Relevant bibliographies by topics / Airborne chemical exposures

Academic literature on the topic 'Airborne chemical exposures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Airborne chemical exposures"

1

Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job–Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144919.

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Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative diseases. Occupational exposure to dust, fumes and diesel exhaust particulates can also cause adverse health outcomes and there are numerous occupations where workers are exposed to airborne particles that are similar to ambient air pollution. An individual’s job title has normally been identified as a major determinant of workplace exposure in epidemiological studies. This has led to the development of Job–Exposure Matrices (JEMs) as a way of characterising specific workplace exposures. One JEM for airborne chemical exposures is the Airborne Chemical Exposure Job–Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM), developed specifically for the UK Biobank cohort. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the ACE JEM in assessing occupational aerosol exposure of participants in the UK Biobank. We searched the scientific literature to identify exposure data linked to selected jobs in the ACE JEM and compared these data with the JEM assessments. Additionally, we carried out an independent expert-based assessment of exposure to compare with the JEM estimates. There is good published evidence to substantiate the high dust and biological dust assignments in the JEM and more limited evidence for diesel exhaust particulates. There is limited evidence in the published literature to substantiate moderate or low exposure assignments in the JEM. The independent expert-based assessment found good agreement at the two extremes of exposure in the JEM (high and no exposure), with uncertainty in all other classifications. The ACE JEM assignments are probably reliable for highly exposed jobs and for jobs assigned as unexposed. However, the assignments for medium and low exposures are less reliable. The ACE JEM is likely to be a good tool to examine associations between occupational exposures to particulates and chronic disease, although it should be used with caution. Further efforts should be made to improve the reliability of the ACE JEM.
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Smith, Samuel Cole, Oscar Beau Black, and Courtney Roper. "Airborne and Dermal Collection Methods of Gunshot Residue for Toxicity Studies." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094423.

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Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative potential via the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay). All sample types detected Pb concentrations higher than national ambient air standards. The de-leading wipes reduced the metal content on the hands of the shooter for Pb (15.57 ± 12.99 ppb and 3.13 ± 4.95 ppb). Filter samples provided health relevant data for airborne PM2.5 for all of the analysis methods except for GSR morphology. This work identified collection and analysis methods for GSR in an outdoor setting, providing protocols and considerations for future toxicological studies related to inhalation and dermal exposures to particulate GSR. Future studies should investigate the influence of meteorological factors on GSR exposure in an outdoor setting.
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Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Is Environmental and Occupational Particulate Air Pollution Exposure Related to Type-2 Diabetes and Dementia? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the UK Biobank." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249581.

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Human exposure to particulate air pollution (e.g., PM2.5) can lead to adverse health effects, with compelling evidence that it can increase morbidity and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular disease. More recently, there has also been evidence that long-term environmental exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dementia. There are many occupations that may expose workers to airborne particles and that some exposures in the workplace are very similar to environmental particulate pollution. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank cohort to verify the association between environmental particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposure and T2DM and dementia, and to investigate if occupational exposure to particulates that are similar to those found in environmental air pollution could increase the odds of developing these diseases. The UK Biobank dataset comprises of over 500,000 participants from all over the UK. Environmental exposure variables were used from the UK Biobank. To estimate occupational exposure both the UK Biobank’s data and information from a job exposure matrix, specifically developed for UK Biobank (Airborne Chemical Exposure–Job Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM)), were used. The outcome measures were participants with T2DM and dementia. In appropriately adjusted models, environmental exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.03) per unit exposure for developing T2DM, while PM2.5 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.06 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.16) per unit exposure for developing dementia. These environmental results align with existing findings in the published literature. Five occupational exposures (dust, fumes, diesel, mineral, and biological dust in the most recent job estimated with the ACE JEM) were investigated and the risks for most exposures for T2DM and for all the exposures for dementia were not significantly increased in the adjusted models. This was confirmed in a subgroup of participants where a full occupational history was available allowed an estimate of workplace exposures. However, when not adjusting for gender, some of the associations become significant, which suggests that there might be a bias between the occupational assessments for men and women. The results of the present study do not provide clear evidence of an association between occupational exposure to particulate matter and T2DM or dementia.
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Mesnil, Marc, Norah Defamie, Christian Naus, and Denis Sarrouilhe. "Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link?" Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010051.

