Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alang'

Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto l’analisi del fenomeno giuridico della covendita, che, come noto, si è diffuso nella prassi negoziale italiana attraverso il recepimento di talune fattispecie negoziali nate e sviluppatesi negli ordinamenti anglosassoni. In particolare, l’attenzione viene rivolta alle cc.dd. clausole di drag along (o “trascinamento”), le quali si inseriscono nell’ambito delle pattuizioni negoziali che comportano un obbligo di covendita. Le ragioni della scelta di tale tema di ricerca risiedono nella diffusione di questo tipo di clausole nella disciplina dei rapporti societari. In effetti, la redazione di clausole che dispongono un obbligo di covendita rappresenta ormai una tecnica negoziale ampiamente diffusa nella pratica dei negozi acquisitivi di partecipazioni sociali. La clausola di drag along è normalmente inserita all’interno di patti parasociali stipulati laddove venga effettuata un’acquisizione da cui risulti una società partecipata da una pluralità di investitori. Tuttavia, con sempre maggior frequenza, e nell’ambito di una certa tendenza alla “migrazione dal parasociale al sociale” quale effetto della nuova disciplina dei patti parasociali introdotta dalla riforma del diritto societario, questo genere di clausole viene inserito direttamente negli statuti delle società di capitali. Il recepimento a livello statutario della clausola di trascinamento ha posto numerosi interrogativi in ordine alla relativa natura giuridica, validità ed efficacia. In particolare, gli aspetti che hanno costituito oggetto di maggiore attenzione da parte della dottrina e della giurisprudenza sono costituiti dalla collocazione sistematica della clausola statutaria di trascinamento e dalle relative condizioni di validità alla luce dei principi inderogabili dell’ordinamento societario. Un profilo che, invece, non è stato adeguatamente approfondito attiene alla natura “sociale” o “parasociale” di una siffatta clausola statutaria. Si tratta, peraltro, di un aspetto non secondario, atteso che, come cerca di dimostrare il presente lavoro, l’inserimento della clausola di trascinamento all’interno dello statuto sociale non sembrerebbe implicare di per sé il riconoscimento alla medesima di un valore “sociale” e, dunque, imporne automaticamente la valutazione della validità alla stregua del diritto societario. In questa prospettiva, il presente lavoro procede, innanzitutto, ad una ricognizione delle clausole che vengono generalmente ricondotte nel genus della covendita: e ciò, segnatamente, al fine di ricostruire i tratti tipologici delle clausole di drag along, così da distinguerle dalle altre tecniche negoziali ricomprese nell’istituto della covendita. In particolare, si cerca di individuare l’ambito di applicazione di una siffatta clausola e gli interessi economici che essa è in grado di soddisfare. L’indagine compiuta dimostra che la clausola di drag along è di regola estranea alla sfera dell’ordinamento sociale e abitualmente inserita in patti parasociali stipulati da soci di società a struttura chiusa che presentano un elevato grado di investimenti specifici, in ragione della sua inerenza a specifiche operazioni di acquisizione societaria, caratterizzate dal normale interesse dei soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle proprie partecipazioni sociali e dal fisiologico disinteresse degli stessi a vincolare i soci presenti e futuri ad un determinato assetto negoziale. Successivamente, alla luce dei risultati raggiunti, obiettivo del lavoro è quello di dimostrare che la clausola statutaria di drag along può assumere carattere sociale o parasociale a seconda del caso concreto. In particolare, tale verifica, compiuta attraverso l’esame dei vari criteri di distinzione del sociale dal parasociale elaborati dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza, porta a ritenere che, al fine di riconoscere un rilievo sociale alla clausola statutaria di drag along, sia necessario che la stessa – oltre ad essere formulata in modo impersonale – soddisfi un ulteriore requisito: e, cioè, sia idonea a rispondere ad interessi sociali, destinati a soddisfare un’esigenza dell’ente o, indistintamente, dei soci in astratto, e non miri, invece, a gestire unicamente specifici rapporti tra soci. Infine, vengono esaminate le conseguenze che derivano sul piano qualificatorio e disciplinare a seconda che la clausola statutaria di drag along assuma, nel caso concreto, carattere “sociale” o “parasociale”. In particolare, l’indagine cerca di dimostrare, da un lato, che, contrariamente a quanto solitamente si ritiene, il patto parasociale di trascinamento – così come la clausola statutaria di drag along di natura parasociale – non pare essere, a rigore, un patto che disciplina le condizioni di “circolazione” delle partecipazioni, ma un patto che regola le condizioni di “investimento” e di “disinvestimento” nella società, essendo normalmente volto a tutelare l’interesse di tutti i soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle partecipazioni sociali; dall’altro lato, che la struttura funzionale della clausola statutaria di drag along di carattere sociale presenta delle analogie rispetto alla struttura funzionale degli istituti giuridici del riscatto azionario e dell’esclusione del socio di s.r.l., dovendosi pertanto ritenere valida nella misura in cui sia compatibile con il principio dell’equa valorizzazione della partecipazione obbligatoriamente dismessa che si ricava dagli artt. 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c.
The present work relates to the legal analysis of the phenomenon of co-sale, which, as noted, it is common practice in negotiating through the implementation of certain Italian case negotiating created and developed in the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. In particular, attention is paid to cc.dd. drag along clauses (or "drag"), which are part of the negotiating stipulations that imply an obligation of co-sale. The reasons for the choice of research topic that reside in the spread of such clauses in the discipline of corporate relationships. In fact, the wording of clauses that have an obligation to co-sale is now negotiating a technique widely used in the practice of shopping acquisitive of shareholdings. The drag along clause is normally included in shareholders' agreements concluded when an acquisition is made, which result in a company owned by several investors. However, with increasing frequency, and within a certain tendency to "migrate from the parasocial to social" as a result of the new discipline of shareholders' agreements introduced by the reform of company law, such clauses are inserted directly into the statutes of the company capital. The implementation of the statutory provision at the drag posed numerous questions as to its legal, valid and effective. In particular, the aspects that have been the subject of increased attention by the doctrine and jurisprudence are constituted by the systematic position of the statute and the drive conditions of its validity in the light of the overriding principles of corporate order. A profile, however, has not been adequately thorough regards the "social" or "parasocial" of such a statute. It is, however, an important aspect, since, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the inclusion of the clause in the bylaws do not drag would seem to imply the recognition of itself to the same value of a "social "and, therefore, automatically impose the same way as the evaluation of the validity of corporate law. In this perspective, this work proceeds, first, a survey of the clauses that are generally traced in the genus of the co-sale, and this, in particular, in order to reconstruct the typological features of the drag along clauses, so as to distinguish them from other negotiating techniques covered in the institution of co-sale. In particular, it seeks to identify the scope of such a clause and the economic interests that it is able to satisfy. The investigation carried out shows that the drag along clause is generally alien to the sphere of social order and usually included in shareholders' agreements concluded by shareholders of companies with a closed structure with a high degree of specific investments, because of its inherent specific corporate acquisitions, characterized by normal partners' interest in maximizing the value of their shareholdings and physiologically the same selflessness to bind the shareholders present and future negotiations to a specific structure. Later, in the light of the results achieved, goal of the work is to demonstrate that the statute can take to drag along social or agreement depending on the case. In particular, the verification process, accomplished through the examination of the various criteria of social distinction by the agreement drawn up by the doctrine and case law, leads to the belief that in order to recognize a social relevance to the statute of drag along, it is necessary that the same - as well as being formulated in an impersonal way - to fulfill an additional requirement: it is, is likely to respond to social interests, to meet a need or entity, without distinction of members in the abstract, and is not intended, however to handle only specific relationships between members. Finally, we examined the consequences on the level and discipline depending on whether the statute assumes drag along, in this case, "social" or " parasocial ". In particular, the survey seeks to demonstrate, firstly, that, contrary to what is usually considered the shareholders 'drag - as well as the statute of nature to drag along' agreement - does not seem to be, strictly speaking, a covenant governing the conditions of "circulation" of the investments, but a pact that regulates the conditions of "investment" and "disinvestment" in society, being generally aimed at protecting the interest of all shareholders to maximize the value of equity, on the other hand, the functional structure of the statute to drag along for social presents similarities with respect to the functional structure of legal institutions and the exclusion of equity of redemption partner srl, having to therefore be considered valid to the extent that both compatible with the principle of fair value of the investment which is made mandatory abandoned by the articles 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c.

