Journal articles: 'Airflows'

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Fu, Xiu Zhang, and Jian Dong. "Numerical Analysis on the Impact of Windows and Interior Doors on Indoor Airflow of Rural Residence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1683.

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There are several factors impacting on the indoor airflows, such as building openings, ambient wind speed, occupants’ behavior and so forth. This paper concentrates on the impact of windows and interior doors on airflows in a rural multi-storey residential building. The indoor airflow simulation was carried out by using the CFD software. 3 states of interior doors were set, and 60 regions were arrayed in bedroom to observe the variation of airflows. According to data of regions, the uniformity of airflow and the thermal comfort were analyzed. Simulation results identified that closing interior doors will increase the mean age of indoor air about 7 times as it under the condition of opening doors, which is from 90s to 666s. It also shows that transom windows is beneficial to improve natural ventilation efficiency, as it can raise the average wind velocity by 40% when interior doors are closed.

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De Vogeleer, Gerlinde, Peter Demeyer, Philippe Van Overbeke, and Jan G. Pieters. "Assessing Airflow Distribution in Vents of a Naturally Ventilated Test Facility Using Reference Air Velocity Measurements." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 3 (2018): 1065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12458.

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Abstract. Emission measurement in naturally ventilated buildings is a complex task because wind conditions can change quickly, inducing high spatial and temporal variations in the air velocity and pollutant concentration at the vent level. Simply taking the product of differential pollutant concentration and airflow rate may generate inaccurate results because the limited number of measurement locations usually fails to correctly reflect the velocity and concentration distributions in the vents. To assess the predictability of the airflow distribution in the vents of a naturally ventilated building, detailed measurements were conducted in the vents. Linear regression was applied to velocity measurements taken in the vents and at a 10 m mast (meteomast) located 20 m away. The detailed airflow measurements were used to validate statistical models. Results showed that the velocity distribution in the ridge vent could be modeled accurately and precisely for all wind directions (R2 > 89%). Models for unidirectional airflows showed high predictability for the side vent (R2 > 92%). Models for bidirectional airflows showed good predictability for the windward side when the air flowed in the same direction as the outside wind (R2 > 88%) but showed less accurate results for the leeward side as well as for airflows moving in the opposite direction to the outside wind. For all models and wind directions, the most important input variable was the velocity component measured perpendicular to the vents at the meteomast. The importance of the velocity component measured parallel to the vents increased near the edges of the vent when the vent was on the windward side but did not reach the importance of the perpendicular component. The results confirmed the importance of using different models for unidirectional and bidirectional airflows to obtain accurate airflow assessments. Keywords: Airflow rate distribution, Mock-up building, Natural ventilation, Ultrasonic anemometer.

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Yamamoto, Toshiaki, Robert Donovan, and David Ensor. "Model Study for Optimization of Cleanroom Airflows." Journal of the IEST 31, no. 6 (November 1, 1988): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.31.6.et0013l4g2678g46.

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A menu-driven numerical simulation was developed to model the airflow in a typical industrial process cleanroom. The effects of changing entry velocity, isolating curtain height, and return airflow are evaluated. Theoretical guidelines for minimizing the strength of recirculation zones and optimizing the airflows in the cleanroom are discussed. These simulations help identify cleanroom designs that minimize the transport of particle contamination.

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Doyle, Lex William, Louis Irving, Anjali Haikerwal, Katherine Lee, Sarath Ranganathan, and Jeanie Cheong. "Airway obstruction in young adults born extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight in the postsurfactant era." Thorax 74, no. 12 (September 26, 2019): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213757.

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BackgroundIt is unknown if adults born <28 weeks or <1000 g since surfactant has been available are reaching their full airway growth potential.ObjectiveTo compare expiratory airflow at 25 years and from 8 to 25 years of participants born <28 weeks or <1000 g with controls, and within the preterm group to compare those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia with those who did not.MethodsAll survivors born <28 weeks or <1000 g in 1991–1992 in Victoria, Australia, were eligible. Controls were born contemporaneously, weighing >2499 g. At 8, 18 and 25 years, expiratory airflows were measured and the results converted to z-scores. Outcomes were compared between groups at age 25 years, and trajectories (change in z-scores per year) from childhood were contrasted between groups.ResultsExpiratory airflows were measured at 25 years on 164 of 297 (55%) preterm survivors and 130 of 260 (50%) controls. Preterm participants had substantially reduced airflow compared with controls at age 25 years (eg, zFEV1; mean difference −0.97, 95% CI −1.23 to –0.71; p<0.001). Preterm participants had lower airflow trajectories than controls between 8 and 18 years, but not between 18 and 25 years. Within the preterm group, those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia had worse airflows and trajectories than those who did not.ConclusionsYoung adults born <28 weeks or <1000 g in the surfactant era, particularly those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia, have substantially reduced airway function compared with controls. Some are destined to develop COPD in later adult life.

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Lestinen, Sami, Mark Wesseling, Risto Kosonen, Hannu Koskela, and Dirk Müller. "Airflow characteristics under planar opposed ventilation jets in a controlled indoor environment." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101029.

