Academic literature on the topic 'Albania Economic conditions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Albania Economic conditions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Albania Economic conditions"
1
Kaleshi, Entela. "Effects of Migration and Human Capital Formation in Albania." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/864jjj42q.
Full textAbstract:
Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at -3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders. Although during the last years it is observed an increase number of return migrants, Albanian citizens continued to migrate and it is observed an increase of the number during 2014, and the new trend now is requesting asylum in EU member states increased during 2014. According to EUROSTAT data show that 65,000 Albanians applied for asylum in 2015, 55,000 of them sought asylum in Germany and 99 percent of Albanian asylum requests have been refused from European countries, half of them belong to the age group 18 – 34 years old. Due to the poor economic and living conditions in Albania, the labor market in Albania is still vulnerable and it affects the on-going migrant flows from Albania to the most developed labor markets of other countries. These migrant flows are directly linked with labor market development especially level of unemployment and poverty. Migration in Albania has major development impact and poverty implications in several levels. It has effects for individuals and their families, for origin and destination countries, and the national economy. At the individual level it shows that migrants benefit economically from their movements, their migration leads to better employment opportunities and income; at the household level in the home country migration reduces poverty at the family level and positively contributes to human capital formation, and improving education and healthcare conditions. Migration also has effects at the national level, bringing positive changes to the national economy.
2
KOÇIU, Lorenc. "The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Situation On The Risk Level Facing The Albanian SMEs (Case Study: Gjirokastra Region)." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 14 (December 10, 2021): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.10.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic situation that affected the whole globe, of course, also affected the economic, political, social and cultural life in Albania. This pandemic situation had a strong impact not only on changing the conditions of human relations, but also on changing doing business. In this context, Albanian SMEs should make continuous efforts to recognize the future risks they may face. In this paper, SMEs in the Gjirokastra region have been studied. The methodology used in this paper is based on data collection through a structured questionnaire and descriptive analysis of data collected from this questionnaire. At the end of this paper it turned out that due to the pandemic situation and its economic impact, Albanian SMEs are very attentive to changing conditions not only economic, but also social, legal, political, health. They are also carefully of the consequences that come from facing different risks due to changes in these conditions Key word: Albanian SMEs, financial risk, business risk, Covid-19, Gjirokastra
3
Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj, and Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p60-65.
Full textAbstract:
Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
4
Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj, and Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p60-65.
Full textAbstract:
Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
5
Daiu, Dorina. "CONGRESS OF ELBASAN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NORMAL (PEDAGOGICAL) SCHOOL." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072499d.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the history, teachers have played a crucial and missionary role in the preparation of generations as citizens of the future. Gratitude on teachers is definitely a patriotic obligation to them.In Albania, due to different historical, geographical and economic factors, teachers have worked and lived in difficult conditions. This is not only in the long periods of foreign conquests and in the period of the National Renaissance but also after the victory of Independence and the creation of an independent Albanian state.Most of them, as true missionaries, regardless of the conditions, devoted themselves to that noble silence, worked without a self-propelled for the nation, which always required renaissance. With and without appropriate school facilities, with difficult general conditions, with or without texts, with a lack of teaching resources, without guaranteed livelihoods, served in an exemplary manner to teach new generations the writing of Albanian language and to cultivate to the student knowledge and how to love their country.But when does the formation of teachers in Albania have the most significant institutional beginnings or developments?Through this paper I tried to bring into attention the decisions of the Congress of Elbasan in 1909 as the first Albanian Pedagogical Congress whose primary task was the opening of a Pedagogical School. This school would served in the institutionally studied preparation of teachers whose job at that time was a national emergency for the development of the Albanian nation. This school was set up to open in the city of Elbasan.Elbasan, a city of Middle Albania, has been described as the cradle of the Normal School. Alongside the economic and social development, Elbasan was also acclaimed for his cultural and educational development, especially in the period of the National Renaissance.Of great importance in the formation of students there is the patriotic spirit of the Renaissance, which was always alive and powerful among Normale's teachers.Patriotic education of students remained as primary target in the field of general formation. Albania's Albanian language (literature, history, and geography) was developed at the highest possible level of time. Since its beginning, Normal School was not seen simply as a high school, but as an educational institution that represented the dignity of the nation, which would radiate the light of Albanian knowledge. Opening Normale School was not a matter of knowledge but also patriotism.
