymakers, health policy administrator, and mental health care provider. Also, we consulted a wide range of electronic databases before underpinning the research with additional search. This search includes the scanning of a range of websites, reference lists of included studies, the legal mental health framework, and the respective documents. The activities stipulated in the First Component of the South-Eastern European Mental Health Project under the Stability Pact urged the process of a new mental health policy formulation and adoption of mental health legislation stressing human rights of patients. The WHO has influenced the whole mental health policy framework. They have instructed the National Policy Document for the Mental Health and the recpective action plans. In addition, they have supervised the impemention of this Documents and has trained mental health experts at all levels. Albanian policymaker are concerned with having an adequate map of mental health facilities. This is because many of the dedicated program are far way to be reached from persons in need. All policymaker actors are focused on the need for identification. In this trend of increase in the number of persons with mental health problems and their need for a more holistic care, finances has a crucial role to play.
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Yzeiraj, Emirjola. "King Zog’s Foreign Policy with Neighboring Countries." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0049.
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Zogu has resolutely defended the freedom and independence of his country. Zogu consolidated diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and the political strategy followed by him brought not only economic stability, but also protection of the territory. Seen from that prespective, the purpose of this paper is to show that the policy pursued by King Zog, influenced the establishment of peace in the country and protected the entire Balkans by not further complicating the situation and neutralizing the greedy interests and intentions of Yugoslavia for the territory of Albania, especially St. Naum. In 1924 King Zog had also a possed Yugoslavia’s intervention and intrigues. Throughout his policy, he aimed to achieve Balkan’s peace, because Zogu understanding very well that this would bring peace to Albania as well. The foreign policy led by Zog, deprived neighboring countries of any wishing conflicts. Thus the peace in Europe would have been in jeopardy as a result of threatening Balkans’s peace. Received: 7 July 2021 / Accepted: 30 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Niebuhr, Robert. "Enlarging Yugoslavia: Tito's Quest for Expansion, 1945–1948." European History Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 2017): 284–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691416688174.
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When Yugoslav strongman Josip Broz Tito secured power at the end of the Second World War, he had envisioned for himself a new Yugoslavia that would serve as the center of power for the Balkan Peninsula. First, he worked to ensure a Yugoslav presence in the Trieste region of Italy and southern Austria as a way to gain territory inhabited by Slovenes and Croats; meanwhile, his other foreign policy escapades sought to make Yugoslavia into a major European power. To that end, Yugoslav agents quickly worked to synchronize the Albanian socio-economic and political systems through their support of Albanian Partisans and only grew emboldened over time. As allies who proved themselves in the fight against fascism, Yugoslav policymakers felt able to act with impunity throughout the early post-Cold War period. The goal of this article is to highlight this early foreign policy by focusing on three case studies – Trieste, Carinthia, and Albania – as part of an effort to reinforce the established argument over Tito's quest for power in the early Cold War period.
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Lukin, Alexander, and Pavel Lukin. "Economic Policy in Post-Soviet Russia in Historical Context." Russian History 46, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04601003.
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The article analyzes post-Soviet economic policy in the light of the previous periods of the Russian economic history. The authors find a striking similarity between the measures proposed by modern Russian economic liberals – as well as their consequences – and the actions taken by the Russian authorities during much earlier periods. They explain these similarities with the fact that “Western” terms can mean something very different in the context of a non-Western culture, phenomena and institutions with the same names in different types of societies can differ fundamentally and perform different functions. Furthermore, “Westernization” can be a purely superficial process intended more for show than for substance. By applying the methodology of substantivism which stresses the fundamental differences between economies based on gifts (reciprocity), redistribution, and exchange (market), they argue that Russia’s economy differs significantly from that of the countries of Western Europe and, in the typological sense, is closer to such European countries as Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, and Serbia. For this reason, similar measures of economic policy applied in Western Europe and Russia bring different results.
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Velickovski, Igor, and Daniela Mamuchevska. "Interest Rate Pass-Through in Three EU Candidate Countries: The Case of Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia." Issues in Economics and Business 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ieb.v5i2.15362.
