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1
Kaleshi, Entela. "Effects of Migration and Human Capital Formation in Albania." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/864jjj42q.
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Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at -3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders. Although during the last years it is observed an increase number of return migrants, Albanian citizens continued to migrate and it is observed an increase of the number during 2014, and the new trend now is requesting asylum in EU member states increased during 2014. According to EUROSTAT data show that 65,000 Albanians applied for asylum in 2015, 55,000 of them sought asylum in Germany and 99 percent of Albanian asylum requests have been refused from European countries, half of them belong to the age group 18 – 34 years old. Due to the poor economic and living conditions in Albania, the labor market in Albania is still vulnerable and it affects the on-going migrant flows from Albania to the most developed labor markets of other countries. These migrant flows are directly linked with labor market development especially level of unemployment and poverty. Migration in Albania has major development impact and poverty implications in several levels. It has effects for individuals and their families, for origin and destination countries, and the national economy. At the individual level it shows that migrants benefit economically from their movements, their migration leads to better employment opportunities and income; at the household level in the home country migration reduces poverty at the family level and positively contributes to human capital formation, and improving education and healthcare conditions. Migration also has effects at the national level, bringing positive changes to the national economy.
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KOÇIU, Lorenc. "The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Situation On The Risk Level Facing The Albanian SMEs (Case Study: Gjirokastra Region)." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 14 (December 10, 2021): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.10.
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The COVID-19 pandemic situation that affected the whole globe, of course, also affected the economic, political, social and cultural life in Albania. This pandemic situation had a strong impact not only on changing the conditions of human relations, but also on changing doing business. In this context, Albanian SMEs should make continuous efforts to recognize the future risks they may face. In this paper, SMEs in the Gjirokastra region have been studied. The methodology used in this paper is based on data collection through a structured questionnaire and descriptive analysis of data collected from this questionnaire. At the end of this paper it turned out that due to the pandemic situation and its economic impact, Albanian SMEs are very attentive to changing conditions not only economic, but also social, legal, political, health. They are also carefully of the consequences that come from facing different risks due to changes in these conditions Key word: Albanian SMEs, financial risk, business risk, Covid-19, Gjirokastra
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Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj, and Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p60-65.
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Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
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Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj, and Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p60-65.
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Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
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Daiu, Dorina. "CONGRESS OF ELBASAN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NORMAL (PEDAGOGICAL) SCHOOL." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072499d.
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Throughout the history, teachers have played a crucial and missionary role in the preparation of generations as citizens of the future. Gratitude on teachers is definitely a patriotic obligation to them.In Albania, due to different historical, geographical and economic factors, teachers have worked and lived in difficult conditions. This is not only in the long periods of foreign conquests and in the period of the National Renaissance but also after the victory of Independence and the creation of an independent Albanian state.Most of them, as true missionaries, regardless of the conditions, devoted themselves to that noble silence, worked without a self-propelled for the nation, which always required renaissance. With and without appropriate school facilities, with difficult general conditions, with or without texts, with a lack of teaching resources, without guaranteed livelihoods, served in an exemplary manner to teach new generations the writing of Albanian language and to cultivate to the student knowledge and how to love their country.But when does the formation of teachers in Albania have the most significant institutional beginnings or developments?Through this paper I tried to bring into attention the decisions of the Congress of Elbasan in 1909 as the first Albanian Pedagogical Congress whose primary task was the opening of a Pedagogical School. This school would served in the institutionally studied preparation of teachers whose job at that time was a national emergency for the development of the Albanian nation. This school was set up to open in the city of Elbasan.Elbasan, a city of Middle Albania, has been described as the cradle of the Normal School. Alongside the economic and social development, Elbasan was also acclaimed for his cultural and educational development, especially in the period of the National Renaissance.Of great importance in the formation of students there is the patriotic spirit of the Renaissance, which was always alive and powerful among Normale's teachers.Patriotic education of students remained as primary target in the field of general formation. Albania's Albanian language (literature, history, and geography) was developed at the highest possible level of time. Since its beginning, Normal School was not seen simply as a high school, but as an educational institution that represented the dignity of the nation, which would radiate the light of Albanian knowledge. Opening Normale School was not a matter of knowledge but also patriotism.
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Nikolli, Emirgena. "Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate. Case of Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p217-227.
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This thesis studies the relationship between the economic growth and the unemployment rate in Albania. This relation is known as Okun's law, which states that 1 percent decrease in unemployment; GDP will increase by 3 percent. Albania is one of the countries that have a sluggish development and impact of unemployment is negative in the economy of the country. At the same time the economy itself effect the employment of the people. The unemployment occurs when people are without work or seeking work. During recession there is a high unemployment rate. Even some peaks of the development like in the Total Factor Productivity, integration or infrastructure there have been recession and a bad time for the Albania too. This affected the investments, the business and by lowering their profits they are obligated to lay off employees. So the unemployment rate starts to rise up. This study takes in consideration the years from 2000 to 2013 when the unemployment was rising day by day with negative impact in the economy. This thesis introduces the general relationship between gross domestic product and unemployment. The methodology used a simple regression and takes the economic growth as dependent variable and the unemployment rate as independent. The observed result didn't explain the Okun's law for Albania. The main reason is the current crises that prevent the improvement of economic conditions.
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Bejtja, Merita. "Albanian Insurance Market Analyses and their Business Model." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0067.
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Abstract The insurance market in Albania has been started to operate in the last years of centralized socialist system. It was represented by state insurance Company INSIG. It was the first important segment of the financial market to develop faster once Albania entered into the free market economy model on the last decade of the past century. It is the largest and most advanced market in non-banking financial sector. Together with investment funds, pension funds securities markets those are under the supervision of Albanian Financial Supervision Authority, not Central Bank. The insurance market, has had a lot development and positive growth in terms of wide range of products offer and the geographically expansion all over the country and in some neighboring countries in the Balkan region where Albanian population live. This potential is based on the favorable economic conditions, improved regulatory and supervisory system, low market penetration rate, as well as, on business community and population, which are dynamic and easily adaptable. The Insurance Industry has been undergoing dramatic changes during the last ten years. This industry can help the business companies and other entities on having economic and financial support, mitigating their risks and losses as well from natural disasters or other uncertainties. This sector can give a good support on social development and financial contribution on economy by reducing the risk of future losses. There are a lot of empirical research based on financial analyses of Albanian Insurance Companies in which you can see a causal relationship between insurance sector effects in economic growth by bearing risk on business investment. The study of qualitative and quantitative information on Main Insurance Company in Albania, their business model and risk drivers shows the development stage and challenges and steps needs to be in line with EU directives. Incorporation of international best practices combined with an efficient regulatory and supervisory approach will certainly play a very big role in the non-banking financial market development and growth.
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Kume, Andon. "Comparative Analyze on the Legal Solution Relevant to Status of Teachers in Albania." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.121.
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Legislative reforms in the pre-university education system in Albania have paid special attention to addressing issues related to teacher status. In law no.69 / 2012, "On the pre-university education system in the Republic of Albania", these issues are treated in accordance with the requirements of International Labor Conventions, the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania and law No. 10171, dated 22.10. 2009 "On regulated professions in the Republic of Albania" amended. The law defines the teacher as the central figure of the school. In accordance with the recommendations of the ILO and UNESCO for the status of teachers, the Albanian law guarantees contemporary standards at every stage of the process for gaining and practicing the profession, for continuous professional preparation, scientific qualification, and career. The treatment of labor relations, relations with the social partners, with the associations and the community of parents and students, the definition of their rights and duties, salaries and rewards are components of the status of a teacher.
