Journal articles on the topic 'Airborne chemical exposures'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Airborne chemical exposures.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Airborne chemical exposures.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job–Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144919.
Full textAbstract:
Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative diseases. Occupational exposure to dust, fumes and diesel exhaust particulates can also cause adverse health outcomes and there are numerous occupations where workers are exposed to airborne particles that are similar to ambient air pollution. An individual’s job title has normally been identified as a major determinant of workplace exposure in epidemiological studies. This has led to the development of Job–Exposure Matrices (JEMs) as a way of characterising specific workplace exposures. One JEM for airborne chemical exposures is the Airborne Chemical Exposure Job–Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM), developed specifically for the UK Biobank cohort. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the ACE JEM in assessing occupational aerosol exposure of participants in the UK Biobank. We searched the scientific literature to identify exposure data linked to selected jobs in the ACE JEM and compared these data with the JEM assessments. Additionally, we carried out an independent expert-based assessment of exposure to compare with the JEM estimates. There is good published evidence to substantiate the high dust and biological dust assignments in the JEM and more limited evidence for diesel exhaust particulates. There is limited evidence in the published literature to substantiate moderate or low exposure assignments in the JEM. The independent expert-based assessment found good agreement at the two extremes of exposure in the JEM (high and no exposure), with uncertainty in all other classifications. The ACE JEM assignments are probably reliable for highly exposed jobs and for jobs assigned as unexposed. However, the assignments for medium and low exposures are less reliable. The ACE JEM is likely to be a good tool to examine associations between occupational exposures to particulates and chronic disease, although it should be used with caution. Further efforts should be made to improve the reliability of the ACE JEM.
2
Smith, Samuel Cole, Oscar Beau Black, and Courtney Roper. "Airborne and Dermal Collection Methods of Gunshot Residue for Toxicity Studies." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094423.
Full textAbstract:
Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative potential via the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay). All sample types detected Pb concentrations higher than national ambient air standards. The de-leading wipes reduced the metal content on the hands of the shooter for Pb (15.57 ± 12.99 ppb and 3.13 ± 4.95 ppb). Filter samples provided health relevant data for airborne PM2.5 for all of the analysis methods except for GSR morphology. This work identified collection and analysis methods for GSR in an outdoor setting, providing protocols and considerations for future toxicological studies related to inhalation and dermal exposures to particulate GSR. Future studies should investigate the influence of meteorological factors on GSR exposure in an outdoor setting.
3
Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Is Environmental and Occupational Particulate Air Pollution Exposure Related to Type-2 Diabetes and Dementia? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the UK Biobank." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249581.
Full textAbstract:
Human exposure to particulate air pollution (e.g., PM2.5) can lead to adverse health effects, with compelling evidence that it can increase morbidity and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular disease. More recently, there has also been evidence that long-term environmental exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dementia. There are many occupations that may expose workers to airborne particles and that some exposures in the workplace are very similar to environmental particulate pollution. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank cohort to verify the association between environmental particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposure and T2DM and dementia, and to investigate if occupational exposure to particulates that are similar to those found in environmental air pollution could increase the odds of developing these diseases. The UK Biobank dataset comprises of over 500,000 participants from all over the UK. Environmental exposure variables were used from the UK Biobank. To estimate occupational exposure both the UK Biobank’s data and information from a job exposure matrix, specifically developed for UK Biobank (Airborne Chemical Exposure–Job Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM)), were used. The outcome measures were participants with T2DM and dementia. In appropriately adjusted models, environmental exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.03) per unit exposure for developing T2DM, while PM2.5 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.06 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.16) per unit exposure for developing dementia. These environmental results align with existing findings in the published literature. Five occupational exposures (dust, fumes, diesel, mineral, and biological dust in the most recent job estimated with the ACE JEM) were investigated and the risks for most exposures for T2DM and for all the exposures for dementia were not significantly increased in the adjusted models. This was confirmed in a subgroup of participants where a full occupational history was available allowed an estimate of workplace exposures. However, when not adjusting for gender, some of the associations become significant, which suggests that there might be a bias between the occupational assessments for men and women. The results of the present study do not provide clear evidence of an association between occupational exposure to particulate matter and T2DM or dementia.
4
Mesnil, Marc, Norah Defamie, Christian Naus, and Denis Sarrouilhe. "Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link?" Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010051.
Full textAbstract:
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
5
Kerry, Gemma L., Kirstin E. Ross, Jackie L. Wright, and G. Stewart Walker. "A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110710.
Full textAbstract:
Methamphetamine manufacture, use, and the resulting contamination is a significant issue that affects public health, the environment, and the economy. Third-hand exposure to methamphetamine can result in adverse health risks for individuals and first responders. Such exposures can result from the inhalation of airborne residues or from contact with contaminated objects. This review was conducted to determine the current methods used for methamphetamine extraction from indoor air and porous fabric materials. Dynamic solid phase microextraction (SPME) and sorbent sampling tubes have been applied to extract airborne methamphetamine residues from contaminated properties. SPME and solvent extraction have been applied to sample clothing and textiles for methamphetamine detection. This review demonstrates that there is limited literature on the detection of methamphetamine from indoor air and clothing. Supplementary and consistent methods to detect methamphetamine from air and porous surfaces should be developed and published to allow better assessment of the environmental risk to public health caused by third-hand exposure to methamphetamine.
6
Sauvé, Jean-François, Andrea Emili, and Gautier Mater. "Application of Pattern Mining Methods to Assess Exposures to Multiple Airborne Chemical Agents in Two Large Occupational Exposure Databases from France." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031746.
Full textAbstract:
Surveys of the French working population estimate that approximately 15% of all workers may be exposed to at least three different chemical agents, but the most prevalent coexposure situations and their associated health risks remain relatively understudied. To characterize occupational coexposure situations in France, we extracted personal measurement data from COLCHIC and SCOLA, two large administrative occupation exposure databases. We selected 118 chemical agents that had ≥100 measurements with detected concentrations over the period 2010–2019, including 31 carcinogens (IARC groups 1, 2A, and 2B). We grouped measurements by work situations (WS, combination of sector, occupation, task, and year). We characterized the mixtures across WS using frequent itemset mining and association rules mining. The 275,213 measurements extracted came from 32,670 WS and encompassing 4692 unique mixtures. Workers in 32% of all WS were exposed to ≥2 agents (median 3 agents/WS) and 13% of all WS contained ≥2 carcinogens (median 2 carcinogens/WS). The most frequent coexposures were ethylbenzene-xylene (1550 WS), quartz-cristobalite (1417 WS), and toluene-xylene (1305 WS). Prevalent combinations of carcinogens also included hexavalent chromium-lead (368 WS) and benzene-ethylbenzene (314 WS). Wood dust (6% of WS exposed to at least one other agent) and asbestos (8%) had the least amount of WS coexposed with other agents. Tasks with the highest proportions of coexposure to carcinogens include electric arc welding (37% of WS with coexposure), polymerization and distillation (34%), and construction drilling and excavating (34%). Overall, the coexposure to multiple chemical agents, including carcinogens, was highly prevalent in the databases, and should be taken into account when assessing exposure risks in the workplace.
7
Longo, Valentina, Angiola Forleo, Lucia Giampetruzzi, Pietro Siciliano, and Simonetta Capone. "Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910236.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.
