Journal articles: 'Air shower technique'

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Sanyal, S., B. Ghosh, SK Sarkar, A. Bhadra, A. Mukherjee, and N. Chaudhuri. "An Analysis of Cosmic Ray Air Showers for the Determination of Shower Age." Australian Journal of Physics 46, no. 4 (1993): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph930589.

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A sample of 8651 air showers in the size range 104 . 3_106 . 2 has been analysed to determine the distribution of the measured age in terms of (i) the number of showers in a specified size range, and (ii) the radial distances in individual showers. It is shown that the radial age distribution in an individual shower leads to an average shower age approximately the same as the prediction of the electron-photon cascade theory. The other results include a study of the variation of (i) shower age, as measured by the x2-minimisation technique, with shower size of vertically incident showers, and (ii) the measured electron density at any point with its radial distance from the shower axis, as a function of the age of a large shower group with very small spread in size. A comparison of similar measurements with relevant theory is also included.

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Schröder, Frank G. "Air Shower Detection by Arrays of Radio Antennas." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920815001.

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Antenna arrays are beginning to make important contributions to high energy astroparticle physics supported by recent progress in the radio technique for air showers. This article provides an update to my more extensive review published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 93 (2017) 1. It focuses on current and planned radio arrays for atmospheric particle cascades, and briefly references to a number of evolving prototype experiments in other media, such as ice. While becoming a standard technique for cosmic-ray nuclei today, in future radio detection may drive the field for all type of primary messengers at PeV and EeV energies, including photons and neutrinos. In cosmic-ray physics accuracy becomes increasingly important in addition to high statistics. Various antenna arrays have demonstrated that they can compete in accuracy for the arrival direction, energy and position of the shower maximum with traditional techniques. The combination of antennas and particles detectors in one array is a straightforward way to push the total accuracy for high-energy cosmic rays for low additional cost. In particular the combination of radio and muon detectors will not only enhance the accuracy for the cosmic-ray mass composition, but also increase the gamma-hadron separation and facilitate the search for PeV and EeV photons. Finally, the radio technique can be scaled to large areas providing the huge apertures needed for ultra-high-energy neutrino astronomy.

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Meyhandan, R., and R. W. Clay. "Improving the Angular Resolution of the Buckland Park Air Shower Array." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025121.

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AbstractAir showers initiated by primary cosmic rays and gamma rays produce shower fronts which are curved. However, the arrival directions of air shower events have normally been fitted assuming a planar shower front. We present a technique which takes the average shower front shape into account to assign an improved shower direction after a first analysis assuming a plane front. We then examine the resulting angular resolution of the Buckland Park array.

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HUEGE, TIM, and HEINO FALCKE. "SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6831–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030223.

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Radio emission from cosmic ray air showers has the potential to become an additional, cost-effective observing technique for cosmic ray research, being largely complementary to the well-established particle detector and air fluorescence techniques. We present Monte Carlo simulations of radio emission from extensive air showers in the scheme of coherent geosynchrotron radiation from electron-positron pairs gyrating in the earth's magnetic field. Preliminary results of our simulations are the predicted frequency, primary particle energy, shower zenith angle, shower azimuth angle and polarization dependence of the radio emission. These properties can be directly related to data measured by LOPES and other experiments.

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Schlüter, F., and T. Huege. "Expected performance of air-shower measurements with the radio-interferometric technique." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): P07048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/07/p07048.

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Cronin, J. W. "Gamma-ray astronomy by the air shower technique: Performance and perspectives." Il Nuovo Cimento C 19, no. 6 (November 1996): 847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02508125.

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Leach, S. A., and J. S. Lapington. "Extensive air shower tracker using Cherenkov detection." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): C09008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09008.

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Abstract Cosmic rays continuously bombard Earth’s atmosphere triggering cascades of secondary particles. Many constituents progress to reach the surface and capturing these events can intrigue and awe young curious minds, opening them to the amazing world of physics. Cloud chambers are an established method of revealing the subatomic world; frequently used by universities to introduce cosmic rays to visitors and prospective students, they provide a fascinating real-time display of the ‘ghostly’ particles showering upon those viewing. Using the Cherenkov radiation detection technique, we have developed a novel, compact, Extensive Air Shower (EAS) particle tracking method that enhances the cloud chamber visualisation of cosmic ray interactions towards a digital audience. Once digital, live event interaction can be streamed to multiple display devices presenting an immediate illustration of the event that showered in that location. Our instrument hardware is built around Cherenkov-optimised silicon photomultiplier sensors. Each single detection unit monitors particle event rate and tracks incident angle by measuring Cherenkov intensity. By operating multiple detection units in one location, we can record time correlated air shower events to monitor and collate information on the primary cosmic rays. We introduce first results, illustrating instrument response and EAS rate variations, compiled from the initial running period of our development instruments. We present intensity spectra, compare with simulation, and describe the instrument response due to sensor location, Cherenkov intensity, mean muon energy and detector acceptance angle. With further development towards low-cost readout electronics, we aim to build a networked array of trackers, located around the campus, to expand data gathering ability and scientific potential.

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Zilles, Anne, Olivier Martineau-Huynh, Kumiko Kotera, Matias Tueros, Krijn de Vries, Washington Carvalho, and Valentin Niess. "Radio Morphing - towards a fast computation of the radio signal from air-showers." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921603012.

