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Journal articles on the topic 'Air traffic control systems'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Gopalakrishnan, Karthik, and Hamsa Balakrishnan. "Control and Optimization of Air Traffic Networks." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 4, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 397–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-070720-080844.

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The air transportation system connects the world through the transport of goods and people. However, operational inefficiencies such as flight delays and cancellations are prevalent, resulting in economic and environmental impacts. In the first part of this article, we review recent advances in using network analysis techniques to model the interdependencies observed in the air transportation system and to understand the role of airports in connecting populations, serving air traffic demand, and spreading delays. In the second part, we present some of our recent work on using operational data to build dynamical system models of air traffic delay networks. We show that Markov jump linear system models capture many of the salient characteristics of these networked systems. We illustrate how these models can be validated and then used to analyze system properties such as stability and to design optimal control strategies that limit the propagation of disruptions in air traffic networks.

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2

Cristian, Flaviu, Bob Dancey, and Jon Dehn. "Fault-tolerance in air traffic control systems." ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 14, no. 3 (August 1996): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/233557.233559.

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3

Bregman, Howard L., Warren L. McCabe, and William G. Sutcliffe. "Capturing Air Traffic Controller Expertise for Incorporation in Automated Air Traffic Control Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 16 (October 1988): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201608.

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Under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sponsorship, MITRE's Human Performance Assessment Group is contributing to the design of an expert system to support air traffic control. We are working closely with a team of expert, full-performance-level air traffic controllers to capture the formal and informal rules they use in maintaining flight safety and efficiency. This paper documents our approach to working with these experts, the results of using that approach, and a distillation of lessons learned.

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4

Noskievič, Tomáš, and Jakub Kraus. "Air Traffic Control Tools Assessment." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.02.01.

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<p align="LEFT">Undoubtedly air transport in today’s world wouldn’t be able to exist without any air traffic control service. As the air transport has been coming through major changes and it has been expanding, it is assumed that its volume will be doubled in the next 15 years. Air traffic control uses strictly organised procedures to ensure safe course of air operations. With the skies covered with more airplanes every year, new tools must be introduced to allow the controllers to manage this rising amount of flying aircraft and to keep the air transport safe. This paper provides a comprehensive and organized material, which describes the newest tools and systems used by air traffic control officers. It proposes improvements for further research and development of ATC tools.</p>

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5

Viswanathan, Ramanathan, and Mark Darnell. "A Framework for Modeling Air Traffic Control Systems." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 3, no. 1 (November 10, 2009): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-3253.

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6

Gosling, Geoffrey D. "Application of Expert Systems in Air Traffic Control." Journal of Transportation Engineering 113, no. 2 (March 1987): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1987)113:2(139).

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7

Galushka, Joseph, Richard Mogford, and Kenneth Allendoerfer. "Establishing Baseline Measures for Air Traffic Control Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 24 (October 1996): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002401.

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8

Kiselev, V. Y., and A. A. Monakov. "Aircraft Trajectory Prediction in Air Traffic Control Systems." Informatsionno-upravliaiushchie sistemy (Information and Control Systems) 4, no. 77 (October 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/issn1684-8853.2015.4.33.

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9

Gabriela, STROE, and ANDREI Irina-Carmen. "Automation and Systems Issues in Air Traffic Control." INCAS BULLETIN 8, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2016.8.4.11.

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10

Tomlin, C., G. Pappas, J. Lygeros, D. Godbole, S. Sastry, and G. Meyer. "Hybrid Control in Air Traffic Management Systems 1." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 1 (June 1996): 5512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58559-6.

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11

Bleistein, Goettge, Petroski, and Wiseman. "Capacity Management of Air Traffic Control Computer Systems." Computer 20, no. 2 (February 1987): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.1987.1663481.

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12

Harendt, B., and H. Kesselmeier. "Dual Design of Computer-Based Air Traffic Control Systems - Examples from European Air Traffic -." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 23 (September 1995): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)46639-0.

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13

Ort, Markus. "Displays in air traffic control." Information Design Journal 11, no. 1 (September 26, 2003): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.11.1.04ort.