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The objective of the paper is to assess the interest rate pass-through in three EU candidate countries that is Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia. We rely on an error-correction model using monthly data over the period 2005-2019. Results suggest a complete interest rate pass-through in Albania, albeit it has been weakened during the economic and financial crisis. The relatively fast speed of adjustment indicates an effective interest rate transmission channel. In the Macedonian case, the changes of the monetary policy rate are transmitted completely to the bank lending rate, but not to the bank borrowing rate. The transmission via the money market rate has improved after the global economic and financial turmoil. In the case of Serbia, the results also suggest complete interest rate pass-through indicating that the monetary policy rate changes are transmitted into retail rates offered by the banks to savers and borrowers in the long run. Nevertheless, the speed of adjustment is relatively slow. In general, the estimated speed and extent of the response of money market interest rate and bank retail interest rates to changes in the monetary policy rate gives an indication of effective interest rate transmission channel in the case of Albania and Serbia. On the other hand, it is moderately effective in the case of North Macedonia given that the central bank rate changes affect mainly bank lending rate but not borrowing rate.
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Kullolli, Brunela. "Electoral Campaign Financing and Criminal Policy." European Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss-2020.v3i1-83.
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In a democratic state, power is exercised by elected bodies through free and fair elections. The choice of the political class that will exercise political, economic, etc. power by the sovereign (the people) is one of the most important moments in the way how a state works.The sovereign and the expression of his will by voting for those to be elected to the governing or governing bodies. The first part will address and analyze the election campaign, the day of voting until the moment of the results, is the period when the sovereign exercises his power directly by voting which political class will lead the state.Political classes seeking to govern and govern governing bodies disclose their programs, their policies during the election campaign.Election campaigns in modern and capitalist society require funding as they are associated with costs, expenses. Election campaigns cannot be done without capital, without money. The second part will analyze the power of money in election campaigns is related to the expenses political parties or candidates make to their program, to disseminate their political and governing ideas, so money power is used to influence the sovereign to be informed on election day. who to vote for and who to choose in the governing bodies. The use of money in election campaigns forces a democratic state to set rules on how to finance, spend, etc., so setting rules such as how the power of money will affect election campaigns and their control by the responsible bodies.In a country with a fragile and transitional democracy such as the Albanian state, the control of money power during election campaigns is extremely difficult, however the manner of controlling election campaign financing is clearly defined in legislation. In this paper I will contribute by analyzing the impact of money on the Albanian state policy, first in terms of electoral financing, financing of political parties and individuals in electoral campaigns In this paper I will address and analyze how money affects constitutional principles during election campaigns, how it affects the principles of free and fair elections. The third part will address and analyze how entities participating in electoral campaigns are financed.The use of illegal money during campaigns affects the violation of constitutional principles for free and fair elections.I will address and analyze the criminal policies in the field of illegal financing of electoral campaigns. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania in relation to free and fair elections. llegal financing of election campaigns is a current phenomenon of the Albanian society, bringing about the incrimination of Albanian politics.Illegal financing of entities participating in electoral campaigns comes from organized crime or suspects in criminal activities, and this brings about the establishment of those persons who protect the latter's interests and not the interests of the constituents or democratic interests of a state .Intensify the fight against illicit financing of electoral campaigns by creating not only a complete legal framework for preventing illicit financing but also creating practical mechanisms for not only law enforcement but also the practical prevention of uncontrolled funding of electoral subjects.Setting criminal penalties for illegal financing of electoral campaigns and revising the Criminal Code in incriminating all illegal financing actions that violate free and fair elections may be the most important step in the fight against illegal financing of electoral campaigns. Illegal financing of electoral campaigns in Albania calls for free and fair elections and questions the basic principles of the representation of political entities in governing institutions and therefore the interference in law and penal policy is current and immediate.
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Kullolli, Brunela. "Electoral Campaign Financing and Criminal Policy." European Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v3i1.p53-60.