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Over the last decades, radio detection of air showers has been established as a promising detection technique for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. Very large or dense antenna arrays are necessary to be proficient at collecting information about these particles and understanding their properties accurately. The exploitation of such arrays requires to run massive air-shower simulations to evaluate the radio signal at each antenna position, taking into account features such as the ground topology. In order to reduce computational costs, we have developed a fast computation of the emitted radio signal on the basis of generic shower simulations, called Radio Morphing. The method consists in the calculation of the radio signal of any air-shower by i) a scaling of the electric-field amplitude of a reference air shower to the target shower, ii) an isometry on the simulated positions and iii) an interpolation of the radio pulse at the desired position. This technique enables one to gain many orders of magnitude in CPU time compared to a standard computation. In this contribution, we present this novel tool and explain its methodology. In particular, Radio Morphing will be a key element for the simulation chain of the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) project, that aims at detecting ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an array of 200 000 radio antennas in mountainous regions.

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Sokolsky, P., and R. D’Avignon. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Air-Fluorescence Technique in Determining the EAS Shower Maximum." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 134, no. 4 (April 2022): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776122040100.

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Cao, Zhen. "EAS Arrays at High Altitudes Start the Era of UHE γ-ray Astronomy." Universe 7, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7090339.

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The evolution of extensive air shower detection as a technique for γ-ray astronomical instrumentation for the last three decades is reviewed. The first discoveries of galactic PeVatrons by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory demonstrate the importance of this technique in ultra-high energy γ-ray astronomy. Utilizing this technique, the origins of high energy cosmic rays may be discovered in the near future.

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Bergman, Douglas, Jose Bellido, Vitor de Souza, Ralph Engel, Zane Gerber, JiHyun Kim, Eric Mayotte, et al. "Testing the Compatibility of the Depth of the Shower Maximum Measurements performed at Telescope Array and the Pierre Auger Observatory." EPJ Web of Conferences 283 (2023): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328302008.

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The Telescope Array and the Pierre Auger Observatory estimate the composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays by observing the distribution of depths of air-shower maxima, X max. Both experiments directly observe the longitudinal development of air showers using fluorescence telescopes with surface particle detectors used in conjunction to provide precision in determining air-shower geometry. The two experiments differ in the details of the analysis of events, so a direct comparison of X max distributions is not possible. The Auger – Telescope Array Composition Working Group presents their results from a technique to compare X max measurements from Auger with those of Telescope Array. In particular, the compatibility of the first two moments of the X max distributions of Auger with the data from the Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge detectors of the Telescope Array is tested for energies above 1018.2 eV. Quantitative comparisons are obtained using air-shower simulations of four representative species made using the Sibyll 2.3d high-energy interaction model. These are weighted to fit the fractional composition seen in Auger data and reconstructed using the Telescope Array detector response and analysis methods.

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Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, J. M. Alameddine, et al. "Framework and tools for the simulation and analysis of the radio emission from air showers at IceCube." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): P06026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/06/p06026.

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Abstract The Surface Enhancement of the IceTop air-shower array will include the addition of radio antennas and scintillator panels, co-located with the existing ice-Cherenkov tanks and covering an area of about 1 km2. Together, these will increase the sensitivity of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory to the electromagnetic and muonic components of cosmic-ray-induced air showers at the South Pole. The inclusion of the radio technique necessitates an expanded set of simulation and analysis tools to explore the radio-frequency emission from air showers in the 70 MHz to 350 MHz band. In this paper we describe the software modules that have been developed to work with time- and frequency-domain information within IceCube's existing software framework, IceTray, which is used by the entire IceCube collaboration. The software includes a method by which air-shower simulation, generated using CoREAS, can be reused via waveform interpolation, thus overcoming a significant computational hurdle in the field.

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BELZ, J., Z. CAO, P. HUENTEMEYER, C. JUI, K. MARTENS, J. MATTHEWS, M. MAESTAS, J. SMITH, P. SOKOLSKY, and R. SPRINGER. "Comparison of air fluorescence and ionization measurements of EM shower depth profiles: Test of a UHECR detector technique." Astroparticle Physics 25, no. 1 (February 2006): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2005.11.004.

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Bouhali, Zohra, and Taoufik Djemil. "Simulation of the fluorescence signal detected by a space telescope for extreme energy cosmic ray observations." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 08011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920808011.

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The experimental technique of fluorescence light measurement is used for indirect observations of cosmic ray particles at very high energies. Extensive Air Showers (EAS) initiated by Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays (EECRs), up to 100 EeV and entering the Earth’s atmosphere, are simulated with the CORSIKA package. The influence of different simulation parameters on the EAS characteristics is studied, especially on the longitudinal distribution of charged particles, depth of shower maximum and energy released to the air. By taking the atmospheric scattering of light into account, the number of fluorescence photons, with wavelengths between 300-430 nm, and their arrival time distribution to an ideal space telescope are calculated.

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Yushkov, Alexey, Jose Bellido, John Belz, Vitor de Souza, William Hanlon, Daisuke Ikeda, Pierre Sokolsky, Yoshiki Tsunesada, and Michael Unger. "Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles: testing the compatibility of measurements performed at the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921001009.