6
Nikolli, Emirgena. "Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate. Case of Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p217-227.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the relationship between the economic growth and the unemployment rate in Albania. This relation is known as Okun's law, which states that 1 percent decrease in unemployment; GDP will increase by 3 percent. Albania is one of the countries that have a sluggish development and impact of unemployment is negative in the economy of the country. At the same time the economy itself effect the employment of the people. The unemployment occurs when people are without work or seeking work. During recession there is a high unemployment rate. Even some peaks of the development like in the Total Factor Productivity, integration or infrastructure there have been recession and a bad time for the Albania too. This affected the investments, the business and by lowering their profits they are obligated to lay off employees. So the unemployment rate starts to rise up. This study takes in consideration the years from 2000 to 2013 when the unemployment was rising day by day with negative impact in the economy. This thesis introduces the general relationship between gross domestic product and unemployment. The methodology used a simple regression and takes the economic growth as dependent variable and the unemployment rate as independent. The observed result didn't explain the Okun's law for Albania. The main reason is the current crises that prevent the improvement of economic conditions.
7
Bejtja, Merita. "Albanian Insurance Market Analyses and their Business Model." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0067.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The insurance market in Albania has been started to operate in the last years of centralized socialist system. It was represented by state insurance Company INSIG. It was the first important segment of the financial market to develop faster once Albania entered into the free market economy model on the last decade of the past century. It is the largest and most advanced market in non-banking financial sector. Together with investment funds, pension funds securities markets those are under the supervision of Albanian Financial Supervision Authority, not Central Bank. The insurance market, has had a lot development and positive growth in terms of wide range of products offer and the geographically expansion all over the country and in some neighboring countries in the Balkan region where Albanian population live. This potential is based on the favorable economic conditions, improved regulatory and supervisory system, low market penetration rate, as well as, on business community and population, which are dynamic and easily adaptable. The Insurance Industry has been undergoing dramatic changes during the last ten years. This industry can help the business companies and other entities on having economic and financial support, mitigating their risks and losses as well from natural disasters or other uncertainties. This sector can give a good support on social development and financial contribution on economy by reducing the risk of future losses. There are a lot of empirical research based on financial analyses of Albanian Insurance Companies in which you can see a causal relationship between insurance sector effects in economic growth by bearing risk on business investment. The study of qualitative and quantitative information on Main Insurance Company in Albania, their business model and risk drivers shows the development stage and challenges and steps needs to be in line with EU directives. Incorporation of international best practices combined with an efficient regulatory and supervisory approach will certainly play a very big role in the non-banking financial market development and growth.
8
Kume, Andon. "Comparative Analyze on the Legal Solution Relevant to Status of Teachers in Albania." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.121.
Full textAbstract:
Legislative reforms in the pre-university education system in Albania have paid special attention to addressing issues related to teacher status. In law no.69 / 2012, "On the pre-university education system in the Republic of Albania", these issues are treated in accordance with the requirements of International Labor Conventions, the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania and law No. 10171, dated 22.10. 2009 "On regulated professions in the Republic of Albania" amended. The law defines the teacher as the central figure of the school. In accordance with the recommendations of the ILO and UNESCO for the status of teachers, the Albanian law guarantees contemporary standards at every stage of the process for gaining and practicing the profession, for continuous professional preparation, scientific qualification, and career. The treatment of labor relations, relations with the social partners, with the associations and the community of parents and students, the definition of their rights and duties, salaries and rewards are components of the status of a teacher.
