Academic literature on the topic 'AL-GEZIRA'

This research handles the role of websites in achieving the goals of the institution by applying to the official websites of Al-Gezira University on the Internet. The study aimed at finding out the media role of the sites and its reliability in spreading the values, missions and objectives of the university. And knowledge of the performance of the site and the opinion of specialists at the university and their directions on the website of the University and how to engage individuals concerned with their functions of communication with the public outside the Internet. The study also aimed to identify the advantages achieved by the electronic communication to the public of the university dealing with the website. The researcher relied on the analytical descriptive method in this study. The study resulted in a number of results, the most important of which is the contribution of the University of Al-Gezira University to the achievement of the University's vision, mission, values ​​and values ​​through its various data, information and services. The study also concluded that electronic media play a vital role in achieving and enhancing the vision, mission and objectives of the institutions. The study showed that 30% deal with the institutions through their official websites on the Internet. In light of the above, the most important recommendations of the researcher: the need to pay attention to the official website of the University of Gezira on the Internet, and develop it in form and content as it overlooks the window on which the university to the outside world. And work to ensure access to the Internet service to all colleges and centers of the University around the clock. The study also recommends that all activities carried out by the university on its official website be removed.

Poverty remains the most pressing socio-economic issue among all states in Sudan. Poverty is a multi–faceted phenomenon. This paper is set to investigate the persistence of multidimensional poverty among households of Gezira state, following the approach proposed by Alkire-Santos model made up of 10 components has been built and used as a means of analyzing the data, The education and health dimensions are based on two indicators while the standard of living dimension is based on six indicators. The research relies on primary data aided by structured questionnaire compiled by Central Bureau of Statistics staff, field work cover three localities, where around 57% of the households in the state live in these localities. A total of 756 households randomly selected make up for data source upon which the research rests, the analysis of poverty decomposed by urban and rural location. The results indicated that 15.89% of the population under the study area are experience a multidimensional poverty, with deprivation at least a third of the dimensions of health, education and standard of living, present analysis shows decompositions reveal considerable disparity in MPI, rural areas present high levels of MPI than urban one, and the deprivation seem to be concentrated in all dimensions. The standard of living dimension considered the main contributor to poverty in Janoob Al Gezira and El Hasaheisa localities, El Managil locality presents the highest incidence of the MPI due to poor health dimension. Janoob Al Gezira Locality faced severe deprivations in health of children as child mortality is widely spread among the poor population in urban area and low level of education was to be found. The paper concludes with policy implications based on the findings that will help government to identify the poor and where the poor people are live.

The study was carried out in Al Kamleen City in Gezira State in central Sudan, to evaluate the drinking water quality by looking into physicochemical and micro-biological aspects. Ten samples of water were collected randomly from different sites in the city and examined for electrical conductivity (E.C.), turbidity, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS). The samples were also examined for the presence of microorganisms during winter, summer and autumn. Results showed that most of the parameters examined were within the limit of the Sudanese standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO, 2015) and the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007). Some samples were contaminated by bacteria including coliform, Escherichia coli and salmonellas and the higher contamination was in autumn.

Type II diabetes mellitus and its complication are becoming more prevalent in Sudan. The most important predictor of reduction of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes complication is the level of glycemic control achieved. In Sudan diabetes mellitus (DM) is common public health problem, in 2017 about 12% developed serious complications. This study aimed to identify the general characteristics of type II diabetic patients, relevant diabetic characteristics duration, treatment, control and complications. Also to determine level of adherence, and reason behind non adherence medications. A cross-sectional study of randomly selected 360 patients of type II diabetic patient that attend at Al-Daraga Health Center, Wad Madani,Al Kubra locality, Gezira state ,during period from September – October 2020, found that there's statistically significant showed the relation between marital status, socioeconomic status, level of education , Occupation and factors affect adherence in taken medications at ( p value less than 0.05) also There’s significant relation between causes with patients not adhered to used medications (p value 0.000), The socioeconomic status contributed factors in diabetes mellitus complication because the low income level about 213(59.2%). Type II diabetic patients was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin seen among younger age groups. It is also showing the important of Group discussion with the patients to increase awareness of adhering to treatment plan. This study will be helpful in providing evidence regarding the importance of adherence should be emphasized and empowered within the diabetic population.