xi, 135 p. : ill., music. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
American composer Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) published twelve operatic works during his career. Eight of these staged productions were written between the years 1959 and 1969. During these ten years Hovhaness immersed himself in the music and theatre of Japan. The composer traveled to Japan twice, once in 1960 and again in 1962, where he frequently attended Noh plays. As composer-in-residence at the University of Hawaii in 1961, Hovhaness took private lessons on and composed freely for the instruments of Gagaku, the ancient court music of Japan. My study investigates the degree to which Hovhaness was exposed to Gagaku and Noh, and what elements of these Japanese alts the composer manifests in his staged works between 1959 and 1969. I compare Hovhaness' treatment of Japanese elements to that ofother twentieth-century Western composers interested in East Asian music. Through this study we gain greater knowledge of Hovhaness' operatic style.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Marian Smith, Chair; Dr. Anne Dhu McLucas; Dr. Jack Boss

Epithelial mesenchymal plasticity in cancer generally refers to the ability of a cancer cell to transform into a different cell form, which facilitates the metastatic spread of a cancer. This thesis explores the roles of four cancer-associated genes that affect the transition of the cell state during cancer metastasis, and includes extensive research on two of the four gene targets, namely TRIM28 and TGFBI. The effects of these genes in breast cancer systems indicated great potential for improving therapeutic responses towards cancer drugs, which would alleviate the suffering of breast cancer patients.

This thesis traces the contours of the Black-White color line in modern America by illuminating how Whites' racialized political behavior varies across local geographic contexts. In a critical reinterpretation of the racial threat hypothesis, I argue that local geography conditions the relationship between Whites' racial orientations and their preferences on policies related to race - but not because Whites are passively threatened in proximity to a Black population. Rather, Whites are active, subjective perceivers of their surroundings who have an interest in maintaining their racial privilege. This conceptual shift not only challenges the assumed neutrality of Whites' vision; it also enables me to identify the range of contextual indicators that Whites might construe as threatening, and the range of White attitudes that are activated as a result. My empirical evidence comes from three case studies. The first two use geocoded survey data to analyze White opinion on welfare spending in 2000, and on affirmative action between 2006 and 2010. The third study draws on in-depth interviews conducted in 2016, exploring an issue related to school desegregation in Louisiana. Each study affirms the core findings of the thesis: Whites' policy preferences are polarized according to racial orientations in settings where race is salient; and a shared White perspective is evident even across polarized attitudes. My findings offer hope, showing that a sign of threat to some Whites may activate racially tolerant behavior in others; as well as reason to restrain our optimism, challenging the assumption that affluent Blacks, unlike the 'undeserving' Black poor, will not be perceived as threatening by Whites. Ultimately, only by recognizing the color line's responsiveness to local geography - and its resilience even as White attitudes liberalize and Black class positions improve - can we understand the line's persistence or the possibility of one day dismantling it.

This research effort first characterizes the trucks traveling along US highways by analyzing data from Interstate 81. It is hypothesized that I-81 is typical of US highways and thus can provide some insight into typical truck characteristics. These truck characteristics are important for the development of an exhaustive vehicle performance procedure. Analysis was done based on data collected at the Troutville weigh station. The characterization involves an analysis of vehicle class distribution, GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) distribution, vehicle volume distribution, Average Weight on Tractive Axle (AWTA), and typical weight-to-power ratios. The thesis then assembles a database of systematic field data that can be utilized for the validation of vehicle performance models. This database is unique because it was conducted in a controlled field environment where the vehicle is only constrained by its dynamics. Using the assembled field database, a simple constant power vehicle dynamics model for estimating maximum vehicle acceleration levels based on a vehicle's tractive effort and aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance forces was tested and validated. In addition, typical model input parameters for different vehicle, pavement, and tire characteristics are included in the thesis. The model was found to predict vehicle speeds at the conclusion of the travel along the section to within 5 km/h (3.1 mi/h) of field measurements, thus demonstrating the validity and applicability of the model. Finally, the research effort introduces the concept of variable power in order to enhance current state-of-the-art vehicle dynamics models and capture the build-up of power as a vehicle engages in gearshifts at low travel speeds. The proposed enhancement to the current state-of-practice vehicle dynamics model allows the model to reflect typical vehicle acceleration behavior more accurately. Subsequently, the model parameters are calibrated using field measurements along a test roadway facility.
Master of Science

Discute o papel do poder político nas sociedades autoritárias e do pensamento libertário e anarquista, utilizando as histórias em quadrinhos V de Vingança e Watchmen, ambas do roteirista Alan Moore, em função das suas simbologias e temáticas. O foco de estudo são as relações políticas e sociais que estas graphic novels possuem, apresentando as histórias em quadrinhos como um recurso informacional que tem um papel na ampliação das possibilidades de comunicação e expressão na sociedade contemporânea, além de trabalhar a conscientização política do leitor acerca das diversas possibilidades de padrões de comportamentos individuais e coletivos no mundo atual.
Discusses the role of political power in authoritarian societies and libertarian and anarchist thought, using the comics V for Vendetta and Watchmen, both from writer Alan Moore, according to their symbols and themes. The focus of the study are the political and social relations that these graphic novels exhibit, featuring the comics as an informational resource that has a role in increasing the possibilities of communication and expression in contemporary society, in addition to working the political consciousness of the reader about the various possibilities for individual and collective behavior patterns in today\'s world.