The status of teachers reflects the social and economic conditions of the country, work culture and community traditions. The law treats teacher status as a key factor in developing the profile of a teacher capable of preparing the future citizens of an open and global society. The professional and academic freedom of the teacher is considered as an essential element of his status. Creating conditions for the exercise of civil rights related to the teaching profession, the right to participate in social and public life and to organize in trade unions are legislative achievements in line with EU standards and the requirements of international documents.
9
Stamova, Mariyana. "Albanci na Balkanu tokom Drugog svetskog rata." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.152.
Full textAbstract:
After the end of the First World War, some countries in the Balkans remained dissatisfied with the status quo achieved with the Versailles system of peace treaties. The Albanian movement for territorial and ethnic Albania failed to fully realize - Kosovo and Metohija remained in the Royal Yugoslavia, established in 1918, which emerged from the First World War as a victorious state. The large Albanian population is a serious problem for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. One of the culprits, according to some researchers, is Belgrade's own political circles in the interwar period. Nationally, culturally, economically and politically, the Albanians in this period are in the worst position of any other national minority in the royal Yugoslavia. Here are a few examples to support the above. In the period between the two world wars, the Albanian minority in Yugoslavia did not have a single school in their mother tongue, nor did it have a single cultural, educational or economic association. Dissatisfaction among Albanians from Kosovo and Metohija is growing with the policy of colonizing the Serb population from other parts of the country. This policy of repression against the Albanian population in Kosovo and Metohija provoked his numerous emigration to Albania. Much of the progressive emigration, in the person of Hassan Prishtina, Bedri Peyani, Ibrahim Gjakova and others, is extremely hostile to the Yugoslav state. This was cleverly used by the Albanian and Italian governments to break up Yugoslavia years later. In this regard, it is very important for Italian intelligence to engage Kosovo emigration in order to achieve full Italian control over Albania and weaken Yugoslavia's position in the south. With the impending new military confrontation on the international field, which would undoubtedly affect this region of Europe as well, Albanians see a real opportunity to achieve their national goals. Undoubtedly, the Albanian territory is also included in the geostrategic plans of the major countries for conducting military operations in the Balkans and implementing their further plans. In this regard, Italy's goal of making Albania a bridgehead in the Balkans for control of the Straits and the Middle East is to support the aspirations of Albanian nationalists after their long struggle to create a state that unites all Albanians. The status quo of the Balkans, reached by the Versailles system of peace treaties, was destroyed in the course of the Second World War. From all the Balkan states Albania was the first to experience the new order of Hitler and Mussolini and with their help accomplished its national program, precisely с the unification of the Albanian people and establishment of an Albanian identity in the Balkans. With the capitulation of Yugoslavia on April 7, 1941, a new territorial situation was created for the Axis forces and their satellite allies. The partition of Yugoslavia is one of the conditions for the realization of the „New Order“ in Southeast Europe. Convinced that the time was coming when, with the help of Italy and Germany, Kosovo and Metohija, western Macedonia, the eastern regions of Montenegro, etc. would enter Albania's borders, the Kosovo Committee with leading figures of Albanian nationalism, such as Bedri Pejani, Rexhep Mitrovica, Ibrahim Gjakova and Rexhep Krasniqi, have elevated political concepts for ethnic and territorial Albania familiar from the interwar period. In these years „Greater Albania” was a wartime creature, which did not get international recognition. The end of the war also put to rest the idea of a national unification of the Albanian people. The Albanian state again had its boundaries established after the end of the World War I; a large part of the Albanian population was left outside of these borders.
10
Merkuri, Jordan, Stefania Mirela Mang, Ippolito Camele, Magdalena Cara, and Gian Luigi Rana. "Molecular identification and artificial cultivation of a wild isolate of oyster mushroom in Albania." Italian Journal of Agronomy 10, no. 1s (March 24, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.704.