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At the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, the measurements of depths of maximum of airshower profiles, Xmax, are performed using direct observations of the longitudinal development of showers with the help of the fluorescence telescopes. Though the same detection technique is used at both installations, the straightforward comparison of the characteristics of the measured Xmax distributions is not possible due to the different approaches to the analysis of the recorded events. In this work, the Auger – Telescope Array composition working group presents a technique to compare the Xmax measurements from the Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. Applying this technique the compatibility of the first two moments of the measured Xmax distributions is qualitatively tested for energies 1018.2 eV < E < 1019.0 eV using the recently published Telescope Array data from the Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge fluorescence detector stations. For a quantitative comparison, simulations of air showers with EPOS-LHC, folded with effects of the Telescope Array detector, are required along with the inclusion in the analysis of the systematic uncertainties in the measurements of Xmax and the energies of the events.

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Watson, A. A. "A Brief History of the Study of High Energy Cosmic Rays using Arrays of Surface Detectors." EPJ Web of Conferences 283 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328301002.

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A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in L’Aquila, 3 – 7 October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.

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Pérez Prada, Maximilian, Sarah Barnes, and Maurice Stephan. "Analysis of Secondary Particles as a Compliment to Muon Scattering Measurements." Instruments 6, no. 4 (October 18, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040066.

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Cosmic ray tomography is an emerging imaging technique utilizing an ambient source of radiation. One common tomography method is based on the measurement of muons scattered by the examined objects, which allows the reconstruction and discrimination of materials with different properties. From the interaction of air shower particles induced through cosmic rays with the material to be scanned, secondary particles, predominantly photons, neutrons and electrons, can be produced, which carry complementary information about the objects and their materials. However, this information is currently not fully exploited or only studied in coincidence with the incoming air shower particles. Therefore, this work presents a novel approach utilizing only the information from secondary particles to reconstruct and discriminate objects made out of a variety of materials. It also includes a detailed analysis of the kinematics of secondary particles and their dependency on material characteristics. In addition, a reconstruction algorithm to produce 3D maps of the examined volume from the measurement of secondary particles is introduced. This results in a successful reconstruction and differentiation of objects in various geometrical compositions.

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Smith, A. G. K., and R. W. Clay. "Cosmic Ray Isotropy at Energies Above 1018 eV." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10, no. 4 (1993): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132335800002590x.

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AbstractStudies have been made of the extent to which extragalactic cosmic rays observed at the earth would be deviated by the galactic magnetic field. The distribution of these deviations is presented as a function of observed direction for two field models. Also using these two models, possible extragalactic directions are derived for the cosmic rays detected by the SUGAR giant air shower array as a basis of a possible technique for searching for extragalactic cosmic ray sources.

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SINNIS, GUS. "TeV ASTROPHYSICS WITH THE MILAGRO AND HAWC OBSERVATORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 11 (September 2013): 1360010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813600109.

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Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has historically implemented two dramatically different techniques. One method employs Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope(s) (IACT) that detect the Cherenkov light generated in the atmosphere by extensive air showers. The other method employs particle detectors that directly detect the particles that reach ground level — known as Extensive Air Shower (EAS) arrays. Until recently, the IACT method had been the only technique to yield solid detections of TeV gamma-ray sources. Utilizing water Chernkov technology, Milagro, was the first EAS array to discover new gamma-ray sources and demonstrated the power of and need for an all-sky high duty cycle instrument in the TeV energy regime. The transient nature of many TeV sources, the enormous number of potential sources, and the existence of TeV sources that encompass large angular areas all point to the need for an all-sky, high duty-factor instrument with even greater sensitivity than Milagro. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory will be over an order of magnitude more sensitive than Milagro. In this paper we will discuss the results from Milagro and the design of the HAWC instrument and its experimental sensitivity.

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Nonis, Stavros, Antonios Leisos, Apostolos Tsirigotis, Ioannis Gkialas, Kostas Papageorgiou, and Spyros Tzamarias. "Performance of the RF Detectors of the Astroneu Array." Universe 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9010017.

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Since 2014, the university campus of Hellenic Open University (HOU) has hosted the Astroneu array, which is dedicated to the detection of extensive air showers (EAS) induced by high-energy cosmic rays (CR). The Astroneu array incorporates 9 large particle scintillation detectors and 6 antennas sensitive to the radio frequency (RF) range 1–200 MHz. The detectors are adjusted in three autonomous stations operating in an environment with a strong electromagnetic background. As shown by previous studies, EAS radio detection in such environments is possible using innovative noise rejection methods, as well as advanced analysis techniques. In this work, we present the analysis of the collected radio data corresponding to an operational period of approximately four years. We present the performance of the Astroneu radio array in reconstructing the EAS axis direction using different RF detector geometrical layouts and a technique for the estimation of the shower core by comparing simulation and experimental data. Moreover, we measure the relative amplitudes of the two mechanisms that give rise to RF emission (the Askaryan effect and geomagnetic emission) and show that they are in good agreement with previous studies as well as with the simulation predictions.

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Cao, Zhen. "LHAASO Status and Physics Results." EPJ Web of Conferences 280 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328001003.

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Status of the LHAASO experiment and its latest results in both γ-ray astronomic observations and charged cosmic ray (CR) measurements are reported in this paper. The discovery of photons around 1 PeV from the Crab, 12 PeVatrons in our galaxy and new sources with emissions above 100 TeV declare the onset of the utral-high-energy γ-ray astronomy. The capability of measurements of spectra of the individual species of CRs, e.g. protons and iron nuclei, starts the new era of the high precision measurement of CRs using the ground based extensive air shower technique. The detection of the highest energy photon at 1.4 PeV from the remote potential source in Cygnus region allows to test of the violation of fundamental physics rules, such as the Lorentz Invariance, and set the highest limits in the tests.