8
Lewis, David L., David K. Gattie, Marc E. Novak, Susan Sanchez, and Charles Pumphrey. "Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, no. 4 (February 2003): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lhry-90eh-ht21-vph7.
Full textAbstract:
Fertilization of land with processed sewage sludges, which often contain low levels of pathogens, endotoxins, and trace amounts of industrial and household chemicals, has become common practice in Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Local governments, however, are increasingly restricting or banning the practice in response to residents reporting adverse health effects. These self-reported illnesses have not been studied and methods for assessing exposures of residential communities to contaminants from processed sewage sludges need to be developed. Methods: To describe and document adverse effects reported by residents, 48 individuals at ten sites in the United States and Canada were questioned about their environmental exposures and symptoms. Information was obtained on five additional cases where an outbreak of staphylococcal infections occurred near a land application site in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. Medical records were reviewed in cases involving hospitalization or other medical treatment. Since most complaints were associated with airborne contaminants, an air dispersion model was used as a means for potentially ruling out exposure to sludge as the cause of adverse effects. Results: Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land-application sites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat, and lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately one in four of 54 individuals were infected, including two mortalities (septicemia, pneumonia). This result was consistent with the prevalence of S. aureus infections accompanying diaper rashes in which the organism, which is occasionally found in the lower human colon, tends to invade irritated or inflamed tissue. Conclusions: When assessing public health risks from applying sewage sludges in residential areas, potential interactions of chemical contaminants with low levels of pathogens should be considered. An increased risk of infection may occur when allergic and non-allergic reactions to endotoxins and other chemical components irritate skin and mucous membranes and thereby compromise normal barriers to infection.
9
Ebersviller, S., K. Lichtveld, K. G. Sexton, J. Zavala, Y.-H. Lin, I. Jaspers, and H. E. Jeffries. "Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2012): 5065–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-5065-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of gas-only- and PM-only-biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound and PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and it exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells) – even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase: the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures and can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.
10
Ebersviller, S., K. Lichtveld, K. G. Sexton, J. Zavala, Y. H. Lin, I. Jaspers, and H. E. Jeffries. "Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2012): 12277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12277-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit virtually gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound to which we added PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells). We observed that, even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase, the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences for a wide range of people. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures that can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work (described in companion papers) extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.
11
Geiger-Brown, Jeanne, and Jane Lipscomb. "The Health Care Work Environment and Adverse Health and Safety Consequences for Nurses." Annual Review of Nursing Research 28, no. 1 (December 2010): 191–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.28.191.
Full textAbstract:
Nurses' working conditions are inextricably linked to the quality of care that is provided to patients and patients' safety. These same working conditions are associated with health and safety outcomes for nurses and other health care providers. This chapter describes aspects of the nursing work environment that have been linked to hazards and adverse exposures for nurses, as well as the most common health and safety outcomes of nursing work. We include studies from 2000 to the present by nurse researchers, studies of nurses as subjects, and studies of workers under similar working conditions that could translate to nurses' work environment. We explore a number of work organization factors including shift work and extended work hours, safety climate and culture, teamwork, and communication. We also describe environmental hazards, including chemical hazards (e.g., waste anesthetics, hazardous drugs, cleaning compounds) and airborne and bloodborne pathogen exposure. Nurses' health and safety outcomes include physical (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders, gastrointestinal, slips, trips and falls, physical assault) and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., burnout, work-family conflict). Finally, we present recommendations for future research to further protect nurses and all health care workers from a range of hazardous working conditions.
12
Ferreira Bastos, Mariana, Ricardo Batista, Diogo Laertes, Joana Calvão, and Margarida Gonçalo. "Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Epoxy Resin in the Centre of Portugal." Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology 77, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29021/spdv.77.3.1109.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis is a very common occupational disease and epoxy resins are among its main causes. The aim of this study was to characterize patients with positive patch test reactions to epoxy resin detected in the Coimbra Hospital and University Center between 2012 and 2018 and compare with the results of patients patch tested between 1999 and 2008 at the same Institution.
Method and Materials. Within aretrospective analysis of the files of patients with positive patch test reactions (1+ or more intense) to epoxy resin of bisfenol A tested at 1% pet. within the Baseline Series between 2012 and 2018, we characterized demographic and clinical data of reactive patients, evaluated the relevance of the reaction, sources of exposure to epoxy resin with particular attention to occupational exposures, other positive reactions and the impact of the results of the tests in the work conditions of these patients. Lastly, we compared these results with a previous study performed in the same Hospital between 1999 and 2008.
Results. Among 2363 patch tested patients during the study period we found 23 patients (0.97%), 17 males and 6 females, who developed contact allergy to epoxy resins. In 22 cases we identified a relevant occupational exposure: 9 from construction industry; 9 workers from wind-mill turbines factory for Eolic energy; 2 from fiberglass factories; 1 from a chemical factory and 1 from a Wastewater Treatment Plant. In 1 patient (a teacher) no relevance was found. Of these 22 workers, 9 (39.1%) had both hand and airborne lesions, while 8 (34.8%) had lesions exclusively on the hands and 5 (21.7%) had predominately airborne dermatitis. Four of the 23 (17.4%) reacted exclusively to the epoxy resin, and 11 of 18 (61.1%) also reacted to 0.25% hexanediol diglycidyl ether. Avoidance resulted in a significant improvement of symptoms. Compared to the previous period (1999-2008), there are no significative changes apart from a slight increase in the frequency of the allergic reactions to epoxy resins and its main source of exposure.
Conclusions. The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to epoxy resin has slightly increased in this Portuguese Center mostly due to workers from wind-mill turbines factory for Eolic energy, a recent industry implanted in this region. This allergen still causes almost exclusively occupational dermatitis, either hand, airborne, or both.
13
Smith, Rachel, Michele Ellender, Chang Guo, Derek Hammond, Adam Laycock, Martin O. Leonard, Matthew Wright, et al. "Biokinetics and Internal Dosimetry of Tritiated Steel Particles." Toxics 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100602.
Full textAbstract:
Decommissioning fission and fusion facilities can result in the production of airborne particles containing tritium that could inadvertently be inhaled by workers directly involved in the operations, and potentially others, resulting in internal exposures to tritium. Of particular interest in this context, given the potentially large masses of material involved, is tritiated steel. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recommended committed effective dose coefficients for inhalation of some tritiated materials, but not specifically for tritiated steel. The lack of a dose coefficient for tritiated steel is a concern given the potential importance of the material. To address this knowledge gap, a “dissolution” study, in vivo biokinetic study in a rodent model (1 MBq intratracheal instillation, 3-month follow-up) and associated state-of-the-art modelling were undertaken to derive dose coefficients for model tritiated steel particles. A committed effective dose coefficient for the inhalation of 3.3 × 10−12 Sv Bq−1 was evaluated for the particles, reflecting an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 13.3 µm, with the value for a reference AMAD for workers (5 µm) of 5.6 × 10−12 Sv Bq−1 that may be applied to occupational inhalation exposure to tritiated steel particles.