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The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Kerry, Gemma L., Kirstin E. Ross, Jackie L. Wright, and G. Stewart Walker. "A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110710.

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Methamphetamine manufacture, use, and the resulting contamination is a significant issue that affects public health, the environment, and the economy. Third-hand exposure to methamphetamine can result in adverse health risks for individuals and first responders. Such exposures can result from the inhalation of airborne residues or from contact with contaminated objects. This review was conducted to determine the current methods used for methamphetamine extraction from indoor air and porous fabric materials. Dynamic solid phase microextraction (SPME) and sorbent sampling tubes have been applied to extract airborne methamphetamine residues from contaminated properties. SPME and solvent extraction have been applied to sample clothing and textiles for methamphetamine detection. This review demonstrates that there is limited literature on the detection of methamphetamine from indoor air and clothing. Supplementary and consistent methods to detect methamphetamine from air and porous surfaces should be developed and published to allow better assessment of the environmental risk to public health caused by third-hand exposure to methamphetamine.
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Sauvé, Jean-François, Andrea Emili, and Gautier Mater. "Application of Pattern Mining Methods to Assess Exposures to Multiple Airborne Chemical Agents in Two Large Occupational Exposure Databases from France." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031746.

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Surveys of the French working population estimate that approximately 15% of all workers may be exposed to at least three different chemical agents, but the most prevalent coexposure situations and their associated health risks remain relatively understudied. To characterize occupational coexposure situations in France, we extracted personal measurement data from COLCHIC and SCOLA, two large administrative occupation exposure databases. We selected 118 chemical agents that had ≥100 measurements with detected concentrations over the period 2010–2019, including 31 carcinogens (IARC groups 1, 2A, and 2B). We grouped measurements by work situations (WS, combination of sector, occupation, task, and year). We characterized the mixtures across WS using frequent itemset mining and association rules mining. The 275,213 measurements extracted came from 32,670 WS and encompassing 4692 unique mixtures. Workers in 32% of all WS were exposed to ≥2 agents (median 3 agents/WS) and 13% of all WS contained ≥2 carcinogens (median 2 carcinogens/WS). The most frequent coexposures were ethylbenzene-xylene (1550 WS), quartz-cristobalite (1417 WS), and toluene-xylene (1305 WS). Prevalent combinations of carcinogens also included hexavalent chromium-lead (368 WS) and benzene-ethylbenzene (314 WS). Wood dust (6% of WS exposed to at least one other agent) and asbestos (8%) had the least amount of WS coexposed with other agents. Tasks with the highest proportions of coexposure to carcinogens include electric arc welding (37% of WS with coexposure), polymerization and distillation (34%), and construction drilling and excavating (34%). Overall, the coexposure to multiple chemical agents, including carcinogens, was highly prevalent in the databases, and should be taken into account when assessing exposure risks in the workplace.
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Longo, Valentina, Angiola Forleo, Lucia Giampetruzzi, Pietro Siciliano, and Simonetta Capone. "Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910236.

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Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.
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Lewis, David L., David K. Gattie, Marc E. Novak, Susan Sanchez, and Charles Pumphrey. "Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, no. 4 (February 2003): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lhry-90eh-ht21-vph7.

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Fertilization of land with processed sewage sludges, which often contain low levels of pathogens, endotoxins, and trace amounts of industrial and household chemicals, has become common practice in Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Local governments, however, are increasingly restricting or banning the practice in response to residents reporting adverse health effects. These self-reported illnesses have not been studied and methods for assessing exposures of residential communities to contaminants from processed sewage sludges need to be developed. Methods: To describe and document adverse effects reported by residents, 48 individuals at ten sites in the United States and Canada were questioned about their environmental exposures and symptoms. Information was obtained on five additional cases where an outbreak of staphylococcal infections occurred near a land application site in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. Medical records were reviewed in cases involving hospitalization or other medical treatment. Since most complaints were associated with airborne contaminants, an air dispersion model was used as a means for potentially ruling out exposure to sludge as the cause of adverse effects. Results: Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land-application sites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat, and lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately one in four of 54 individuals were infected, including two mortalities (septicemia, pneumonia). This result was consistent with the prevalence of S. aureus infections accompanying diaper rashes in which the organism, which is occasionally found in the lower human colon, tends to invade irritated or inflamed tissue. Conclusions: When assessing public health risks from applying sewage sludges in residential areas, potential interactions of chemical contaminants with low levels of pathogens should be considered. An increased risk of infection may occur when allergic and non-allergic reactions to endotoxins and other chemical components irritate skin and mucous membranes and thereby compromise normal barriers to infection.
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Ebersviller, S., K. Lichtveld, K. G. Sexton, J. Zavala, Y.-H. Lin, I. Jaspers, and H. E. Jeffries. "Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2012): 5065–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-5065-2012.