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Healthy, comfortable and intelligent indoor environment is a key objective in comprehensive well-being. This is also a main target of advanced HVAC-technology. In indoor environments, air distribution plays a major role while providing clean air to occupants. Therefore, investigating ventilation jets is an essential matter. In this study, the main objective was to improve knowledge on numerical modeling and airflow characteristics. In addition, the reliability of modeling methods were investigated. The experiments were carried out in a test room by using omnidirectional anemometers. The planar air jets were supplied below the ceiling from the opposite long-side walls. The exhaust openings were correspondingly near the floor. Isothermal and incompressible viscous airflow was simulated by using RANS, URANS, DES (SST-k-ω - LES) and SBES (SST-k-ω - LES) methods. The results show that modeling method has considerable effects on the predicted airflow field. However, the study indicates that correctly implemented numerical modeling may predict well the averaged airflow characteristics. Furthermore, the unsteady simulation allows airflows to fluctuate reasonably. In addition, SBES and DES methods were more sensitive in generating the airflow fluctuations than URANS. A recommendation is to carefully test and choose a modeling method for indoor airflows.

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Przydrozny, Edward, and Aleksandra Przydrozna. "Temperature and airflow setting in dual-duct ventilation systems." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600063.

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Past experiences of excess energy consumption and malfunctioning controls introduced prejudice when considering dual-duct ventilation systems during design stages. Modern technologies, however, can be used to improve performance and control of dual-duct systems, thus making these a sensible and safe design option. In the paper, we discuss challenges associated with setting the warm and cold supply air temperatures and how these set-points affect the airflows. We present limitations in temperature settings, due to instantaneous room thermal conditions and the individual design temperature requirements. Portions of warm and cold air (the ratio of these in the ventilating airflow) affect the transport costs of ventilating airflow. In many cases, rational control of warm and cold air temperature set-points, in a yearly cycle, enables distribution of similar portions of warm and cold air within the system. Even airflows in warm and cold air installations minimise the overall flow resistance, so that the air transport costs are minimal. Simultaneously, apart from minimising the energy for air transport, the primary energy demand for air treatment should be controlled and minimised.

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He, Nan, and Xing Hai Zhao. "Numerical Simulation on Separation Characteristic of an Elbow Bias-Oriented Rich-Lean Burner." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.327.

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In order to solve the problem of that the boiler burns inferior coal but cannot guarantee the combustion stability, the rich-lean burner divides primary wind pulverized coal airflow into two stocks of airflows containing different amounts of pulverized coal and sends the airflows into coal-fired furnace for improving the ignition characteristics. By the numerical simulation of the pulverized coal flow characteristics in an elbow bias-oriented rich-lean burner, regarding the “concentration ratio” and “speed difference” as the standard of evaluating the separation characteristic of the burner, considering the influence of the partition plate length, bias current stopper height and primary wind velocity to the separation effect of pulverized coal so as to provide technical assistances for the elbow bias-oriented rich-lean burner’s practical application and improvement.

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Wang, Yuanchen, Christian Lodroner, Michael Müller, and Konstantinos Stergiaropoulos. "Monitoring of Indoor Airflows with a New Two-Dimensional Airflow Sensor." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911105005.

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Although airflow is invisible, it has a big influence on the indoor environment. An incorrectly planned HVAC systems can lead to draught and thermal discomfort in occupied zones. Since the commissioning tests required after the installation of HVAC systems are generally performed without occupancy, the tests results do not always accurately represent the airflow that occurs during ordinary usage. The airflow needs to be continuously monitored and controlled by an intelligent HVAC system. The aim of this study is to develop a new two-dimensional airflow sensor for the monitoring of indoor airflow, which can also indicate the flow direction. Several of these sensors can be placed in a planar sensor array, by which a two-dimensional section of the flow field is created. By recording data from several of these arrays simultaneously, an image of the three-dimensional flow could be acquired. The prototype of the sensor, which is made by Hahn-Schickard Society for Applied Research is currently being validated at the Institute for Building Energetics, Thermotechnology and Energy Storage. When the development is completed, it will greatly contribute to the control strategies of HVAC systems.

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F. dos Santos, Bárbara, Matheus Maciel, Albaniza A. Tavares, Clarissa Q. B. de Araújo Fernandes, Wladymyr B. de Sousa, Marcus Lia Fook, Itamara Farias Leite, and Suédina de Lima Silva. "Synthesis and Preparation of Chitosan/Clay Microspheres: Effect of Process Parameters and Clay Type." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122523.

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This work aimed to prepare chitosan/clay microspheres, by the precipitation method, for use in drug carrier systems. The influence of the process parameters, particularly two airflows of the drag system (2.5 and 10 L·min−1) on the microspheres physical dimensions and properties, such as microstructure, degree of swelling and porosity were evaluated. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Water absorption and porosity tests were also performed. The results showed that the process parameters affected the size of the microspheres. The diameter, volume and surface area of the chitosan/clay microspheres decreased when they were prepared with the higher airflow of the drag system. The microspheres presented a porous microstructure, being the pore size, percentage of porosity and degree of swelling affected not only by the process parameters but also by the type of clay. Hybrids (chitosan/clay) with intercalated morphology were obtained and the hybrid prepared with montmorillonite clay at higher airflows of the drag system presented the greatest interlayer spacing and a more disordered morphology. Thus, it is certain that the chitosan/clay nanocomposite microspheres prepared with montmorillonite (CL clay) at higher airflows of the drag system can have good drug-controlled release properties.