Ce travail de thèse présente une étude sur la circulation océanique de surface s'écoulantle long des talus continentaux (aux abords de l’isobathe 200 m) de la mer Méditerranée centrale. L'objectif étaitde mieux renseigner le schéma de circulation de surface dans la région et les régimes de variabilité associés ens’appuyant essentiellement sur les observations altimétriques conventionnelles (AVISO/X-TRACK) le longdes traces satellite, disponibles sur la période 1993-2015. Cette étude est également basée sur une utilisationcombinée des données spatiales de SST, de mesures in-situ hydrographiques et de courantométrieconjointement avec l'altimétrie. L'analyse a d'abord permis de caractériser la variabilité saisonnière et deproposer un nouveau schéma de circulation de surface, y compris pour les saisons intermédiaires, incluant unenouvelle branche de courant Atlantique sur le plateau continental Tunisien. Le second point fort de ce travailréside aussi dans la caractérisation du transport de surface et des modes de variations inter-annuelles de l'eauAtlantique à partir de l'altimétrie côtière sur le long terme. L‘observabilité de la méso-échelle océanique de lazone d‘étude est enfin abordée à partir des mesures altimétriques haute résolution (AltiKa). Cela a permis dedétecter des structures physiques à plus fine échelle et d'affiner le détection des variations des courants les pluscôtiers. Au delà des aspects scientifiques, cette thèse a également permis des avancées méthodologiquesimportantes concernant l’utilisation combinée de différents jeux de données spatiaux et in-situ, aisémentapplicables pour les pays du Sud
This work presents a study on surface ocean circulation flowing along the continentalslopes (near the 200 m isobath) of the central Mediterranean Sea. The aim was to better inform the surfacecirculation patterns in the region and the associated variability regimes based mainly on along-trackconventional altimetry (AVISO / X-TRACK) available over the period 1993-2015. This study is also based onthe combined use of spatial SST data, in-situ hydrographic and current measurements in conjunction withaltimetry. The analysis has first allowed to characterize the seasonal variability and to propose a new surfacecirculation pattern, including the intermediate seasons, and a new branch of Atlantic current on the Tunisiancontinental shelf. The second highlight of this work is the characterization of surface transport and inter-annualvariations of Atlantic water from coastal altimetry over the long term. The observability of the oceanic mesoscaleof the study area is finally addressed from high resolution altimetry measurements (AltiKa). This hasallowed to detect physical structures on a smaller scale and to refine the detection of variations in the mostcoastal currents. Beyond the scientific aspects, this thesis has also allowed important methodological advancesregarding the combined use of different spatial and in-situ data sets, easily applicable for the countries of theSouth

Methane and the processes controlling its distribution along the western Mexican margin were investigated in November 2001. Water column and sediment core samples were collected from 14 stations along the margin, in and around the Gulf of California, for shore-based analysis of methane concentrations and methane stable carbon isotopic ratios. These stations occupied both basin and open margin sites in and below the oxygen minimum zone. Methane concentrations in the upper 200 m of the water column were supersaturated at all sites. The sea-air fluxes of methane that resulted from this supersaturation ranged between 0.85 and 5.0 umol m-2 d-1, indicating that methane fluxes from this area are not significantly larger than from other ocean areas. Local subsurface methane maxima had concentrations ranging from 4.6 to 10.1 nM, larger than those found at open ocean stations (2 - 4 nM). Below 200 m, the hydrocast stations fell into 3 groups: silled basins, open margin sites with sediments below the oxygen minimum zone, and open margin sites with sediments intersecting the oxygen minimum zone. Both silled basin sites had highly elevated methane concentrations (24.9 - 48 nM) in the bottom waters overlying the sediments. The S13C values of this methane ranged from -54 to -59 vs. PDB. The majority of the open margin sites had seafloor depths which were positioned below the oxygen minimum zone (> 1000 m) and contained relatively low methane concentrations below the subsurface maximum. Two open margin stations with water depths (590 and 450 m) that intersect the oxygen minimum zone had highly elevated methane concentrations throughout the water column. A maximum methane concentration of 78 nM, associated with the isotopically depleted S13C value of - 60 , was found overlying the sediments at the southernmost station. Sediment pore water methane concentrations were low but increased dramatically once sulfate concentrations decreased to < 3 mM. The depth of the sulfate reduction zone was shallow (80 - 100 cm) at the stations on the west side of Baja California but deeper (> 150 cm) and variable inside the Gulf of California. Methane fluxes from the sediments ranged from 0.24 to 5.5 umol m-2 d-1, with the highest fluxes observed on the west side of Baja California. Stations with seafloors in the oxygen minimum zone had much higher methane concentrations throughout the water column than stations with seafloors below the oxygen minimum zone. The sediments along the western Mexican margin could be a source of methane to the eastern tropical North Pacific at locations where the margin and oxygen minimum zone intersect.
viii, 66 leaves

Three-dimensional scour propagation along offshore pipelines is a major reason to pipeline failures in an offshore environment. Although the research on scour in both numerical and experimental aspect has been extensive over the last three decades, the focus of the investigation has been limited to the two-dimensional aspect. The knowledge on three-dimensional scour is still limited. This dissertation presents the results of an experimental investigation on threedimensional scour along offshore pipelines in (1) steady currents (2) waves only and (3) combined waves and current. The major emphasis of the investigation is to investigate the propagation of the scour hole along the pipeline after the initiation of scour. Physical experiments conducted were used to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline. The problem of monitoring real time scour below a pipeline was solved by using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter, Keuglegan- Carpenter (KC) number and flow incident angle to the pipeline on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline were investigated. The investigations clearly reveal that scour propagation velocities generally increase with the increase of flow but decrease with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocities is proposed and validated against the experimental results. There are still some common issues related to pipeline scour that is lacking in the literature to date. One of these issues is the effects of Reynolds number on two-dimensional scour beneath pipelines. A numerical approach was adopted to investigate the Reynolds-number dependence of two-dimensional scour beneath offshore pipelines in steady currents. A novel wall function is proposed in calculating the suspended sediment transport rate in the model. The effects of Reynolds number were investigated by simulating the same undisturbed Shields parameters in both model and prototype but with different values of Reynolds number in two separate calculations. The results revealed that scour depths for prototype pipelines are about 10~15% smaller than those for model pipelines. The normalized time scales was found to be approximately the same, and the simulated scour profiles for the model pipelines agree well with the experimental results from an independent study. The backfilling of pipeline trenches is also an important issue to the design and management of offshore pipelines. A numerical model is developed to simulate the self-burial of a pipeline trench. Morphological evolutions of a pipeline trench under steady-current or oscillatory-flow conditions are simulated with/without a pipeline inside the trench. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged continuity and Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-e turbulence closure, as well as the sediment transport equations, are solved using finite difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. Different time-marching schemes are employed for the morphological computation under unidirectional and oscillatory conditions. It is found that vortex motions within the trench play an important role in the trench development.

My Master of Fine Arts project exhibition, What is Lost Along the Way, presented seven paintings that used landscape and fire as metaphors to investigate the-ubiquity of presence and absence in life. What is lost along the way in life and how does loss allow for growth and understanding? My work explores the emotions and thoughts that are stirred when something is taken away. Illusionistic images of smoky forests were subjected to a torch and the chemical reaction of burning was used to create paintings that had a tragic beauty. The creation of the images utilized an additive and subtractive process between painting and burning away layers of paint. The process was controlled but not confined. The accident of the fire and the cyclical nature of creation was important to the larger theme of loss in the paintings.