Full textAbstract:
Basidiomata of a wild mushroom macroscopically recognised as <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> were observed on an oak trunk in a mixed wood of northern Albania. Pure cultures of the fungus were then obtained on potato-dextrose-agar medium. Molecular analyses of genomic DNA of the fungus confirmed its identification. The rDNA ITS region nucleotide sequence of the studied <em>Pleurotacea</em> matched at 99% those of two <em>P. ostreatus</em> strains already present in NCBI GenBank database. The rDNA ITS nucelotide sequences of two pure cultures of the Albanian <em>P. ostreatus</em> were deposited in EMBL database under the accession numbers LN849458 and LN849459. One of the fungus isolates was subsequently cultivated under protected and semi-natural conditions. Productivity and biological efficiency of the Albanian <em>P. ostreatus</em> ranged from about 10% to 16% and from 33 to 53.33%, respectively. This seems to be the first report on the artificial cultivation of <em>P. ostreatus</em> in Albania and could have, in the next future, a high economic impact on development and diffusion of this important edible mushroom over the country.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Albania Economic conditions"
1
Roberts, Tamaryn Jean. "Farm wages and working conditions in the Albany District, 1957-2008." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002712.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is a major employer of labour in South Africa with about 8.8% of the total labour force directly involved in agricultural production (StatsSA, 2007a). Farm wages and working conditions in the Albany district were researched in 1957 by Roberts (1958) and 1977 by Antrobus (1984). Research in 2008, involving face-to-face interviews of a sample survey of 40 Albany farmers, was undertaken to update the situation facing farm labourers and allowed for comparisons with the work previously done. Farm workers were governed by common law until 1994 when the government intervened with legislation. The introduction of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (1997) for farm workers, amended in 2002 to include minimum wage legislation, and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) of 1997 impacted the supply and demand of farm workers. Other impacts have been due to the Albany district experiencing an increase in the establishment of Private Game Reserves and game-tourism with a simultaneous decline in conventional farming. It was concluded from the survey conducted that minimum wage legislation decreased the demand for regular and increased the demand for casual labour, which incur lower costs including transaction costs, than their regular counterparts. The ESTA of 1997 contributed to a decreased number of farm residents, which had spin-off affects on the supply of labour. Farmers experienced a simultaneous price-cost squeeze, which furthermore decreased the demand for labour. Studying the working and living conditions showed that farm workers had limited access to educational and recreational facilities which negatively impacted the supply of labour.
Books on the topic "Albania Economic conditions"
1
Ancona, Giovanni, and Franco Botta. Sviluppo e impresa in Albania. Bari: Cacucci, 2002.
Find full text
2
I, Bléjer Mario, ed. Albania, from isolation toward reform. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1992.
Find full text
3
Re, Emmanuela C. Del. Albania: Punto a capo. Roma: SEAM, 1997.
Find full text
4
World Bank. Albania and the World Bank: Building the future. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 1994.
Find full text
5
Pulejo, Laura. Realtà economica e territorio: Gli interessi italiani in Albania. Cosenza: Periferia, 2003.
Find full text
6
Lanni, Carmine. Albania, un paese d'Europa: Il fattore migrazione. Torino: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 2000.
Find full text
7
Andrews, Mary Catherine. Albania and the World Bank: Building the future. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.
Find full text
8
Örjan, Sjöberg, Wyzan Michael Louis, and Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Institute of Soviet and East European Economics., eds. Economic change in the Balkan states: Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Find full text
9
Rosa, Carmelo La. Togliti i sandali: Albania, il sapore dei primi passi. Milano: Gribaudi, 1999.
Find full text
10
Tra il Kanun e il mercato: Sviluppo e sostenibilità in Albania. Roma: Aracne, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Albania Economic conditions"
1
Danaj, Ermira. "Albanian Context." In IMISCOE Research Series, 41–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92092-0_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter aims to present the migration framework and the situation of women in Albania. The first section briefly reviews the socio-economic conditions of Albania during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which I separate into two main periods: before and after 1991. I take the year 1991 as the official end of the mono-party political system, also known as the communist era or regime, as it is also the year when the country’s first multiparty elections happened. I explain how, in this context, migration became one of the leading forces transforming Albanian society. The second section of this chapter focuses on the history of migration in Albania, limited to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Here, I also discuss the research site, the city of Tirana. The third section presents the situation of women in Albania, focusing on some central matters that support the analysis in this research.