14
Walters, D. M., N. M. Al-Khulaifi, B. R. Rushing, and M. I. Selim. "Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of ambient particulate matter from dust storm and non-dust storm periods in Kuwait." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03462-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEpidemiological studies demonstrate a positive association between daily changes in concentrations of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) and adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. However, physicochemical properties of PM can vary greatly across geographical, atmospheric, and temporal conditions and influence the relative toxicity of airborne PM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular health effects of ambient PM collected from discrete sampling sites in Kuwait during dust storm (DS) and non-dust storm (NDS) conditions. Collected dust samples were characterized for their chemical composition using atomic absorption, GC–MS, and HPLC–MS analyses. Male BALB/cJ mice were exposed to 100 µg of either NDS or dust storm (DS) PM in 50 µl of PBS by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung function was measured and bronchoalveolar lavage was conducted at 1, 7, and 14 days post-exposure. Ischemia–reperfusion injury was performed 24 h after exposures by obstructing the left main coronary artery approximately 4 mm distal to its origin for 20 min, followed by 2 h. of reperfusion. Exposure to either NDS or DS PM resulted in airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine compared to PBS controls. Total protein and cells in BAL fluid were elevated in both dust groups one day after exposure; however, DS PM induced a greater increase in cell numbers than did NDS PM, particularly in neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Representative lung sections exhibited positive staining for mucus in large airways at 7 days which resolved by 14 days in dust storm-exposed mice but persisted in NDS-exposed animals. Our findings suggest that NDS PM may be more effective in producing an adaptive immune response, while the early inflammation induced by DS PM may better resolve. We also observed a prolonged airway mucus response after exposure to NDS PM, suggesting it may produce more asthma-like features than dust storm PM. PM-induced changes to cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury were not observed in this study. The lack of cardiovascular response may have been due to the limited exposure and single time point used in this study.
15
Dehdashti, Alireza. "P.1.09 Risk assessment of exposure to formaldehyde in university laboratories." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A80.1—A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.215.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveFormaldehyde is a commonly used chemical in laboratories and has been regarded as a potential hazard to health. Researchers and students who work in medical laboratories have potentially a higher risk of exposure to Formaldehyde. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of exposure to formaldehyde and its health effects in laboratories.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey air samples were collected with charcoal tubes from 23 anatomy, pathology and histopathology laboratories. Personal and time weighted exposures of 102 samples were sampled and analyzed using OSHA method. A questionnaire was distributed to 83 participants engaged in laboratory activities to examine the adverse health effects of formaldehyde.ResultsOverall, 92.3% of the personal exposure levels were higher than the occupational exposure limit. The area concentrations ranged between 0.234 ppm and 3.45 ppm (mean=1.43 ppm, SD=0.45). Individual exposure levels in respiratory zone ranged 0.219 ppm and 1.96 ppm (mean=0.573 ppm, SD=0.39). The risk of Formaldehyde exposure levels were higher for researchers and technicians compared to students with a factor of two or three. Participants with a duration of exposure more than 2 years had an increased risk of health symptoms (Hazard ratio=1.4; Confidence Interval=0.8–3.7). Laboratory personnel reported physical fatigue (39.1%), headache (32.7%), breathing problems (21.1%), noise irritation (17.4%), and eye irritation (14.9%).ConclusionThe concentration levels of Formaldehyde vapor in laboratory indoor air were higher compared to individual exposure levels. Work in laboratories is associated with exposure levels exceeding the recommended exposure limit and an increased risk of health complaints. Preventive measures are required to reduce the emission of airborne formaldehyde and prevalent health-related symptoms in academic medical laboratories.
16
Buyela, Charles, Paul Njogu, Gideon Kikuvi, Joseph Kamau, Charles Mburu, and Dan Westervelt. "Occupational safety and health hazards in artisanal gold mines in western and Nyanza region, Kenya." Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i2.5.
Full textAbstract:
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASSGM) has experienced rapid growth due to mineral value and increasing poverty level in western and Nyanza regions in Kenya. The sub-sector has hazardous tasks occasioned by chemical exposures to such substances as mercury, physical strain and repetitive movements associated with extractive tasks challenge which vary from region to region and site to site. This paper reports findings of a study conducted on ASSGM in Kakamega (Roster mine and Ikolomani) and Migori (Masara-Suna West and Francis - Suna East) counties to assess workplace safety, health risk and good health practice among a population of one thousand four hundred (1400) miners and non-miners to identify and determine levels of health hazard in the sector. Descriptive cross-sectional design that involved stratified sampling technique with three broad stages was used: dividing mining and non-mining population in sub-groups (miners, foremen/supervisors, and head of households) at sites in administering to them research instrument using a simple random technique. Levels of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were determined both at mining sites and away from mining sites using low cost monitor sensor (PA-11-SD Purple air sensor). The low-cost monitor sensor data was corrected using collocational data obtained using a continuous particulate monitor (BAM 1020) reference monitor in a similar location. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyse qualitative data. The study found that common sources of hazards included handling elemental mercury with bare hands during amalgamation and exposure to fumes during refining raw sponge-like gold. Aaverage 24-hour variation cycle for (PM2.5 and PM10) was 117.11±14.47 and 195.18±15.35 μg/m3 in ambient air respectively at all mining sites. Histograms were used to present frequency distribution of variations for (PM2.5 and PM10) from mining activity. The average humidity and temperature variations of artisanal gold mining were in the range of (45-35) percentage (% RH) and (26-28)0C respectively. The study concluded that there were high risk cycle exposures to airborne particulate matter contaminants at artisanal gold mining sites as compared to non- mining sites. The study recommends that the county government should give priority to developing safe guidelines to ASSGM. The central government should also come up with guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in artisanal gold mining to facilitate compliance with OSH requirements in the sector and offer effective participative training.
17
Shehata, A. Terry. "A Multi-Route Exposure Assessment of Chemically Contaminated Drinking Water." Toxicology and Industrial Health 1, no. 4 (October 1985): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378500100419.
Full textAbstract:
This report provides an example of how a single source of contamination could potentially contribute to all routes of exposure. A modeling approach was used to estimate multiple exposure routes in an attempt to assess the health significance of gasoline-contaminated drinking water supplies. This model consisted of a two-compartment, indoor air quality equation that calculates the contribution made by ambient and indoor air contaminated by a pollutant volatilized from drinking water to that pollutant's inhalation burden. In addition, the model uses the traditional equations for assessing a pollutant's oral and dermal burdens. Benzene, toluene and xylene were used as surrogates for gasoline contamination to determine the contribution of contaminated water to adult and child body burdens from indoor air, oral (drinking water and food) and dermal exposure routes. The contribution thus calculated for each chemical was compared to the EPA's Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories. In terms of acute exposure, the use of chemically contaminated water for showering purposes may generate vapor in the confined area of the bathroom at levels sufficient to cause or contribute to mucous tissue irritation, as commonly reported in affected homes. High temperatures and humidity may also contribute to these effects, especially in the bathroom. In terms of chronic exposure, the use of chemically contaminated water at EPA-recommended guideline amounts in an affected home may result in inhalation, oral and dermal exposures leading to cumulative doses exceeding adult and child total daily body burdens based on EPA's Health Advisories. Thus, this model indicates that the traditional standard/guidelines derivation processes should be reevaluated to consider the pollutant contribution from multiple routes of exposure. The New Jersey Departments of Health and Environmental Protection conducted a study in which concentrations of several pollutants including benzene in the breathing zone were measured during a 15-minute shower in homes with contaminated water. The findings suggest that the air quality model used in the present study may satisfactorily predict the airborne concentrations of pollutants in, at least, the bathroom after showering with contaminated water (Pearson rank correlation coefficient of 0.773 with p = 0.0012 for n =14). The findings of the present study support the use of an adjustment factor for all exposure durations to account for exposures to other sources of the contaminant, i.e., urban, occupational, and food. A value of 20% seems appropriate based on the study's findings. However, it is more likely that this value may be too high considering that occupational and food exposures for most of the contaminants evaluated in the study were not accounted for. The generated values in this study are theoretical and, therefore, should be cautiously interpreted. Limitations of the model include inappropriate use of steady-state dermal absorption rates for the pollutants considered in this study, poor air stripping data, and background indoor air quality data, among others. However, given the limitations of the model, the inherent conservative approach employed in calculating body doses and drinking water guidelines, and the scant reports of ill health effects in households with gasoline-contaminated drinking water, the findings presented in this report should not be discounted and should suggest research efforts to confirm or refute the findings presented in this report. Primary research efforts should concentrate on evaluating dermal uptake of pollutants under initial rate conditions in varying temperatures of soapy water. The Maine Departments of Human Services and Environmental Protection are gathering case history information on several selected homes with contaminated drinking water that have not yet installed charcoal filters. The information gathered will include the results of air monitoring in the bathroom with the shower flowing, an assessment of the pattern of contaminated water use and health questionnaire, among others. The brief health questionnaire will concentrate primarily on acute effects to assess irritant potential of gasoline vapors in bathrooms. Similar information will be gathered from control homes for comparison.