The status of teachers reflects the social and economic conditions of the country, work culture and community traditions. The law treats teacher status as a key factor in developing the profile of a teacher capable of preparing the future citizens of an open and global society. The professional and academic freedom of the teacher is considered as an essential element of his status. Creating conditions for the exercise of civil rights related to the teaching profession, the right to participate in social and public life and to organize in trade unions are legislative achievements in line with EU standards and the requirements of international documents.
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Stamova, Mariyana. "Albanci na Balkanu tokom Drugog svetskog rata." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.152.
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After the end of the First World War, some countries in the Balkans remained dissatisfied with the status quo achieved with the Versailles system of peace treaties. The Albanian movement for territorial and ethnic Albania failed to fully realize - Kosovo and Metohija remained in the Royal Yugoslavia, established in 1918, which emerged from the First World War as a victorious state. The large Albanian population is a serious problem for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. One of the culprits, according to some researchers, is Belgrade's own political circles in the interwar period. Nationally, culturally, economically and politically, the Albanians in this period are in the worst position of any other national minority in the royal Yugoslavia. Here are a few examples to support the above. In the period between the two world wars, the Albanian minority in Yugoslavia did not have a single school in their mother tongue, nor did it have a single cultural, educational or economic association. Dissatisfaction among Albanians from Kosovo and Metohija is growing with the policy of colonizing the Serb population from other parts of the country. This policy of repression against the Albanian population in Kosovo and Metohija provoked his numerous emigration to Albania. Much of the progressive emigration, in the person of Hassan Prishtina, Bedri Peyani, Ibrahim Gjakova and others, is extremely hostile to the Yugoslav state. This was cleverly used by the Albanian and Italian governments to break up Yugoslavia years later. In this regard, it is very important for Italian intelligence to engage Kosovo emigration in order to achieve full Italian control over Albania and weaken Yugoslavia's position in the south. With the impending new military confrontation on the international field, which would undoubtedly affect this region of Europe as well, Albanians see a real opportunity to achieve their national goals. Undoubtedly, the Albanian territory is also included in the geostrategic plans of the major countries for conducting military operations in the Balkans and implementing their further plans. In this regard, Italy's goal of making Albania a bridgehead in the Balkans for control of the Straits and the Middle East is to support the aspirations of Albanian nationalists after their long struggle to create a state that unites all Albanians. The status quo of the Balkans, reached by the Versailles system of peace treaties, was destroyed in the course of the Second World War. From all the Balkan states Albania was the first to experience the new order of Hitler and Mussolini and with their help accomplished its national program, precisely с the unification of the Albanian people and establishment of an Albanian identity in the Balkans. With the capitulation of Yugoslavia on April 7, 1941, a new territorial situation was created for the Axis forces and their satellite allies. The partition of Yugoslavia is one of the conditions for the realization of the „New Order“ in Southeast Europe. Convinced that the time was coming when, with the help of Italy and Germany, Kosovo and Metohija, western Macedonia, the eastern regions of Montenegro, etc. would enter Albania's borders, the Kosovo Committee with leading figures of Albanian nationalism, such as Bedri Pejani, Rexhep Mitrovica, Ibrahim Gjakova and Rexhep Krasniqi, have elevated political concepts for ethnic and territorial Albania familiar from the interwar period. In these years „Greater Albania” was a wartime creature, which did not get international recognition. The end of the war also put to rest the idea of a national unification of the Albanian people. The Albanian state again had its boundaries established after the end of the World War I; a large part of the Albanian population was left outside of these borders.
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Merkuri, Jordan, Stefania Mirela Mang, Ippolito Camele, Magdalena Cara, and Gian Luigi Rana. "Molecular identification and artificial cultivation of a wild isolate of oyster mushroom in Albania." Italian Journal of Agronomy 10, no. 1s (March 24, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.704.
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Basidiomata of a wild mushroom macroscopically recognised as <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> were observed on an oak trunk in a mixed wood of northern Albania. Pure cultures of the fungus were then obtained on potato-dextrose-agar medium. Molecular analyses of genomic DNA of the fungus confirmed its identification. The rDNA ITS region nucleotide sequence of the studied <em>Pleurotacea</em> matched at 99% those of two <em>P. ostreatus</em> strains already present in NCBI GenBank database. The rDNA ITS nucelotide sequences of two pure cultures of the Albanian <em>P. ostreatus</em> were deposited in EMBL database under the accession numbers LN849458 and LN849459. One of the fungus isolates was subsequently cultivated under protected and semi-natural conditions. Productivity and biological efficiency of the Albanian <em>P. ostreatus</em> ranged from about 10% to 16% and from 33 to 53.33%, respectively. This seems to be the first report on the artificial cultivation of <em>P. ostreatus</em> in Albania and could have, in the next future, a high economic impact on development and diffusion of this important edible mushroom over the country.
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Balla, Bernard. "Albania's Monetary Policy and the Basic Indicators that Effect the Economic Growth." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2019-0012.
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Macroeconomic policies aim to stabilize the economy by achieving their goal of price stability, full employment and economic growth. Price stability is the responsibility of macroeconomic policies that are developed to maintain a low inflation rate, contribute to the solidity of the domestic product and maintain an exchange rate that can be predictable. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Albania's monetary policy by highlighting the main indicators that can be used as a measurement of the efficiency of this policy in the economic development. The literature review shows that there are many attitudes regarding the factors that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing monetary policies, including the elements of fiscal policies. In the Albanian economy, the prices and the level of inflation are the most important aspects. The Bank of Albania uses the inflation targeting regime, considering that the main indicator of inflationary pressures in the economy is the deviation of inflation forecasted in the medium term by its target level. In numerical terms, the bank intends to maintain its annual growth in consumer prices at the level of 3%. According to the latest reports published by the Bank of Albania in 2019, monetary policy continues to contribute positively to a financial environment with a low interest rate and an annual inflation rate of 2%. Although the inflation rate hit the lowest value of 1.8 % in 2018, a balanced rate was achieved through the reduction of interest rates and risk premiums in financial markets and, more recently, through the tightening of the exchange rate. These monetary conditions are appropriate to support the growth of domestic demand and the strengthening of inflationary pressures.
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Cobo, Marenglen. "The Legal Position of National Minorities and the Formation of State in Years’20." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p157-163.
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Albania came out of World War I in an economic – political difficult situation. State institutions lack of consolidation and the difficult living conditions in which was the population, adding even more the future uncertainty of this small state. Furthermore, Albania is not yet recognized by other states and the League of Nations as an independent state with full and equal rights. This small state during the years 20 ' occupied an area of 27,539. 10 km2 and had a population of 803 959 inhabitants. As belonged to the territorial organization and administrative division, it was divided in 9 prefectures, 31 sub-prefectures and 80 provinces. Its population belonged to three different religious faiths: Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox. The number of residents who claimed to belong to the religion of Islam was about 529,694, and those who belonged to the Orthodox religion were 168 215 and those who belonged to the Catholic religion were 96,050 . But related to the ethnic composition of the population, the Albanian state is presented as homogeneouswhere national minorities occupied a small percentage, no more than 10%. The small presence of minority in Albanian territory probably was also one of the reasons that explain the reason for the lack of labor conflicts with ethnic character. Minorities that were identified as non-Albanian minorities were divided into ethno-cultural and national minorities. In the first group were included Rom and Vlachs, while on the second group were included: Montenegrin minorities, Macedonian and Greek national minorities.
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Delija, Alma. "Microfinance Sector and Sme Financial Suport in Albania." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p243-251.