This research is intended to determine the role of riparian vegetation in stream morphology. This experiment examined the effects of riparian vegetation on boundary shear stress (BSS) by completing the following objectives: (1) evaluating the effects of streambank vegetation on near-bank velocity and turbulence; (2) determining a method for measuring BSS; and, (3) examining the effects of streambank vegetation on BSS using an existing model. A second order prototype stream, with individual reaches dominated by the three vegetation types (trees, shrubs, and grass) was modeled using a fixed-bed Froude-scale modeling technique. One model streambank of the prototype stream was constructed for each vegetation type in addition to one bank with only grain roughness. Velocity profiles were measured using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and a miniature propeller (MP). A flush-mounted Dantec MiniCTA system was used to measure shear stress at the streambank wall. The addition of vegetation on a sloping streambank increased the streamwise free stream velocity and decreased the near-bank streamwise velocity. The turbulence caused by the upright shrub treatment increased turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses near the streambank toe, an area susceptible to fluvial erosion. The presence of dense, semi-rigid vegetation may encourage the formation of a wider channel with a vertical streambank. The small range of CTA shear stress measurements (0.02â 2.14 Pa) suggested that one estimate can describe a streambank. The law of the wall technique is not appropriate because the velocity profiles did not follow the necessary logarithmic shape. Vegetative roughness present in channels created secondary flow; turbulence characteristics more appropriately estimated BSS. The BSS model predicted velocity fields in similar distribution to that measured by the ADV and MP. BSS calculated using the ray-isovel method for both velocity measurement devices were different than the measured BSS values, likely due to distortions in the measured velocity field. In general, the predicted BSS distribution increased with water depth and decreased with increasing vegetation density. The predicted BSS at the shrub toe indicated a spike in shear stress consistent with TKE estimates.
Ph. D.

Roadway grades have a diverse effect on vehicle speeds, depending on vehicle and roadway characteristics. For example, passenger cars can generally negotiate grades of 5 percent or less without considerable reductions in vehicle speeds, while heavy-duty trucks are affected significantly by grades because of their inferior operating capability. Consequently, due to the potential significant speed differential between automobiles and heavy-duty trucks, these trucks can have a significant impact on the quality of flow, throughput, and safety of a traffic stream. Truck climbing lanes are typically constructed in an attempt to lessen this negative impact. Currently, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) represent the state-of-art and state-of-practice procedures for the design of truck climbing lanes. These procedures only consider the tangent vertical profile grades in the design of climbing lanes and do not capture the impact of vertical curvature on truck performance. The dissertation describes the TruckSIM framework for modeling vehicle motion along roadway sections by considering both the longitudinal and lateral forces acting on a vehicle. In doing so, the tool reflects the impact of horizontal and vertical alignment on a vehicleâ s longitudinal motion. The model is capable of reading Global Positioning System (GPS) (longitude, latitude, and altitude), roadway, and vehicle data. The dissertation demonstrates the validity of the software modeling procedures against field data and the HCM procedures. It is anticipated that by automating the design procedures and considering different vehicle and roadway characteristics on truck motion, the TruckSIM software will be of considerable assistance to traffic engineers in the design of roadways. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was originally built by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide the military with a super-precise form of worldwide positioning. With time, GPS units were introduced into the civilian domain and provided transportation professionals with an opportunity to capitalize on this unique instrumentation. With this GPS capability, this research investigates the feasibility of using inexpensive WAAS-capable units to estimate roadway vertical and horizontal profiles. The profiles that are generated by these inexpensive units (less than $500) are compared to the profiles generated by expensive carrier-phase DGPS units ($30,000 per unit including the base station). The results of this study demonstrate that the use of data smoothing and stacking techniques with the WAAS data provides grade estimates that are accurate within 10% of those generated by the carrier-phase DGPS units and thus offer a cost effective tool for providing input data to the TruckSIM software. Using the TruckSIM software, this research effort investigates truck performance reflective of various truck and road characteristics. These characteristics include vehicle engine power, weight-to-power ratio, pavement type, pavement condition, aerodynamic aid features, engine efficiency, tire type, and percentage mass on tractive axle. The study demonstrates that the vehicle weight-to-power ratio, vehicle engine power, pavement surface condition, tire type, aerodynamic aids, and engine efficiency are critical factors in the design of truck climbing lanes.
Ph. D.

Seagrasses of southern Western Australia grow in coastal waters exposed to varying degrees of physical exposure from oceanic swell waves and waves created by strong seasonal wind patterns. Seagrass species have preferred niches within these exposures; however knowledge as to how a continuum of exposure effects seagrass distributions and landscape patterns is limited. This thesis examined long term and seasonal variability occurring in a seagrass landscape along a gradient of wave exposure on the North Sands platform, Warnbro Sound, Western Australia. Long term changes to the seagrass landscape were investigated over a 49 year time period. Seagrass areal extent was mapped from aerial photographs and compared through the years. Over the period, 1953 to 2002, there was a 27% loss of seagrass; from 273 ha in 1953 to 200 ha in 2002. Loss was separated into two causes anthropogenic (boat mooring/propeller scars) and natural. Boat mooring/propeller scars accounted for only 2%. The development of a large sand bar, growing from 27 ha to 89 ha, accounted for 66% of the loss. Historical records show a similar large-scale sediment event occurring in Warnbro Sound 170 years ago. Increased fragmentation of offshore seagrass meadows through time accounted for the remaining 32%. To confirm the gradient in exposure, several methods incorporating the effects of time and space were used to characterise water flow. Wind effects were characterised into exposure indices, significant wave heights, bottom flow velocities and surface flows were modelled and in situ flow velocity was measured. Modelling 4 and in-situ measurement of flow velocities showed the shape, bathymetry and topography of Warnbro Sound coupled with seasonal wind patterns, contributed to complex flow circulations within the bay. All flow velocities modelled and measured showed a reduction in flow shorewards. Modelled flows were highest during winter storms whereas wind effects were greatest in summer; due to the consistent and strong summer sea breezes. A comparison of two transects along this flow gradient revealed differences between them. Sediment grain size analyses were used to indicate longer term flow characteristics along the gradient of flow. Sediment profiles were coarser in the offshore exposed sites and finer in the inshore sheltered sites, but there was some modification by the seagrass. A comparison of sediment profiles between two transects along the gradient of flow showed differences. There was also a seasonal influence. Seagrass landscapes were investigated along the gradient. Aerial photographs showed a progressive increase in fragmentation of seagrass meadows from inshore to offshore. Two transects were used, each with five different seagrass landscapes progressing from solid through to fragmented. The two transects could be separated into three zones each. The middle zones were similar in landscape but differed in seagrass species. The inshore and offshore zones were the same, both in species and landscape. Distribution of seagrass species along the two transects was correlated to the flows measured over the transects. There was a relationship between seagrass distribution for the whole platform and wave exposure. 5 Amphibolis spp. occurred in the offshore region that had high flow velocities. Posidonia spp. occurred in the nearshore region that had low flow velocities. Distribution of seagrass species and fragmentation patterns were strongly correlated with wave exposure gradients. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.8) existed in winter between seagrass species (density and landscape) and environmental factors associated with exposure. Despite the strong winds in summer these had minimal effect on the seagrasses (low correlation). Winter flow conditions are therefore the driver of patterns in species distribution and fragmentation seen in the seagrass landscape of Warnbro Sound.