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Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of gas-only- and PM-only-biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound and PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and it exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells) – even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase: the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures and can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.
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Ebersviller, S., K. Lichtveld, K. G. Sexton, J. Zavala, Y. H. Lin, I. Jaspers, and H. E. Jeffries. "Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2012): 12277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12277-2012.

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Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit virtually gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound to which we added PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells). We observed that, even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase, the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences for a wide range of people. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures that can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work (described in companion papers) extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Airborne chemical exposures"

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Robertson, John Forbes. "The role of glutathione in the detoxification of sulphur mustard and styrene oxide in the lung." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388661.

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Eturki, Mohamed. "Industrial Hygiene Exposure Estimation Accuracy: An Investigation of Micro-Environmental Factors Impacting Exposure." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563273672613013.

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Gower, Stephanie Karen. "A Computer-Based Decision Tool for Prioritizing the Reduction of Airborne Chemical Emissions from Canadian Oil Refineries Using Estimated Health Impacts." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2758.

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Petroleum refineries emit a variety of airborne substances which may be harmful to human health. HEIDI II (Health Effects Indicators Decision Index II) is a computer-based decision analysis tool which assesses airborne emissions from Canada's oil refineries for reduction, based on ordinal ranking of estimated health impacts. The model was designed by a project team within NERAM (Network for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management) and assembled with significant stakeholder consultation. HEIDI II is publicly available as a deterministic Excel-based tool which ranks 31 air pollutants based on predicted disease incidence or estimated DALYS (disability adjusted life years). The model includes calculations to account for average annual emissions, ambient concentrations, stack height, meteorology/dispersion, photodegradation, and the population distribution around each refinery. Different formulations of continuous dose-response functions were applied to nonthreshold-acting air toxics, threshold-acting air toxics, and nonthreshold-acting CACs (criteria air contaminants). An updated probabilistic version of HEIDI II was developed using Matlab code to account for parameter uncertainty and identify key leverage variables. Sensitivity analyses indicate that parameter uncertainty in the model variables for annual emissions and for concentration-response/toxicological slopes have the greatest leverage on predicted health impacts. Scenario analyses suggest that the geographic distribution of population density around a refinery site is an important predictor of total health impact. Several ranking metrics (predicted case incidence, simple DALY, and complex DALY) and ordinal ranking approaches (deterministic model, average from Monte Carlo simulation, test of stochastic dominance) were used to identify priority substances for reduction; the results were similar in each case. The predicted impacts of primary and secondary particulate matter (PM) consistently outweighed those of the air toxics. Nickel, PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), sulphuric acid, and vanadium were consistently identified as priority air toxics at refineries where they were reported emissions. For many substances, the difference in rank order is indeterminate when parametric uncertainty and variability are considered.
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Books on the topic "Airborne chemical exposures"

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2011.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, ed. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2000.

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Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. Washington: National Academies Press, 2001.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, and ebrary Inc, eds. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2009.

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academy Press, 2003.

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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2014.

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Staff, National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies Staff, Toxicology Committee, Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Committee, and Environmental Studies and Toxicology Staff. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2007.

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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2012.

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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2014.

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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Airborne chemical exposures"

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Krishnamurthi, Kannan, Pravin K. Naoghare, Saravana S. Devi, Amit Bafana, and Patrizio Arrigo. "Structural Analysis of Interactions Between Airborne Pollutants and Chemically Modified RNAs." In Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment, 291–304. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4_21.