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The creation of the microfinance sector and its functioning in Albania has played an essential role and has been and is a powerful tool for the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of Albanian agribusiness. Microfinance has played an ever more decisive role in increasing output, reducing unemployment, improving the level of living conditions and welfare of the population, especially in rural areas, creating new jobs, contributing significantly to economic development Of the country. The growth and development of SMEs plays a fundamental role in the national economy, serving as a driving force in the country's economic development. Empirical evidence suggests that the growing SME sector and the dynamism of their development can strongly contribute to achieving a broad range of development objectives, such as: Achieving income distribution and poverty reduction; Creating employment; Savings mobilization; And production of goods and services that meet basic basic needs of the individual and society. Despite the great contribution to the growth and economic development of the country, the growth and development of SMEs in our country has been hampered by financial access, poor management skills, and lack of training opportunities and high input costs. Liquidities' sluggishness and low access to finance for SMEs is the biggest obstacle to them. SMEs have limited access to financial services provided by formal financial institutions to meet their liquidity and investment needs.
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Muça, Etleva, Ana Kapaj, Remzi Sulo, and Natasha Hodaj. "Factors influencing Albanian consumer preferences for standardized olive oil." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 10, no. 4-5 (December 31, 2016): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2016/4-5/17.
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Albania is considered one of the most important countries where olives are cultivated due to its geographical position and climate conditions. The country is facing many problems with the quality of olive oil which is related to cultivation methods and agronomic techniques. The economic value of the sector is calculated almost €20 million per year. For years the cultivation of olives and associated products have been considered an important sector within agriculture and are an integral part of the Albanian diet. The current study aims to analyze the factors influencing consumer preferences for a standardized olive oil. The data collection was conducted through a socio-economic survey. The survey was an important element which provided general and specific information linked to the study area. The interviewees were selected randomly. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the survey data. As a result, we conclude that Albanian consumers prefer domestic olive oil because they are familiar with the taste and believe in its qualities. Usually, Albanian consumers choose the quality of olive oil at the purchase moment, due to their close relationship with the seller.
JEL CODE: D12
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Lami, Roland. "FORMAL DECENTRALIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN ALBANIA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 2 (July 1, 2014): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v2.466.
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This article presents an argument on the regional effects of migration on Albanian administrative-territorial reform and its consolidation. Many researchers of local politics support the thesis that an important demographic change is accompanied by a change related to the quality of service at local governance level. Compare to the Western and Eastern European countries, only in the early 1960s, Albania witnessed the introduction of the first regional and urban strategies. The strategy was used to limit the expansion of large towns and to encourage the development of small and medium-sized towns. Furthermore, there are a limited number of case studies based on migration data at regional level. This is why territorial reforms should often reflect ongoing demographic changes to minimize the effects caused by overpopulation, or significant reduction of the number of population in a local unit, with respect to quality of service offered to the citizens. We discuss the research question of “how will the demographic development, i.e. natural development of population as well as internal migration, affect different types of Albanian regions?” as well as “what is the impact of demographic movements on the quality of local governance?”Based on the interpretation of some regional units, i.e. Tirana, Durres, and Fier, it is confirmed that the demographic movements in the last twenty years in Albania have brought about some changes. In some local units, the number of inhabitants is significantly reduced, while some other local units are overpopulated. This new reality leads to implications in economic, social and cultural aspects; and most importantly, we noticed an increasing dependency of local government on the central government. We further claim that local and regional authorities must participate in accordance with the “partnership” principle. Under these conditions, it is necessary to plan a new territorial division.
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Luku, Esilda. "Aspects of the Feminist Movement in the Albanian Monarchy (1928-1939)." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p285-292.
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This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the Albanian feminist movement during the Monarchy and its impact on improving the social and economic status of the women. in the late 1920s, women's societies operating in different cities were suspended by the Albanian government due to the economic crises, the social and cultural backwardness and mainly because of the efforts to centralize the political power, putting under control the women's organizations, too. The monarchical government supported only the establishment of "Albanian Women" society in Tirana, under the patronage of Queen Mother and headed by Princess Sanie Zogu. It spread its activity among many Albanian cities and in diaspora and published a magazine periodically. The intention of the feminist movement in Albania was the education of girls and women, aimed at raising their cultural level, to overcome the old patriarchal mentality. The "Albanian Women" society contributed to the organization of courses against illiteracy for the emancipation of women which was closely related to the construction of a modern state. Secondly, the women's participation in the economic activity, such as old industries and handicrafts, would improve the female economic conditions and above all her position in family and society. The activity of "Albanian Women" society was helped by the governmental policies to increase the educational level of women, establishing Female Institutes, which played an important role in social progress and economic growth. Also the improvement of the legislation guaranteed women the civil rights, but unfortunately they didn't win the right to vote, as women in the developed countries. However, the Albanian feminist movement, despite the difficulties and its limitations, marked a significant effort concerning the national organization of women dedicated to their empowerment in community.
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Palombi, L., L. Villa, M. Divizia, F. Cenko, V. Siniari, G. Rotigliano, and E. Buonomo. "Tirane, Albania: survey on drinking water quality and facilities." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0716.
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To develop a realistic model of the situation, a study was carried out in four different socio-economic and hygienic areas of Tirane, namely in the modern and historical centre as well as in the intermediate and peripheral areas. In each area interviewers from the city's Public Health Directorate, contacted randomly, door-to-door, the residents, submitting a questionnaire and collecting water samples at the same time. Our data show relevant differences regarding distribution and quality of drinking water between the centre and peripheral areas. One third of water samples revealed the presence of microorganisms, whereas one fifth had no residual chlorine. Altogether more than 200,000 people in the peripheral areas of Tirane live under low level hygienic conditions. The recent outbreaks of cholera, poliomyelitis and the hyperendemic hepatitis A disease are the dramatic results of the low quality drinking water .
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Balliu, Henris. "Policies in the Fight against Fiscal Evasion in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i3.p7-13.
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The transition process in Albania has revealed numerous problems uniformly spread having versatile impact. Such referring point is quality and effectiveness of fiscal policy in order to establish a sustainable connection among its goals and instruments being used. As a country that operates under conditions of market economy, Albania deems it necessary to increase the level of revenues in order to stabilize problems of economic balance and balance of payments. The analyses have shown that authority of fiscal policy has played primary role in the economic progress of the country. For that purpose, the behavior of contributors and their opportunity for evasion is taken into account as an important factor in the drafting of fiscal policies. The large business and VIP business conceal revenues; manipulate balances and the number of employees. Therefore they avoid tax liabilities. Roughly 45 % of economy in the country is informal, an informal market, an informal business and so on. Even nowadays, when a series of measures and amendments to the law have taken place, we still remain inside the transition train toward the station of a country with European standards. That is why the goal of this work is to analyze the offense of fiscal evasion and evasion of tax liabilities, the instruments in the prevention of this offense and the bodies rendering assistance in the fight against fiscal evasion. Arising questions are as following: What is the meaning of fiscal evasion?; What are the forms of fiscal evasion?; What are the established structures in the fight against tax informality?; What are the strategies used in the fight against fiscal evasion?; What are the solutions that can be offered?
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Peterson-Bidoshi, Kristin. "The Dordolec: Albanian House Dolls and the Evil Eye." Journal of American Folklore 119, no. 473 (July 1, 2006): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4137641.
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Abstract This study, based on forty taped interviews, considers the social and economic conditions that led to the sudden reemergence of evil eye beliefs and practices in Albania. It explores how the recent development of a highly stratified class system and the introduction of individual property ownership helped to increase the dependence of Albanians on the dordolec (scarecrow) for protection of their newfound wealth. A discussion of the kukull, the store-bought, stuffed animal version of the dordolec, offers insight into the post-post-CommunistAlbanian trend to appropriate Western commodities into the local tradition.
