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Journal articles on the topic 'Air-sea interactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Brandt, A., G. Geernaert, A. I. Weinstein, and J. Dugan. "Submesoscale air-sea interactions studied." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 11 (March 16, 1993): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00089.

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2

Sun, Jielun, and Jeffrey R. French. "Air–Sea Interactions in Light of New Understanding of Air–Land Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 10 (September 21, 2016): 3931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0354.1.

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Abstract Air–sea interactions are investigated using the data from the Coupled Boundary Layers Air–Sea Transfer experiment under low wind (CBLAST-Low) and the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE) over sea and compared with measurements from the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) over land. Based on the concept of the hockey-stick transition (HOST) hypothesis, which emphasizes contributions of large coherent eddies in atmospheric turbulent mixing that are not fully captured by Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, relationships between the atmospheric momentum transfer and the sea surface roughness, and the role of the sea surface temperature (SST) and oceanic waves in the turbulent transfer of atmospheric momentum, heat, and moisture, and variations of drag coefficient Cd(z) over sea and land with wind speed V are studied. In general, the atmospheric turbulence transfers over sea and land are similar except under weak winds and near the sea surface when wave-induced winds and oceanic currents are relevant to wind shear in generating atmospheric turbulence. The transition of the atmospheric momentum transfer between the stable and the near-neutral regimes is different over land and sea owing to the different strength and formation of atmospheric stable stratification. The relationship between the air–sea temperature difference and the turbulent heat transfer over sea is dominated by large air temperature variations compared to the slowly varying SST. Physically, Cd(z) consists of the surface skin drag and the turbulence drag between z and the surface; the increase of the latter with decreasing V leads to the minimum Cd(z), which is observed, but not limited to, over sea.

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3

Xie, Lian, Bin Liu, John Morrison, Huiwang Gao, and Jianhong Wang. "Air-Sea Interactions and Marine Meteorology." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162475.

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4

Long, Zhenxia, and Will Perrie. "Air-sea interactions during an Arctic storm." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117, no. D15 (August 4, 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016985.

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5

Sui, C.-H., X. Li, K.-M. Lau, and D. Adamec. "Multiscale Air–Sea Interactions during TOGA COARE." Monthly Weather Review 125, no. 4 (April 1997): 448–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0448:masidt>2.0.co;2.

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6

Seo, Hyodae, Larry W. O’Neill, Mark A. Bourassa, Arnaud Czaja, Kyla Drushka, James B. Edson, Baylor Fox-Kemper, et al. "Ocean Mesoscale and Frontal-Scale Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions and Influence on Large-Scale Climate: A Review." Journal of Climate 36, no. 7 (April 1, 2023): 1981–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0982.1.

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Abstract Two decades of high-resolution satellite observations and climate modeling studies have indicated strong ocean–atmosphere coupled feedback mediated by ocean mesoscale processes, including semipermanent and meandrous SST fronts, mesoscale eddies, and filaments. The air–sea exchanges in latent heat, sensible heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide associated with this so-called mesoscale air–sea interaction are robust near the major western boundary currents, Southern Ocean fronts, and equatorial and coastal upwelling zones, but they are also ubiquitous over the global oceans wherever ocean mesoscale processes are active. Current theories, informed by rapidly advancing observational and modeling capabilities, have established the importance of mesoscale and frontal-scale air–sea interaction processes for understanding large-scale ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather and climate variability. However, numerous challenges remain to accurately diagnose, observe, and simulate mesoscale air–sea interaction to quantify its impacts on large-scale processes. This article provides a comprehensive review of key aspects pertinent to mesoscale air–sea interaction, synthesizes current understanding with remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on theoretical, observational, and modeling strategies for future air–sea interaction research. Significance Statement Recent high-resolution satellite observations and climate models have shown a significant impact of coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions mediated by small-scale (mesoscale) ocean processes, including ocean eddies and fronts, on Earth’s climate. Ocean mesoscale-induced spatial temperature and current variability modulate the air–sea exchanges in heat, momentum, and mass (e.g., gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide), altering coupled boundary layer processes. Studies suggest that skillful simulations and predictions of ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather events and climate variability depend on accurate representation of the eddy-mediated air–sea interaction. However, numerous challenges remain in accurately diagnosing, observing, and simulating mesoscale air–sea interaction to quantify its large-scale impacts. This article synthesizes the latest understanding of mesoscale air–sea interaction, identifies remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on strategies for future ocean–weather–climate research.