En central del av den svenska självbilden och därmed även av landets strategiska kultur härstammar från rikets ställning som militärt alliansfritt. Tydliga uttryck för denna ställning borde således kunna återfinnas i officiella svenska utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiska dokument. Under en period på 2000-talet faller emellertid uttryck som förkunnar denna ställning bort från nämnda dokument, närmare bestämt från Utrikesdeklarationerna och Försvarsbesluten. Den militära alliansfrihetens ”bortfall” innebär således att ett svensk säkerhetspolitiskt strategiskifte under denna tid blir skönjbart. Det strategiska skiftet hamnar vidare, ofrånkomligen, i strid med landets strategiska kultur och utgör ett fenomen som existerande modeller inom nämnda teoribildning har svårt att ”acceptera”. I denna undersökning har syftet varit att genom en relativt ny modell inom teoribildningen strategisk kultur, hämtad från Alan Bloomfield, studera om, och i sådana fall varför, ett svenskt strategiskifte ägt rum och hur detta kan ske utan att det står i strid med rikets strategiska kultur. Undersökningen utgör även, ofrånkomligen, en teoriprövning av den nämnda teorimodellen. Studien utgör en enstaka fallstudie vilken sträcker sig över tid där författaren genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys, i samverkan med en enklare textanalys, mäter korrelationen mellan variabler och därigenom undersöks vilken inverkan dessa har på att det urskiljbara svenska strategiskiftet äger rum. I studiens påvisas att tre faktorer, vilka hämtats ifrån det teoretiska ramverket, i samverkan med en politisk vilja medför att ett skifte avseende vilken ”subkultur” som dominerar Sveriges strategiska uppträdande är det som medför att den militära alliansfriheten, tillfälligt, avskaffas. Det subkulturella skiftet är vidare det som möjliggör att den i studien identifierade förändringen i rikets strategiska uppträdande inte bryter mot rikets strategiska kultur varvid även den prövade teoretiska modellen kan hävdas ha fyllt sitt syfte.

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of North Texas, 2002.
Accompanied by 4 recitals, recorded Nov. 24, 1997, Oct. 19, 1998, Feb. 28, 2000, and Aug. 26, 2002. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-79).

In this thesis, I argue that plays written by Alan Ayckbourn during the period 1970 to 1990 are political and subversive. They are political in the sense that they offer an analysis of political and social constructions then current, taking an oppositional standpoint. They are subversive in that they do this using an adaptation of a form not usually associated with such analysis and for an audience not already politicised. Ayckbourn is frequently taken to be a farceur. I will argue that he uses some aspects of British farce, but that his adaptation of the form subverts the expectations of his predominantly middle-class audience. Rather than the two-dimensional, essentially unsympathetic characters and the reinforcement of the status quo usually found in farce, Ayckbourn's plays offer political analysis in the private sphere and promote an oppositional agenda in the public sphere. While it is recognised by some that Ayckbourn was indeed a political commentator during this period, there has been no substantial account of what I suggest is their specific agenda in the public sphere - namely, the promotion of collectivism in direct opposition to the ideology embraced by Margaret Thatcher. During the 70s and then under Conservative governments post-1979, the tenets of what was to become known as Thatcherism, frequently centring upon the supposed supremacy of the individual, came to dominate British public life. Thatcher, Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, declared herself openly against collectivism, disempowering the unions, establishing a major programme of privatisation that involved selling off previously State-owned assets such as the utilities, the railway network and social housing, and denying the very existence of society. Ayckbourn's plays of this period expose the solipsism that is the corollary of this anti-collectivist agenda, the moral bankruptcy of the selfishness it encourages and the dangers of a political system that actively sets itself against working together for the greater good of all. At the same time, many acknowledge that Ayckbourn writes about women in a particularly sympathetic way, reflecting the raised consciousness brought about through second-wave feminism. I shall argue that these plays not only demonstrate ways in which expectations of gender performance impact upon women, but also show pressures upon men to perform masculinities. The plays exhibit a complex picture of gender performance, frequently in settings that present a liminal arena between feminine or masculine associated spaces: the domestic garden of the middle-class suburbs. In this, they examine cross-gender conflicts in representations of situations familiar to the very audience by whom the plays are received.

The kinematic evolution and along-strike variation in contractional deformation in overthrust belts are poorly understood, especially in three dimensions. The Sevier-age Cordilleran overthrust belt of southwestern Wyoming, with its abundance of subsurface data, provides an ideal laboratory to study how this deformation varies along the strike of the belt. We have performed a detailed structural interpretation of dual vergent thrusts based on a 3D seismic survey along the Wyoming salient of the Cordilleran overthrust belt (Big Piney-LaBarge field). The complex evolution of the thrust faults that parallel the overthrust belt is demonstrated by the switching of the direction of thrust fault vergence nearly 180° from east to west. The variation in thrust-fault geometry suggests additional complexities in bulk translation, internal strains, and rotations. The thrust zone is composed of two sub-zones, each with an opposing direction of fault vergence, located on the eastern toe of the Hogsback thrust in southwestern Wyoming. The northern west-vergent thrust is a wedge thrust and forms a triangle zone between its upper thrust plane and the lower detachment that has formed in a weak shale layer (the Cretaceous K-Marker bed). Thrusts to the south have a frontal ramp geometry and are consistent with the overall thrust orientation of the Cordilleran overthrust belt located immediately to the west. The two thrust sub-zones are small, relative to the main Hogsback thrust to the west, and adjacent to each other, being separated by a transfer zone measuring in the hundreds of meters along strike. The transfer zone is relatively undisturbed by the faults (at the scale of seismic resolution), but reflections are less coherent with some very small offsets. The thrusts are thin-skinned and located above a shallow-dipping single detachment (or décollement) that is shared by faults in both sub-zones. Lateral growth of the thrust faults link along strike to form an antithetic fault linkage. Structural restoration of thrust faults shows varied amounts of shortening along strike as well as greater shortening in stratigraphic layers of the west-vergent fault to the north. Results from a waveform classification and spectral decomposition attribute analysis support our interpretations of how the variations in the detachment may govern the structural development above it. The kinematic evolution of the dual-verging thrust faults is likely controlled by local pinning within the transfer zone between the thrust-fault sub-zones as well as by changes in the competence of the strata hosting the detachment and in the thickness of the thrust sheet. The analysis and interpretation of dual-vergent thrust structures in the Cordilleran overthrust belt serve as an analog to better understand complex fold, fault, and detachment relations in other thrust belts.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier le traitement de la communication du Parti Apriste Péruvien, représenté et incarné par Alan García Pérez, par les médias de communication massive péruviens, La República et El Comercio (presse écrite) et Panorama et El Francotirador (magazines télévisés) dans le cadre des trois campagnes présidentielles de 1984-1985, 2001 et 2005-2006. L’analyse se base sur les articles des quotidiens péruviens, La República et El Comercio, ainsi que sur des reportages et des interviews des magazines télévisés Panorama et El Francotirador ; elle étudie aussi bien la perception de la communication du Parti Apriste Péruvien par les médias péruviens cités que la stratégie de communication mise en place par le Parti Apriste au cours des trois campagnes présidentielles. Cette thèse met ainsi en lumière l’évolution de la communication du Parti Apriste et l’information politique des médias de communication massive péruviens au cours d’une période dite charnière, la campagne présidentielle
This doctoral thesis aims to define the treatment of the communication of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana, represented and personified by Alan García Pérez, by the peruvians medias of massive communication, La República and El Comercio (press) and Panorama and El Francotirador (television magazines) during the three presidential campaigns, 1984-1985, 2001 and 2005-2006. This analysis is basically base on the articles of La República and El Comercio and on the reports and interviews of Panorama et El Francotirador ; it analyses also at the same time the perception of the communication of the Apra by the peruvians medias and the strategy of communication set up by the Apra during the three presidential campaigns. This doctoral thesis illustrate the evolution of the communication of the Apra and the political communication of the peruvian medias of massive communication during an intense period, the presidential campaign