18
Settimo, Gaetano, Maria Eleonora Soggiu, Marco Inglessis, Giovanni Marsili, and Pasquale Avino. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in Atmospheric Deposition Rates around the Port-Industrial Area of Civitavecchia, Italy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041827.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, studies on climate change have focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions emitted by various civil and industrial processes. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the total deposition rates of airborne particles (bulk atmospheric deposition) in the surroundings of an industrial area along the north cost of the Lazio Region in Italy, to deepen knowledge about the potential impact of emissions from the coal-fired thermoelectric (CTE) power plant and other possible sources existing in the surrounding area. Four sampling sites were identified, and the monitoring plan was performed a yearlong with monthly collecting observation. The deposition samples were collected monthly and processed for determining organic (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins, PCDDs; polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDFs; dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, DL-PCBs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) and inorganic (metals) substances. The samples were collected monthly and sent for chemical characterization. In Europe and Italy, no reference values have been given for the deposition rates of chemicals, while some European countries have determined reference/guide values to which the authors will refer in this study. Therefore, the analytical results show that the deposition rates for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs are lower with respects guide values defined by Germany and Belgium; PAHs values are in line with those measured in other rural-type sites, while for metals the analytical results show a situation between rural and urban area. The approach used in this study can help to identify reference values for Italy in deposition rates, with the aim both to characterize the dynamic of pollution in area with multiple risk factors and to describe and protect human health from environmental exposures caused by the contamination of the food chain.
19
Sahmel, Jennifer, Ken Unice, Paul Scott, Dallas Cowan, and Dennis Paustenbach. "The Use of Multizone Models to Estimate an Airborne Chemical Contaminant Generation and Decay Profile: Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers to Vinyl Chloride in Hairspray During the 1960s and 1970s." Risk Analysis 29, no. 12 (December 2009): 1699–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01311.x.
Full text
20
Arnold, Susan, Patricia A. Stewart, Gregory C. Pratt, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Richard K. Kwok, Lawrence S. Engel, Dale P. Sandler, and Mark R. Stenzel. "Estimation of Aerosol Concentrations of Oil Dispersants COREXIT™ EC9527A and EC9500A during the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response and Clean-up Operations." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i188—i202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab108.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The April 2010 Deepwater Horizon drilling unit explosion at the Macondo oil well resulted in the release of approximately 779 million l of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. As part of the response effort to break up oil slicks on the water’s surface, 6.81 million l of chemical dispersants COREXIT™ EC9500A and COREXIT™ EC9527A were applied by plane or vessel or injected near the seabed. The GuLF Long-term Follow-up Study is investigating possible adverse health effects of workers involved in the oil spill response and clean-up (OSRC). In this paper, we describe potential dispersant-related air concentrations generated from aerial spraying of dispersants to provide insight as to what concentrations OSRC workers may have been exposed under worst-case conditions. Personal exposure measurement data were not collected. Modeling, therefore, was conducted to estimate airborne concentrations of total aerosol to COREXIT™ EC9527A and EC9500A. Using the AgDISP model, we estimated air concentrations to dispersant total aerosols, defined as all components of the dispersant including active ingredients, surfactants, and water, resulting from aerial and vessel applications, as average 1-h and 2-min concentrations. For comparison, 1-h air concentrations associated with aerial spraying were estimated using another model, AERMOD. At 152 m horizontal to the flight path, average 1-h total aerosol concentrations associated with aerial applications were estimated to be as high as 49.3 µg m−3 (9527A) and 45.4 µg m−3 (9500A), and both decreased with increased distance from the flight line. The estimates for spraying 9500A from vessels indicated that total aerosol concentrations were potentially as high as 0.33 µg m−3 at 10 m from the nozzles. These results suggest that personal exposures to dispersant aerosols were negligible.
21
Patel, Khayati, and Chun-Yip Hon. "Evaluating if airborne chemical levels in indoor swimming pools are influenced by type of water treatment." Environmental Health Review 63, no. 2 (July 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2020-014.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction Airborne chemical contaminants within an indoor space have the potential to cause adverse effects on those who work or visit the building. Indoor pools are no exception and airborne contaminants arise when chemicals, used for disinfection purposes, react with the pool water. Pool water can be treated by different means (e.g., chlorination or ultra-violet (UV) radiation) and whether the type of water treatment affects the airborne chemical levels is unclear. This study examined UV-treated vs. chlorine-treated swimming pools to determine if there is a difference in the resulting airborne chemical concentration of chlorine, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and trichloramines. Methods Two swimming pools (one UV-treated and one chlorine-treated) were selected to participate based upon the inclusion criteria. Partial period sampling was conducted on 3 different days at each facility when swim classes were occurring. For each sampling period, two ambient samples for each analyte (chlorine, HCl, and trichloramines) were collected according to recognized occupational hygiene protocols. Additionally, the temperature and relative humidity were measured, and other pool chemistry information was obtained. Comparative analyses were performed to ascertain if there was a difference in airborne chemical levels between the two pools. Results Summary statistics indicated very similar averages for each of the three airborne chemicals between the two water treatment types. A two-sample t-test found that the difference in means was not statistically significant for any of the three analytes. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference reported in the mean airborne concentration for any of the analytes between the chlorine-treated swimming pool and the UV-treated swimming pool. In addition, all airborne chemical concentration levels were below their respective occupational exposure limit or recommended guideline level. The type of water treatment does not appear to impact the airborne chemical levels though further research is suggested to confirm these results.
22
Kezic, Sanja, Roberto Nunez, Željka Babić, Sarah Hallmann, Martin S. Havmose, Jeanne D. Johansen, Swen M. John, et al. "Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074176.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher. Objective: To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers. Methods: A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser’s workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels. Results: In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1–62). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde (n = 8), ammonia (n = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) (n = 5), and toluene (n = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies. Conclusion: Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.