2
Xhumari, Merita Vaso. "Older Workers and Their Relations to the Labour Market in Albania." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 77–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe life course perspective is used in analysis of the older workers relations to the labour market in a societal context. Transition to the market economy of Albania has increased the vulnerability especially for two categories: the youngest, as the new entries into the labour market, and the oldest workers, who found it difficult to be adjusted to the labour market demand, after the failure of state enterprises, changes in working environments, social services, family, etc. The investigation of older workers in the labour market is focused on five dimensions: (1) the labour market structure and employment status of older workers; (2) the employment & VET policies; (3) the work-life balance with ageing; (4) health and (5) retirement.In the beginning of 1990s, the early retirement was the first policy intervention to cope with massive unemployment of older workers. Then, the parametric reforms of PAYG social insurance for increasing the retirement ages and the insurance period have had an impact on extending the working life of older workers of 10 years until 2018. However, the replacement rate was lowering from 74.2% in 1990, to 56% in 1993 when reform started, to further 41% in 2018 which impose pensioners to continue working or delaying the retirement. The increased youth unemployment, atypical and informal employment, has been new challenges for older workers to be adjusted to the labour market demand and only 10% of them can continue working after the retirement age. The development of employment services, VET, health care and social protection have been inadequate to promote social inclusion of older workers.In the framework of the EU integration, Albania has pursued a process of harmonization the legal framework with EU standards. National strategies have been enacted to guarantee human rights, gender equality, and an inclusive society. The social inclusion of older workers into the labour market is a complex issue that depended not only of the Government interventions, but also by the active engagement of other stakeholders. In the Albanian tradition family continues to be a strong supporting institution for older people and children, very likely to the Abbado’s idea in Italy.This chapter is based on an analysis of policy documents, research and statistics from INSTAT, Eurostat, World Bank, etc. The Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015, and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2016 are used to identify age and gender patterns regarding work-life balance and social inclusion. The analysis suggests that to fully address the complexity of the inclusion of older workers in the labour market, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas such as education, health, employment, and social protection, as well as engagement of all community stakeholders.
3
Malcolm, Noel. "Crypto-Christianity and Religious Amphibianism in the Ottoman Balkans." In Rebels, Believers, Survivors, 55–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Christianity—secret adherence to Christian religious practices by people who outwardly professed Islam—is known to have occurred in several parts of the Ottoman Empire; this essay concerns the crypto-Christians of Kosovo, who were very unusual in adhering to Roman Catholicism. Distinctions are made here between crypto-Christianity and a range of other practices or circumstances that have been partly confused with it in previous accounts: the fact of close social coexistence between Muslims and Christians; the existence of religious syncretism, which allowed the borrowing and sharing of some ritual practices; and the principle of ‘theological equivalentism’ (the claim, made by some Muslims, that each person could be saved in his or her own faith). These things were not the same as crypto-Christianity, but they involved different kinds of religious ‘amphibianism’, creating conditions in which crypto-Christianity could survive more easily. The story of Catholic crypto-Christianity in Kosovo and northern Albania begins with reports from Catholic priests in the seventeenth century. Contributory factors seem to have been the economic incentive for men to convert to Islam to escape the taxes on Christians, and the fact that women (who were not tax-payers) could remain Christian, as Christian wives were permitted under Islamic law. This essay then traces the history of the crypto-Catholics of Kosovo, who survived, despite the strong official disapproval of the Church, into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
4
Daly, Blánaid, Paul Batchelor, Elizabeth Treasure, and Richard Watt. "Prevention of periodontal diseases." In Essential Dental Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