Full textAbstract:
In a democratic state, power is exercised by elected bodies through free and fair elections. The choice of the political class that will exercise political, economic, etc. power by the sovereign (the people) is one of the most important moments in the way how a state works.The sovereign and the expression of his will by voting for those to be elected to the governing or governing bodies. The first part will address and analyze the election campaign, the day of voting until the moment of the results, is the period when the sovereign exercises his power directly by voting which political class will lead the state.Political classes seeking to govern and govern governing bodies disclose their programs, their policies during the election campaign.Election campaigns in modern and capitalist society require funding as they are associated with costs, expenses. Election campaigns cannot be done without capital, without money. The second part will analyze the power of money in election campaigns is related to the expenses political parties or candidates make to their program, to disseminate their political and governing ideas, so money power is used to influence the sovereign to be informed on election day. who to vote for and who to choose in the governing bodies. The use of money in election campaigns forces a democratic state to set rules on how to finance, spend, etc., so setting rules such as how the power of money will affect election campaigns and their control by the responsible bodies.In a country with a fragile and transitional democracy such as the Albanian state, the control of money power during election campaigns is extremely difficult, however the manner of controlling election campaign financing is clearly defined in legislation. In this paper I will contribute by analyzing the impact of money on the Albanian state policy, first in terms of electoral financing, financing of political parties and individuals in electoral campaigns In this paper I will address and analyze how money affects constitutional principles during election campaigns, how it affects the principles of free and fair elections. The third part will address and analyze how entities participating in electoral campaigns are financed.The use of illegal money during campaigns affects the violation of constitutional principles for free and fair elections.I will address and analyze the criminal policies in the field of illegal financing of electoral campaigns. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania in relation to free and fair elections. llegal financing of election campaigns is a current phenomenon of the Albanian society, bringing about the incrimination of Albanian politics.Illegal financing of entities participating in electoral campaigns comes from organized crime or suspects in criminal activities, and this brings about the establishment of those persons who protect the latter's interests and not the interests of the constituents or democratic interests of a state .Intensify the fight against illicit financing of electoral campaigns by creating not only a complete legal framework for preventing illicit financing but also creating practical mechanisms for not only law enforcement but also the practical prevention of uncontrolled funding of electoral subjects.Setting criminal penalties for illegal financing of electoral campaigns and revising the Criminal Code in incriminating all illegal financing actions that violate free and fair elections may be the most important step in the fight against illegal financing of electoral campaigns. Illegal financing of electoral campaigns in Albania calls for free and fair elections and questions the basic principles of the representation of political entities in governing institutions and therefore the interference in law and penal policy is current and immediate.
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Bino, Blerjana. "Policy Discourse on Marginalised Youth in Albania: The Constraints of the ‘Normalisation’ and ‘Integration’ Policy Approaches for Inclusive Education." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 4 (January 21, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i4.p85-87.
Full textAbstract:
The paper addresses the complex phenomenon of marginalised youth and particularly children in street situation in the Albanian contemporary society. Through a qualitative methodology of critical discourse analysis, the paper investigates the most relevant policy documents on inclusive education for marginalised youth in Albania. The paper is interested in exploring the conceptualisation of marginalised youth, specifically children in street situation, as embedded in policy documents, action plans and intervention programmes for inclusive education. The intention here is to discover the explicit and implicit themes of the policy discourse on marginalised youth in Albania and the how it impacts the approaches adopted by the government to address the phenomenon. The critical discourse analysis on policy framework shows that the discourse on marginalised youth in the public sphere (re)produces and reinforces already existing aspects of social deprivation, marginalization and discrimination. The research shows that there are limited efforts to elaborate the concepts of ‘marginalised youth’ and ‘children in street situation’ and that there is confusion in policy regarding the use of the terms. In addition, children in street situation are seen either as victims of socio-economic hardship and endangered by their presence in the spaces of the ‘street’ or as a possible threat to the rest of the society, i.e. the street criminalises children. The research shows two main policy approaches: (i) correctional or repressive-oriented policy approach that conceives ‘street children’ as a danger to public order whose features differentiate from mainstream childhood and as such invites intervention programmes that tend to ‘normalise’ children; (ii) protective or rehabilitative policy approaches, i.e. emphasising children needs and aiming at protecting and re-integrating them in family and mainstream society. The paper takes a critical stance on the current policy discourse and the consequent policy approaches of ‘normalisation’ and ‘integration’ and argues for a reconceptualization of children in street situation as social actors based on the notion of childhood as socially constructed. It is thus necessary to link research on the socialisation processes, identity construction and resilience of marginalised youth in the spaces of the street based on their dynamic lifestyles and perspectives with policy development.
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Kapaj, Ilir, and Ana Mane Kapaj. "An Analysis of Household Consumption of Dairy Products." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.91.9681.
Full textAbstract:
Household consumption of dairy products is one the major component in the total sales of the Albanian dairy industry. Therefore, understanding the factors which may significantly influence household consumption is important in the planning of farmers, processors and manufacturers. Consumers' responses to changes in price and non-price factors are basic to an economic analysis of almost all the policy decisions related to industry or government programs. Forecasting the future direction of household consumption, and how that direction might be modified through industry efforts or by national programs and policies, requires information on the relationships among prices, incomes, household characteristics and consumer demand. This study focuses on households as consuming units, explains and analyzes their purchasing behavior for dairy products. As milk is a very important component of the Albanians diet, this study explores consumer preferences for milk in Albania and also tries to determine consumers profiles based on their preferences and socio-demographic factors. To reach these objectives, this research designed a conjoint choice experiment survey and collected primary data in the most populated cities of Albania. This study provides useful information to different stakeholders including milk producers and importers. The milk industry and its marketers may benefit from this information by using it to strategically market their milk to different groups.