Background: The incidence of foot ulcers ranges from 8% to 17 % [Crawford F, Inkster M, Kleijnen J, Fahey 2007]and others like peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease. Objectives: The aim of the study is to identify the knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetic patients on foot care. Patients and Methods: Across-sectional study of randomly selected 360 patients of diabetic patients that attend at Al-Daraga Health Center, Wad Madani, Al Kubra locality, Gezira state, during period of one-month 2020. Data was collected via face-to-face interviews by using questionnaire and analyzed by (SPSS). Results: The results showed that there is excellent knowledge about diabetes complications, complications (94,4%), and that there is high knowledge of taking medications regularly to prevent complications (82.2%), about practicing such as washing feet daily and changing socks daily. Consultation of doctors when any symptoms appeared were good with knowledge more than 50% of each. But there's lack of knowledge by more than 50% for things such as washing the feet by warm water with water temperature checked, and dried feet after washed. There is a lack of practicing with more than 50%, about things such as checking the feet daily and checking the shoes before wearing. Conclusion: Not only good knowledge is needed for footcare, but also good attitude and practice are needed. It is necessary to firstly develop awareness of diabetes and the related complications one amongst which is footcare. Certain educational strategies should be established for both doctors and the patients. I recommended establishing a program like group discussion to patients towards footcare. This study will be helpful in providing evidence regarding the importance of foots care and empowered within the diabetic population.

In March 2011, interveinal yellowing and necrosis symptoms on middle and lower leaves were observed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Castle Rock) plants grown in three adjacent greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Corporation at Wad Medani (Gezira State, Sudan). These symptoms resembled those caused by Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) (4) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae). Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation was also observed in these greenhouses. Total RNA was extracted by TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) from symptomatic leaves and analyzed by dot-blot hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes to the coat protein (CP) gene of ToCV and to the minor coat protein (CPm) gene of TICV. Positive signal was obtained only with the ToCV probe. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR reactions were performed with two pairs of primers specific for the detection of ToCV, MA380(+) (5′-GTGAGACCCCGATGACAGAT-3′) and MA381(-) (5′-TACAGTTCCTTGCCCTCGTT-3′), specific to the CP gene (ToCV RNA 2) (3), and MA396(+) (5′-TGGTCGAACAGTTTGAGAGC-3′) and MA397(-) (5′-TGAACTCGAATTGGGACAGA-3′), specific to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene (ToCV RNA 1) (1). DNA fragments of the expected sizes (436 and 763 bp, respectively) were obtained, thus supporting the presence of ToCV in the symptomatic samples. Amplified DNA fragments were cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and one clone per amplicon was sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea). The highest nucleotide sequence identity of the CP gene fragment obtained (GenBank Accession No. JN411685) was 99.2% related with North American ToCV isolates from Florida (DQ234674), Colorado (DQ234675), and Georgia (HQ879842), while the RdRp gene fragment (JN411686) was more closely related (99.0%) to the Spanish AT80/99 isolate (DQ983480). Although yellowing symptoms similar to those reported here have been observed sporadically during the last few years in open-field tomato crops in the state of Gezira, additional studies are needed to determine the prevalence and economic impact of ToCV infections in tomato cultivation in Sudan. To our knowledge, ToCV has been found in continental Africa only in Morocco and South Africa, in the Mediterranean climate areas in the northern and southern edges of the continent, respectively (2). The finding of ToCV infecting tomato in Sudan raises the question of whether this virus is emerging also in other tropical areas of the continent and illustrates the need to monitor whitefly-infested areas within Africa for the presence of ToCV. References: (1) G. Lozano et al. J. Virol. 83:12973, 2009. (2) J. Navas-Castillo et al. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 49:219, 2011. (3) H. P. Trenado et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 118:193, 2007. (4) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 82:270, 1998.

Sputum cytology is still one of the most effective and producible sample for diagnosis and evaluation of lung diseases and disorders. For this, it can used for evaluation of apportunistic fungal pathogens on pulmonary tuberculosis patients, which is of leading cause of death worldwide. On this cross sectional laboratory base study, which used to evaluate the sputum cytology for presence of opportunistic fungal elements. A total 110 early morning expectorate sample collected from the period 1/3 to 30/6/2020. 69/110 (63%) from patients come for first diagnosis to the center of T.B and HIV. Al Managil teaching hospital, and 41/110 (37%) follow-up starting from second month until six month post- treated follow up. From each sample two slides was prepared. One of them fixed immediately before air-drying in 95% ethanol and later stain by PAS technique, the other fixed after air-drying on absolute methanol and stain by Giemsa stain. Regardless to other method of fungal identification such as serology or mycological culture, only depends on microscopic identification. The study found that 95/110 (86%) was negative for fungal elements, and 15(14%) was positive, 9(8%) positive in diagnosis group and 6(5%) in follow-up group. Moreover the most common infectious agents was Candida species 9/110 (8%), 6/110 (5%) present as yeast and 3/110 (2%) as Pseudohyhae. Followed by Aspergillus species 5/110 (4%) then actinomyces species 1/110(.9%). The incidence of infection is higher in rural (82%) males (55%) farmers (36%). In the majority of the pateints with negative results for fungi MDR-TB not detected 87(79%), followed by positive for fungi and also MDR-TB not detected 15 (13.6%), then (negative and positive) for fungi and MDR-TB with high rate with the same percentage 3(2.8%), and finely very low MDR-TB 1(.9%), medium MDR-TB 1(.9%) without any detection of fungal elements. The study recommended including fungal testing and antifungal drugs on the pulmonary TB treatment plan as possible causes of complications.