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Commercial aviation is becoming more and more important these days. From year to year there is an accelerated increase in the density of air traffic. The resulting fast growth in the flow of data between controllers and the technical systems they use, as well as that between controller and pilot, calls for new means of communication and visualization of information and interaction with it. Revised concepts for air traffic control must be applied, to deal safely with the increasing volume of traffic in the future. The main focus must be on designing an appropriate interface to support the interaction between ground and cockpit, making the communication as efficient, convenient and secure as possible. This undoubtedly goes further than just making information accessible in a digital format. Despite the importance and complexity of the subject, interdisciplinary projects to achieve this were launched only recently. However, as time goes on, more ergonomics specialists, psychologists and designers are working in this field dominated by engineers and programmers. So far, only a few cooperative projects have been undertaken between information designers, interaction designers and air traffic control specialists to create new interface solutions. This is all the more surprising since the structuring and visualization of this immense flow of data, the mapping of dynamic processes and the search for new means of communication constitute a highly interesting field. There is a strong belief that only such cooperation can lead to a coherent product, if interfaces are to be developed which can unfold the potential of the new Datalink-technology. The project described in this article was undertaken at the Design Department of the University of Applied Sciences Cologne, in cooperation with engineers from the Berlin University of Technology/ Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/ Section Flight Guidance and Transportation and IT-specialists and air traffic controllers from Skyguide (Zürich and Geneva). After a brief summary of the general situation in air traffic control and the work that controllers do, my aim in this article is to present a feasible interface solution for the arrival/departure sector, one of the most crucial areas of air traffic control.

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14

Bolic, Tatjana. "Innovation Adoption and Adaptation in Air Traffic Control." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2012010102.

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With the increased demand for the air travel the air traffic control (ATC) systems have been improving over the years. Today, the advances in the technology can enable even more capacity and better performance for the air travel. With those goals in mind, two distinct, but similar programmes are striving to develop new ATC systems: Next Gen in the USA and SESAR programme in Europe. Both programmes aim at developing new systems for the implementation around the year 2020. The innovation adoption and adaptation is illustrated by the story of User Request Evaluation Tool development and implementation, followed by the discussion of main lessons. First, the lessons learned from the innovation process of the tool itself are discussed, to be followed by the discussion of the interaction of various organizations that were involved.

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15

Elnoubi, S. M. "Backup radio site identification in air traffic control systems." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 37, no. 1 (2001): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.913666.

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16

Skiles, Tom, Paul Krois, Robert Graham, and Alan Marsden. "Task and Workload Comparisons between Air Traffic Control Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002169.

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17

Langan-Fox, Janice, Michael J. Sankey, and James M. Canty. "Human Factors Measurement for Future Air Traffic Control Systems." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51, no. 5 (October 2009): 595–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720809355278.

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18

Monzón de Cáceres, A. "Traffic control systems to alleviate congestion and air pollution." Science of The Total Environment 146-147 (May 1994): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90218-6.

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19

Han, Shah, and Lee. "Holographic Mixed Reality System for Air Traffic Control and Management." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163370.

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Based on a long-term prediction by the International Civil Aviation Organization indicating steady increases in air traffic demand throughout the world, the workloads of air traffic controllers are expected to continuously increase. Air traffic control and management (ATC/M) includes the processing of various unstructured composite data along with the real-time visualization of aircraft data. To prepare for future air traffic, research and development intended to effectively present various complex navigation data to air traffic controllers is necessary. This paper presents a mixed reality-based air traffic control system for the improvement of and support for air traffic controllers’ workflow using mixed reality technology that is effective for the delivery of information such as complex navigation data. The existing control systems involve difficulties in information access and interpretation. Therefore, taking notice of the necessity for the integration of air traffic control systems, this study presents the mixed reality (MR) system, which is a new approach, that enables the control of air traffic in interactive environments. This system is provided in a form usable in actual operational environments with a head-mounted see-through display installed with a controller to enable more structured work support. In addition, since this system can be controlled first-hand by air traffic controllers, it provides a new experience through improved work efficiency and productivity.

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20

Rantanen, Esa M., and Peter M. Vlach. "Development of Air Traffic Control Measures Database." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 18 (October 2007): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101815.

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Availability of measures that would predict controller success in his or her task and the impact of changing procedures and advancing technology on the system as a whole is imperative to the success of modernization of air traffic control (ATC) systems worldwide. This paper describes a database that is populated by the results of previous reviews of ATC research literature, organized according to a novel ATC measures taxonomy, and made accessible via the World Wide Web and a purpose-built web interface. The database will also facilitate continual updates, allowing for growth and relevance of its contents into the foreseeable future.