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Keco, Elisa, Ulrich Pont, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Thermal Performance of School Buildings: A Case Study from Albania." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.484.
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Educational facilities are expected not only to provide good thermal performance regarding energy efficiency, but also healthy and comfortable indoor conditions. The latter is specifically relevant to the well-being and learning performance of the children or students in such buildings. While the performance of school buildings in central Europe has been subjected to several scientific investigations, the same does not apply to the same extent to educational facilities from CEE (Central and Eastern European) countries. While general economic circumstances in these countries are arguably improving, the state of the public educational facilities remains less than ideal. In this contribution, which is based on a research effort conducted in the framework of a master thesis [1], we illustrate a related case study from Albania. This study focuses on the thermal performance of three school buildings (in different cities and climate zones in Albania) in view of energy demand and indoor thermal comfort. Thereby, both on-site data monitoring and numeric thermal simulation were deployed to assess the performance of these school buildings.
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Tase, Mirela, and Enkeleda Lulaj. "The Effect of Perceptions on Tourism: An Econometric Analysis of the Impacts and Opportunities for Economic and Financial Development in Albania and Kosovo." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137659.
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Today, tourism plays an important role in the economic and financial development of countries, and its impact is greater than ever. Therefore, for sustainable economic and financial growth and well-planned development, public and private investments should be directed to areas of priority tourism development. Research on the effect of perceptions on the behavior of tourists in these two countries has not been carried out before, thus, the purpose of this research is to determine whether the effects of the perception of tourists has an impact on economic and financial development based on factors (F1 (f.1.1 and f.1.2) and F2 (f.2.1 and f. 2.2)). For this study, the data were provided by respondents from several cities in Albania and Kosovo. A total of 1002 questionnaires divided into three sessions were analyzed using factor analysis, data reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. In this case, 23 variables were tested and divided into two factors and five sub-factors. The results showed that special attention should be paid to the following factors: (a) awareness of tourists of facilities in tourist destinations where they would like to visit; (b) greater knowledge of foreign languages for residents of both countries, which could facilitate communication with tourists during purchases or other requests; (c) attracting new investors and the creation by the government bodies of conditions and security for both investors and tourists; (d) supporting the marketing and sale of local products for tourists; (e) the need for infrastructure support from government bodies in both countries in order to increase economic and financial well-being through tourism; (f) the need to implement strategies focusing on the sustainable development of both countries through tourism should be strengthened; (g) in terms of sustainable development and regional competitiveness, Kosovo and Albania should follow development trends and be competitive with other countries in the region. The implications of this paper relate only to certain studied variables, and only in certain cities of Albania and Kosovo. In case of future analysis by different researchers, other variables can be analyzed for different locales by making comparisons with the presented data.
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Muharremi, Oltiana, Edlira Luҫi, Filloreta Madani, and Erald Pelari. "Evaluating the Impact of Microfinance at the Individual Level in Albania, Particularly in the Region of Vlora and Fier." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): p143. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n1p143.
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Microfinance is defined as the provision of financial services such as micro-credit, micro savings, and micro insurance for individuals with low income. Although access to micro credit is seen as a right to have credit, it rather represents a right to development and economic initiatives that could change the borrower’s way of life. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of microfinance loans in improving the living conditions of borrowers. This study is based on an empirical investigation of 384 structured questionnaires directed at microfinance institutions in the regions of Vlore and Fier, Albania.
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Aliu, Blerta. "Legal and Practical Aspects of Bankruptcy Proceedings in Albania and Their Role in the Protection of Stakeholders." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p229-234.
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Bankruptcy represents an effort to find the correct ratio between the need to protect economic assets left over from a subject in crisis and need to take care and realize greater extent the rights of creditors. Bankruptcy in Albania, for the first time was adjusted in the Commercial Code of Zogu, " Book six – Bankruptcy". Today in the Republic of Albania the law in 2002 "On bankruptcy" amended by law in 2008. This law is largely a continuation of adjustments made in 1995. This paper will address the news that the new law brings, regarding the procedures to be followed and the conditions to be met for a person debtor, can be downloaded from the remaining obligations. Regulated recognition of a foreign bankruptcy procedure and the opening of a secondary procedure, as well as collaboration between the higher of the two bankruptcy proceedings. Also, according to recent changes have envisaged by the law, Bankruptcy Supervision Agency" which is a public legal entity. We will treat the compatibility of our legislation with EU Regulation of 2000. The methodology used in the paper is the analysis of legislation and practical decisions. The conclusions show a positive tendency of legal norms to protect creditors, but the level of jurisdiction decisions and practice seems more embryonic. Relevance of this topic is related to social, legal but also economic aspects.
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Şan, Turan. "Non-Performing Loans Increase in the Albanian Banking Sector during the Last Global Economic Crisis - An Analysis Based on the Client Groups." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v1i3.p123-130.
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Non - performing loans (NPLs) in the Albanian banking sector has become a crucial problem during the last global crisis. In this study, it was aimed to understand the specific reasons of and resolutions for this issue by analyzing the bank loans based on the borrower groups. Since the general increase of the business loans’ portion in the total loans has been mostly due to the loans to large enterprises, the focus of the study is on this group. The main factors of NPLs rise by the bankers answered the questionnaire are : financing unrealistic projects, lack of corporate structure in borrowers, wrong lending decisions due to external influences/corruption, negative effects of some government applications, unfair competition in some sectors from time to time, decrease in primary commodities’ prices and false external audit. According to 86 percent of them; deeper analysis of potential clients, elimination of external factors’ effects and corruption in lending decisions, government measures to prevent unfair competition, establishment of corporate structure in borrowers and more reliable external audit are the most effective remedies while 71 percent of them consider this situation as normal for Albania under its existing conditions. It is suggested that more comprehensive and objective client analysis by the banks, institutionalization in and more reliable external audit of business entities, precise and timely government decisions to prevent unfair competition and launching of new financing methods will cause considerable improvement in NPLs issue.
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Ulunyan, Artem. "THE INITIATIVE «ONE BELT, ONE ROAD» AND THE BALKANS: THE ASSESSMENTS OF THE EXPERT COMMUNITY AND THE MEDIA OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE (2017-2020)." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2021): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.02.03.
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The article examines the assessments of the global strategic concept «One Belt, One Road» of the PRC by the representatives of the Central and Eastern European expert community and by the Albanian media. After the Cold War, the formation processes of national states in the post-Yugoslavian space have started in the Balkans, and the region has come under tight probe of the Euro-Atlantic community, of Russia and Turkey as well as of the Peoples Republic of China, which had not displayed earlier such a keen interest in this region. In the context of the global strategy outlined by the party-state leadership of mainland China, the Balkans and Central Eastern Europe have turned into important connecting link in the Chinese geostrategic concept «One Belt, One Road». In the 2010 s, the PRC has begun to establish a wide-range network of transport corridors, designed to start a «new edition» of the historical «Silk Road» and to serve as an instrument for the economic advancement of the PRC on a transcontinental scale. This policy of economic expansion of the PRC, encompassing regions and continents on its way, is being actively discussed in the expert community of Central and Eastern European states from the standpoint of identifying both specific mode of actions engaged by the party-state leadership of the PRC, as well as local conditions, interests and probable results of the implementation of the Chinese project. The author notes that expert assessments range from positive to sharply negative, which indicates the absence of a definitive opinion on this issue. In Albania, a Balkan state closely linked to both Central and Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, especially due to the presence of a large Albanian ethnic component in a number of countries of the region, the participation in the implementation of the project «One Belt, One Road» was strongly influenced by economic and political relations with the Euro-Atlantic community.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Zejnullahi, Veton. "The Process of Globalization and Its Impact on Media." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i4.p150-153.