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7

Castellari, Sergio, Nadia Pinardi, and Kevin Leaman. "A model study of air–sea interactions in the Mediterranean Sea." Journal of Marine Systems 18, no. 1-3 (December 1998): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(98)90007-0.

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8

Shukla, J. "Air-sea-land interactions: Global and regional habitability." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 15, no. 4 (December 1985): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01808179.

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9

Nelson, Jill, Ruoying He, John C. Warner, and John Bane. "Air–sea interactions during strong winter extratropical storms." Ocean Dynamics 64, no. 9 (July 30, 2014): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0745-2.

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10

Dobrovolski, S. G. "South Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies and air-sea interactions: stochastic models." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 9 (August 31, 1994): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0903-9.

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Abstract. Data on the South Atlantic monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) are analysed using the maximum-entropy method. It is shown that the Markov first-order process can describe, to a first approximation, SSTA series. The region of maximum SSTA values coincides with the zone of maximum residual white noise values (sub-Antarctic hydrological front). The theory of dynamic-stochastic climate models is applied to estimate the variability of South Atlantic SSTA and air-sea interactions. The Adem model is used as a deterministic block of the dynamic-stochastic model. Experiments show satisfactorily the SSTA intensification in the sub-Antarctic front zone, with appropriate standard deviations, and demonstrate the leading role of the abnormal drift currents in these processes.

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11

Sathiyamoorthy, S., and G. W. K. Moore. "Quantifying Temporal Variance in High-Latitude Air–Sea Interactions." Journal of Climate 16, no. 4 (February 2003): 746–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0746:qtvihl>2.0.co;2.

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12

Feng, Aixia, Zhiqiang Gong, Qiguang Wang, and Guolin Feng. "Three-dimensional air–sea interactions investigated with bilayer networks." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 109, no. 3-4 (February 25, 2012): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0600-7.

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13

Mitsuyasu, Hisashi, and Yoshikazu Yoshida. "Air-Sea Interactions under the Existence of Opposing Swell." Journal of Oceanography 61, no. 1 (February 2005): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0027-1.

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14

Panin, G. N. "Some experimental results from studies of air-sea interactions." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50, no. 1-4 (March 1990): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120522.

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15

Souza, Ronald, Luciano Pezzi, Sebastiaan Swart, Fabrício Oliveira, and Marcelo Santini. "Air-Sea Interactions over Eddies in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071335.

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The Brazil–Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is one of the most dynamical regions of the global ocean. Its variability is dominated by the mesoscale, mainly expressed by the presence of meanders and eddies, which are understood to be local regulators of air-sea interaction processes. The objective of this work is to study the local modulation of air-sea interaction variables by the presence of either a warm (ED1) and a cold core (ED2) eddy, present in the BMC, during September to November 2013. The translation and lifespans of both eddies were determined using satellite-derived sea level anomaly (SLA) data. Time series of satellite-derived surface wind data, as well as these and other meteorological variables, retrieved from ERA5 reanalysis at the eddies’ successive positions in time, allowed us to investigate the temporal modulation of the lower atmosphere by the eddies’ presence along their translation and lifespan. The reanalysis data indicate a mean increase of 78% in sensible and 55% in latent heat fluxes along the warm eddy trajectory in comparison to the surrounding ocean of the study region. Over the cold core eddy, on the other hand, we noticed a mean reduction of 49% and 25% in sensible and latent heat fluxes, respectively, compared to the adjacent ocean. Additionally, a field campaign observed both eddies and the lower atmosphere from ship-borne observations before, during and after crossing both eddies in the study region during October 2013. The presence of the eddies was imprinted on several surface meteorological variables depending on the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eddy cores. In situ oceanographic and meteorological data, together with high frequency micrometeorological data, were also used here to demonstrate that the local, rather than the large scale forcing of the eddies on the atmosphere above, is, as expected, the principal driver of air-sea interaction when transient atmospheric systems are stable (not actively varying) in the study region. We also make use of the in situ data to show the differences (biases) between bulk heat flux estimates (used on atmospheric reanalysis products) and eddy covariance measurements (taken as “sea truth”) of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The findings demonstrate the importance of short-term changes (minutes to hours) in both the atmosphere and the ocean in contributing to these biases. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of the mesoscale oceanographic structures in the BMC on impacting local air-sea heat fluxes and the marine atmospheric boundary layer stability, especially under large scale, high-pressure atmospheric conditions.