Severe leaf curl and small vein thickening symptoms were observed in okra fields in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE) during the winter season, 2013. These symptoms were reminiscent of those often associated with begomovirus infection. Based on the symptoms observed in okra plants growing in adjacent fields (20 × 20 m) on two small holding farms, the disease incidence ranged from 90 to 100%. The fields were infested with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), the insect vector of begomoviruses. Total DNA was extracted from four symptomatic okra leaves collected from two plants per field and used for PCR amplification of the core region of the begomovirus coat protein gene using the degenerate primers AVcore 3′-GCCHATRTAYAGRAAGCCMAGRAT-5′ and ACcore 3′-GGRTTDGARGCATGHGTACANGCC-5′. Amplicons of the expected size (~579 bp) were cloned and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the partial coat protein sequences against the NCBI database revealed that the closet match to the four okra isolates was the Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV). CLCuGeV is a widespread Old World monopartite begomovirus described from the Nile Basin, sub-Saharan Africa, and southwestern Arabia (1). Recently, this virus has been reported in Jordan (GU945265) and Pakistan (3). To obtain the full-length viral genomic DNA for cloning and sequencing, total DNA extracts were enriched for circular dsDNA by rolling circle amplification (RCA) using Illustra TempliPhi (GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ). The RCA products from each sample were digested with PstI, resulting in ~2.7 and 1.3 kbp molecules, respectively, and cloned into the pGEM plasmid vector (Promega, Madison, WI), linearized with PstI. Two inserts were selected from each cloning event and subjected to DNA sequencing using primer walking. The four resultant sequences of the 2.7 kbp (identified as virus genome) and the 1.3 kbp (betasatellite) inserts shared 99 to 100% nucleotide (nt) identity with each other, respectively. Therefore, only two representative genome and betasatellite sequences of 2,772 bp (KJ939446) and 1,356 bp (KM279620) were deposited in GenBank. Analysis using the Species Demarcation Tool (SDT) (v.1.0) (2) showed that the CLCuGeV UAE isolate sequence shared its highest nt identity (96 to 97%) with isolates from Egypt (AF155064), Pakistan (FR751142), and Jordan (GU945265). In contrast, it was only 93% identical to an isolate of CLCuGeV (HG530540) from the west coast of Saudi Arabia, nonetheless indicating they are all isolates of the same species. Analysis of the CLCuGeV sequence indicated that it was like other monopartite begomoviral genomes, containing a predicted hairpin, REP-binding iterons (GGTACTCA), and a TATA-box in the intergenic region. The genome contained six open reading frames encoding proteins with high homology to other CLCuGeV isolates. The 1,356-bp betasatellite shared its highest nt identity, at 97%, with the Okra leaf curl Oman betasatellite (KF267444) reported from infected okra plants in a neighboring country, Oman. The recent practice of transporting plants between the Gulf countries represents an important means and route for introducing begomoviruses among neighboring countries, compared to the long-distance aerial dispersal of viruliferous whiteflies, which is less likely because the Arabian desert poses a major barrier to long-distance whitefly flights. References: (1) A. Idris et al. Viruses 6:1219, 2014. (2) B. M. Muhire et al. Arch. Virol. 158:1411, 2013. (3) M. N. Tahir et al. PLoS ONE 6:E20366, 2011.

The aims of this study are calculating and analyze the seasonal and spatial variability of agricultural water productivity of wheat crop in AL-Gezira irrigation scheme in Sudan by using remote sensing derived datasets. The data used in this project were collected from WaPOR, an open access portal, and content a 30m spatial resolution 10 days interval (decadal data) of Actual evapotranspiration and interception (AETI) and Net primary production (NPP). Accordingly, the average seasonal AETI and NPP was compiled for the scheme during the period from (1/11/2017) to (1/4/2018) for the first season, (1/11/2018) to (1/4/2019) for the second season, (1/11/2019) to (1/4/2020) for the third season, (1/11/2020) to (1/4/2021) for the fourth season and (1/11/2021) to (1/4/2022) for the fifth season. The results of the AETI from the first to the fifth were as follows (553.69mm, 561.964mm, 570.88mm, 279.4mm and 278.32mm) respectively. And results of crop water productivity as follows (0.34 kg/𝑚3, 0.13 kg/𝑚3, 0.15 kg/𝑚3, 0.1 kg/𝑚3, and 0.1 kg/𝑚3) respectively. The highest water productivity was in the first season, while the lowest water productivity was in the fourth and fifth seasons. By comparing AETI and CWP, we can see that the third season is when water is wasted and water distribution isn't adequately handled. Through AETI spatial analysis, it was found that the northeastern part of the scheme suffers from a real problem in water distribution.