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Matsushita, Hidetsuru, Sumio Goto, Yukihiko Takagi, Osamu Endo, and Kiyoshi Tanabe. "Human Exposure to Airborne Mutagens Indoors and Outdoors Using Mutagenesis and Chemical Analysis Methods." In Genetic Toxicology of Complex Mixtures, 33–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5850-3_3.

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Sarigiannis, Dimosthenis A., Alberto Gotti, Evangelos Handakas, and Spyros P. Karakitsios. "Informatics and Data Analytics to Support Exposome-Based Discovery." In Biotechnology, 744–87. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch030.

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This chapter aims at outlining the current state of science in the field of computational exposure biology and in particular at demonstrating how the bioinformatics techniques and algorithms can be used to support the association between environmental exposures and human health and the deciphering of the molecular and metabolic pathways of induced toxicity related to environmental chemical stressors. Examples of the integrated bioinformatics analyses outlined herein are given concerning exposure to airborne chemical mixtures, to organic compounds frequently found in consumer goods, and to mixtures of organic chemicals and metals through multiple exposure pathways. Advanced bioinformatics are coupled with big data analytics to perform studies of exposome-wide associations with putative adverse health outcomes. In conclusion, the chapter gives the reader an outline of the available computational tools and paves the way towards the development of future comprehensive applications that are expected to support efficiently exposome research in the 21st century.
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Sarigiannis, Dimosthenis A., Alberto Gotti, Evangelos Handakas, and Spyros P. Karakitsios. "Informatics and Data Analytics to Support Exposome-Based Discovery." In Advances in Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 145–87. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2607-0.ch007.

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This chapter aims at outlining the current state of science in the field of computational exposure biology and in particular at demonstrating how the bioinformatics techniques and algorithms can be used to support the association between environmental exposures and human health and the deciphering of the molecular and metabolic pathways of induced toxicity related to environmental chemical stressors. Examples of the integrated bioinformatics analyses outlined herein are given concerning exposure to airborne chemical mixtures, to organic compounds frequently found in consumer goods, and to mixtures of organic chemicals and metals through multiple exposure pathways. Advanced bioinformatics are coupled with big data analytics to perform studies of exposome-wide associations with putative adverse health outcomes. In conclusion, the chapter gives the reader an outline of the available computational tools and paves the way towards the development of future comprehensive applications that are expected to support efficiently exposome research in the 21st century.
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"Chemical Exposure Control Criteria." In Industrial Hygiene Control of Airborne Chemical Hazards, 99–130. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420009408-11.

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"Scenarios for Estimation of Airborne Release Rates." In Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, 4. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470935309.ch3.

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"Estimating the Airborne Quantity for Gas Releases." In Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, 11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470935309.ch6.

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"Estimating the Airborne Quantity for Liquid Releases." In Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, 12–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470935309.ch7.

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"Guidelines for Estimating the Amount of Material Becoming Airborne Following a Release." In Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, 8–10. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470935309.ch5.

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Levy, Barry S. "Impacts on the Environment." In From Horror to Hope, 220–37. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558645.003.0025.

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This chapter describes contamination of the physical environment during war, the preparation for war, and the aftermath of war. With regard to air contamination, it covers airborne exposure to chemicals, greenhouse gas emissions, and nuclear weapons production and testing. With regard to water contamination, it covers contamination of oceans and other surface water, contamination of groundwater, and damage to water infrastructure. With regard to land contamination, it covers antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance, Agent Orange, depleted uranium, the destruction of urban and rural infrastructure by bombing, resource wars, other military impacts on habitats, scorched-earth strategies, and intentional flooding. Finally, the chapter covers the prevention of the impacts of war on the environment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Airborne chemical exposures"

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Noth, Elizabeth M., Sa Liu, Daniel M. Brown, Andreas M. Neophytou, Sadie Costello, Ellen A. Eisen, Mark R. Cullen, and S. Katharine Hammond. "0471 Evaluation of airborne chemical exposures to aluminium workers." In Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.389.

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Decker, J. "83. Application of Revised Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758297.

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Grainger, Samuel Thomas. "Are There Potentially Significant Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Fine Airborne Particulate Matter PM10 to Personnel on the United Kingdom's Offshore Drilling Rigs?" In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205457-ms.