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Shen, Chang, Phil Fraundorf, and Robert W. Harrick. "Scanned tip measurement of deep vertical facets on a flat surface: Measuring roughness on gaas laser waveguide mirrors." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148496.

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Monolithic integration of optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC) requires high quantity etched laser facets which prevent the developing of more-highly-integrated OEIC's. The causes of facet roughness are not well understood, and improvement of facet quality is hampered by the difficulty in measuring the surface roughness. There are several approaches to examining facet roughness qualitatively, such as scanning force microscopy (SFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The challenge here is to allow more straightforward monitoring of deep vertical etched facets, without the need to cleave out test samples. In this presentation, we show air based STM and SFM images of vertical dry-etched laser facets, and discuss the image acquisition and roughness measurement processes. Our technique does not require precision cleaving. We use a traditional tip instead of the T shape tip used elsewhere to preventing “shower curtain” profiling of the sidewall. We tilt the sample about 30 to 50 degrees to avoid the curtain effect.

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Sommers, Paul. "Extensive air showers and measurement techniques." Comptes Rendus Physique 5, no. 4 (May 2004): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2004.03.009.

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Ejdys, Elżbieta. "Fungi isolated in school buildings." Acta Mycologica 42, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2007.028.

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The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of fungi occurring on wall surfaces and in the air in school buildings. Fungi isolated from the air using the sedimentation method and from the walls using the surface swab technique constituted the study material. Types of finish materials on wall surfaces were identified and used in the analysis. Samples were collected in selected areas in two schools: classrooms, corridors, men's toilets and women's toilets, cloakrooms, sports changing rooms and shower. Examinations were conducted in May 2005 after the heating season was over. Fungi were incubated on Czapek-Dox medium at three parallel temperatures: 25, 37 and 40°C, for at least three weeks. A total of 379 isolates of fungi belonging to 32 genera of moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi were obtained from 321 samples in the school environment. The following genera were isolated most frequently: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium. Of the 72 determined species, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum occurred most frequently in the school buildings. Wall surfaces were characterised by an increased prevalence of mycobiota in comparison with the air in the buildings, with a slightly greater species diversity. A certain species specificity for rough and smooth wall surfaces was demonstrated. Fungi of the genera Cladosporium and Emericella with large spores adhered better to smooth surfaces while those of the genus Aspergillus with smaller conidia adhered better to rough surfaces. The application of three incubation temperatures helped provide a fuller picture of the mycobiota in the school environment.

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Zhu, J. T., C. Lin, H. B. Xiao, J. H. Fan, D. Bastieri, and G. G. Wang. "Exploring TeV Candidates of Fermi Blazars through Machine Learning." Astrophysical Journal 950, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acca85.

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Abstract In this work, we make use of a supervised machine-learning algorithm based on Logistic Regression (LR) to select TeV blazar candidates from the 4FGL-DR2/4LAC-DR2, 3FHL, 3HSP, and 2BIGB catalogs. LR constructs a hyperplane based on a selection of optimal parameters, named features, and hyperparameters whose values control the learning process and determine the values of features that a learning algorithm ends up learning, to discriminate TeV blazars from non-TeV blazars. In addition, it gives the probability (or logistic) that a source may be considered a TeV blazar candidate. Non-TeV blazars with logistics greater than 80% are considered high-confidence TeV candidates. Using this technique, we identify 40 high-confidence TeV candidates from the 4FGL-DR2/4LAC-DR2 blazars and we build the feature hyperplane to distinguish TeV and non-TeV blazars. We also calculate the hyperplanes for the 3FHL, 3HSP, and 2BIGB. Finally, we construct the broadband spectral energy distributions for the 40 candidates, testing for their detectability with various instruments. We find that seven of them are likely to be detected by existing or upcoming IACT observatories, while one could be observed with extensive air shower particle detector arrays.

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Hörandel, Jörg R. "Radio detection of extensive air showers." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921601003.

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Radio detection of extensive air showers is a flourish technique, attracting more and more interest to investigate the properties of high-energy cosmic rays. Past, present, and future developments are reviewed.

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Bertaina, M., S. Biktemerova, K. Bittermann, P. Bobik, D. Campana, F. Fenu, A. Gorgi, et al. "Performance and air-shower reconstruction techniques for the JEM-EUSO mission." Advances in Space Research 53, no. 10 (May 2014): 1515–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.02.018.

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Rastegaarzadeh, G., and J. Samimi. "A wavelet-based multifractal separation technique for extensive air showers." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 27, no. 10 (September 18, 2001): 2065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/27/10/308.

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Schröder, Frank G. "Status of the radio technique for cosmic-ray induced air showers." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 279-281 (October 2016): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2016.10.027.

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Meagher, Kevin, and Jakob van Santen. "Parallelizing Air Shower Simulation for Background Characterization in IceCube." EPJ Web of Conferences 295 (2024): 11016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429511016.

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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer neutrino telescope located at the Geographic South Pole. For every observed neutrino event, there are over 106 background events caused by cosmic ray air shower muons. In order to properly separate signal from background, it is necessary to produce Monte Carlo simulations of these air showers. Although to-date, IceCube has produced large quantities of background simulation, these studies still remain statistics limited. The first stage of simulation requires heavy CPU usage while the second stage requires heavy GPU usage. Processing both of these stages on the same node will result in an underutilized GPU but using different nodes will encounter bandwidth bottlenecks. Furthermore, due to the power-law energy spectrum of cosmic rays, the memory footprint of the detector response often exceeded the limit in unpredictable ways. This proceeding presents new client–server code which parallelizes the first stage onto multiple CPUs on the same node and then passes it on to the GPU for photon propagation. This results in GPU utilization of greater than 90% as well as more predictable memory usage and an overall factor of 20 improvement in speed over previous techniques.