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Balliu, Henris. "Policies in the Fight against Fiscal Evasion in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i3.p7-13.
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The transition process in Albania has revealed numerous problems uniformly spread having versatile impact. Such referring point is quality and effectiveness of fiscal policy in order to establish a sustainable connection among its goals and instruments being used. As a country that operates under conditions of market economy, Albania deems it necessary to increase the level of revenues in order to stabilize problems of economic balance and balance of payments. The analyses have shown that authority of fiscal policy has played primary role in the economic progress of the country. For that purpose, the behavior of contributors and their opportunity for evasion is taken into account as an important factor in the drafting of fiscal policies. The large business and VIP business conceal revenues; manipulate balances and the number of employees. Therefore they avoid tax liabilities. Roughly 45 % of economy in the country is informal, an informal market, an informal business and so on. Even nowadays, when a series of measures and amendments to the law have taken place, we still remain inside the transition train toward the station of a country with European standards. That is why the goal of this work is to analyze the offense of fiscal evasion and evasion of tax liabilities, the instruments in the prevention of this offense and the bodies rendering assistance in the fight against fiscal evasion. Arising questions are as following: What is the meaning of fiscal evasion?; What are the forms of fiscal evasion?; What are the established structures in the fight against tax informality?; What are the strategies used in the fight against fiscal evasion?; What are the solutions that can be offered?
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Hobbs, Sam, Dimitrios Paparas, and Mostafa E. AboElsoud. "Does Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Promote Economic Growth? Evidence from Albania." Economies 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010001.
Full textAbstract:
Albania has experienced a rapid transition from a centrally planned economy to a mixed economy since the fall of communism in 1989. Policy changes, trade liberalization, and privatization have come about at a rapid pace, allowing foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade to become key components of Albania’s economy. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the relationships among FDI, trade, and economic growth in Albania. Annual time-series data were obtained from the World Bank. Then, the following econometric tests were performed on the variables representing FDI inflows, exports, and GDP as proxies for FDI, trade, and economic growth: the unit root test; the unit root test with a structural break; Johansen cointegration analysis; the error correction model; and the Granger causality test. The results revealed a long-term relationship between FDI, trade, and economic growth. The Granger causality tests found unidirectional causality. Economic growth brought about exports and FDI in the short term but not vice versa. In conclusion, policymakers need to design policies that promote technology-based, export-promoting FDI to meet the needs of the economy and develop specialized sectors that are competitive in the global market. Furthermore, the salient takeaway is that the penetration of export markets should be promoted as much as the furtherance of FDI.
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Sergi, Bruno S., Enisa Salimović, Sanja Paunović, and Rajko Kosanović. "Wage developments in south-east Europe and the influence of economic policy." SEER 22, no. 2 (2019): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-2-189.
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This article analyses economic development in five western Balkan countries - Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Serbia - between 2008 and 2018. Data on the status of the economy and on the situation of wages were provided for the study by trade union economic experts from each of the countries in the region and based on a questionnaire, for which the data was collected in December 2018 and then supplemented by the authors during 2019. In most western Balkan countries, the economic situation may be characterised, among others, by low salaries and low purchasing power, a high unemployment rate, plenty of corruption, a considerably-sized grey economy, a low GDP growth rate, massive participation of public and foreign debt in GDP, the widespread phenomenon of the non-payment of taxes and contributions, low economic competitiveness, sizable inequalities in pay between men and women, a high poverty rate and other social disparities. The authors conclude that, in such circumstances, the need for an effective worker voice, and for true social dialogue, remains as important as ever.
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Asaturov, Sergey, and Andrei Martynov. "THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONALISM: THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 5 (October 11, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001440.
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The choice between modern nation-building and integration into supranational European and Euro-Atlantic structures remains a strategic challenge for the Balkan countries. Success in solving this problem of predominantly mono-ethnic Croatia and Slovenia has not yet become a model to follow. Serbian and Albanian national issues cannot be resolved. Serbia's defeat in the Balkan wars of 1991–1999 over the creation of a "Greater Serbia" led to the country's territorial fragmentation. Two Albanian national states emerged in the Balkans. Attempts to create a union of Kosovo and Albania could turn the region into a whirlpool of ultra-nationalist contradictions. The European Union has started accession negotiations with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Northern Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. The success of these negotiations depends on the readiness of the EU and the ability of these Balkan states to adopt European norms and rules. The accession of all Balkan nation-states to the European Union must finally close the "Balkan window" of the vulnerability of the united Europe. Nation-building in the Balkans on the basis of ethnic nationalism sharply contradicts the purpose and current values of the European integration process. For more than three decades, the EU has been pursuing a policy of human rights, the rule of law, democracy and economic development in the Balkans. The region remains vulnerable to the influences of non-European geopolitical powers: the United States, Russia, Turkey, and China. The further scenario of the great Balkan geopolitical game mainly depends on the pro-European national consolidation of the Balkan peoples and the effectiveness of the European Union's strategy in the Balkans.