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21

Xing, J., and L. L. Bailey. "Attention and memory in air traffic control tasks." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 16, 2010): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.427.

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22

Grant Zietsman, Grant Zietsman, and Reza Malekian Grant Zietsman. "Modelling of a Speech-to-Text Recognition System for Air Traffic Control and NATO Air Command." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 7 (December 2022): 1527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022122307008.

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<p>Accent invariance in speech recognition is a chal- lenging problem especially in the are of aviation. In this paper a speech recognition system is developed to transcribe accented speech between pilots and air traffic controllers. The system allows handling of accents in continuous speech by modelling phonemes using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) probability density functions for each state. These phonemes are used to build word models of the NATO phonetic alphabet as well as the numerals 0 to 9 with transcriptions obtained from the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) pronouncing dictionary. Mel-Frequency Cepstral Co-efficients (MFCC) with delta and delta-delta coefficients are used for the feature extraction process. Amplitude normalisation and covariance scaling is implemented to improve recognition accuracy. A word error rate (WER) of 2% for seen speakers and 22% for unseen speakers is obtained.</p> <p> </p>

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23

Andersen, John A., Stephen D. Fulton, and John H. Andersen. "Tighter Air Control." Mechanical Engineering 124, no. 07 (July 1, 2002): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2002-jul-2.

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This article focuses on an engineered system that uses the advantages of available modern technology, including Global Positioning System satellites, inertial reference systems, flight management systems (specialized computers), and autopilots. More than a decade ago, 85 member states of the International Civil Aviation Organization endorsed a global Communications, Navigation, Surveillance, and Automated Traffic Management concept. This concept, called Future Air Navigation System II, advocates a change from terrestrial-based technology to space-based technology and digital communication. Extensive use is made of satellites for both navigation and communication. In 1995, the first-generation system was placed in use over the Pacific, where aircraft were out of range of the older radio control systems for lengthy time periods. Perhaps the evolution in aviation technology has parallels in the past, when ASME codes for safe boilers and pressure vessels, as well as elevators and escalators were voluntarily adopted and, eventually, legislated into practice. Aviation is a vital national and international service. Problems of safety and efficient use of assets require solution.

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24

Ahlstrom, Ulf, and Larry Arend. "Color Usability on Air Traffic Control Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900121.

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Modernization of Air Traffic Control (ATC) display systems includes increased use of color to code information. While colors can enhance display designs, human factors issues like legibility and salience manipulation are still problematic. Here, we address some of the potential usability issues with integrating traffic and advanced weather information on controller displays. We argue that color palettes that are not specifically designed for layered data and a large number of objects can create legibility and salience problems. We discuss the use of luminance contrast to manipulate salience and present some empirical data showing that air traffic controllers display large individual differences in their preferred brightness settings. We argue that user adjustments of luminance contrast for salience manipulation must be severely constrained in future ATC displays. We present a prototype color palette that uses color-coding to prioritize display information while maintaining good legibility.

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25

Debelack, A. S., J. D. Dehn, L. L. Muchinsky, and D. M. Smith. "Next generation air traffic control automation." IBM Systems Journal 34, no. 1 (1995): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.341.0063.

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26

Tynkov, О. М., and K. M. Favorova. "Psychophysiological states of operators of automated air traffic control systems." Theory and practice of modern psychology 1, no. 6 (2019): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2663-6026.2019.6-1.20.

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27

Carrozza, Gabriella, Mauro Faella, Francesco Fucci, Roberto Pietrantuono, and Stefano Russo. "Engineering Air Traffic Control Systems with a Model-Driven Approach." IEEE Software 30, no. 3 (May 2013): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2013.20.

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28

Guidi, Mark A., and Michele Merkle. "A Comparison of Test Methodologies for Air Traffic Control Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 17 (October 1993): 1196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701716.

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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently involved in a tremendous effort to upgrade the nation's Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. Included in this effort is a new communications system called the Voice Switching and Control System (VSCS) for use primarily in the Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs). The critical nature of the communications system, the complex Computer Human Interface (CHI) and functionality, and technology differences from the existing communications system caused the FAA to involve an Air Traffic Controller user group early in the design process. This group of subject matter experts was intended to help ensure adequate operational testing which would help secure user acceptance when VSCS was fielded. This paper discusses the methodology developed for the operational evaluation of the prototype VSCS in the Design Competition Phase (DCP) of the program. The methodology exposed problems in the areas of specification compliance, system stability, voice quality, CHI and operational suitability beyond those identified by the formal development test program called Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT). It was discovered that individual system functions that worked properly when exercised in isolation during FAT did not always work properly when exercised in realistic operational scenarios by controllers. The comparison of results between FAT and the operational evaluations show that controller evaluations should be included throughout the development process of FAA programs, and that the methodology used plays a fundamental role in uncovering issues.