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Orani, G. P., J. W. Anderson, G. Sant'Ambrogio, and F. B. Sant'Ambrogio. "Upper airway cooling and l-menthol reduce ventilation in the guinea pig." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.2080.

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Cooling of the upper airway, which stimulates specific cold receptors and inhibits laryngeal mechanoreceptors, reduces respiratory activity in unanesthetized humans and anesthetized animals. This study shows that laryngeal cooling affects the pattern of breathing in the guinea pig and assesses the potential role of cold receptors in this response by using a specific stimulant of cold receptors (l-menthol). The response to airflows (30 ml/s, 10-s duration) through the isolated upper airway was studied in 23 anesthetized (urethan, 1 g/kg ip) guinea pigs breathing through a tracheostomy. Respiratory airflow, tidal volume, laryngeal temperature, and esophageal pressure were recorded before the challenges (control), during cold airflows (25 degrees C, 55% relative humidity), and during warm airflows (37 degrees C, saturated) with or without the addition of l-menthol. Whereas warm air trials had no effect, cold air trials, which lowered laryngeal but not nasal temperature, reduced ventilation (VE) to 85% of control, mainly by prolonging expiratory time (TE, 145% of control), an effect abolished by laryngeal anesthesia. Addition of l-menthol to the warm airflow caused a greater reduction in VE (41% of control) by prolonging TE (1,028% of control). Nasal anesthesia markedly reduced the apneogenic effect of l-menthol but did not affect the response to cold air trials. In conclusion, both cooling of the larynx and l-menthol in the laryngeal lumen reduce ventilation. Exposure of the nasal cavity to l-menthol markedly enhances this ventilatory inhibition; considering the stimulatory effect of l-menthol on cold receptors, these results suggest a predominant role of nasal cold receptors in this response.

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Hui, David S., Margaret Ip, Julian W. Tang, Alexandra L. N. Wong, Matthew T. V. Chan, Stephen D. Hall, Paul K. S. Chan, and Joseph J. Y. Sung. "Airflows Around Oxygen Masks." Chest 130, no. 3 (September 2006): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.3.822.

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Liu, Mingsheng. "Variable Speed Drive Volumetric Tracking for Airflow Control in Variable Air Volume Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1559168.

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An airflow control method has been developed for variable air volume (VAV) systems. This airflow control method is termed VSD volumetric tracking (VSDVT) since both the supply and return airflows are determined using signals of variable speed drives (VSD) instead of flow stations. Its performance is studied and compared with the fan tracking (FT) method using model simulations. For the simulation considered, the VSDVT maintains a constant building pressure and the required outside airflow under all load conditions, and reduces the annual supply and return air fan energy significantly. This paper presents the VSDVT method, the system models, and the simulation results.

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Jiang, Jianbo, and Xinlei Wang. "On the Numerical Study of Indoor Particle Dispersion and Spatial Distribution." Air, Soil and Water Research 5 (January 2012): ASWR.S8113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s8113.

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In this paper, particle dispersion and spatial distribution in a full scale (5.5 m x 2.4 m x 3.7 m) forced ventilated room are investigated using four different multiphase flow models, including passive scalar model, discrete particle phase model, mixture model and Eulerian model. The main differences between these four models lie in how the particles are modeled. A two layer k-∊ turbulence model is used to calculate airflows. Simulated airflow characteristics and particle concentration are compared with corresponding experimental data. The results show that only discrete particle phase model could predict particle concentration distribution close to experimental values and satisfy the published validation criteria (ASTM D5157-97). The reasons for the failure and success of these models in the present case are discussed. Furthermore, the effects of turbulence models of airflows and treatment of boundary conditions on the particle concentration are also investigated.

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Wang, Yongjun, Xiaoming Zhang, Yuichi Sugai, and Kyuro Sasaki. "A Study on Preventing Spontaneous Combustion of Residual Coal in a Coal Mine Goaf." Journal of Geological Research 2015 (March 31, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/712349.

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The effectiveness of grouting scheme has been simulated to prevent the coal spontaneous combustion at a goaf in Haizi Colliery, China. The colliery has been operated for long period over 27 years and has a complex ventilation network including airflow leakages which could possibly lead to the spontaneous combustion of coal at goafs. Firstly, the mine ventilation simulator MIVENA was used to analyze the mine ventilation network airflows to control airflows in and out of working faces and goafs. As the second approach, numerical simulations were carried by the simulator FLUENT in order to predict spontaneous combustion of residual coal with leakage flow in the #3205 goaf. It was cleared that the goaf can be divided into three zones based on oxygen concentration in the goaf area. Finally, the numerical simulation results show that the slurry grouting method is able to be an effective and economical method by reducing porosity in the goaf area to prevent spontaneous combustion of residual coal.

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Xing, Xiao, and Guo Ming Ye. "Numerical Simulation of Yarn Untwisting Mechanism in a Pneumatic Splicer Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1721.