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Guillén, A., A. Bueno, J. M. Carceller, J. C. Martínez-Velázquez, G. Rubio, C. J. Todero Peixoto, and P. Sanchez-Lucas. "Deep learning techniques applied to the physics of extensive air showers." Astroparticle Physics 111 (September 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.03.001.

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Tarar, Muhammad Ali. "EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON MALE FARMER’S HEALTH: A STUDY OF MUZAFFAR GARH." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56, no. 04 (July 1, 2019): 1021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.9157.

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Application of pesticides are made to control those insects and pest that approach the crops and damage them. From centuries, for the protection of crops, different sorts of pesticides are in practice. On the one hand pesticide benefits the crops, meanwhile it injurious for environment and & human health. Because it’s unnecessary application poses negative effects on biodiversity and all living organism i.e. birds, animals and human etc. faces threats for their survival. Study objectives were (i) to find out the effects of pesticides on farmer’s health and (ii) to suggest some recommendations for future policy to improve farmer’s health. For this study, a sample of 160 respondents (male farmers) were selected through multistage sampling technique. At first stage, 4 union councils from total 111 UCs, at second stage, 8 localities/ Basties /urban areas (2 from each union council) were selected randomly and at third stage, 20 respondents from each locality were selected by convenient sampling technique. Results showed that majority respondents were young illiterate married persons who were living in joint family system (62.5%); had family income Rs. 12,001-25,000 (63.1%); land tendency status of majority (91.3%) was own cultivator and 1-4 acres cultivate per year (45.0%). Majority (86.9%) of the respondents said that through inhalation source pesticides enter the human body and they prepared the pesticides stuff in field (94.3%). Data also showed about pesticides usage in crops and its different effects on farmer’s health i.e. heard about illness caused by pesticides (87.5%); is cause of air pollution (65.6%); pesticides particularly harmful for farm workers health (88.8%); after the application of pesticides, farmers faced health problems (83.8%); family members felt sick (71.9%) while after handling pesticides they faced shortness of breath (75.6%); experienced redness of skin (69.4%), nervous disorder (77.5%), headache (56.9%), excessive sweating (51.2%), diarrhea (75.0%); abdominal pain (73.1%); eyes burning (85.0%); respiratory disorder (76.3%); dry cough (80.0%); fever (81.2%); dry throat (84.4%); sleeplessness and laziness (76.9%); vomiting (78.8%); vision disturbance (86.9%) and pesticides usage is the risk of cancer (81.9%). Data showed that during pesticides spray respondents used the different personal protective equipment i.e. ordinary clothes to apply pesticides (98.1%); long-sleeved shirt (81.9%); spray coat with hoods (80.0%); gumboots (85.0%); nose masks (89.4%); goggles (66.2%) and hand gloves (66.9%) as well as take a shower immediately after mixing/ spraying (86.9%). Bi-variate analysis showed significant relationship between more the use of improper goggles vs. more the burning of eyes and more the use of improper nose mask vs. more the respiratory disorder problems among farmers. Govt. need to take strict action & measures against producers of hazardous & injurious pesticides and through intensive trainings, & short term courses guide farmers regarding safe & harmless application of pesticides to protect themselves

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Gottowik, Marvin. "Measurements of Horizontal Air Showers with the Auger Engineering Radio Array." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921602001.

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The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest observatory for the detection of cosmic rays. With the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) we measure the emitted radio signal of extensive air showers and reconstruct properties of the primary cosmic rays. For horizontal air showers (zenith angles larger than 60°) the signal is distributed over a large area of more than several km2. Therefore, detection of air showers using a sparse radio antenna array, compatible with the 1500 m distance between the 1600 surface detector stations, is possible. The radio technique is sensitive to the electromagnetic component of air showers. Combining radio detection with particle information from the surface detector of the Observatory, which at large zenith angles mostly detects muons, allows to study the cosmic ray composition for horizontal air showers.

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SASAKI, MOKOTO. "VERY HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE ASTRONOMY WITH ALL-SKY SURVER HIGH RESOLUTION AIR-SHOWER DETECTOR." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 13n16 (May 30, 2004): 1107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014446.

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The Ashra detector consists of 3 observational stations installed on the grid of 30-40km distance on the mountains on the Hawaii Big Island, which ensures a large target mass for neutrinos and a large effective aperture for UHECR. An observational station is composed of 12 wide-angle high-precision telescopes, which can completely cover allsky view. In realizing the telescope design, we newly apply the following techniques matured in the other fields: 1) Baker-Nunn optics optimized to keep better than 1 arcmin. resolution in 50° field of view, 2) Electro-static lens image-intensifier tube (IIT) with the resolution matched with that of the above optics, 3) Gated IIT with a fast image shutter, and 4) CMOS image sensor which reads triggered images out of the above IIT. These novel techniques allow us an excellent opportunity for simultaneous observation of air fluorescence and Cerenkov lights with 1 arcmin. resolution in entirely all sky. This will open an interesting field, "Observational Particle Astronomy" by continuously observing TeV gamma-rays, VHE-neutrinos, Knee-CR, and EHECR with the energies from TeV to ZeV in all sky.