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Poshka, Agim, and Emilia Conforti. "A Comparative Study of Language Policies for Minorities in Italy vs. Macedonia." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i2.14753.
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This article analyses language rights in the larger language context between Italy, a country who is well established in language minority rights sphere in European Union and Republic of Macedonia. Language diversity is an on-going process impacted by migration and globalization. In this regard, this paper analyses the language policy development of the same language but in two different context. The first scenario is Arbreshi/Albaninan language spoken in Southern Italy after their immigration from Albania in the 15th century, and the Albanian language spoken in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Although it is the same language, the dynamics of globalization, absence of economic opportunities, local and the international political context and the status of a minority language in both countries have stirred the same language in different directions in Italy and Macedonia. The study investigates the possible scenarios that these languages could be considered endangered as a result of assimilation in Southern Italy or massive emigration which the case in Macedonia is. The biggest challenges seem to be the disability to fight in the aggressive economic race and are lacking vitality and policy mechanisms to survive. The study investigates how languages are overpowered because they do not present an economic factor in their community and as a consequence they first lose their rank in the local community and consequently they lose their chance for revitalization The paper also analyses the current legal status of these languages in both aforementioned countries and possible scenarios of being endangered languages as a result of urbanization and economic competition in this globalized reality.
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El Alaoui, Aicha, Jovan Shopovski, Murtaz Kvirkvaia, Noor Alam, and Onyeka Uche Ofili. "Obstacles to Entrepreneurship in Albania, Georgia, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 34 (December 31, 2016): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n34p394.
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Entrepreneurship reinforces the economic growth of a country. Therefore, most countries, especially developing ones, are striving to create new policies and implement actions in order to support entrepreneurial processes through the establishment of a business-friendly environment. However, there are still many obstacles facing entrepreneurs in these countries. The aim of this paper is to locate the most common barriers to entrepreneurial processes in Albania, Georgia, Morocco, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Data from officials in 149 companies were collected through questionnaire dissemination from October to December 2015. The company officials have been asked several questions, among which, to rate the obstacles listed, starting from the ones they perceive to be most restrictive for their businesses. Most of the companies examined were small and medium size companies, SMEs. Both a descriptive analysis and a comparative analysis of the data were applied, in order to check the accuracy of the hypothesis established. It was found that state policy towards SMEs and political instability/corruption are the most common obstacles to entrepreneurship in these developing countries. Also, tax policy was also considered as an obstacle to entrepreneurship.
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Olga, Bormpotsialou, and Rovolis Antonios. "Housing Construction as a Leading Economic Indicator." Studies in Business and Economics 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2019-0041.
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AbstractThe construction industry, and especially residential building construction activity, represents a significant part of a country’s general economy, directly affecting GDP through construction, maintenance and renovation, as well as indirectly with notarial acts and banking transactions. Indeed, in many economies, residential building activity is at the heart of economic growth and, consequently, acts as a regulator in economic development. The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the significance of pursuing a suitable government policy on the real estate market. The research objectives are: a) to review the existing literature regarding the importance of the housing sector in the general economy; b) to “capture” the link between residential construction activity and economic development in Balkan Peninsula, pursuing supplementary research for the country of Albania; and c) to present the results of the aforementioned study in order to draw important conclusions.
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Nicholson, Beryl. "The Wrong End of the Telescope: Economic Migrants, Immigration Policy, and How it Looks from Albania." Political Quarterly 73, no. 4 (October 2002): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.00498.
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Pacukaj, Sokol. "Fostering the Development of Civil Society in Albania, the Role of the EU Policies." European Journal of Sustainable Development 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2017.v6n4p205.
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The present study analyzes the current state of the civil society in Albania and the European Union policies concerning the integration of Albania in the EU. Despite the country in recent years has made significant progress towards achieving some of the requirements needed in order to proceed towards European integration, further improvements are needed in many areas. Among them, the development of civil society is one of the most complex and urgent. The process of fostering socio-economic development in the country is intrinsically related to the involvement of civil society in the public spheres. Greater participation of civil society organizations in public life improves the quality of democracy and helps to strengthen public support for EU membership.
Keywords: civil society, development, EU, Albania, Stabilization and Association Agreement