23
Nakaoka, Hiroko, Norimichi Suzuki, Akifumi Eguchi, Daisuke Matsuzawa, and Chisato Mori. "Impact of Exposure to Indoor Air Chemicals on Health and the Progression of Building-Related Symptoms: A Case Report." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114421.
Full textAbstract:
The aetiology of building-related symptoms (BRSs) is not well supported by sufficient scientific evidence, and it remains unclear whether BRSs are mediated by psychosocial and personal factors or a genuine physical susceptibility to low-dose chemical exposure. In April 2014, a 40-year-old man consulted the Environmental Medical Clinic at Chiba University complaining of recurring BRSs. Indoor air samples were collected from the patient’s house at 11 time points and subjected to chemical analyses. The patient simultaneously completed a questionnaire about his symptoms at the time of the measurements. Statistical examination of the indoor environmental factors and patient survey revealed that the patient’s symptoms were highly correlated with the indoor air quality. Additionally, ventilation may have mitigated his BRSs, whereas aerial odour did not trigger symptoms. These findings suggest that exposure to specific airborne chemicals in an indoor environment can cause BRSs, and ventilation may be one of the treatment options to mitigate symptoms. Additional investigations on the adverse impacts of airborne environmental chemicals on human health are necessary to develop effective treatments and establish preventive measures for BRSs, and further improvement of ventilation systems is required to ensure clean indoor air.
24
Ronda, Elena, Bjorg Eli Hollund, and Bente E. Moen. "Airborne exposure to chemical substances in hairdresser salons." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 153, no. 1-4 (May 16, 2008): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0338-y.
Full text
25
Sadhra, S. S., O. P. Kurmi, H. Chambers, K. B. H. Lam, and D. Fishwick. "Development of an occupational airborne chemical exposure matrix." Occupational Medicine 66, no. 5 (April 11, 2016): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqw027.
Full text
26
Ogden, Trevor L., and Michael D. Topping. "Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Chemicals in Britain." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1997.10389507.
Full text
27
Rangan, Urvashi, Christine Hedli, Michael Gallo, Paul Lioy, and Robert Snyder. "Exposure and Risk Assessment with Respect to Contaminated Soil: Significance of Biomarkers and Bioavailability." International Journal of Toxicology 16, no. 4-5 (July 1997): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158197227044.
Full textAbstract:
The evaluation of health risk from chemical exposure is evolving in concept and practice. The ability to sensitively detect levels of chemicals in the environment has served as the traditional foundation for determining exposure levels and consequent health risks. More recently, however, other parameters have been constructed to probe the pathway between environmental levels of a chemical and the biological effects of subsequent exposure. Among these, two that are discussed in this paper are bioavailability and biomarker determinations. Chemicals in the environment often are associated with a medium such as airborne particulate, water, or soil. The interaction between the chemical and its medium is dependent on the physicochemical properties of the system. In some cases, such as 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in soil, the chemical becomes partially and irreversibly bound to the medium. Animalingestion studies of TCDD-contaminated soil suggest that some of the TCDD remains bound to the soil and does not cross the gastrointestinal barrier during digestion, and therefore only a fraction of the TCDD enters the blood and becomes bioavailable. The characterization of bioavailability provides for more accurate exposure assessment. Biomarker information potentially can validate exposure assessment information from bioavailability studies, elucidate specific biological effects from chemical exposure, and investigate genetic susceptibility issues that may increase the likelihood that an individual or population will experience increased health risks. Benzene-induced chromosome damage is discussed as an example of a significant biomarker that has demonstrated the potential for providing information useful for accurately prediction health risk.
28
Albright, Joseph F., and Robert A. Goldstein. "Airborne Pollutants and the Immune System." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670173-0.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of airborne pollutants on the immune system have been most widely studied in the respiratory tract. Entry may occur as a volatile gas (ozone, benzene), as liquid droplets (sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide), or as particulate matter (diesel exhaust, aromatic hydrocarbons). The subsequent interaction with the immune system may result in local and systemic responses, and studies have shown examples of disease occurring from both overactive immune responses and immunosuppression. For the most part, airborne pollutants (small molecular weight chemicals) have to be coupled with other substances (proteins or conjugates) before they can be recognized by the immune system and exert their effects. Fortunately, this encounter rarely causes immunologically mediated human disorders. The following briefly reviews some of the disorders that may occur. Immunologically nonspecific inflammation of the lung can occur after inhalation of ozone in anyone given sufficient dose and time of exposure. Immunologically specific cell-mediated (T lymphocyte) reactions appear to predominate in chronic beryllium disease, which results in a granulomatous form of lung disease. Beryllium alone does not appear to be antigenic but requires chemical linkage with a larger molecule. Mercury-induced autoimmune disease (immune system attacks self-antigens) affecting kidneys and lungs has been demonstrated in animal models (changes similar to those seen in people with Goodpasture's syndrome). Immunosuppression can be demonstrated after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Hypersensitivity (or allergic) reactions can occur after exposure to toluene diisocyanate (occupational asthma). In summary, airborne pollutants may cause a wide spectrum of immunologically mediated disorders. There is clearly an underlying genetic basis for the susceptibility to immunologic disease resulting from exposure to pollutants, but knowledge in this area is rudimentary at present. Studies have been impeded by lack of appropriate in vitro models, as well as difficulties in identifying the biologically active substance.
29
Hinz, Ruth, Andrea ’t Mannetje, Bill Glass, Dave McLean, Neil Pearce, and Jeroen Douwes. "Exposures to Fumigants and Residual Chemicals in Workers Handling Cargo from Shipping Containers and Export Logs in New Zealand." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 8 (June 6, 2020): 826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa052.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Previous studies have reported high concentrations of airborne fumigants and other chemicals inside unopened shipping containers, but it is unclear whether this is reflective of worker exposures. Methods We collected personal 8-h air samples using a whole-air sampling method. Samples were analysed for 1,2-dibromoethane, chloropicrin, ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen phosphide, methyl bromide, 1,2-dichloroethane, C2-alkylbenzenes, acetaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, formaldehyde, methanol, styrene, and toluene. Additive Mixture Values (AMVs) were calculated using the New Zealand Workplace Exposure standard (WES) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) of the 8-h, time-weighted average exposure limit. Linear regression was conducted to assess associations with work characteristics. Results We included 133 workers handling shipping containers, 15 retail workers unpacking container goods, 40 workers loading fumigated and non-fumigated export logs, and 5 fumigators. A total of 193 personal 8-h air measurements were collected. Exposures were generally low, with >50% below the limit of detection for most chemicals, and none exceeding the NZ WES, although formaldehyde exceeded the TLV in 26.2% of all measurements. The AMV-TLV threshold of 1 was exceeded in 29.0% of the measurements. Levels and detection frequencies of most chemicals varied little between occupational groups, although exposure to methyl bromide was highest in the fumigators (median 43 ppb) without exceeding the TLV of 1000 ppb. Duration spent inside the container was associated with significantly higher levels of ethylene oxide, C2-alkylbenzenes, and acetaldehyde, but levels were well below the TLV/WES. Exposure levels did not differ between workers handling fumigated and non-fumigated containers. Conclusions Personal exposures of workers handling container cargo in New Zealand were mainly below current exposure standards, with formaldehyde the main contributor to overall exposure. However, as it is not clear whether working conditions of participants included in this study were representative of this industry as a whole, and not all relevant exposures were measured, we cannot exclude the possibility that high exposures may occur in some workers.