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ARDOUIN, D., A. BELLETOILE, D. CHARRIER, R. DALLIER, L. DENIS, P. ESCHSTRUTH, T. GOUSSET, et al. "RADIODETECTION OF COSMIC RAY EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS: UPGRADE OF THE CODALEMA EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0503034x.

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We present the characteristics and performance of a demonstration experiment devoted to the observation of ultra high-energy cosmic ray extensive air showers using a radiodetection technique. In a first step, one antenna narrowed band filtered acting as trigger, with a 4σ threshold above sky background-level, was used to tag any radio transient in coincidence on the antenna array. Recently, the addition of 4 particle detectors has allowed us to observe cosmic ray events in coincidence with antennas.

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Pagliaro, Antonio, G. DʼAlí Staiti, and F. DʼAnna. "A discrimination technique for extensive air showers based on multiscale, lacunarity and neural network analysis." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 212-213 (March 2011): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.03.051.

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Korosteleva, E. E., V. V. Prosin, L. A. Kuzmichev, and G. Navarra. "Measurement of Cosmic Ray Primary Energy with the Atmospheric Cherenkov Light Technique in Extensive Air Showers." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 165 (March 2007): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2006.11.012.

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Guillén, Alberto, José Martínez, Juan Miguel Carceller, and Luis Javier Herrera. "A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Muon Count in UHECR Extensive Air-Showers." Entropy 22, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111216.

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The main goal of this work is to adapt a Physics problem to the Machine Learning (ML) domain and to compare several techniques to solve it. The problem consists of how to perform muon count from the signal registered by particle detectors which record a mix of electromagnetic and muonic signals. Finding a good solution could be a building block on future experiments. After proposing an approach to solve the problem, the experiments show a performance comparison of some popular ML models using two different hadronic models for the test data. The results show that the problem is suitable to be solved using ML as well as how critical the feature selection stage is regarding precision and model complexity.

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Collins, Kim A., Stephen J. Cina, Mark J. Pettenati, and Matthew Fitts. "Identification of Female Cells in Postcoital Penile Swabs Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 7 (June 1, 2000): 1080–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-1080-iofcip.

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Abstract Traditionally, the finding of semen, that is, spermatozoa and acid phosphatase, in cervicovaginal specimens has been considered the laboratory evidence needed to prove recent sexual contact. Recent research with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has shown that in the absence of semen, male epithelial and inflammatory cells can be found within the female genital tract. A striking paucity of literature exists pertaining to the examination of the penis of an alleged assailant for potential evidence indicative of sexual assault. The current study uses FISH to analyzepostcoital swabs of the penis for such laboratory evidence. A male and female volunteer couple consented to participate in this study. Following coitus, the male partner presented to one of the investigators for penile swabbing. Swabs were taken at varying postcoital intervals (1–24 hours) subsequent to 10 coital episodes. The male participant was instructed not to shower following coitus, but to otherwise go about daily activities until specimen collection. To obtain each sample, 4 sterile cotton-tipped applicators were slightly moistened in sterile saline and swabbed along the length of the penile shaft and around the base of the penis. From the swabs, 3 air-dried slides were prepared, coded, and blinded. As controls, swabs were taken from the buccal surfaces of both volunteers. Multicolor FISH was performed using dual X- and Y-chromosome probes, and slides were counterstained with 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Cells were easily visualized under a fluorescent microscope, but only cells with 2 nonoverlapping fluorescent signals were counted. Fluorescence in situ hybridization is highly sensitive and specific, and the dual probes easily distinguished between male and female cells. Female cells were identified on smears from every penile swab over the entire 1- to 24-hour postcoital interval. The FISH technique, previously successful in identifying male cells within the female genital tract, may also be employed on penile swabs. Once the presence of female cells is confirmed by FISH, the identity of the female can be confirmed by DNA analysis. Potentially, with such current molecular analyses, both the assailant and the victim can be positively identified.

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Mahesha, H. B. "Air Dry Technique for the Preparation of Meiotic Chromosomes from the Testes of Silkworm Bombyx mori L." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8888.

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One strain of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L., namely NB4D2 at the age of the fifth instar, was selected as an experimental insect. During the fifth instar, testes were used to prepare meiotic chromosomes. The air dry technique for preparing meiotic chromosomes was developed and standardised. Both temporary and permanent micro slides showed clear different stages of meiosis. The different meiotic stages were observed under 1000x magnification and photographed using conventional photographic techniques.

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Kleifges, M. "Measurement of cosmic ray air showers using MHz radio-detection techniques at the Pierre Auger Observatory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 718 (August 2013): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.052.

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Fujino, Mitsuki, Jieun Lee, Toshiaki Hirano, Yuichi Saito, and Makoto Itoh. "Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM for Seeking Effective Way to Evaluate Situation Awareness and Workload During Air Traffic Control Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641442.

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Evaluation of air traffic controller’s situation awareness (SA) is becoming important for air traffic management with the growth of air traffic. This study compared two SA evaluation methods: Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM) to understand how these techniques affect controllers’ predictability in different traffic density settings. Twenty students undertook simple air traffic control simulations by using both techniques. We investigated how these techniques affect their workload with Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and NASA-TLX. SWAT scores showed that high traffic density increased participants’ workload, and extra workload was posed right after answering SA queries. NASA-TLX scores were larger when SAGAT was used than when SPAM was used throughout the simulation. We found that the workload with SAGAT interferes with main tasks more than that of SPAM. The results of query scores suggested that SPAM is more predictive to the assessment of the controller’s SA.