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16

Misra, Vasubandhu, and P. A. Dirmeyer. "Air, Sea, and Land Interactions of the Continental U.S. Hydroclimate." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1003.1.

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Abstract Multidecadal simulations over the continental United States by an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an ocean general circulation model is compared with that forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST). The differences in the mean and the variability of precipitation are found to be larger in the boreal summer than in the winter. This is because the mean SST differences in the two simulations are qualitatively comparable between the two seasons. The analysis shows that, in the boreal summer season, differences in moisture flux convergence resulting from changes in the circulation between the two simulations initiate and sustain changes in precipitation between them. This difference in precipitation is, however, further augmented by the contributions from land surface evaporation, resulting in larger differences of precipitation between the two simulations. However, in the boreal winter season, despite differences in the moisture flux convergence between the two model integrations, the precipitation differences over the continental United States are insignificant. It is also shown that land–atmosphere feedback is comparatively much weaker in the boreal winter season.

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17

Li, Z. X. "Thermodynamic air-sea interactions and tropical atlantic SST dipole pattern." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 26, no. 2 (January 2001): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(00)00233-1.

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18

Wang, Xidong, Xin Wang, and Peter C. Chu. "Air-sea interactions during rapid intensification of typhoon Fengshen (2008)." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 140 (October 2018): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.08.009.

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19

Bergman, John W., Harry H. Hendon, and Klaus M. Weickmann. "Intraseasonal Air–Sea Interactions at the Onset of El Niño." Journal of Climate 14, no. 8 (April 2001): 1702–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1702:iasiat>2.0.co;2.

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20

Rennick, M. A., and R. L. Haney. "Stable and Unstable Air-Sea Interactions in the Equatorial Region." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43, no. 23 (December 1986): 2937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<2937:sauasi>2.0.co;2.

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21

Misra, Vasubandhu. "Coupled Air, Sea, and Land Interactions of the South American Monsoon." Journal of Climate 21, no. 23 (December 1, 2008): 6389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2497.1.

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Abstract The dominant interannual variation of the austral summer South American monsoon season (SAM) is associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Although this teleconnection provides a basis for the seasonal predictability of SAM, it is shown that the conventional tier-2 modeling approach of prescribing observed sea surface temperature (SST) is inappropriate to capture this teleconnection. Furthermore, such a forced atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulation leads to degradation of the SAM precipitation variability. However, when the same AGCM is coupled to an ocean general circulation model to allow for coupled air–sea interactions, then this ENSO–SAM teleconnection is reasonably well simulated. This is attributed to the role of air–sea coupling in modulating the large-scale east–west circulation, especially associated with Niño-3 SST anomalies. It is also shown that the land–atmosphere feedback in the SAM domain as a result of the inclusion of air–sea coupling is more robust. As a consequence of this stronger land–atmosphere feedback the decorrelation time of the daily rainfall in the SAM region is prolonged to match more closely with the observed behavior. A subtle difference in the austral summer seasonal precipitation anomalies between that over the Amazon River basin (ARB) and the SAM core region is also drawn from this study in reference to the influence of the air–sea interaction. It is shown that the dominant interannual precipitation variability over the ARB is simulated both by the uncoupled and coupled (to OGCM) AGCM in contrast to that over the SAM core region in southeastern Brazil.

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22

Artegiani, A., E. Paschini, A. Russo, D. Bregant, F. Raicich, and N. Pinardi. "The Adriatic Sea General Circulation. Part I: Air–Sea Interactions and Water Mass Structure." Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, no. 8 (August 1997): 1492–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1492:tasgcp>2.0.co;2.

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23

He, J., R. He, and Y. Zhang. "Impacts of air–sea interactions on regional air quality predictions using WRF/Chem v3.6.1 coupled with ROMS v3.7: southeastern US example." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2015): 9965–10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-9965-2015.