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For better study of the airflow movement in the untwisting chamber of a pneumatic splicer, this paper uses a commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT to realize the three dimensional numerical simulation for the characteristic of the airflows in the untwisting chamber. A three-dimensional grid and the realizable k- ε tur¬bulence model are used in this simulation. The characteristics of the air flows in different parts of the chamber are analysed according to the computed result. The airflow in the untwisting chamber can be divided into three regions in longitudinal section and two regions in cross section.

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Ebner, P. P., S. A. Grimm, M. Schneebeli, and A. Steinfeld. "An instrumented sample holder for time-lapse microtomography measurements of snow under advective airflow." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 3, no. 2 (September 24, 2014): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-179-2014.

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Abstract. An instrumented sample holder was developed for time-lapse microtomography of snow samples to enable in situ nondestructive spatial and temporal measurements under controlled advective airflows, temperature gradients, and air humidities. The design was aided by computational fluid dynamics simulations to evaluate the airflow uniformity across the snow sample. Morphological and mass transport properties were evaluated during a 4-day test run. This instrument allows the experimental characterization of metamorphism of snow undergoing structural changes with time.

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Ebner, P. P., S. A. Grimm, M. Schneebeli, and A. Steinfeld. "An instrumented sample holder for time-lapse micro-tomography measurements of snow under advective airflow." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2014): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-4-353-2014.

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Abstract. An instrumented sample holder was developed for time-lapse micro-tomography of snow samples to enable in-situ nondestructive spatial and temporal measurements under controlled advective airflows, temperature gradients, and air humidities. The design was aided by computational fluid dynamics simulations to evaluate the airflow uniformity across the snow sample. Morphological and mass transport properties were evaluated during a 4 day test run. This instrument allows the experimental characterization of metamorphism of snow undergoing structural changes with time.

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Li, J.-G., and B. W. Atkinson. "Transition Regimes in Valley Airflows." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 91, no. 3 (June 1999): 385–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1001846005338.

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Hoodin, Ronald B., and Harvey R. Gilbert. "Nasal airflows in Parkinsonian speakers." Journal of Communication Disorders 22, no. 3 (June 1989): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(89)90014-2.

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Deng, Tian, Wei Chen, Xing-ming Ren, Shuai Jiang, and Chao-hua Yuan. "Experiment on the Breakup of Liquid Jets in Different Cross-Airflows." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2576568.

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The experiment is conducted with a high-speed camera to investigate the breakup processes of liquid jets in uniform, shear-laden, and swirling cross-airflows. The liquid used in the test is water, the nozzle diameter is 2 mm, and the liquid-to-air momentum flux ratio q ranges from 5 to 3408.5. The results indicate that liquid jets break up to form small droplets in the uniform cross-airflow. There is an exponential relation between the broken position and q. In the shear-laden cross-airflow, the penetration depth of the jet is similar to that of the uniform case, both of which increase with the increase of q. When q and the mean Weber number are the same as the uniform case, the penetration depth of the jet increases by 25% when the velocity ratio of the upper and lower inlets is UR=5; the jet penetration depth decreases by 47.2% when the ratio of UR=0.2 and the jet breaks up quickly and the atomization effect will be better. In the swirling cross-airflow, the jet trajectory is similar to the uniform case and also satisfies the exponential property. When the swirl is weak (swirling number SN=0.49), the jet penetration depth increases compared to the uniform case; when the swirl is strong (SN=0.82), the cross-swirling airflow restrains the jet penetration depth.

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Wang, Li Hui, Jia Ni Liu, Dao Fa Tang, Li Shen, and Cheng Luo. "Research on the Coupling Airflows between Subway Piston Wind and Platform Jet with Liquid Scale Model Test." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.626.

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The liquid scale model test is set up to research on the velocity characteristics of coupling airflows between subway piston wind and platform air jet. Model test and prototype meet the dynamic similarity. Piston wind variation rules on the test are validated with previous conclusions. The coupling airflows trajectory is closer to the horizontal direction with increasing piston wind. Under the constant air supply, the coupling velocities of measuring points increase with piston wind growing. The piston wind has more obvious influence on the coupling airflows than air jet.

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Basset, Patricia, Angélique Amelot, Jacqueline Vaissière, and Bernard Roubeau. "Nasal airflow in French spontaneous speech." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (June 2001): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001074.

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The goal of this paper is to compare the degree of anticipatory and carryover phenomena in the behaviour of the velum during the production of French spontaneous speech, and to compare the data with the same speech material, but read. Airflows through the nose and the mouth were taken as an indirect indication of the velum behaviour. French is a language of special interest because there is a phonological contrast between oral and nasal vowels. The results show a tendency for nasal airflow to start before the nasal and a strong propensity to spread after the nasal. No differences could be established between speaking styles (spontaneous vs. read speech) regarding nasal airflow anticipation and carryover.

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Shepard, Emily L. C., Cara Williamson, and Shane P. Windsor. "Fine-scale flight strategies of gulls in urban airflows indicate risk and reward in city living." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1704 (September 26, 2016): 20150394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0394.