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29

Harris McClamroch, N., and B. Sridhar. "Guest editorial special issue on automated air traffic control systems." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, no. 2 (June 2001): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2001.928714.

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30

Miller, D. L., G. J. Wolfman, A. J. Volanth, and R. T. Mullins. "Systems integration, user interface design, and tower air traffic control." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 11, no. 4 (April 1996): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.490220.

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31

Hopkin, V. D. "Man-machine interface problems in designing air traffic control systems." Proceedings of the IEEE 77, no. 11 (1989): 1634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.47726.

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32

David, Hugh. "User Centred Revision of En-Route Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 34 (July 2000): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403407.

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Contemporary Air Traffic Control has evolved through the incorporation of technical innovations, in the absence of any systematic design. It now incorporates 1930's communication systems and 1990's computer data processing. A preliminary systematic analysis of ‘en route' control suggests a re-allocation of activities to provide a satisfying task for the human controller. Displays (and controls) should be designed for these tasks. This demonstration shows how the controllers' interface can be re-modeled using existing display/control principles to produce a control system with greatly enhanced capacity.

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33

Adacher, Ludovica, Marta Flamini, and Elpidio Romano. "Sectors co-operation in Air Traffic Management." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 4222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.820.

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34

Leal de Matos, P. "Yield management for privatised air traffic control?" Journal of the Operational Research Society 52, no. 8 (August 2001): 888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601170.

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35

Zenios, Stavros A. "Network based models for air-traffic control." European Journal of Operational Research 50, no. 2 (January 1991): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(91)90239-r.

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36

Hah, Sehchang, Kevin Hallman, Brett Williams, and Kristy Heinz. "Evaluation of NextGen Air Traffic Control Alarms and Alerts Using Cognitive Walkthrough Method." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601546.

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In the air traffic control domain, there are no clear distinctions in the definition of critical safety messages, such as alarms and alerts. We therefore created a categorization scheme to distinguish alarms from the alerts and applied it to NextGen air traffic control systems: Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS), En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM), and Data Communications. Controllers then evaluated the effectiveness of the alarms and alerts of these NextGen systems. We used Cognitive Walkthrough method with the “thinking aloud” procedure to collect their spontaneous and immediate evaluation. Based on these evaluations, we present recommendations for the future NextGen air traffic control alarm and alert design.

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37

Lansdowne, Zachary F. "Measures of Effectiveness for Military Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems." Air Traffic Control Quarterly 6, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/atcq.6.2.145.

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38

Kabashkin, Igor, and Jörg Kundler. "BENCHMARKING OF MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE PROCESSES IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS." Aviation 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2013.805871.

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A theoretical analysis and benchmark was performed to develop a service model for air traffic control (ATC) systems. Based on a survey of theoretical methods and approaches for ATC maintenance processing in relation to traditional and European harmonised ATC parameters, a structured analysis and evaluation of the problem was performed at an international ATC organisation. The research was performed with parameter-oriented comparison. The results of the research were used in a process maturity assessment and key performance indicator (KPI) system. An ATC-specific maintenance process maturity method based on ISO/IEC Standard 15504 was developed for the process of analysis. The results can be used to develop an ATC service maintenance model as part of an air transport system model (macro model) and to develop an ATC service model and KPI system (micro model).

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39

Galati, Gaspare, and Piet van Genderen. "Special issue on surveillance systems for air and airport traffic control." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 3 (May 15, 2009): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709000294.

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40

Caines, Peter E., and Ekaterina S. Lemch. "Hierarchical hybrid systems: Geometry, controllability and applications to air traffic control *." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 32, no. 2 (July 1999): 2158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)56366-1.

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41

Ghalem, Â., C. Okar, R. Chroqui, and E. Semma. "Air Traffic Management Performance framework Case Study: Morocco." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 11 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.225.

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42

AGOGINO, ADRIAN, and KAGAN TUMER. "LEARNING INDIRECT ACTIONS IN COMPLEX DOMAINS: ACTION SUGGESTIONS FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL." Advances in Complex Systems 12, no. 04n05 (August 2009): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525909002283.