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The process of globalization, which many times is considered as new world order is affecting all spheres of modern society but also the media. In this paper specifically we will see the impact of globalization because we see changing the media access to global problems in general being listed on these processes. We will see that the greatest difficulties will have small media as such because the process is moving in the direction of creating mega media which thanks to new technology are reaching to deliver news and information at the time of their occurrence through choked the small media. So it is fair to conclude that the rapid economic development and especially the technology have made the world seem "too small" to the human eyes, because for real-time we will communicate with the world with the only one Internet connection, and also all the information are take for the development of events in the four corners of the world and direct from the places when the events happen. Even Albanian space has not left out of this process because the media in the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo are adapted to the new conditions under the influence of the globalization process. This fact is proven powerful through creating new television packages, written the websites and newspapers in their possession.
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Morellón, Mario, Gaia Sinopoli, Adam Izdebski, Laura Sadori, Flavio Anselmetti, Richard Hodges, Eleonora Regattieri, Bernd Wagner, Brunhilda Brushulli, and Daniel Ariztegui. "Environment, Climate and Society in Roman and Byzantine Butrint." Late Antique Archaeology 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340063.
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AbstractA multiproxy analysis (sedimentology, geochemistry and pollen) of sediments recovered in the Butrint lagoon (Albania) allows us to reconstruct the environmental changes that occurred in the area during the 1st millenniumAD. In this paper, we compare these analytical results with the evidence provided by archaeological investigations carried out at the site of the Roman city of Butrint (surrounded by these lagoon waters) and in the city’s hinterlands. From this, we can say that different periods of farming and siltation (AD400–600 and 700–900) were accompanied by increased run-off and wetter conditions in the region. This coincided with the territorial and economic expansion of the Byzantine empire, suggesting the key role of trade in the profound land use changes experienced in Butrint.
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Kloep, Marion. "Concurrent and predictive correlates of girls' depression and antisocial behaviour under conditions of economic crisis and value changes: the case of Albania." Journal of Adolescence 18, no. 4 (August 1995): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1032.
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Maksimovska Stojkova, Aleksandra, Elena Nesovska Kjoseva, and Irena Stojmenovska. "Balkan Candidate Countries Running for Fiscal Consolidation: Legal Frameworks vs. Economic Results." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 22, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0020.
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The subject of this paper is four Balkan countries (Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, and Montenegro) that are determined to join the European Union. More particularly, it looks at their work towards accomplishing the political, legal and economic requirements for the EU. Thus, the legislation with the EU Fiscal Compact is the prime focus. Methodologically, the research is based on an assessment of fiscal and monetary legal documents, evaluating the stages of accomplishing the harmonization with the EU’s conditions. Further, cross‑section analyses are made by in putting selected indicators; additionally, the authors compare the four countries’ achievements. The EU’s rigorous fiscal rules are being quietly bypassed, but more frequently by existing member states than the candidate states; this statement is founded on legal and economic arguments, with mathematical estimations. Consequently, the authors question the political courage and financial capacity of the examined countries to cope with the fiscal compact of the superior EU 28 members. The answers are supported with numerous analyses of EU Reports for each country, as well as tables and figures that compare the states’ results and economic achievements vs. EU fiscal consolidation rules. The EU 28 average is givenin addition as a comparison. The conclusion gives across analysis between the four countries and the EU 28 member states, with accompanying argumentation to the main statement about the legal and economic developments of the examined Balkan countries as well as a future prognosis.
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Thomai, Gjergj. "Territorial Planning Policy for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Business & Technology 1, no. 1 (October 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.05.
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Urban planning in Albania, has been promoted in various forms of organization. Ultimately Territorial Planning Law represents another form of policies on the territory that is closely linked to the decentralization of control of the territory. Up to now, four developments has been particularly important: * European approach, which gave an increase in economic and social cohesion policy; * Decentralization in the early 2000s, which has made local governments full participants in the process of territorial planning; * The emergence of the notion of sustainable development; * Initiation of international economic relations after the nineties. Territorial planning policy for sustainable development requires meeting the challenges posed by changing economic, social and cultural development, to achieve a balance of population, industry, culture, etc., between the provinces of the country, such as: a) define the principles and directions for a balanced and sustainable development of territory with European standards; b) the establishment of the territorial conditions for regional development; c) the direction of the establishment and development of national public infrastructure; d) creation of conditions for the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources on and under the earth and the natural and cultural wealth, balancing the effects of housing systems and economic activities and the protection of green spaces development of other areas of cultivable; etc. The objectives of these policies are: Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; European territorial cooperation and contractual approach as an effective means of implementation of projects that include various levels of government, "an area, a strategy, a contract". They will focus on priorities: local competition and attractiveness; environmental dimension of sustainable development; social and territorial cohesion; sustainable development.
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Mele, Marcela, and Majlinda Muka. "Uneven Peripheral Developments in Central and Eastern Europe: A Case Study of the Tirana City Region, Albania." Quaestiones Geographicae 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2022-0018.
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Abstract This paper traces residential and spatial urban transformations in Albania, one of the last post-socialist countries embracing neoliberalism. To do this, we employed a discourse analysis based on analogies of uneven urban peripheral developments in the regions of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), evaluating the impact of uneven (sub) urban development of settlements, with a particular emphasis on socio-economic aspects that need to be addressed in the process of extensive urban growth of the Tirana city region. Our empirical analysis reveals the inherent diversity of urban experiences across post-socialist countries in CEE with a particular reference to how the new post-socialist urban landscape in the Tirana city region produces geographically uneven socio-spatial development. Additionally, we highlight the dichotomy between the urban conditions of a ‘fortress landscape’ in the southern part of the capital of Tirana and its northern part of a new emerging small municipality lagging behind (in)formally with a new fringes identity. Our findings theoretically contribute to a post-socialist critique of urban studies due to urban theory’s neglect of post-socialist cities like Tirana.
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Qorraj, Gazmend, and Gezim Jusufi. "The EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement for the Western Balkans: Between Challenges and Opportunities." Croatian International Relations Review 24, no. 81 (May 1, 2018): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2018-0003.
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Abstract The role of the European Union (EU) trade liberalisation with the four Western Balkan countres — namely Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania, and Macedonia — is overestimated, as major benefits could be expected mainly from institutional reforms rather than trade creation and economic perspective due to low economic development and a lack of comparative advantages in these countries1. The core issue to be addressed in this article is whether these firms can exploit the opportunities arising from the EU integration process. The aim of this article is to confirm the hypothesis that the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) and trade agreements in the Western Balkans are not sufficient pre-conditions for successful performance and increase of exports by local firms; the main focus should be on the internal performance of firms. The paper analyses and compares the data collected by surveys conducted with local firms in Kosovo in order to measure the impact of the SAA. Finally, the article suggests that in the short and medium run the SAA could support and improve the quality of products, technical standards, and firm competitiveness as a pre-condition for better access to the EU market in the long run.
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Mansi, Egla, Eglantina Hysa, Mirela Panait, and Marian Catalin Voica. "Poverty—A Challenge for Economic Development? Evidences from Western Balkan Countries and the European Union." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 7754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187754.