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Abstract Drilling mud is a slurry comprising oil, water, and chemical additives. Mud is critical to drilling a modern well as it is circulated down a wellbore to remove rock cuttings and to power the drill bit. A significant volume of this drilling mud is used and later recirculated. The drilling mud warms at depth, creating steam, which holds suspended PM and dissolved chemicals. Many of the pieces of equipment are open or only partially enclosed, allowing for steam generation, while other processes generate aerosolised sprays. There is a significant potential for petroleum workers to become exposed and potentially suffer health effects because of drilling mud exposure. This study aims to find the major sources of PM10 on petroleum wells and quantify the levels of exposure and health hazard associated with drilling mud on petroleum rigs. A literature search was performed, which included all available materials which contained static or mobile concentrations of PM10 or oil mist within the UK or international petroleum drilling sites with a preference for North Sea operations. The study predicts the total PM10 by estimating the combined impact of both solid PM and oil mist. Using this conversion, it is also possible to estimate PM10 concentrations when using water-based muds. The work designates and discusses the expected health ramifications of excess exposure. A quantitative assessment of the risk of silicosis 15 years post-exposure is also calculated, predicting dire consequences to petroleum personnel in the long term. The exposure assessment methods, hygienic standards, and preventive measures are also addressed briefly.
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Garcia, Hector D., Thomas F. Limero, and John T. James. "Setting Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for 1 hour or 24 hour Contingency Exposures to Airborne Chemicals." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/921410.

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5

Walker, Gareth, Nick Jefferies, Matt Lennard, and Jeremy Lightfoot. "Cone Penetration Testing of Radiologically Contaminated Burial Trenches." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16086.

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Golder Associates (UK) Ltd, in partnership with Serco Assurance (Serco), undertook targeted cone penetration testing (CPT) of a series of six parallel on-site burial trenches on a nuclear licensed site in the UK. The form and concentration of radioactive and chemical material within the trenches is unknown. CPT was used to confirm the location of the bund walls and to characterise the material within the trenches. The CPT technique involves hydraulically pushing rods fitted with specialist characterisation “cones” into the ground. CPT generates no solid or liquid waste, and allowed rapid investigation of the trenches and bunds while ensuring exposure of radiation and contamination to workers was kept to a minimum, or removed in entirety. As a result of the unknown nature of radiological contamination within the trenches and the potential of introducing contamination into the inside of the CPT truck, a purpose-built extraction rig was constructed to withdraw the CPT equipment from the ground. Extraction of the equipment assumed airborne radioactive contamination was a potential hazard. The CPT locations selected for the investigation were based on non-intrusive geophysical survey work and a radiation survey, which identified the approximate location of the trenches, anomalies within the material (e.g. metallic objects), and radiation hotspots. The results of the geophysical surveys were overlaid with the original as-built drawings of the trenches. During the investigation the following investigation cones were deployed: • Resistance/friction cone, which determines geology through measurement of the friction on the sleeve of the cone and resistance on the tip of the cone; this was used to investigate the geology of the bunds. • Total gamma cone, which was used to obtain total gamma radiation results (in counts per second); • Groundwater sampler (BAT Sampler™), which was used to obtain a water sample from beneath the trenches; • Video cone, which was used to obtain a visual recording of the material within the trenches; and • Conductivity cone, which was used to investigate the presence of and depth to bodies of water below ground level (e.g. perched water, regional groundwater). The investigation collected essential data from an area of the site that had not previously been investigated, while minimising potential radiological exposure to all workers, and producing no investigation-derived waste. The investigation therefore confirmed the efficacy of cone penetration testing as a valid site investigation technique in a high hazard area. The data acquired from the CPT investigation and geophysical investigation also allowed boreholes to be sited in the bund walls between the trenches. Siting of the boreholes was a major risk for the project and presented a significant potential hazard. Golder has successfully used CPT on nuclear sites in the UK: as an innovative site investigation technique to facilitate radiological characterisation of an area with variable ground conditions; to investigate organic solvent plumes; and for the installation of blind tubes as a way of conducting subsurface radiation surveys and as part of a leak detection system (work in progress in partnership with Serco).
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