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Providing intelligent algorithms to manage the ever-increasing flow of air traffic is critical to the efficiency and economic viability of air transportation systems. Yet, current automated solutions leave existing human controllers "out of the loop" rendering the potential solutions both technically dangerous (e.g. inability to react to suddenly developing conditions) and politically charged (e.g. role of air traffic controllers in a fully automated system). Instead, this paper outlines a distributed agent-based solution where agents provide suggestions to human controllers. Though conceptually pleasing, this approach introduces two critical research issues. First, the agent actions are now filtered through interactions with other agents, human controllers and the environment before leading to a system state. This indirect action-to-effect process creates a complex learning problem. Second, even in the best case, not all air traffic controllers will be willing or able to follow the agents' suggestions. This partial participation effect will require the system to be robust to the number of controllers that follow the agent suggestions. In this paper, we present an agent reward structure that allows agents to learn good actions in this indirect environment, and explore the ability of those suggestion agents to achieve good system level performance. We present a series of experiments based on real historical air traffic data combined with simulation of air traffic flow around the New York city area. Results show that the agents can improve system-wide performance by up to 20% over that of human controllers alone, and that these results degrade gracefully when the number of human controllers that follow the agents' suggestions declines.

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43

Rodgers, Mark D., Carol A. Manning, and Charles S. Kerr. "Demonstration of Power: Performance and Objective Workload Evaluation Research." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 15 (October 1994): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801502.

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The Federal Aviation Adrainistration (FAA) is developing a method to determine whether future air traffic control systems will provide the benefits to the National Airspace System (NAS) that were proposed when they were conceived. The purpose of this project was to develop a set of objective measures to characterize the productivity of an individual air traffic controller. Software was developed to compute measures of airspace characteristics, controller activities, and air traffic situational characteristics. This software, the Performance and Objective Workload Evaluation Research (POWER) program, computes a set of numerical measures based on routinely collected air traffic control data. The POWER program was written to interface with the Situation Assessment Through Re-creation of Incidents (SATORI) system, originally developed to re-create operational incidents (Rodgers & Duke, 1993). An engineering validation was conducted and a psychometric assessment is underway to evaluate the reliability, validity, and utility of the measures and a subset will be chosen to characterize controller taskload and performance. POWER will then be used to measure controller performance and taskload on ATC sectors to be transitioned to future systems. These baseline taskload and performance measures will be compared to taskload and performance measures obtained from future ATC systems after system implementation. POWER will also be used to evaluate alternative future systems display configurations at the Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) Air Traffic Control Future Systems Simulation Laboratory.

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44

Kobaszyńska-Twardowska, Anna, and Monika Wantuła. "Safety systems of luggage transport in air traffic." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 130 (September 1, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5218.

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The transport system from the safety point of view consists of: technical objects, operators and human resources, operation safety subsystems, and system management center. In the area of these subsystems, there may be hazardous sources of external or internal character. Based on the analysis of transport systems, it is concluded that man causes numerous mistakes. The baggage control system and the persons responsible for the functioning of this system have a significant impact on airports' safety level. Dia-grams of multi-stage processes for checking hand luggage and checked baggage has been developed. Eighty-two flights departing from the airport, in which over 1500 passengers were checked-in, were observed to indicate gaps in procedures during baggage processing. They sent over 7500 luggage items in total. During the observation, passengers were asked whether they carried objects defined as hazardous in their hand luggage or checked baggage, and then the affirmative answers obtained were counted. During the check-in, passengers of all analyzed flights, while answering the "safety questions", declared 281 items, which we defined as hazardous. The study confirmed the hypothesis that the transport of dangerous objects in the wrong luggage type has not yet been eliminated and is a hazard source in air transport. Groups of travelers were indicated by a constant lack of awareness about the materials not permitted for air transport.

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45

Ortner, Philipp, Raphael Steinhöfler, Erich Leitgeb, and Holger Flühr. "Augmented Air Traffic Control System—Artificial Intelligence as Digital Assistance System to Predict Air Traffic Conflicts." AI 3, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai3030036.