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During the last few decades, economists have tried to find a solution to eradicate poverty, especially since the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals were launched. The target of Goal 1 is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While income inequality and unemployment have played a major part in contributing to poor wellbeing in the world, other factors such as political instability, a lack of good investment opportunities, and living conditions have contributed to it as well. Thus, in this work, the authors analyze the factors that impact poverty and compare these results between countries within the European Union and post-communist countries that include the Western Balkan (WB) countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. The method used consists of both descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis using the fixed effect model where poverty is taken as the dependent variable. The data used in this study are gathered from the World Bank and Legatum Prosperity, during the period between 2009 and 2018. The results show that income inequality does indeed impact the further progress of poverty for both the EU and WB, while economic development in terms of GDP is shown to have a more significant impact on EU than in WB, where the most significant impact was through income per capita. Other factors such as education, investment environment, and especially unemployment also significantly impacted on decreasing the poverty rate in both economic zones.
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Çera, Gentjan, Ina Pagria, Khurram Ajaz Khan, and Lindita Muaremi. "Mobile banking usage and gamification: the moderating effect of generational cohorts." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 12, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsit-01-2020-0005.
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Purpose The extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model has been adapted and applied by scholars to gain insight into mobile banking (m-banking) usage. By combining three perspectives, UTAUT2, gamification (GM) and generational cohort theory, this study aims to investigate the factors which impact m-banking usage and examine the moderating effect of generations Y and Z on the relationship between GM and intention to use m-banking. Design/methodology/approach The adopted model was tested in a quantitative study by using partial least square structural equation modelling. A total of 380 valid questionnaires from a transition country, Albania, have been examined. Findings In the study, scientific evidence concerning the UTAUT2 model and GM elements are provided. Thus, facilitation conditions, habit and hedonic motivation were found to be significant determinants of GM. Moreover, the results revealed that age moderates the relationship between GM and behavioural intention (BI). Compared to generation Z, individuals born prior to 1996 (generation Y), exhibited a much stronger relationship. Research limitations/implications Although Albania bears similarities with other transition countries in terms of regional, economic and political environments, the generalisation of these results to another context is rather limited. Practical implications This paper offers a model integrating UTAUT2, GM and generational cohorts in the context of a transition country. The findings can be applied in the form of guidelines for a number of financial institutions. Originality/value Besides identifying the determinants of m-banking adoption and GM, this study notably reveals the importance of generational cohorts because it governs the effect of GM on m-banking BI.
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Sota, Jani, and Lindita Lutaj. "Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0066.
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This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.
Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Slavković Mirić, Božica. "GRAD PRIZREN I OKOLINA IZMEĐU DVA SVETSKA RATA." Leskovački zbornik LXII (2022): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lz-lxii.153sm.
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Prizren and the Prizren district had a rich economic, political, religious and cultural tradition. Prizren was one of the few cities in Kosovo and Metohija (there were also Peć, Priština and Kosovska Mitrovica). It had a hydroelectric power plant, a slaughterhouse, markets, water supply and sewerage, schools, reading rooms, a public bath and a customs office building. The state built the Gymnasium, the District Court and the Nursery. The Tetovo-Prizren road was very important, telephone and telegraph communications were developed, and Šar planina was a tourist attraction. In Prizren, most of the inhabitants were engaged in industry, primarily milling because agriculture was an important branch of the economy. It had developed trade and crafts, although these branches declined due to the development of industry and its products. Educational and health conditions were not adequate as in all parts of Kosovo and Metohija, but Prizren stood out for the seminary and the hospital with the largest number of buildings. Also, Prizren was an important geostrategic point and political economic center. In the years before the Second World War, Prizren and its surroundings began to decline due to the closing of the border with Albania, but Prizren still remained a symbol of the imperial city with a special mentality that sets it apart from other cities in all of Serbia.
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Skenderi, Sibora. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: To issue, or not to issue, that is the question- Legal and Economic Implications in the EU and, the Albanian Perspective." European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejaafr.2013/vol10n85677.
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This research paper aims to serve as an added value to enrich the literature regarding the Central Banks Digital Currency and all its possible implications impacting the financial system. Our focus is on analysing CBDC from different perspectives, by analysing the motivations and concerns that lead countries with different economic conditions to introduce for their public this innovation as well as, to analyse the implications it poses due to significant fields of banking sector at whole, in terms of commercial banks, monetary policy of central bank or all the spikes that may happen in financial stability. The imminent allocation of crypto currencies has been the catalyst which has prompted Central Banks of various countries in Europe and beyond, to launch complex studies focusing on the implementation of macroeconomic policies in the context of digital currency issued by Central Banks. In prima facie overview, this process will be accompanied by various challenges, ascertained these challenges in the economic field but also in the legal one. This research paper, inter alia, aims to analyse the legal regulatory framework at the level of the European Union, taking into account the potential implications, material and procedural difficulties as well as, the economic effects that may derive from the issuance of digital currency issued by Central Banks. Along with analysation of EU legal framework in this research paper shall be analysed also the perspective of the Republic of Albania, as a candidate country for membership in the European Union which has the obligation to harmonize legislation with the aquis communiter.
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Isto, Raino. "Representing the Worker in Postsocialist Public Space: Art and Politics under Neoliberalism." International Labor and Working-Class History 98 (2020): 43–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000113.
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AbstractAcross former Eastern Europe, the transition from state socialism toward neoliberal capitalism has been accompanied by a marked reduction in emphasis on working-class identities. Because of the centrality of class to socialist-era identity-construction projects, the recent and relatively sudden ascendancy of various forms of individualist, consumption-oriented subjectivity in postrevolutionary societies has produced conflicts that are often more visible than in societies where capitalism has been the accepted economic paradigm for much longer. This shift can be seen in the realm of art and visual culture: Images of the worker once dominated public spaces under state socialism, competing in number with representations of leaders and communist ideologues, but since 1989 they have often been vandalized, dismantled, or else relocated to decay in relative obscurity. Where new public images of the worker do appear in postsocialist neoliberal conditions, they frequently serve as nexuses of controversy, where generational and ideological conflicts regarding current labor conditions and the legacy of worker solidarity play out. The debates surrounding representations of workers in postsocialism are both part of a global history of postsocialist art and part of the history of labor and its relation to contemporary urban space. This article examines artistic representations of the worker sited in public space in postsocialist Albania, in order to map the political and artistic discourses that animate engagements with working-class identity in conditions of neoliberal social transformation.
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Canco, Irina. "Opportunities for Improving the Inventory Management Based on the Example of Albanian Manufacturing Companies." Socialiniai tyrimai 45, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/soctyr.45.1.6.
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In the way of fast and complex developments of businesses, the inventory plays as well an important role. The complexity of the economic environment where the businesses operate and the problems they encounter orient the manager’s attention towards the management of inventory. This refers to the inventory’s specifics in general and his constituent elements. Despite these the common characteristic of the inventory is its double character, as on one hand it represents necessary, inevitable elements for the development of the productive activity of every business, and on the other the inventory requires considerable commitments of the financial sources. This has made the efficient management of the inventory a central problem, on which a series of researches have been concentrated.This paper is an effort to deal with some problems of efficient management of the inventory in the business organizations, regarding the quantity, quality, and time dimensions on the inventory because inventories are the focal point in business performance. But, the greatest part of businesses in Albania operate in the conditions when information about inventory management missing. Problems addressed in this paper can be serve the managers for improvement their job in the future.
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Bilenko, Yuriy. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL CRISES AND BEYOND." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-4-8-18.
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The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.
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Bozdo, Rejla. "The Impact of Anxiety on Perceptions During the Lockdown of COVID-19." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (March 3, 2021): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.50.