Aquesta Tesi Doctoral es centra en la gestió de la sostenibilitat a la cadena de subministrament, donant importància a l'extensió de pràctiques sostenibles a proveïdors a través de l'ús de pràctiques de desenvolupament de proveïdors. Aquesta Tesi ve motivada per una necessitat tant del món empresarial com del món acadèmic. D'una banda, empreses com Apple o Inditex afirmen auditar els seus proveïdors en termes mediambientals, proporcionar-los formació pel que fa a temes de seguretat laboral i/o treballar directament amb ells per millorar el seu rendiment mediambiental. Malgrat la implementació d'aquestes pràctiques, segueixen ocorrent incidents a les instal·lacions dels proveïdors. D'altra banda, la literatura que versa sobre la gestió sostenible de la cadena de subministrament ha ignorat, en l'estudi de l'adopció i eficàcia de pràctiques relacionades amb el desenvolupament sostenible de proveïdors, aspectes com la dimensió social de la sostenibilitat, el rendiment dels proveïdors i factors contextuals tals com el país on es localitzen aquestes empreses. Aquests dos aspectes posen de relleu la necessitat de seguir estudiant el rol que les pràctiques de desenvolupament de proveïdors tenen en l'extensió de la sostenibilitat al llarg de la cadena de subministres. En aquest sentit, aquesta Tesi Doctoral pretén, cobrir els gaps existents a la literatura, així com proporcionar a les empreses un millor coneixement pel que fa a l'adopció i eficàcia d'aquestes pràctiques. De manera més específica, aquesta Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu estudiar: (1) factors relacionats amb l'adopció de pràctiques de desenvolupament de proveïdors en termes de sostenibilitat i (2) l'efectivitat d'aquestes pràctiques en el rendiment de les empreses. Aquesta Tesi Doctoral adopta un enfocament positivista i empra enquestes per testar la influència d'una sèrie de variables en l'adopció de pràctiques de desenvolupament sostenible de proveïdors així com la relació entre la implementació d'aquestes pràctiques i el rendiment. Per testar aquestes relacions, s'utilitzen dues bases de dades. La primera, és la International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS), que inclou una mostra de 931 fàbriques en 22 països diferents. La segona, és una base de dades desenvolupada pel grup de recerca BuNeD, que inclou respostes de 120 empreses espanyoles. Per analitzar aquestes dues bases de dades s'utilitzen diferents tècniques estadístiques: regressió pel mètode de mínims quadrats, regressió de mínims quadrats parcials i regressió multi nivell. Els resultats de la Tesi Doctoral s'estructuren en dues parts: (1) antecedents i (2) rendiment. En l'estudi dels antecedents, els resultats suggereixen que en països on les empreses estan altament compromeses amb la sostenibilitat, existeix més pressió per adoptar pràctiques sostenibles de desenvolupament de proveïdors. En l'estudi del rendiment, existeixen tres resultats principals a destacar. En primer lloc, els resultats suggereixen que, en l'estudi de l'eficàcia de les pràctiques sostenibles de desenvolupament de proveïdors, s'ha de distingir entre rendiment de l'empresa compradora i rendiment del proveïdor. En segon lloc, el rendiment del proveïdor té un paper clau en el rendiment operacional de l'empresa compradora. En tercer lloc, la dimensió cultural té una gran importància en l'estudi de l'efectivitat de les pràctiques sostenibles de desenvolupament de proveïdors.
Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en la gestión de la sostenibilidad en la cadena de suministros, poniendo especial énfasis en la extensión de prácticas sostenibles a proveedores a través del uso de prácticas de desarrollo de proveedores. Dicha Tesis viene motivada por una necesidad tanto del mundo empresarial como del mundo académico. Por un lado, empresas como Apple o Inditex afirman auditar a sus proveedores en términos medioambientales, proporcionarles formación con respecto a temas de seguridad laboral y/o trabajar directamente con ellos para mejorar su rendimiento medioambiental. A pesar de la implementación de dichas prácticas, siguen ocurriendo incidentes en las instalaciones de los proveedores. Por otro lado, la literatura que versa sobre la gestión sostenible de la cadena de suministros ha ignorado, en el estudio de la adopción y eficacia de prácticas relacionadas con el desarrollo sostenible de proveedores, aspectos como la dimensión social de la sostenibilidad, el rendimiento de los proveedores y factores contextuales tales como el país dónde se localizan dichas empresas. Estos dos aspectos resaltan la necesidad de seguir estudiando el rol que las prácticas de desarrollo de proveedores tienen en la extensión de sostenibilidad a lo largo de la cadena de suministro. En este sentido, esta Tesis Doctoral pretende, cubrir los gaps existentes en la literatura, así como proporcionar a las empresas un mejor entendimiento sobre la adopción y eficacia de dichas prácticas. De manera más específica, esta Tesis Doctoral pretender estudiar: (1) factores relacionados con la adopción de prácticas de desarrollo de proveedores en términos de sostenibilidad y (2) la efectividad de dichas prácticas en el rendimiento de las empresas. Esta Tesis Doctoral adopta un enfoque positivista y usa encuestas para testear la influencia de una serie de variables en la adopción de prácticas de desarrollo sostenible de proveedores así como la relación entre la implementación de dichas prácticas y el rendimiento. Para testear dichas relaciones, se usan dos bases de datos. La primera, es la International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS), que incluye una muestra de 931 fábricas en 22 países diferentes. La segunda, es una base de datos desarrollada por el grupo de investigación BuNeD, que incluye respuesta de 120 empresas españolas. Para analizar estas dos bases de datos se utilizan diferentes técnicas estadísticas: regresión por el método de mínimos cuadrados, regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales y regresión multinivel. Los resultados de la Tesis Doctoral se estructuran en dos partes: (1) antecedentes y (2) rendimiento. En el estudio de los antecedentes, los resultados sugieren que en países dónde las empresas están altamente comprometidas con la sostenibilidad, existe más presión para adoptar prácticas sostenibles de desarrollo de proveedores. En el estudio del rendimiento, existen tres resultados principales. En primer lugar, los resultados sugieren que, en el estudio de la eficacia de las prácticas sostenibles de desarrollo de proveedores, se debe distinguir entre rendimiento de la empresa compradora y rendimiento del proveedor. En segundo lugar, el rendimiento del proveedor tiene un papel clave en el rendimiento operacional de la empresa compradora. En tercer lugar, la dimensión cultural tiene una gran importancia en el estudio de la efectividad de las prácticas sostenibles de desarrollo de proveedores.
The topic of this PhD Thesis is sustainable supply chain management with a special focus on the extension of sustainability to suppliers through the use of sustainable supplier development (SD) practices. The motivation of this PhD Thesis is grounded both on a managerial and a research need. On the one hand, companies such as Apple or Inditex claim to audit their suppliers in terms of environmental issues, provide training with respect to health and safety measures or work together with them in order to improve their sustainability performance. However, besides from the implementation of these practices, there are still incidents at the suppliers’ facilities. On the other hand, the literature on sustainable supply chain management has neglected the social dimension of sustainability, the role of suppliers’ performance and different contextual factors such as the country in which firms are located when studying the adoption and implementation of sustainable SD practices. These two issues suggest that there is a need to further study the role of sustainable SD practices in the extension of sustainability along the supply chain. In that sense, this PhD Thesis aims to both fulfill the abovementioned research gaps and provide a clearer understanding for managers with respect to the adoption and effectiveness of this set of practices. More specifically, this PhD Thesis aims to study (1) factors involved in the adoption of sustainable SD practices and (2) the effectiveness of these practices on firm’s performance. The PhD Thesis adopts a positivistic approach and uses survey methodology to test the influence of different variables on the adoption of sustainable SD practices as well as the relationship between the implementation of sustainable SD practices and performance. To test the abovementioned relationships, we employ two different databases. First, the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS) which includes a sample of 931 manufacturing plants in 22 different countries. Second, a database develop din BuNeD Research Group that contains responses from 120 Spanish manufacturing firms. To analyze these two datasets we employ Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and multilevel regressions. The results of the PhD Thesis can be classified into (1) antecedents and (2) performance implications. In the study of sustainable SD practices antecedents our results suggest that countries in which firms are highly committed to sustainability there is more pressure to adopt practices that aim to extend sustainability to suppliers. In the study of performance implications three main results need to be highlighted. First, we have emphasized that in the study of SD practices effectiveness it is necessary to consider both the buying firm and the supplier performance since practices impact differently on different performance outcomes. Second, we have been able to highlight the key role of suppliers’ performance in the achievement of buying firm’s operational improvements. Third, we have also shown the role played by national culture in achieving a sustainable supply chain and emphasized its importance in the sustainable supply chain management literature.

The Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey accomodates indecent residence conditions for people owing to ground conditions comprising of volcanics and concurrent flysch, and its related irregular geomorphology. One of the important difficulties in this region is transportation. Accordingly, the ordu peripheral highway which encompasses various structures such as, open cuts, bridges, viaducts and junctions and double tubed tunnel sections which will be driven in these geological and geomorphological conditions is palnned to be constructed. In regional scale, volcanics, pyroclastics and flysch deposits often intertounge with each other even over very short distances. The accurate determination of the shear strength parameters of these lithologies is vital for the assessment of portal slope stability and support design in regards to tunnel design. Rock mass classification systems, namley, RMR, NGI Q system and GSI, have been employed to obtain the rock mass shear strength parameters. Stress analyses around the tunnel opennings have been executed through employing 2D finite element analysis in an attempt to design tunnel support. The results of the analysis have been correlated with the results obtained from the emprical methods. The overall analyses and interpretations led to the determination of the support systems to be employed during tunnel construction.

The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, to examine mixed-use development outside of the downtown core as a means to increase the housing stock of Vancouver by determining why this form of development is occurring and to assess the habitability of the housing provided in these projects. Secondly, the survey methodology utilized in the study was designed to obtain information in an exploratory manner, to both assist in the future design and management of mixed-use projects, and to provide the basis for speculating on the potential role for mixed-use projects in commercial districts outside of the Central Business District. Chapter One outlines the scope of the study. Four objectives are established for the thesis: to determine why mixed-use projects are being developed; to derive a profile of mixed-use building residents; to evaluate the level of housing satisfaction expressed by these residents; and, to discuss the implications for commercial districts if mixed-use development was to be encouraged. Two hypotheses are presented to explain why this form of development is occurring: first, there is likely an excess of commercially zoned land relative to market demand for space above the ground floor; and second, a mixed-use building possibly offers investment diversification by combining two different uses in a single building. As well, the study sought to test hypotheses regarding mixed-use residential rent levels, building security and the type of residents attracted to this form of housing. The second chapter traces the practice of land use separation from its initial emphasis on segregating non-compatible activities through to the recent reassessment of strictly separating uses with the widening acceptance of permitting and encouraging mixed-use. Based on a review of land development trends and planning policies implemented in Vancouver, the study finds that while the inducement of a floorspace bonus offered in certain areas of the downtown core has met with limited success, mixed-use development has occurred for some time in many of the commercial districts outside of the CBD. The survey-questionnaire methodology utilized in the study is described in Chapter Three. Of the 144 mixed-use projects built in the study area between January 1, 1974 and June 1, 1983, 50 were randomly selected for the two-stage sampling procedure. Questionnaires were first distributed to the developer/owners of the sample group. With the permission of those owner respondents participating in the survey, a second questionnaire was then delivered to the residential occupants. Both questionnaires were pre-tested through a pilot survey. The survey-questionnaire methodology was found to be difficult and time-consuming, but the only means available to obtain the data necessary to address the research objectives of the study. The results of the two survey-questionnaires are presented in Chapter Four. The study hypotheses are re-examined in light of the research findings discussed in Chapter Five. The results of the developer/owner survey are found to validate the two hypotheses suggested to explain the occurrence of mixed-use development outside of the downtown. Developer/owner respondents reported few problems in either developing or managing a mixed-use building and stressed the importance of careful design, quality construction, and good management practices in ensuring the success of these projects. The resident survey indicated that combining residential with commercial uses appears to provide a satisfactory housing environment. Athough the residents surveyed indentified several problems with living in a mixed-use building (noise, inadequate security, lack of parking), the overall level of satisfaction reported was high and corresponds closely with the findings of other medium density housing evaluation studies. The resident survey group was found to be similar demographically to an apartment comparison sub-population, though the sample group contained proportionately fewer residents in the elderly age cohorts. The study found little support for the assumption that mixed-use building rents would be discounted due to location and combination of uses. The hypothesis that combined uses would enhance building security due to mutual surveillance was likewise rejected. In the concluding chapter the implications of the research findings are discussed. Conclusions drawing upon the results of the two survey-questionnaires are presented to assist in future mixed-use project design and development. It is suggested that mixed-use, in addition to being a viable form of development as demonstrated through the developer/owner survey, may offer several public benefits: the more intensive use of scarce urban land; a broadened choice of housing; and, increased market support and added diversity in existing commercial districts. The need to critically examine these various arguments in favour of mixed-use is emphasized. Lastly, the role of the public sector vis-a-vis mixed-use development is discussed and the need for further research is identified.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