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Abstract. Air–sea interactions have significant impacts on coastal convection and surface fluxes exchange, which are important for the spatial and vertical distributions of air pollutants that affect public health, particularly in densely populated coastal areas. To understand the impacts of air–sea interactions on coastal air quality predictions, sensitivity simulations with different cumulus parameterization schemes and atmosphere–ocean coupling are conducted in this work over southeastern US in July 2010 using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). The results show that different cumulus parameterization schemes can result in an 85 m difference in the domain averaged planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), and 4.8 mm difference in the domain averaged daily precipitation. Comparing to WRF/Chem without air–sea interactions, WRF/Chem with a 1-D ocean mixed layer model (WRF/Chem-OML) and WRF/Chem coupled with a 3-D Regional Ocean Modeling System (WRF/Chem-ROMS) predict the domain averaged changes in the sea surface temperature of 0.1 and 1.0 °C, respectively. The simulated differences in the surface concentrations of ozone (O3) and PM2.5 between WRF/Chem-ROMS and WRF/Chem can be as large as 17.3 ppb and 7.9 μg m−3, respectively. The largest changes simulated from WRF/Chem-ROMS in surface concentrations of O3 and particulate matter with diameter less than and equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) occur not only along coast and remote ocean, but also over some inland areas. Extensive validations against observations, show that WRF/Chem-ROMS improves the predictions of most cloud and radiative variables, and surface concentrations of some chemical species such as sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, maximum 1 h and 8 h O3, sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, and particulate matter with diameter less than and equal to 10 μm (PM10). This illustrates the benefits and needs of using coupled atmospheric–ocean model with advanced model representations of air–sea interactions for regional air quality modeling.

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24

Gautier, Catherine, Peter Peterson, and Charles Jones. "Variability of Air–Sea Interactions over the Indian Ocean Derived from Satellite Observations." Journal of Climate 11, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.1859.

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Abstract Novel ways of monitoring the large-scale variability of the southwest monsoon in the Indian Ocean are presented using multispectral satellite datasets. The fields of sea surface temperature (SST), surface latent heat flux (LHF), net surface solar radiation (SW), precipitation (P), and SW − LHF over the Indian Ocean are analyzed to characterize the seasonal and interannual variability with special emphasis on the period 1988–90. It is shown that satellite data are able to make a significant contribution to the multiplatform strategy necessary to describe the large-scale spatial and temporal variability of air–sea interactions associated with the Indian Ocean Monsoon. The satellite data analyzed here has shown for the first time characteristics of the interannual variability of air–sea interactions over the entire Indian Ocean. Using monthly means of SST, LHF, SW, P, and the difference SW − LHF, the main features of the seasonal and interannual variability of air–sea interactions over the Indian Ocean are characterized. It is shown that the southwest monsoon strongly affects these interactions, inducing dramatic exchanges of heat between air and sea and large temporal variations of these exchanges over relatively small timescale (with regards to typical oceanic timescales). The analyses indicate an overall good agreement between satellite and in situ (ship) estimates, except in the southern Indian Ocean, where ship sampling is minimal, the disagreement can be large. In the latitudinal band of 10°N–15°S, differences in climatological in situ estimates of surface sensible heat flux and net longwave radiation has a larger influence on the net surface heat flux than the difference between satellite and in situ estimates of SW and LHF.

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25

Thurnherr, Iris, and Franziska Aemisegger. "Disentangling the impact of air–sea interaction and boundary layer cloud formation on stable water isotope signals in the warm sector of a Southern Ocean cyclone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 15 (August 12, 2022): 10353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10353-2022.