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The world faced a new way of organizing everyday life in many countries during 2019. Lockdowns applied in many societies. People adopted a “new way” of living which now is called “the new normal”. The tense days spent under the virus threat made people experience changes in their daily lives, plus it forced them into behaving differently than before when the fear of any pandemic was almost nonexistent. This research was conducted during the days of lockdown and it indicates the feelings people experienced during the conditions of lockdown, in particular: on the magnitude of anxiety they felt, how anxiety may have affected perceptions and behaviors related to economy; furthermore, on the perceptions of economic crisis. Also gender differences were tested regarding the above. An online survey was conducted in Albania from March 22nd to April 4th, 2020, during the lockdown period of COVID-19. Since the 9th of March 2020, the Albanian government started issuing the anti-COVID-19 measures that were toughened later in the following weeks of March and April. The education institutions were closed and other public and private services were limited. The government issued a strict curfew allowing people to go out in limited hours, in some days up to one hour. Some weekends the curfew lasted for 24-48 hours in isolation where citizens were prohibited to walk outside of their homes. Transportation was limited to the employee shuttles and distribution transportation services only. Private cars were not allowed for many weeks. Physical stores were closed; only those selling food could open for limited hours. 1205 respondents participated in this online survey, from which 1061 valid questionnaires were analyzed, in a sample of 66.2% female and 33.8% male, providing data regarding their feelings during quarantine, their decisions related to future spending and how they perceived the future economic situation. The aim is to investigate the relation between anxiety and economic crises perceptions, the levels of anxiety and decision-makings on future spending and if there is any variance affected by gender, in order to have an outcome on the assumption that anxiety feelings may affect peoples’ behavior as consumers. The results of this research show that there are differences between male and female groups on the levels of anxiety experienced during the lockdown and on the level of perception of future economic crisis, but there is no difference between gender groups regarding the decision in reducing future spending. Another finding from this research is that people experiencing high levels of anxiety, were more likely to lessen their future expenses. Also, there is a significant relationship between anxiety and the level of perception on the fear of future economic crisis in the country. People with high levels of anxiety, perceive a higher level of crisis. There is a significant relationship between anxiety and decision-making of reducing the future spending. People with high levels of anxiety, have higher levels of reduction of future spending. The decreasing of future spending is related more to the perception of future economic crisis than to feelings of anxiety.
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Mazreku, Ibish, and Donjeta Morina. "TRADE ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF KOSOVO WITH THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061611m.
Full textAbstract:
With the rapid development of manufacturing forces, national markets are becoming very small, while the need for economic cooperation between countries is becoming ever greater. Economic and trade cooperation between countries is the only way for small countries to benefit from large markets. Viewed from the aspect of transition countries, this collaboration offers domestic producers the opportunity to link to global chains. For a small and new country like Kosovo, good economic and trade relations with neighboring countries are of great importance. Free trade with the countries of the region is of the utmost importance for Kosovo because it not only allows the import of raw materials and products that are not produced domestically, but it also provides potential markets for its exports. However, we recognize the fact that in terms of carrying out trade activities in relation to other countries, Kosovo faces a continuing problem that is the trade balance deficit as a result of its dependence on imports and as a result of its, in development constraints of exports. Kosovo is the smallest country in the region due to its size, but also by its economic and trade impact in the region. It is characterized by a lack of domestic economic development, namely with lack of the manufacturing sector and industry, and as a result, it can not satisfy domestic demand, which the demand is then forced to cover mainly by imports, by thus affecting the growth of the trade balance deficit.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends in Kosovo's foreign trade through various data published by relevant institutions, in order to look at the directions and trends in the development of trade activities with other countries, mainly with the countries of the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) and to seen the importance of this economic and trade cooperation. Based on this database and the comparisons made over the years, conclusions are drawn regarding the current trade conditions between Kosovo and these countries, their economic relations within CEFTA and the EU and their long-term economic orientation. Given the unfavorable trade situation in the region, it is necessary for the Balkan countries to strengthen their friendly bridges and to increase economic cooperation with a view to the mutual development of trade. This will most certainly contribute to an accelerated economic development for these countries as well as to improving the relations of the countries of the region. Creating a good relationship between the countries of the region is also the main goal of CEFTA, which enables the creation of a free trade zone for the Western Balkan countries. The path to prosperity for the Western Balkans depends on the progress of regional and international economic integration by linking with global markets through trade, transport, and investment.
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Bici, Ruzhdie, and Mirësi Çela. "Education as An Important Dimension of the Poverty." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (January 21, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i3.p88-95.
Full textAbstract:
Poverty is an important phenomenon affecting individual and household life. It is important to know the factors that influence the possibility of being poor. An important cause and effect of poverty, one of the ones multidimensional nature of poverty is education level. Mostly, when we speak for the poverty, we based our estimates in the monetary terms, income or consumption. There are other dimensions like education, health, infrastructure, access in basic services, etc, that influence the economic and financial situation of the individuals. In Albania, to calculate the absolute poverty line is used the monetary poverty based on the consumption. The data refers to the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS), which gives us the possibility to have multi indicators and also disaggregate and test the relationship and influence. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of different indicators, mainly related with education and analyzing the influence on the poverty reduction. This research is based on Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS). This is a multidimensional survey collected near households and it collects information for living conditions, health, education, poverty, assets, migration etc. Is is used descriptive analyses and multinominal regression to analyse the trend on education and the significance on categories of different factors inluenced the education level. At the end we conclude that education is an influenced factors but also influence the poverty.
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Simon, Djerdj. "Economic transition in Yugoslavia: A view from outside." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 1 (2003): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301104s.
Full textAbstract:
Yugoslavia, once an advanced country in market reforms, was one of the least transformed countries in Eastern Europe in the nineties. Such a situation was caused by the civil war, policy of the Milosevic?s regime and international sanctions. The resistance of the ruling conservative forces made it impossible to establish an adequate reform policy. Thus, the transition stopped short halfway. The situation has radically changed only since the autumn of 2000, after Milosevic?s downfall, when after the gradual lifting of international isolation, economic and political reforms were given a new stimulus, and the country could start the process of European integration. This article is an attempt to give an overview of the transition of the Yugoslav economy in the last ten years or so. The growth rate of Yugoslavia?s GDP is compared not only with that of its neighbouring countries, i.e. other former socialist countries of South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Romania) but also with that of other transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Commonwealth of Independent States. A particular attention is given to the role of research and development (R&D) in Yugoslavia in the nineties as compared to Croatia, Slovenia, and the United States. The structural changes in the Yugoslav economy during the past decade are analysed together with property relations as well as the issues concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the sectoral level, it is the performance of manufacturing and agriculture that is separately explored. In relation to this, wage formation and relative wage levels in Yugoslavia?s manufacturing are viewed regarding the country?s international competitiveness and wider characteristics of globalising world economy. In analysing the role of external sources in the Yugoslav economy, the problems of foreign trade, external indebtedness, and attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) are emphasized together with the economic assistance rendered to the FRY by the European Union. Regarding the important indicator of openness, i.e. the share of exports and imports in GDP, a comparison is made between Yugoslavia, on one hand, and Croatia, Slovenia, the European Union, and the United States, on the other. The economic policy of Milosevic?s regime is contrasted with that of the new democratic government that came to power after the events in October 2000. Stabilisation, liberalisation, privatisation, and institutional reform are considered giving particular attention to the experience of the member republics of the Yugoslav federation: Serbia and Montenegro. The author comes to the following conclusions: in transition countries stabilisation, liberalisation, and privatisation cannot be successful without carrying out a comprehensive, deep reform of the system of political institutions that along with creation of conditions for establishment of democracy and its strengthening also enables building of a modern and efficient market economy. This complicated and often contradictory process could come across serious obstacles if the old state and party nomenclature in power retains the command economy without planning, and under demagogical, nationalistic, and populist slogans gets involved in wars even taking the risks of being put under international isolation. However, such an outdated economic system characterised by autarchy can only temporarily exist and hinder the unravelling of market reforms in the epoch of globalisation.