During the last 20 years our understanding of periodontal disease has been dramatically changed. Findings from clinical and epidemiological research have challenged the traditional progressive disease model and questioned the extent of destructive periodontal diseases within the population (Baleum and Lopez 2003; Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). Although gaps in our knowledge still exist about the precise nature and full extent of the condition, it is critically important that preventive and public health approaches to periodontal disease are based upon current scientific understanding of the condition (Baleum and Lopez 2003). This chapter will present an overview of current clinical and epidemiological research findings on periodontal disease. This will be followed by a critical review of the various options for prevention of the condition, with particular emphasis on the public health strategies required. Before considering the options for the prevention of periodontal diseases it is important to highlight the main epidemiological features of the condition. Although most adults have some gingivitis and calculus deposits, epidemiological surveys indicate that only approximately 10–15% of the adult population suffer from progressive periodontitis (Albandar 2005; Papapanou 1999; Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). The extent and severity of periodontitis increases with age and is more common among men than women. Stark socioeconomic inequalities exist, with lower-income and less-educated groups having significantly worse periodontal health than their more affluent and educated contemporaries (Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). As with other chronic diseases, a consistent social gradient exists in the distribution of periodontal diseases within a defined population (Borrell et al. 2006; Lopez et al 2006; Sabbah et al. 2007). The social gradient indicates that socio-economic differences in periodontal measures do not just occur at the extremes of the social spectrum between the rich and poor in society, but across the entire social hierarchy in a graded stepwise fashion. Trend data suggest that in high- and middle-income countries, oral hygiene levels have steadily improved in all age groups and there has been a decline in the extent of gingivitis (Hugoson et al 1998; Morris et al. 2001).
Conference papers on the topic "Albania Economic conditions"
1
DEMI (MOSHO), Albana, and Arjana KADIU. "ALBANIA AND CULTURAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.16.
Full textAbstract:
Everyone This paper aims to present the social and cultural side in Albania, intertwined with the economic aspect, based on the analysis of the changes occurred recently in our country. Considering the happiness as a key daily factor this paper will give an overview of the public policies, including public and family costs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze if the welfare is provided only in conditions of an environment characterized by the economic, political and social stability. The research is based on the data collected by the public institutions regarding the social policies, economic growth, challenges of tourism, as well as the different cultures that exist in Albania. Keywords: public policies, economic, social policies, tourism, culture, economic growth.
2
Troplini, Rovena, Ikbale Tota, and Merjemë Zyko. "FinTech: Should We Accelerate Their Development?" In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.119.
Full textAbstract:
Technological development has played an integral role in the transformation and progress of the financial sector. Reductions in time, costs, efficiency, are some of the opportunities that the Fintech sector stimulates. In this paper we will examine the advantages of technology integration in finance and FinTech’s interaction with other sectors such as banking but also the risks it carries. We will analyze Fintech implementation in Albania market and the challenges faced for development. If we take into consideration how quickly the economic, social, cultural and natural conditions are changing, of course finding, applying and developing new alternatives is the right solution. FinTech is therefore seen as the future of the financial sector. In conclusion, Albania as a developing economy and unknown with new technologies, regardless of all the difficulties, is open to innovations and can be seen as a new market for the development of FinTechs.
3
Metalla, Osman, and Shkelqim Fortuzi. "COVID-19 Effects on SMEs Businesses in the Durres Region." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.51.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of Covid 19 have hit the global economy; therefore, the Albanian economy could not be excluded from these effects. This paper examines the issues that small and medium enterprises in Albania are facing under the current conditions identifying the most significant difficulties the SMEs are facing. SMEs have been severely affected, starting with the illnesses of the employers, quarantine and lockdown of the businesses reduced demand for different products and insufficient supply. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects that Covid-19 had in small and medium enterprises regarding the consequences of restriction measures taken by the government had in terms of production, income, number of employees reduction, the way of doing business and how ready are these companies to return in the post-Covid period. The data were gathered through structured questionnaires and analysed by the authors. The result shows that Small and Medium Size Enterprises have been heavily affected by Covid-19 in terms of income, way of doing business and in reducing the number of employees.