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Today’s air traffic management (ATM) system evolves around the air traffic controllers and pilots. This human-centered design made air traffic remarkably safe in the past. However, with the increase in flights and the variety of aircraft using European airspace, it is reaching its limits. It poses significant problems such as congestion, deterioration of flight safety, greater costs, more delays, and higher emissions. Transforming the ATM into the “next generation” requires complex human-integrated systems that provide better abstraction of airspace and create situational awareness, as described in the literature for this problem. This paper makes the following contributions: (a) It outlines the complexity of the problem. (b) It introduces a digital assistance system to detect conflicts in air traffic by systematically analyzing aircraft surveillance data to provide air traffic controllers with better situational awareness. For this purpose, long short-term memory (LSTMs) networks, which are a popular version of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used to determine whether their temporal dynamic behavior is capable of reliably monitoring air traffic and classifying error patterns. (c) Large-scale, realistic air traffic models with several thousand flights containing air traffic conflicts are used to create a parameterized airspace abstraction to train several variations of LSTM networks. The applied networks are based on a 20–10–1 architecture while using leaky ReLU and sigmoid activation function. For the learning process, the binary cross-entropy loss function and the adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) optimizer are applied with different learning rates and batch sizes over ten epochs. (d) Numerical results and achievements by using LSTM networks to predict various weather events, cyberattacks, emergency situations and human factors are presented.

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Bharadwaj, Suda, Steven Carr, Natasha Neogi, and Ufuk Topcu. "Decentralized Control Synthesis for Air Traffic Management in Urban Air Mobility." IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems 8, no. 2 (June 2021): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3059847.

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Jarrar, Abdessamad, and Youssef Balouki. "Towards Sophisticated Air Traffic Control System Using Formal Methods." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2018 (September 10, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1692432.

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We propose a general formal modeling and verification of the air traffic control system (ATC). This study is based on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) standards and recommendations. It provides a sophisticated assistance system that helps in visualizing aircrafts and presents automatic bugs detection. In such a critical safety system, the use of robust formal methods that assure bugs absence is highly required. Therefore, this work suggests a formalism of discrete transition systems based on abstraction and refinement along proofs. These ensure the consistency of the system by means of invariants preservation and deadlock freedom. Hence, all invariants hold permanently providing a handy solution for bugs absence verification. It follows that the said deadlock freedom ensures a continuous running of a given system. This specification and modeling technique enable the system to be corrected by construction.

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Yousaf, Shahid, Nazir Ahmad Zafar, and Sher Afzal Khan. "Formal Verification and Validation of Aircraft Departure Process in Air Traffic Control System Using VDM++." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 6 (2012): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.478.

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Barrer, John N. "Use of Path Objects for Air Traffic Control." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1703, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1703-01.

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A path object is a set of instructions plus the values of associated parameters that would be used by an aircraft’s flight management system (FMS) or area navigation (RNAV) computer to construct a flight trajectory on the basis of the values of the parameters provided by the pilot or air traffic control (ATC) system. The concept of path objects and its applicability for development of FMS- or RNAV-based flight paths for aircraft routes are described. The use of path objects requires only a small number of parameters for specification of an RNAV route, and the computer then calculates the resulting flight path. Because most RNAV routes are just variations of the same basic shapes, many RNAV routes can be generated from a single path object by changing just one or two parameters. This offers the capability to reduce the size of the navigation database by a significant amount. This also allows the dynamic alteration of three-dimensional FMS-RNAV routes instead of radar vectoring, which represents a significant improvement in ATC procedures. Because of the compact expressions for the path objects, these procedures could be used in a voice communications environment as well as a data link environment. A path object can be thought of as a high-level language with which aircraft and ATC systems communicate flight path intentions. The concept of FMS- or RNAV-stored path objects is a change in thinking about the role of avionics technology. It offers a means of including the precision of the FMS-RNAV technology in the ATC system during the transition from today’s system to the future’s fully automated control system. This is an enabling technology that improves the ability to use and maintain FMS-RNAV in its role as a vital component of the ATC system. It has the potential to enhance future air traffic management-communication navigation surveillance concepts and applications.

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Miller, Clyde A. "U.S. Programme for Development of Satellite Services for Air Traffic Control." Journal of Navigation 43, no. 1 (January 1990): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300013783.

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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting experimental programmes to support introduction of satellite navigation and communications services into the air traffic control system during the 1990 time period. This work programme is closely related to the activities that have been conducted by the ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) Committee and will result in development of standards for avionics systems and services for the Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as digital voice and digital data link services. This paper summarizes the FAA programmes supporting the introduction of the new satellite services.

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