30
Lee, Sang-Joon, and Ki-Youn Kim. "On-Site Investigation of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi According to Type of Poultry Houses in South Korea." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091534.
Full textAbstract:
A field survey was conducted to quantify indoor exposure levels and emission rates of airborne microorganisms generated from domestic poultry buildings. There were three types of poultry buildings (caged layer house, broiler house, and layer house with manure belt), classified by the mode of manure treatment and ventilation, investigated in this study. Nine sites for each poultry building were selected and visited for measuring the exposure level and emission rate of airborne microorganisms. The total number of airborne bacteria and fungi among the airborne microorganisms were analysed based on the incubation method. Their emission rates were estimated by dividing the emission amount, which was calculated through multiplying indoor concentration (cfu/m3) by ventilation rate (m3/h), into the indoor area (m2) and the number of poultries reared in the poultry building. The mean exposure levels of the total airborne bacteria and fungi in the poultry building were 7.92 (SD: 2.66) log (cfu m−3) and 4.92 (SD: 1.79) log (cfu m−3), respectively. Emission rates of airborne microorganisms in poultry buildings were estimated to be 0.263 (±0.088) log (cfu hen−1h−1) and 0.839 (±0.371) log (cfu m−2h−1) for total airborne bacteria, and 0.066 (±0.031) log (cfu hen−1h−1) and 0.617 (±0.235) log (cfu m−2h−1) for total airborne fungi. The distribution patterns of the total airborne bacteria and fungi were similar regardless of poultry building type. Among poultry buildings, the broiler house showed the highest exposure level and emission rate of total airborne bacteria and fungi, followed by the layer house with manure belt and the caged layer house (p < 0.05). The finding that the broiler house showed the highest exposure level and emission rate of airborne microorganisms could be attributed to sawdust, which can be dispersed into the air by the movement of the poultry when it is utilized as bedding material. Thus, a work environmental management solution for optimally reducing airborne microorganism exposure is necessary for the broiler house.
31
Stewart, Patricia, Caroline P. Groth, Tran B. Huynh, Melanie Gorman Ng, Gregory C. Pratt, Susan F. Arnold, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, et al. "Assessing Exposures from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response and Clean-up." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i3—i22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab107.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The GuLF Study is investigating adverse health effects from work on the response and clean-up after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil release. An essential and necessary component of that study was the exposure assessment. Bayesian statistical methods and over 135 000 measurements of total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and n-hexane (BTEX-H) were used to estimate inhalation exposures to these chemicals for >3400 exposure groups (EGs) formed from three exposure determinants: job/activity/task, location, and time period. Recognized deterministic models were used to estimate airborne exposures to particulate matter sized 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) and dispersant aerosols and vapors. Dermal exposures were estimated for these same oil-related substances using a model modified especially for this study from a previously published model. Exposures to oil mist were assessed using professional judgment. Estimated daily THC arithmetic means (AMs) were in the low ppm range (<25 ppm), whereas BTEX-H exposures estimates were generally <1000 ppb. Potential 1-h PM2.5 air concentrations experienced by some workers may have been as high as 550 µg m−3. Dispersant aerosol air concentrations were very low (maximum predicted 1-h concentrations were generally <50 µg m−3), but vapor concentrations may have exceeded occupational exposure excursion guidelines for 2-butoxyethanol under certain circumstances. The daily AMs of dermal exposure estimates showed large contrasts among the study participants. The estimates are being used to evaluate exposure–response relationships in the GuLF Study.
32
Basson, Michael. "Personalized tracking of exposure to airborne organisms and chemicals." Nature Medicine 24, no. 11 (November 2018): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0259-4.
Full text
33
Scheepers, Paul T. J., Radu Corneliu Duca, Karen S. Galea, Lode Godderis, Emilie Hardy, Lisbeth E. Knudsen, Elizabeth Leese, et al. "HBM4EU Occupational Biomonitoring Study on e-Waste—Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 12987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412987.
Full textAbstract:
Workers involved in the processing of electronic waste (e-waste) are potentially exposed to toxic chemicals. If exposure occurs, this may result in uptake and potential adverse health effects. Thus, exposure surveillance is an important requirement for health risk management and prevention of occupational disease. Human biomonitoring by measurement of specific biomarkers in body fluids is considered as an effective method of exposure surveillance. The aim of this study is to investigate the internal exposure of workers processing e-waste using a human biomonitoring approach, which will stimulate improved work practices and contribute to raising awareness of potential hazards. This exploratory study in occupational exposures in e-waste processing is part of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). Here we present a study protocol using a cross sectional survey design to study worker’s exposures and compare these to the exposure of subjects preferably employed in the same company but with no known exposure to industrial recycling of e-waste. The present study protocol will be applied in six to eight European countries to ensure standardised data collection. The target population size is 300 exposed and 150 controls. Biomarkers of exposure for the following chemicals will be used: chromium, cadmium and lead in blood and urine; brominated flame retardants and polychlorobiphenyls in blood; mercury, organophosphate flame retardants and phthalates in urine, and chromium, cadmium, lead and mercury in hair. In addition, the following effect biomarkers will be studied: micronuclei, epigenetic, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and telomere length in blood and metabolomics in urine. Occupational hygiene sampling methods (airborne and settled dust, silicon wristbands and handwipes) and contextual information will be collected to facilitate the interpretation of the biomarker results and discuss exposure mitigating interventions to further reduce exposures if needed. This study protocol can be adapted to future European-wide occupational studies.
34
Kim, Ki-Youn. "Exposure Assessment of Airborne Bacteria Emitted from Swine Manure Composting Plant." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081283.
Full textAbstract:
This study was performed to investigate the distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria emitted from swine manure composting plants. The types of swine manure composting plants selected for the survey in this study were as follows: screw type, rotary type, and natural dry type. Mean levels of airborne bacteria in swine manure composting plants were 7428 (±1024) CFU m−3 for the screw type, 3246 (±1407) CFU m−3 for the rotary type, and 5232 (±1217) CFU m−3 for the natural dry type, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, the swine manure composting plant operated by screw type showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and rotary type. The monthly concentration of airborne bacteria was the highest in August and the lowest in November, regardless of the type of swine manure composting plant. The respirable size of airborne bacteria accounted for about 50% of the total. The ratio of respirable to the total quantity of airborne bacteria was 50%. The correlation relationships between airborne bacteria and environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, particulate matters, and odor) were not found to be significant in the swine manure composting plants. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia (E-coli) spp., Enterococcus spp., and Enterobacteriaceae spp.
35
Hutton Carlsen, K., A. M. Topp, and S. Skovbjerg. "Living with a Chemically Sensitive Wife: A “We” Situation." ISRN Public Health 2012 (October 22, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/285623.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a medically unexplained and socially disabling disorder characterized by negative health effects attributed to exposure to common airborne chemicals. How spouses of chemically sensitive women experience and cope with their partners illness has not been described previously. Methods. This study presents data from three semistructured focus group interviews with a selective sample of 13 men whose spouses had MCS. Data was analyzed using systematic text condensation with a special focus on coping. Results. The informants expressed a great concern for their wives and described their role in the relationship as that of a “watchdog”, always alert and ready to protect. A considerable amount of time and effort was thus given to avoid symptom-eliciting chemicals to prevent illness. Informing guests of restrictions and observing neighbours’ daily routines were common occurrences. Masks, installation of additional air filters in cars and houses, and other protective measures had necessitated several participants taking on extra work to alleviate the economic burden. The wives' illness had thus become a “we” situation. Discussion. In conclusion, MCS was perceived as a “we” situation and may thus impose considerable strain on the relationship and the family as a whole.