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Lenka, Demková, Baranová Beáta, Oboňa Jozef, Árvay Július, and Lošák Tomáš. "Assessment of air pollution by toxic elements on petrol stations using moss and lichen bag technique." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 8 (September 4, 2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/297/2017-pse.

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Three moss (Pleurosium spp., Polytrichum spp., Rhytidiadelphus spp.) and two lichen taxa (Hypogymnia physodes L., Pseudevernia furfuracea L.), were exposed for four weeks in six petrol stations, two consecutive years (2015–2016), in urban area of the Prešov city (Slovakia), to assess accumulation of selected airborne elements Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Significantly highest (P < 0.01) ability to accumulate Zn, Ni, Co and Fe was found in Pleurosium spp.; Pseudevernia furfuracea was determined the best accumulator of Hg, whereas Rhytidiadelphus spp. was found as the least suitable for this purpose. No significant differences in heavy metal accumulation between moss and lichen taxonomic group were found. Samples of conifer (used as a moss/lichen bag holder) showed significantly lower content of heavy metals compared to mosses and lichens. Major content of heavy metals trapped in the air around petrol stations, did not originate from the petrol combustion, but predominantly from the car body, which is mechanically disrupted during fuelling.

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Ibrahim, Amr, Adriana Predoi-Cross, and Chad Povey. "Handling techniques for channel spectra in synchrotron-based Fourier transform spectra." Canadian Journal of Physics 91, no. 11 (November 2013): 910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0050.

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Recently, the high radiance of synchrotron sources has been used to enhance FTIR spectrometer performance. However, excessive channel spectra when synchrotron sources are used degrade the quality of retrieved spectral parameters. We have investigated seven different techniques for handling channel spectra. These techniques were used to reduce channel spectra for a test group of seven samples of CO2 mixed with air recorded using the synchrotron source at the Canadian Light Source. The increases in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of spectra handled with each technique were calculated. SNR results showed that transmission spectra, produced using synthetic background spectra with simulated channel spectra, achieved the highest SNR improvement. However, when the spectra groups were fitted using a nonlinear least square fit algorithm, the technique using channel spectra fitting produced the smallest fitting residual. Moreover, the retrieved intensities and air broadening coefficients of 21 spectral lines showed that the spectral fitting technique produced the most accurate values as compared to the HITRAN 2008 database (Rothman et al. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, 533 (2009)). Although the spectral fitting technique was accurate in retrieving spectral line parameters, applying the technique at wider spectral ranges reduced this accuracy.

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Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien, Kumiko Kotera, and Matías Tueros. "Pruning: a tool to optimize the layout of large scale arrays for ultra-high-energy air-shower detection." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): P04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04006.

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Abstract The deployment of several large scale arrays is envisioned to study astroparticles at ultra-high energies. In order to circumvent the heavy computational costs of exploring and optimizing their layouts, we have developed a pruning method. It consists in i) running a set of microscopic simulations and interpolate them over a dense, regularly spaced array of detection units, and ii) pruning the unnecessary units out of the layout, in order to obtain the shower footprint on a newly shaped layout. This method offers flexibility to test various layout parameters, instrumental constraints, and physical inputs, with a drastic reduction in the required CPU time. The method can be universally applied to optimize arrays of any size, and using any detection techniques. For demonstration, we apply the pruning tool to radio antenna layouts, which allows us to discuss the interplay between the energy and inclination of air-showers on the size of the radio footprint and the intensity of the signal on the ground. Some rule-of-thumb conclusions that can be drawn for this specific case are: i) a hexagonal geometry is more efficient than a triangular geometry, ii) the detection efficiency of the array is stable to changes in the spacing between radio antennas around 1000 m step size, iii) for a given number of antennas, adding a granular infill on top of a coarse hexagonal array is more efficient than instrumenting the full array with a less dense spacing.

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Pratama, Juan, Rahman Wijaya, Urip Agus Salim, Suyitno Suyitno, Budi Arifvianto, Harwin Saptoadi, and Muslim Mahardika. "A Novel Powder Addition Method for Improving Tensile Strength of Polylactic-Acid Prepared by Using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 920 (March 5, 2024): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-gw2yjx.

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Although Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology has gained popularity and is used extensively since the last decade, the low mechanical properties of the resulting product have been recognized as the major limitation of this technique. The anisotropic nature of the printed products due to the layered structure and many cavities that are present inside the printed parts are among the main causes of this problem. In this study, the powder addition reinforcement (PAR) method had been developed by introducing reinforcing powder into the polylactic acid (PLA) as the base material during the printing process so that nozzle clogging can be avoided and powders can be placed between the layers. In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3) were used as a reinforcing powder. The addition of this powder was carried out by using two methods, namely brushing and compressed air-assisted techniques. The results showed that the compressed-air assisted technique demonstrated better results in terms of mechanical properties. In this case, the tensile strength of the composite with the compressed-air assisted technique was higher by 28.95% than that of the PLA and by 5.53% - 25.2% than that of the brushing method. Finally, this study showed that the compressed air-assisted method is the potential to be developed in the future as a powder addition reinforcement technique in the FFF process.

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Mariazzi, Analisa G. "Determination of the invisible energy of extensive air showers from the data collected at Pierre Auger Observatory." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002010.