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Deda, Eriona. "Econometric Evaluation of Micro Factors of Seasonality on Revenues, Price, Sales and Farmers Work-Occupation: Case of Apple And Tomato on the Regions of Prizren, Lushnja, and Korça." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p351.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the importance of effects and impact of seasonal fluctuations on income of farmers, workoccupation in farm and sales on apples activity for areas of Korça and Prizren , and in tomatos activities for areas Lushnja and Prizren. Lushnja area is one of the most popular areas of Albania on the quality of vegetable production. Seasonal effects that influence on the apples production in areas of Korça and Prizren and tomatos in areas of Lushnja and Prizren. Some seasonal effects comes as a result of weather conditions, pests and diseases, and are more expressed in those economic phenomenon such us: the volatility of price over year, to farmers income and to farmers work-occupation over a year. We also can say that the production of apples and tomatos in our country includes more intensive activities of production that require large investments. Their production cost turns out to be higher for manufacturers, but, while also enabling high levels of profit. Our estimates are based on data obtained from surveys, for 300 farmers, to make our evaluations we build some econometric models. In this paper we have used the model of seasonal indexes, where seasonal variation can be measured in terms of an index called the seasonal index. We have used these methods: seasonal indexes standard deviations, and econometric modeling. Also we have defined indicators and values of the variations coefficient. The variations coefficient is a relative indicator which expresses the ratio between to standard deviation size and arithmetic average of mass phenomenon.
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Canco, Irina. "What Made Me an Entrepreneur?" European Journal of Management Issues 30, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/192214.
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Purpose: The purpose of the paper is the presentation of creation and development of entrepreneurship by giving evidence on the influence of determining factors. In this context, the issues of this study can serve as motivation for young people to believe in their personal abilities and engage in entrepreneurial activities to influence economic growth in the country.
Design/Method/Approach: The study considers the previous studies for the entrepreneurship/ The paper focus is a business-case study/ Business activity is analyzed in some aspects based on data collected through questionnaires.
Findings: Some of the most important findings are an entrepreneur’s personality characteristics, his previous experience in the relevant field, the prominent initiative and high level of risk taking, his open-mindedness, the entrepreneur takes care of creation and preservation of business reputation under the slogan: Family, work, and satisfaction as important conditions for the establishment of good human relationships.
Theoretical Implications: From the theoretical point of view, the paper evidences the fact that entrepreneurship is a study field relatively new. Therefore, every study is important because they increase the number of theoretical studies in this field which is multidisciplinary.
Practical Implications: The paper reflects the successful path of an entrepreneur who, despite some hardships, realizes an individual vision and fills in the needs he sees in society bringing new products or services into the marketplace.
Originality/Value: The paper analyzes the birth, growth and development of a concrete enterprise in given conditions, and this emphasizes the deeply original character of the study.
Research Limitations/Future Research: The paper analyzes a concrete case, and it constitutes a limitation. However, it refers to a certain period of time, concretely the post-dictatorial period, with worsened macroeconomic parameters, which should be considered by future researchers.
The change of the socio-economic development strategy in Albania was reflected in the environment that creates opportunities and responsive perspectives for human resources with a long-term outlook. Engaging in long-term productive economies is a risky occupation. The risk is conditioned by time, individual effort, available information and space. This paper is based on the results generated from surveying the occupation of one of the most successful enterprises that started its activity in the first years of the change of the socio-economic system. Through a case study, the paper also discusses theoretical problems of entrepreneurship over the years, as well as possible methods of managing an enterprise. In conclusion, it shows how individuals who are creative and motivated to find new ways to enter a market are the main support to business success.
Paper type: Empirical
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Janus, Jakub. "Real interest rate differentials between Central and Eastern European countries and the euro area." Equilibrium 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.031.
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Research background: The question of changes in real interest rates differentials between the Euro Area and the CEE countries in the last years is raised because of two main reasons. The first rationale is related to the growing importance of external financial factors for the CEE economies and their monetary autonomy. The second reason is associated with the unprecedented shift in monetary conditions in the EMU, brought about by negative interest rates policy and unconventional policies, and the way it impacts the real rates in the CEE economies.
Purpose of the article: This paper aims at exploring the relationship between real interest rates in the Euro Area and ten countries: Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, North Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine. The analysis covers the years of 1999-2018, including periods before and after the financial and economic crisis.
Methods: We employ Markov-switching regression to construct the ex-ante real interest rates series in each country, using monthly data on short-term interest rates and CPI inflation rates. A battery of unit root and stationarity test, both standard and panel ones, is applied to examine the real interest rate parity, also allowing for a structural break in the rate differentials.
Findings & Value added: We provide detailed evidence on the real interest rates differentials for all of the CEE countries vis-à-vis the Euro Area. We find that, while panel stationarity tests point to the stability of real rate differentials, there are significant dissimilarities across the countries, and the results of the univariate tests are often mixed. At least half of the economies, however, reveal similar patterns of stationarity in real rates relationships. At the same time, we find differentials for the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, countries highly integrated into the EMU economy, to be unstable over time.
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Han, Alex E. "Education and Healthcare Reforms in Post-Conflict Setting: Case Studies in Kosovo." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v8i2.613.
Full textAbstract:
Kosovo is a small country that was first declared an independent state on 17 February 2008. Albanians make up 90% of the overall population, whereas the Serbs, Turks, Bosnians, and Roma make up to 10% of the total population as the minority group. Before 1999, Kosovo was part of the Yugoslav organization, but after the March –June 1999 conflicts, the North Atlantic Treaty Forces (NATO), thus bringing Kosovo under United Nations administration (Solana, 114-120). Post-conflict recovery is heavy for Kosovo as it entails rebuilding numerous systems' infrastructure for both the healthcare system and education system (Solana, 114-120). The infrastructure and procedures need to be carefully reorganized to curb both communicable and non-communicable diseases to restructure family care and also to better the education provided in Kosovo. The new state is experiencing a slow economic growth rate of less than 4% causing a slow growth rate of both the education and the healthcare system. This rate of economic growth is caused by almost half of the Kosovo people being unemployed and young. The state of the education system in Kosovo has been affected by many different players that have over the years disintegrated the education system and particularly left adverse effects on children and women. According to the PISA international exam for international students OECD exam that was conducted to test the ability of learners to study, Kosovo students became the last three position out of the 73 counties that took the test for math and reading. This shows that the quality of education at these schools is still low. This indicated poor planning in the Kosovo education system for instance the high congestion in schools since due to the overcrowding, students do not get to experience the personalized teaching they require hence both the learners and teachers end up feeling stressed, poor funding for schools in Kosovo, poor working standards and low salaries for teachers. These reforms were to help Albania to reform from the adverse effects of conflict by the Serbians. The aim of these reforms for both healthcare and education was to improve the current unfavorable conditions like lack of equipment as the learners would sit on the floor and write on each other’s backs and hospitals lacked equipment for work.
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Crowther, William. "Ethnic Condominium and Illiberalism in Macedonia." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417716515.
Full textAbstract:
Over the course of the past ten years the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–Democratic Party for national Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) has progressively extended its control over Macedonian political, social, and economic life, restricting the space for democratic discourse and limiting completion. Throughout this period it has acted in concert with elites representing the country’s Albanian minority and has included Albanian political parties, currently the Democratic Union for Integration (DUI) as minority coalition partners. This article will examine the conditions that gave rise to illiberalism in Macedonia and the interaction between ethnic politics and the retreat from democracy.