36
Xing, Mingluan, Hua Zou, Xiangjing Gao, Bing Chang, Shichuan Tang, and Meibian Zhang. "Workplace exposure to airborne alumina nanoparticles associated with separation and packaging processes in a pilot factory." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 3 (2015): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00504j.
Full textAbstract:
Workplace exposure to airborne Al2O3 nanoparticles in a pilot factory was characterised by particle concentrations, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition, compared with background particles.
37
Mička, Vladimír, Eduard Ježo, Karel Lach, Šárka Bernatíková, and Zdeňka Kaličáková. "Occupational Exposure To Airborne Ultrafine Particles In Various Industrial Workplaces." TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsbses-2015-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Integral part of risk assessment of workplaces includes detailed characterization of airborne aerosols in case of such a considerable risk present in workplace atmosphere. Size, particle size distribution and chemical characterization of ultrafine particles in various industrial workplaces are systematically studied by set of techniques including the wide range size resolving sampling system Nano-ID® Select followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) exploited for chemical analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fast Mobility Particle Sizing (FMPS) and Lung Deposited Surface Area Monitoring (LDSA). Results obtained from expertise on particle fractionated mass and the calculated deposition fraction in various compartments of the respiratory system using the ICRP lung deposition model suggest suitability of size-selective sampling and size-related assessment not only for engineered nanoobjects and their aggregates and agglomerates, but also for inadvertently produced emissions of present-day technologies.
38
Grandi, Carlo, Andrea Bogi, Rosaria Falsaperla, Claudia Giliberti, and Francesco Picciolo. "Occupational Exposure to Airborne Ultrasounds." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1624.
Full text
39
Walter, Frank G., Richard Dedolph, Gene W. Kallsen, and Robert K. Knopp. "Hazardous Materials Incidents: A One-Year Retrospective Review in Central California." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0003939x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:This study describes the epidemiology of hazardous materials (hazmat) incidents in Fresno County, California, and analyzes the emergency medical services (EMS) response to these incidents.Setting:The study area has a population of 635,000 people living in an area of 6,004 square miles.Design:All Hazmat Emergency Response Team (HERT) reports and related prehospital, emergency department, and inpatient records from ljuly 1988 through 30 June 1989 were reviewed retrospectively.Results:There were 107 hazmat incidents involving 156 materials consisting of pesticides (24.4%), miscellaneous chemicals (17.3%), corrosives (16.7%), petroleum products (13.5%), airborne toxins (10.2%), organic solvents (7.7%), unidentified chemicals (5.1%), infectious medical waste (1.9%), empty containers with radioactive warning symbols but without detectable radiation (1.3%), heavy metals (1.3%), and alkali metals (0.6%). In ten (9%) of the 107 incidents, 68 patients required on-scene evaluation and 26 patients were transported to emergency departments. Four of these patients required admission, three because of injuries due to vehicular accidents, and one because of a coincidental cere-brovascular accident. Five incidents produced multiple victims from exposures to airborne toxins, accounting for 63 (93%) of 68 patients. Spills of solid or liquid pesticides occurred in four incidents involving patients. Ambulance personnel and/or equipment became contaminated in three of these four incidents.Conclusions:1) Ambulances should be dispatched selectively to hazmat incidents because only 9% of incidents involved patients. 2) training should emphasize personnel protection and proper patient decontamination to help prevent contamination of EMS personnel and equipment. 3) Preparation of EMS personnel should emphasize exposure to airborne toxins because these produced 93% of patients.
40
Vaughan, Nicholas P., and Rajadurai Rajan-Sithamparanadarajah. "An Assessment of the Robustness of the COSHH-Essentials (C-E) Target Airborne Concentration Ranges 15 Years on, and Their Usefulness for Determining Control Measures." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 61, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in Great Britain (GB), in association with its stakeholders, developed the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)-Essentials (C-E) control banding tool in 1998. The objective was to provide a simple tool for employers, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to help select and apply appropriate measures for the adequate control of exposure to hazardous substances. The tool used hazard classification information (R-phrases) to assign substances to one of five health hazard groups, each with its respective ‘target airborne concentration range’. The validity of the allocation of substances to a target airborne concentration range was demonstrated at the time using 111 substances that had a current health-based Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) in GB. The C-E control banding approach remains an important tool to complement exposure assessment/monitoring and the selection and use of suitable control measures for hazardous substances. These include engineering controls and personal protective equipment (PPE). The C-E based control banding approach has been adopted around the world. This paper extends the original validation exercise, using a greater number of chemical substances, to establish whether the target airborne concentration ranges remain appropriate. This is of particular interest in light of the introduction of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for classification, in which R-phrases have now been replaced by hazard-statements (H-statements). The validation exercise includes substances with OELs published by nine bodies internationally; and the Derived No-Effect Levels (DNELs) assigned by registrants under the European Union—Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulations. When compared against 8-hour TWA OELs for 850 substances drawn from nine bodies and a limited number of DNELS, the C-E target airborne concentration ranges remain valid. This comparative work also informs a wider consideration around the practicality and the applicability of the C-E generic approach to facilitate the implementation of good practice control for a wide range of substances (more than 95%) which do not have any recognized OEL.
41
Aw, Tar-Ching, and J. Malcolm Harrington. "Occupational Exposure Standards for Pharmaceutical Agents." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 3, no. 2 (April 1989): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958900300211.
Full textAbstract:
Compared to the wide range of occupational exposure standards available in different countries for industrial chemicals, there are only a few similiar standards set for pharmaceutical agents. These substances produce physiological effects in relatively small doses, and there are documented ill-effects from worker exposures, hence the need for such standards. There are different approaches to setting occupational exposure standards for pharmaceutical agents. One derived from the nuisance dust standard may be used, although that may not be wholly appropriate. An approach has been previously suggested for ethinyl estradiol, and this requires the minimal effective dose, a safety factor, an assumption of equal absorption by inhalation as by the oral route, and the volume of air inhaled over an 8-hour day. Toxicological and pharmacological information for zeranol, an animal growth promoter with estrogenic properties, is used with these criteria to obtain an airborne standard. It can be shown that depending on what assumptions are made, there can be more than a tenfold difference in standards reached. There are other difficulties with setting standards for pharmaceutical agents, depending on the group of substances involved. Airborne standards are useful for medicines that are inhaled. A “skin” notation may be needed for those that can be absorbed via the dermal route. Biological standards should also be considered. Provision of standards for pharmaceutical agents will go some way towards protecting exposed pharmaceutical workers.
42
Chang, Pei-Ting, Po-Chen Hung, and Shih-Wei Tsai. "Occupational exposures of flour dust and airborne chemicals at bakeries in Taiwan." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 15, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2018.1470634.
Full text
43
Luo, Kai, Irina Stepanov, and Stephen S. Hecht. "Chemical biomarkers of exposure and early damage from potentially carcinogenic airborne pollutants." Annals of Cancer Epidemiology 3 (September 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ace.2019.08.01.