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In order to get the primary energy of cosmic rays from their extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique, the invisible energy should be added to the measured calorimetric energy. The invisible energy is the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all their energy in the atmosphere. It has traditionally been calculated using Monte Carlo simulations that are dependent on the assumed primary particle mass and on model predictions for neutrino and muon production. In this work the invisible energy is obtained directly from events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The method applied is based on the correlation of the measurements of the muon number at the ground with the invisible energy of the showers. By using it, the systematic uncertainties related to the unknown mass composition and to the high energy hadronic interaction models are significantly reduced, improving in this way the estimation of the energy scale of the Observatory.

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Anggun, Wicaksono, Noviyanto Noviyanto, Alfia Rahma Kurnia, Kurratul Aini, Yustina Hapida, Rian Oktiansyah, Amin Nurokhman, and Ummi Hiras Habisukan. "Identifikasi Kualitas Air dan Pelatihan Teknik Penjernihan Air Sederhana di Desa Tanjung Menang, Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir." Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 9, no. 3 (November 24, 2023): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.9.3.304-317.

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Clean water is a basic need for society. However, the problem of clean water sources still occurs in the Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) area of South Sumatra Province. The condition of the water being brownish and oily is an unresolved problem. One source that has the potential to disrupt water quality is the presence of factories around rivers. This community service activity aims to identify water quality and provide training to the community regarding river water management strategies and drilled wells as the primary water source for obtaining clean water, as well as increasing understanding and knowledge about clean water management with the Gravity-fed Filter Technique. The method of activities related to clean water quality is carried out in four stages, namely: 1) Location survey (cross-sectional), 2) Water sampling and laboratory analysis, 3) Education on water quality standards, and 4) Training on Gravity-fed Filter Techniques. The laboratory analysis showed that the water samples smelled fishy and were brownish and oily. In addition, the results of microbiological tests on water samples contained Coliform bacteria (sanitation indicator bacteria), which were outside the provisions of Minister of Health Decree No. 907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 concerning clean water quality requirements. Through training activities using the Gravity-fed Filter technique, the pH and bacteria contained in the water can be reduced. Clean water management strategies using the Gravity-fed Filter technique can be used as a solution to improve clean water quality. Every society can apply the Gravity-fed Filter technique. Through this activity, society has managed water sources into clean water for daily needs.

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Tambunan, Evelyn Hemme, and Imanuel Sri Wulandari. "Utilizing Z-track Air Lock Technique to Reduce Pain in Intramuscular Injections." Jurnal NERS 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v10i12015.112-117.

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Introduction: Injection is one of most painful and common medical interventions that more than 12 billion of it are administered annually throughout the world. Pain remains as one of the unresolved health problems. The objective of this research was to investigate the pain severity utilizing the z-track air lock technique during intra muscular injection procedure. Method:This study was conducted as an unblinded cinical trial, where 90 female subjects aged between 18-25 years old were randomly assigned to three groups of 30. Each group received z-track air lock (Group ZTAL), air lock (AL), and z-track (Group ZT) techniques. Neurobion 5000 vitamin used as an injection substance.A Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) on 0–3 was used to evaluate the severity of pain during procedure. Data were analized using the SPSS version 19. Groups’ age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and pain severity were analyzed through descriptive and One Way ANOVA statistics. Results: Results showed that there were no signifi cant differences of pain severity both within and between groups (p > 0.05). Discussion: Both Z-track and air lock method are less pain compared to traditional method according to previous studies. Noncicepti stimulus inhibited nocicepti stimulus in z-track technique while locking effect inhibit leakeage of substance injection to subcutaneous layer of skin which contain of nerve fi bers. However All techniques are recommended to produce less pain therefore it can be considered as a standard procedure for intra muscular injection.Keywords: intramuscular injection, z-track air lock technique, pain

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Kiran, Aisha, Faiza Amin, Muneeb A. Lone, Imran Alam Moheet, Maham M. Lone, Syed Mahmood, and Muhammad Sohail Zafar. "Influence of Processing Techniques on Microhardness and Impact Strength of Conventional and Reinforced Heat Cured Acrylic Resin: A Comparative Study." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.3.5521.

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This study determined and compared the influences of various processing techniques including air circulating oven (ACO), dry heat oven (DHO) and water bath (WB) on the impact strength (IS) and microhardness (HV) of the conventional heat cure acrylic resin (CHCAR) and rubber reinforced heat cure acrylic resin (RRHCAR). Samples were fabricated using CHCAR (control Group A; n=114) and RRHCAR (experimental Group B; n=114). Group A and B were further divided into subgroups according to processing techniques: ACO, DHO and WB (n=38 each) for both testing variables microhardness and impact strength (n=19 each). Charpy testing machine and Vickers microhardness tester were utilized. Analysis of variance was applied to determine the presence of significant differences among processing techniques while P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Water bath (P-value [0.001) and DHO technique (p-value [0.001) showed significant differences between both groups� impact strength and microhardness. Microhardness of group A and B showed a significant difference (p-value 0.002) when processed by ACO. Impact strength and micro hardness were improved in RRHCAR compared to CHCAR processed by ACO and DHO in comparison to WB technique. Rubber reinforced heat cure acrylic resin revealed improvement in the impact strength and microhardness. The air circulating oven exhibited highest microhardness in both testing materials. Dry heat oven showed improved values of impact strength in conventional heat cure acrylic resin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Air shower technique'

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