This study deals with the writing of senior students in the subject English from two ACT secondary colleges. Whilst the written work analysed is from students enrolled in courses accredited for tertiary entrance, the ACT'S high retention rate and students' tendency to avoid 'non-tertiary' courses, ensures that the scripts analysed are wide-ranging. Broadly, this study rests on the theoretical approach to language and learning that came out of Dartmouth: that which is associated with James Britton. Its focus is twofold. In Volume I it presents a heuristic, describing its development and discussing the thinking, and learning students appear to do - and the writing they do - as a result of using it. The heuristic is called 'streaming' by the students who use it and is based on Vygotsky's notion of 'Inner Speech'. A key phrase that expresses a powerful or rich idea about the subject being studied is used as a starting point for student thinking. Students explore the layers of cognitive and affective meaning encapsulated in the idea, and perhaps extend the idea, in writing. The writing is very rough, and an act of thought whereby the meaning of the phrase is accommodated, rather than a communication to others. Students are asked NOT to think prior to setting pen to paper, but to let their writing 'bring their thought out of the shadows' by giving words to it. This avoids superficial or cliched response because the process of 'thinking out loud in writing' allows an interplay of cognitive and affective meaning that seems to lead students in to abstract thinking, generally by way of poetic abstraction. The 'streaming' that students do becomes the basis for further discussion or writing in a variety of forms. Volume II is given over to an explication, and use, of Graham Little's development and refinement of an analytical model for investigating language use. Based on the variables of situation, function and form, it enables the empirical analysis of 237 examples of writing from students who had used the heuristic presented in Volume I. The analysis indicates that students who use the heuristic write differently from students who do not. Their writing shows a wide range of function and form and achieves unusually high levels of abstraction. The thinking and writing that students do when using the heuristic is usually realised poetically and used as a basis for further writing. The range within the student writing indicates a high degree of language competence whereby students are able to write in different forms. Little's analytical model is a simple and powerful means of quantifying elements of school language in order to make qualitative judgements that are sensitive to the complex and holistic nature of language development and use.

We consider an SDE driven by a Lévy noise on a foliated manifold, whose trajectories stay on compact leaves. We determine the effective behavior of the system subject to a small smooth transversal perturbation of positive order epsilon. More precisely, we show that the average of the transversal component of the SDE converges to the solution of a deterministic ODE, according to the average of the perturbing vector field with respect to the invariant measures on the leaves (of the unpertubed system) as epsilon goes to 0. In particular we give upper bounds for the rates of convergence. The main results which are proved for pure jump Lévy processes complement the result by Gargate and Ruffino for Stratonovich SDEs to Lévy driven SDEs of Marcus type.

The alternation of bathymetrlc lows (pools) and highs (riffles) along a stream plays a critical role in ecology. Besides providing a diversity of substrate material and local flow velocities, pool-riffle sequences (PRS) influence the living conditions in the near-stream sediments by inducing an infiltration of surface water Into the subsurface and a delayed exfiltration back to the stream. This process, called hyporheic exchange flow (HEF). supplies oxygenated water to subsurface organisms and has the potential to modify the chemical composition of stream water. Although PRS-induced HEF is to some degree predictable, little is known about its potential variability in time, space, and across scales. The research reported here investigates this gap through field experimentation in low flow conditions, and numerical modelling. First flow characteristics are detailed through extensive in situ measurements conducted at the metre-scale, and across a range of temporal resolutions. The geometry of the subsurface flow systems, residence time distributions, and fluxes are then estimated through three-dimensional groundwater modelling. Using these models, a sensitivity analysis is performed to characterize the influence of identified controls on HEF characteristics. Finally through a hypothetical 2·D model of a pool-riffle sequence, we evaluate the consequences of Ignoring small scale exchange flow induced by current-obstacle interactions, in channel-unit scale models. This study was conducted at the River Leith, a third-order stream situated within the Eden catchment, in the north west of England. The field site is located in the lower part of the catchment, and belongs to a three kilometre stretch that is known to be significant1y groundwater-fed by the underlying Permo-Trlassic sandstone. In summer, the stream's discharge can be as low as 0.03 m3 S -l. The 200 m study reach includes a succession of three pool-riffle sequences, located along a meander. The streambed consists primarily of gravels and cobbles. The first study examines at a high spatial and temporal resolution the variability of hydraulic conductivity (K), vertical hydraulic gradients (VHGs), and subsurface fiuxes, over a single riffle- step-pool sequence. A 20 m reach was equipped with a network of piezometers in order to determine the distribution ofVHGs and K. During a summer month, temporal variations ofVHGs were regularly surveyed and, for a subset of piezometers, the water level was automatically recorded at 15 min intervals by logging pressure transducers. Additionally, point-dilution tests were carried out on the same subset ofpiezometers. Whereas the distribution of vertical fluxes can be derived from K and VHG values, point-dilution tests allow for the estimation of horizontal fluxes where no VHG is detectable. Results indicate that, spatially, VHGs switched from upwelling to downwelling across lateral as well as longitudinal sections of the channel. Vertical fluxes appeared spatially more homogeneous than VHGs, suggesting that the latter can be a poor indicator of the intensity of flow. Finally, during flow events (high flows), some VHGs showed little or no fluctuations. This was interpreted as the result of a pressure wave propagating from upstream through highly diffusive alluvial sediments.

The disturbed soil from a stream channelization project at Cooper Woods was used to evaluate the feasibility of establishing native grasses and forbs and their effectiveness in preventing soil erosion. Treatments included; 1- plots seeded, no application of herbicide, 2-plots seeded, herbicide applied, 3-unseeded and untreated control plots. The effect of variation in slope was assessed for each treatment. Cover and density were significantly different (Ps0.05) during the first and second year of sampling. No significant differences in mean total cover or mean density were attributed to slope variation. There was not a significant interaction between treatment variables in 1994 and 1995. Mean erosion was insignificant (Pz0.05) in 1994. Mean erosion was significantly different (Ps0.001) between slope categories in 1995. Bulk density was insignificant within vegetative treatments in 994, however in 1995, bulk density was significantly different(P=0.002). Plant cover and density were generally negatively associated with soil erosion and bulk density. However, there were a number of anomalies in the results. Four of the native species seeded in treatment plots became well established during the study period. Additional time is necessary to determine the establishment success of the remaining species and their effects on soil erosion.
Department of Biology