Full text
44
Bae, Hye-Jeong, Mi-Ran Nam, Sang-Man Lee, Yu-Jin Jung, Byung-Hyun Shon, Young-Gyu Phee, and Jong-Hyeon Jung. "Exposure Assessments of Chemical Risk Factors to Airborne Contaminants in Foundry Process." Journal of Environmental Science International 24, no. 5 (May 30, 2015): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2015.24.5.699.
Full text
45
Choi, Kwang-Min, and Soo-Jin Lee. "Physicochemical Characteristics and Occupational Exposure of Silica Particles as Byproducts in a Semiconductor Sub Fab." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031791.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics and occupational exposure of silica powder and airborne particles as byproducts generated from the first scrubbers of chemical vapor deposition and diffusion processes during maintenance in a semiconductor facility sub fab to reduce unknown risk factors. The chemical composition, size, morphology, and crystal structure of powder and airborne particles as byproducts were investigated using a scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and an X-ray diffraction. The number and mass concentration measurements of airborne particles were performed by using an optical particle sizer of a direct-reading aerosol monitor. All powder and airborne particle samples were mainly composed of oxygen (O) and silicon (Si), which means silica. The byproduct particles were spherical and/or nearly spherical and the particle size ranged from 10 to 90 nm, based on primary particles. Most of the particles were usually agglomerated within a particle size range from approximately 100 nm to 35 µm. In addition, most of the powder samples exhibited diffraction patterns with a broad and relatively low intensity at 2θ degrees 21.6–26.7°, which is similar to that of pure amorphous silica. The above results show the byproduct particles are amorphous silica, which are considered a less toxic foam compared to crystalline silica. The number and mass concentrations of PM10 (particles less than 10 µm in diameter) ranged from 4.250–78.466 particles/cm3 and 0.939–735.531 µg/m3, respectively. In addition, 0.3–1.0 and 2.5–10 µm particles occupied the highest portion of the number and mass concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, several peak exposure patterns were observed at a specific step, which is the process of removing powder particles on the inner chamber and cleaning the chamber by using a vacuum cleaner and a clean wiper, during the maintenance task.
46
Jabbari, Mousa, Sayed M. Hossein Sajjadi, and Reza Gholamnia. "Determination of Airborne Quantity and Consequence Analysis of 1,3-Butadiene Release from a Petrochemical Plant Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.56.
Full textAbstract:
1,3-Butadiene is a chemical that is extremely flammable and toxic. Therefore, in this study, airborne quantity of 1, 3-butadiene was determined by the chemical exposure index (CEI) and local meteorological data were used for consequence analyzing. Furthermore, heavy gas model was used for the modeling of 1,3-butadiene vapor cloud dispersion using the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software, and threat zone in different stability classes was determined.
47
Nadal, Martí, Montse Marquès, Montse Mari, Joaquim Rovira, and José L. Domingo. "Trends of Polychlorinated Compounds in the Surroundings of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain): Assessing Health Risks." Toxics 8, no. 4 (November 22, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040111.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2008, the environmental levels of polychlorinated compounds near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain) have been periodically monitored. The present study aimed at updating the data regarding the temporal changes occurred between 2015 and 2017, when air and soil samples were collected again, and the concentrations of the same chemical pollutants (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were analysed. Furthermore, the health risks associated with their human exposure were also evaluated. The levels of all the contaminants in soil were far below the threshold established by regional and national legislations, also being lower than those observed in previous surveys. A similar trend was also noted for PCDD/Fs in air samples, while airborne PCBs were the only group of chemicals whose levels significantly increased. In any case, the global assessment of the data regarding the different pollutants and matrices indicates that there has not been a general increase in the environmental pollution around the facility. In addition, the environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs by the population living nearby is still clearly lower than the dietary intake of these same chemical pollutants.
48
Kalisa, Egide, Stephen Archer, Edward Nagato, Elias Bizuru, Kevin Lee, Ning Tang, Stephen Pointing, Kazuichi Hayakawa, and Donnabella Lacap-Bugler. "Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060941.
Full textAbstract:
Aerosolized particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture that has been recognized as the greatest cause of premature human mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Its toxicity arises largely from its chemical and biological components. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (NPAHs) as well as microorganisms. In Africa, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning in urban settings are the major sources of human exposure to PM, yet data on the role of aerosols in disease association in Africa remains scarce. This review is the first to examine studies conducted in Africa on both PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microorganisms associated with PM. These studies demonstrate that PM exposure in Africa exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits and carcinogenic PAHs/NPAHs and pathogenic microorganisms are the major components of PM aerosols. The health impacts of PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microbial loadings in PM are reviewed. This will be important for future epidemiological evaluations and may contribute to the development of effective management strategies to improve ambient air quality in the African continent.
49
Nonaka, Tatsuo, Kikuo Takeda, Reiko Iikawa, Toshikazu Taira, Taketoshi Fujimoto, and Taketoshi Nakahara. "Evaluation of Chemical Filters Using Wafer Exposure Method and Experimental FFU." Journal of the IEST 46, no. 1 (September 14, 2003): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.46.1.y2510660g86310j3.
Full textAbstract:
Airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs) have become a serious problem with recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology. The use of chemical filters to remove AMCs in cleanrooms is critical for improving the yield of semiconductor devices. The experimental FFU is designed for the evaluation of chemical filters. Silicon wafers exposed in the downstream air of chemical filters in the experimental FFU were investigated by Wafer Thermal Desorption—Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (WTD-GC-MS). Organic contaminants caused by outgassing from the chemical filter were detected on the surface of the silicon wafer and compared among various chemical filters. Results showed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from chemical filters adsorbed on the surface of silicon wafers located downstream of the filters. It was also found that the organic contamination on the surface was related to the amount of outgassing from the chemical filters. In addition, the rates of decrease of organic contamination emitted from various ULPA filters were compared using the experimental FFU. The rate of decrease of organic contamination emitted from the low-outgassing ULPA filter was also superior to that of the normal ULPA filter.
50
Cui, Shiwei, Bo Pang, Huifang Yan, Bo Wu, Ming Li, Caihong Xing, and Juan Li. "Using Urinary Biomarkers to Estimate the Benzene Exposure Levels in Individuals Exposed to Benzene." Toxics 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110636.
Full textAbstract:
Urinary benzene metabolites trans, trans-muconic acid (t, t-MA), and S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA) are often used as biomarkers of internal exposure to benzene. However, there are few reports on using urinary benzene metabolites to estimate airborne benzene concentrations in individuals exposed to benzene. In this study, t, t-MA, and S-PMA were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and a simple pharmacokinetic model was used to calculate the daily intake (DI) of benzene based on the levels of urinary t, t-MA, and S-PMA in occupational individuals. The back-calculated airborne benzene levels (BCABL) were obtained from the DI of benzene. Among the exposed subjects (n = 84), the median BCABL (3.67 mg/m3) based on t, t-MA was very close to the median level of measured airborne benzene (3.27 mg/m3, p = 0.171), and there was no effect of smoking or dietary habits on t, t-MA-based BCABL. In the control subjects (n = 49), the levels of measured airborne benzene were all below the quantitation limit (0.024 mg/m3), and the BCABL (0.002–0.25 mg/m3) calculated by S-PMA was close to this background level. Our study suggests that the t, t-MA-based BCABL can reflect the actual airborne benzene level in a range of 1.10–86.91 mg/m3 and that the S-PMA-based BCABL is more reliable for non-professional benzene exposure.