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Birds modulate their flight paths in relation to regional and global airflows in order to reduce their travel costs. Birds should also respond to fine-scale airflows, although the incidence and value of this remains largely unknown. We resolved the three-dimensional trajectories of gulls flying along a built-up coastline, and used computational fluid dynamic models to examine how gulls reacted to airflows around buildings. Birds systematically altered their flight trajectories with wind conditions to exploit updraughts over features as small as a row of low-rise buildings. This provides the first evidence that human activities can change patterns of space-use in flying birds by altering the profitability of the airscape. At finer scales still, gulls varied their position to select a narrow range of updraught values, rather than exploiting the strongest updraughts available, and their precise positions were consistent with a strategy to increase their velocity control in gusty conditions. Ultimately, strategies such as these could help unmanned aerial vehicles negotiate complex airflows. Overall, airflows around fine-scale features have profound implications for flight control and energy use, and consideration of this could lead to a paradigm-shift in the way ecologists view the urban environment. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.

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Lampret, Žiga, Gorazd Krese, and Matjaž Prek. "Enhancing cooling performance via airflow temperature fluctuations." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102072.

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In ventilated and air-conditioned indoor environment, air movement substantially impacts thermal sensation and comfort of occupants from the point of view of whole body and local thermal sensation. Skin temperature and its rate of change are important factors for thermal sensation. Both are affected by the airflow velocity and temperature changes around the body which causes skin temperature fluctuations and changes in convective heat transfer. In this study the impact of temperature fluctuations in airflow on human thermal sensation was examined. For the purposes of the study, an air handling unit was designed for generating airflows with temperature fluctuations and used in a subjective experiment. The experimental study indicates that temperature fluctuations possibly influence the human perception of air movement with a distinct cooling effect.

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Dacre, H. F., O. Martínez-Alvarado, and C. O. Mbengue. "Linking Atmospheric Rivers and Warm Conveyor Belt Airflows." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0175.1.

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Abstract Extreme precipitation associated with extratropical cyclones can lead to flooding if cyclones track over land. However, the dynamical mechanisms by which moist air is transported into cyclones is poorly understood. In this paper we analyze airflows within a climatology of cyclones in order to understand how cyclones redistribute moisture stored in the atmosphere. This analysis shows that within a cyclone’s warm sector the cyclone-relative airflow is rearwards relative to the cyclone propagation direction. This low-level airflow (termed the feeder airstream) slows down when it reaches the cold front, resulting in moisture flux convergence and the formation of a band of high moisture content. One branch of the feeder airstream turns toward the cyclone center, supplying moisture to the base of the warm conveyor belt where it ascends and precipitation forms. The other branch turns away from the cyclone center exporting moisture from the cyclone. As the cyclone travels, this export results in a filament of high moisture content marking the track of the cyclone (often used to identify atmospheric rivers). We find that both cyclone precipitation and water vapor transport increase when moisture in the feeder airstream increases, thus explaining the link between atmospheric rivers and the precipitation associated with warm conveyor belt ascent. Atmospheric moisture budgets calculated as cyclones pass over fixed domains relative to the cyclone tracks show that continuous evaporation of moisture in the precyclone environment moistens the feeder airstream. Evaporation behind the cold front acts to moisten the atmosphere in the wake of the cyclone passage, potentially preconditioning the environment for subsequent cyclone development.

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Bischofberger, Irmgard, Bahni Ray, Jeffrey F. Morris, Taehun Lee, and Sidney R. Nagel. "Airflows generated by an impacting drop." Soft Matter 12, no. 12 (2016): 3013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02702k.

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Mathai, Varghese, Asimanshu Das, Jeffrey A. Bailey, and Kenneth Breuer. "Airflows inside passenger cars and implications for airborne disease transmission." Science Advances 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): eabe0166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe0166.

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Transmission of highly infectious respiratory diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, is facilitated by the transport of exhaled droplets and aerosols that can remain suspended in air for extended periods of time. A passenger car cabin represents one such situation with an elevated risk of pathogen transmission. Here, we present results from numerical simulations to assess how the in-cabin microclimate of a car can potentially spread pathogenic species between occupants for a variety of open and closed window configurations. We estimate relative concentrations and residence times of a noninteracting, passive scalar—a proxy for infectious particles—being advected and diffused by turbulent airflows inside the cabin. An airflow pattern that travels across the cabin, farthest from the occupants, can potentially reduce the transmission risk. Our findings reveal the complex fluid dynamics during everyday commutes and nonintuitive ways in which open windows can either increase or suppress airborne transmission.

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Brownlie, Len, Collin Bailey, Jorge Carbo, Dan Judelson, Peter Ostafichuk, Jeff Allison, and David Rival. "Measurement and Visualization of Airflow through Sports Textiles." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049021.

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In marathon running, maintenance of body temperature is critical for peak performance. Race apparel should maximize ventilation yet current fabric permeability standards are based on airflow rates that are not generated during running. A novel flow measurement device was used to measure airflow through textiles and the effects of fabric hole size, coverage area and standoff distance between a simulated torso and fabric at velocities of 3.3, 5.3 and 10 m.s−1. Fluorescent dye injection in a tow tank or flume permitted visualization of flow through fabrics. Ventilation is constrained by the low flow velocity in the stagnation area over the chest of an athlete, with freestream airflows of 3.3 and 10 m.s−1 reduced to 1.31 +/− 0.10 m/s (39.6%) and 3.51 +/− 0.27 m.s−1 (35.0%), respectively at a yaw angle of 20°. The initial low flow velocity precludes improvements in airflow despite changes in the standoff distance, fabric hole size or coverage area.

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Johnson, G. T., and L. J. Hunter. "Some insights into typical urban canyon airflows." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 24-25 (October 1999): 3991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00164-8.

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Lean, M. H. "Trajectories of charged droplets in transverse airflows." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, no. 3 (May 1996): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.497412.

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Tang, Jingfeng, Liqiu Wei, Nan Li, Chunsheng Ren, and Daren Yu. "Repetitive Nanosecond Volume Diffuse Discharge Under Airflows." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 3 (March 2014): 753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2301166.

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Deng, F. C., L. Y. Ye, and K. C. Song. "Numerical studies of Trichel pulses in airflows." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 46, no. 42 (September 27, 2013): 425202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/42/425202.

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Alpers, Werner, Jen-Ping Chen, I.-I. Lin, and Chun-Chi Lien. "Atmospheric Fronts along the East Coast of Taiwan Studied by ERS Synthetic Aperture Radar Images." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 922–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3863.1.

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Abstract The existence of quasi-stationary alongshore atmospheric fronts typically located 30–70 km off the east coast of Taiwan is demonstrated by analyzing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the sea surface acquired by the European Remote Sensing Satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2. For the data interpretation, cloud images from the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GMS-4 and the American Terra satellite, rain-rate maps from ground-based weather radars, sea surface wind data from the scatterometer on board the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite, and meteorological data from weather maps and radiosonde ascents have also been used. It is shown that these atmospheric fronts are generated by the collisions of the two airflows from opposing directions: one is associated with a weak easterly synoptic-scale wind blowing against the high coastal mountain range at the east coast of Taiwan and the other with a local offshore wind. At the convergence zone where both airflows collide, air is forced to move upward, which often gives rise to the formation of coast-parallel cloud bands. There are two hypotheses about the origin of the offshore wind. The first one is that it is a thermally driven land breeze/katabatic wind, and the second one is that it is wind resulting from recirculated airflow from the synoptic-scale onshore wind. Air blocked by the mountain range at low Froude numbers is recirculated and flows at low levels back offshore. Arguments in favor of and against the two hypotheses are presented. It is argued that both the recirculation of airflow and land breeze/katabatic wind contribute to the formation of the offshore atmospheric front but that land breeze/katabatic wind is probably the main cause.

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Wang, Ping, Kai Gu, Jinyi Hou, and Bingjie Dou. "An Automatic Recognition Method for Airflow Field Structures of Convective Systems Based on Single Doppler Radar Data." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020142.

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Airflow structures within convective systems are important predictors of damaging convective disasters. To automatically recognize different kinds of airflow structures (the convergence, divergence, cyclonic rotation, and anticyclonic rotation) within convective systems, an airflow structure recognition method is proposed, in this paper, based on a regular hexagonal template. On the basis of single Doppler radar data, the template is designed according to the appearance model of airflows in radial velocity maps. The proposed method is able to output types and intensities of airflow structures within convective systems. In addition, the outputs of the proposed method are integrated into a projection map of the airflow field structure types and intensities (PMAFSTI), which is developed in this work to visualize three-dimensional airflow structures within convective cells. The proposed airflow structure automatic recognition method and the PMAFSTI were tested using three typical cases. Results of the tests suggest the following: (1) At different evolution stages of the convective systems, e.g., growth, split, and dissipation, the three-dimensional distribution of the airflow fields within convective systems could be clearly observed through the PMAFSTI and (2) on the basis of recognizing the structures of the airflow field, the complex airflow field, such as a squall line, could be further divided into several small parts making the analysis of convective systems more scientific and elaborate.

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Young, Colin, and Guy D. Snowsill. "CFD Optimization of Cooling Air Offtake Passages Within Rotor Cavities." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1556405.

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In modern gas turbine engines, up to 20% of the core airflow is bled off from various compressor stages to facilitate internal cooling, bearing chamber, and rim sealing, as well as axial load management. As this secondary airflow makes no direct contribution to engine thrust, there are strong economic incentives to reduce the quantity and quality of offtake air and maximize its effective use. Secondary airflows are commonly bled off via circular drillings in the compressor rotor, thereby augmenting their swirl velocity. This results in the creation of vortices within the rotor cavity and strong radial pressure gradients opposing inflow. In the present work the relative performance of a series of noncircular offtake passages has been assessed using CFD techniques. The results of this work demonstrate the degree of control that may be exercized over swirl uptake, which can be used to suppress the creation of vortices in rotor cavities.

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Yamamoto, Toshiaki, Andrew Viner, Robert Donovan, and David Ensor. "Model Study of Contaminant Flow in the Vicinity of Semiconductor Processing Equipment." Journal of the IEST 33, no. 4 (July 1, 1990): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.33.4.g31703341581611q.

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A continuous particle monitoring system was set up to. identify short-term particle bursts that reflect equipment operation and personnel activity within the photolithography bay of a cleanroom. The frequency and magnitude of the bursts vary with location and strongly depend on airflow, especially departures from vertical laminar flow introduced by equipment placement and/or human traffic. For example, the particle concentration above a stepper electronics cabinet was significantly reduced by moving the cabinet away from the cleanroom wall. Also, the particle concentration above the photoresist coater is very high during the operation of the wafer spinner; therefore, particles generated should be swept away by the airflows in order to minimize the particle transport to the wafer processing area. Numerical simulation of the airflow around two selected pieces of processing equipment was performed to better explain particle transport from these sources. Zones of recirculation and particle trapping, as predicted by this modeling, were shown to exist near the equipment. The improvement in airflow distributions results in more complete and rapid removal of particles from the vicinity of the equipment.

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Ito, Kazuhide, Kiao Inthavong, Takashi Kurabuchi, Toshikatsu Ueda, Tomoyuki Endo, Toshiaki Omori, Hiroki Ono, et al. "CFD Benchmark Tests for Indoor Environmental Problems: Part 4 Air-conditioning Airflows, Residential Kitchen Airflows and Fire-Induced Flow." International Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2015): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9821.2015.02.01.4.

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Zhang, Ying, Thomas Olofsson, Gireesh Nair, Chenbo Zhao, Bin Yang, and Angui Li. "Cold windows induced airflow effects on the thermal environment for a large single-zone building." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017206003.

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With access to modern building technologies and HVAC-systems, it is possible to obtain low energy use and good thermal comfort for complex design, such as large building volumes. However, the situation is different for large single zone buildings with large volumes. They often have insufficient thermal comfort. The problem could be partially attributed to the unwanted airflows due to the cold surfaces, especially the windows. With increased knowledge of the airflow, it is possible to identify suitable renovation strategies in such buildings. In this work, we study a church building with mechanical air change system and floor heating. CFD-simulations with dynamic airflow was conducted based on building geometries and technical data. The validation was based on data from the ventilation control and the space-heating system. The results show how the window-to-wall ratios and the positions of windows affect the thermal comfort. It contributes with knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of different envelope design in the existing environment with floor heating.

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VENCKUS, Žilvinas, Albertas VENSLOVAS, and Mantas PRANSKEVIČIUS. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF A CYLINDRICAL ONE-LEVEL 8-CHANNEL CYCLONE." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 22, no. 4 (December 17, 2014): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2014.973415.

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The Environmental Protection Laboratory of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University has developed and installed a one-level 8-channel cyclone with different internal structure, which is used for separation of particulate matter from air streams. Airflow velocity was measured in five points of each channel: at the end and the beginning of the channel, in the middle of the channel and in points arranged at 45° angle from the channel's end and beginning. The highest airflow velocity determined in 8-channel device by regulating volumes of peripheral and transit airflows with curvilinear semi-rings was in cyclone's channel 1, while the lowest – in channel 2. Contrary to the above, the highest airflow velocity in 8-channel cyclone by using quarter-rings without holes and with 5° opening angle of plates in holes was recorded in channel 2. Tests on aerodynamic resistance were carried out in airflow inlet and outlet ducts. In all cases analysed the highest aerodynamic resistance in 8-channel cyclone was determined when airflow distribution was regulated at 75/25 ratio with semi-rings. When quarter-rings without holes and with 5° opening angle of plates in holes were used, higher aerodynamic resistance in the system was created by using quarter-rings without holes, i.e. 0° opening of plates.

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Alves, Guilherme Euripedes, Flávio Meira Borém, Eder Pedroza Isquierdo, Valdiney Cambuy Siqueira, Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo, and Afonso Celso Ferreira Pinto. "Physiological and sensorial quality of Arabica coffee subjected to different temperatures and drying airflows." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 39, no. 2 (April 11, 2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v39i2.31065.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between a group of physiological variables (electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, and germination percentage) and a group of drying kinetics variables (drying time and drying rate) in addition to verifying the relation between drying kinetics variables and coffee quality as a function of processing type, temperature, and drying airflow. Coffee drying was conducted in a fixed-layer dryer at two temperatures and two airflows. After drying, an evaluation of the physiological and sensorial quality was conducted. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were drawn: coffee that is processed via a dry method is more sensitive to mechanical drying with heated air than coffee processed via a wet method, resulting in poor physiological performance; airflow does not interfere with the physiological quality of pulped and natural coffees; a temperature increase from 40 to 45°C resulted in a decrease in the physiological quality only for pulped coffee; and an increase in the drying rate as a result of an increase in the drying temperature to 40°C had a negative effect on the sensorial quality of pulped coffee.

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Cui, Yujie, Mingsheng Liu, and Kirk Conger. "Optimal Airflow Control of Laboratory Air Handling Unit (LAHU) Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1667984.

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The Laboratory Air Handling Unit (LAHU) system conditions both the office section and the laboratory section. It improves indoor air quality by maximizing outside air intake to the office section and minimizes thermal energy consumption by re-circulating the office section air to the laboratory section. This paper presents a theoretical linear optimization method and results of optimal outside air control in LAHUs. The optimal outside airflows are expressed as functions of the weather conditions (outside air temperature and enthalpy), office and laboratory airflow rates, office and laboratory supply air temperatures, and four dimensionless parameters that describe the building system and energy characteristics. The optimization method used in this paper can be used to identify the optimal control schedules in other HVAC systems.

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Gendelis, Staņislavs, and Andris Jakovičs. "APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE SIMULATION OF THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN A LIVING ROOM." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 18, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2005vol1.2124.

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The paper deals with the distributions of temperature and averaged turbulent airflows in living rooms in 2D and 3D approximations using Ansys/Flotran and Ansys/CFX software respectively. The distributions are calculated depending on the placement and temperature of heaters, heat transfer coefficients of the building structures and ventilation conditions. The authors analyse the influence of these factors on the air circulation and the related heat flows through building structures. The thermal balance of a room and its dependence on various external factors is also considered. As thermal comfort conditions’ parameters are analysed, the airflow velocities and indoor temperatures with its gradients. It is shown that it is possible to save heating consumption, at the same time maintaining the conditions of thermal comfort in the room.

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Shirozu, Kazuhiro, Tetsuya Kai, Hidekazu Setoguchi, Nobuyasu Ayagaki, and Sumio Hoka. "Effects of Forced Air Warming on Airflow around the Operating Table." Anesthesiology 128, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001929.

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Abstract Background Forced air warming systems are used to maintain body temperature during surgery. Benefits of forced air warming have been established, but the possibility that it may disturb the operating room environment and contribute to surgical site contamination is debated. The direction and speed of forced air warming airflow and the influence of laminar airflow in the operating room have not been reported. Methods In one institutional operating room, we examined changes in airflow speed and direction from a lower-body forced air warming device with sterile drapes mimicking abdominal surgery or total knee arthroplasty, and effects of laminar airflow, using a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer. Airflow from forced air warming and effects of laminar airflow were visualized using special smoke and laser light. Results Forced air warming caused upward airflow (39 cm/s) in the patient head area and a unidirectional convection flow (9 to 14 cm/s) along the ceiling from head to foot. No convection flows were observed around the sides of the operating table. Downward laminar airflow of approximately 40 cm/s counteracted the upward airflow caused by forced air warming and formed downward airflow at 36 to 45 cm/s. Downward airflows (34 to 56 cm/s) flowing diagonally away from the operating table were detected at operating table height in both sides. Conclusions Airflow caused by forced air warming is well counteracted by downward laminar airflow from the ceiling. Thus it would be less likely to cause surgical field contamination in the presence of sufficient laminar airflow.

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HALL, J. GORDEN, ALAN Q. ESCHENROEDER, and PAUL V. MARRONE. "Blunt-Nose Inviscid Airflows With Coupled Nonequilibrium Processes." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 40, no. 5 (September 2003): 796–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.6906.

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Ershov, A., N. Ardelyan, S. Chuvashev, V. Shibkov, and I. Timofeev. "Probe Diagnostics of Gas Discharges in Supersonic Airflows." AIAA Journal 39, no. 11 (November 2001): 2180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1215.

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Nurul Huda, Listiani, Hiroshi Homma, Nahomi Matsubara, and Chanhngakham Phonesavanh. "Thermal Comfort Disturbed by Local Airflows in Winter." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 2004): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.3.55.

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Turnipseed, Andrew A., Dean E. Anderson, Peter D. Blanken, William M. Baugh, and Russell K. Monson. "Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 119, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00136-9.

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Isabel Abreu, M., Helena Corvacho, and Ricardo P. Dias. "Passive Systems for Buildings Using Buoyancy-Driven Airflows." Recent Patents on Engineering 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212111105010023.

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Akbarzadeh, M., and M. J. Kermani. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF INVISCID AIRFLOWS IN RAMJET INLETS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 33, no. 2 (June 2009): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0021.

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The performances of three different ramjet inlets and an entire ramjet are numerically studied in this paper. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid. Inlet 1 is a SCRAMJET inlet and is chosen from the literature. Inlets 2 and 3 are instead designed based on the Oswatitsch principle. Inlets 2 and 3 produce a series of oblique shocks merging at the engine cowl lip followed by a terminating normal shock just downstream of the inlet throat. In ramjet, the combustion is modeled using a non-uniform volumetric heat source distributed in the combustor area. The position of the terminating normal shock in Inlets 2 and 3 is controlled via the inlet’s back pressure. Instead, in ramjet it is bounded by the amount of heat rate added in combustor and the exhaust nozzle throat area. For the numerical simulations, the Roe (1981) and MacCormack (1969) schemes are used. To prevent the spurious numerical oscillations in high resolution computations by Roe scheme the van Albada flux limiter (1982) is used, while in MacCormack scheme artificial viscosity terms are added to damp the oscillations. To double check the accuracy of the computations, the Fluent software package has also been used. Comparisons show very good agreement.

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Ershov, A., N. Ardelyan, S. Chuvashev, V. Shibkov, and I. Timofeev. "Probe diagnostics of gas discharges in supersonic airflows." AIAA Journal 39 (January 2001): 2180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14983.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Airflows'

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