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Abstract. Stable water isotopes in marine boundary layer water vapour are strongly influenced by the strength of air–sea fluxes. Air–sea fluxes in the extratropics are modulated by the large-scale atmospheric flow, for instance by the advection of warm and moist air masses in the warm sector of extratropical cyclones. A distinct isotopic composition of the water vapour in the latter environment has been observed over the Southern Ocean during the 2016/2017 Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE). Most prominently, the secondary isotope variable deuterium excess (d=δ2H–8⋅δ18O) shows negative values in the cyclones’ warm sector. In this study, three mechanisms are proposed and evaluated to explain these observed negative d values. We present three single-process air parcel models, which simulate the evolution of δ2H, δ18O, d and specific humidity in an air parcel induced by decreasing ocean evaporation, dew deposition and upstream cloud formation. Simulations with the isotope-enabled numerical weather prediction model COSMOiso, which have previously been validated using observations from the ACE campaign, are used to (i) validate the air parcel models, (ii) quantify the relevance of the three processes for stable water isotopes in the warm sector of the investigated extratropical cyclone and (iii) study the extent of non-linear interactions between the different processes. This analysis shows that we are able to simulate the evolution of d during the air parcel's transport in a realistic way with the mechanistic approach of using single-process air parcel models. Most importantly, we find that decreasing ocean evaporation and dew deposition lead to the strongest d decrease in near-surface water vapour in the warm sector and that upstream cloud formation plays a minor role. By analysing COSMOiso backward trajectories we show that the persistent low d values observed in the warm sector of extratropical cyclones are not a result of material conservation of low d. Instead, the latter Eulerian feature is sustained by the continuous production of low d values due to air–sea interactions in new air parcels entering the warm sector. These results improve our understanding of the relative importance of air–sea interaction and boundary layer cloud formation on the stable water isotope variability of near-surface marine boundary layer water vapour. To elucidate the role of hydrometeor–vapour interactions for the stable water isotope variability in the upper parts of the marine boundary layer, future studies should focus on high-resolution vertical isotope profiles.

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26

Caccia, M., R. Bono, G. Bruzzone, E. Spirandelli, G. Veruggio, A. M. Stortini, and G. Capodaglio. "Sampling sea surfaces with SESAMO: an autonomous craft for the study of sea-air interactions." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 12, no. 3 (September 2005): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1511873.

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27

Vialard, J., J. P. Duvel, M. J. McPhaden, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, B. Ward, E. Key, D. Bourras, et al. "Cirene: Air—Sea Interactions in the Seychelles—Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, no. 1 (January 2009): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2499.1.

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28

Geernaert, G. L. "On the importance of the drag coefficient in air-sea interactions." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 11, no. 1 (May 1987): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0265(87)90012-1.

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29

von Storch, Jin-Song. "Signatures of Air–Sea Interactions in a Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean GCM." Journal of Climate 13, no. 19 (October 2000): 3361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3361:soasii>2.0.co;2.

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30

Esau, Igor. "Indirect air–sea interactions simulated with a coupled turbulence-resolving model." Ocean Dynamics 64, no. 5 (April 9, 2014): 689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0712-y.

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31

Lucas, A. J., E. L. Shroyer, H. W. Wijesekera, H. J. S. Fernando, E. D'Asaro, M. Ravichandran, S. U. P. Jinadasa, et al. "Mixing to Monsoons: Air-Sea Interactions in the Bay of Bengal." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 95, no. 30 (July 29, 2014): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014eo300001.

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32

Herrera, Eduardo, Víctor Magaña, and Ernesto Caetano. "Air-sea interactions and dynamical processes associated with the midsummer drought." International Journal of Climatology 35, no. 7 (June 26, 2014): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4077.

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33

Stocchi, P., and S. Davolio. "Intense air-sea exchange and heavy rainfall: impact of the northern Adriatic SST." Advances in Science and Research 13 (February 23, 2016): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-7-2016.

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Abstract. Over the northern Adriatic basin, intense air-sea interactions are often associated with heavy precipitation over the mountainous areas surrounding the basin. In this study, a high-resolution mesoscale model is employed to simulate three severe weather events and to evaluate the effect of the sea surface temperature on the intensity and location of heavy rainfall. The sensitivity tests show that the impact of SST varies among the events and it mainly involves the modification of the PBL characteristics and thus the flow dynamics and its interaction with the orography.

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34

Seo, Hyodae. "Distinct Influence of Air–Sea Interactions Mediated by Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature and Surface Current in the Arabian Sea." Journal of Climate 30, no. 20 (September 8, 2017): 8061–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0834.1.

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Abstract During the southwest monsoons, the Arabian Sea (AS) develops highly energetic mesoscale variability associated with the Somali Current (SC), Great Whirl (GW), and cold filaments (CF). The resultant high-amplitude anomalies and gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface currents modify the wind stress, triggering the so-called mesoscale coupled feedbacks. This study uses a high-resolution regional coupled model with a novel coupling procedure that separates spatial scales of the air–sea coupling to show that SST and surface currents are coupled to the atmosphere at distinct spatial scales, exerting distinct dynamic influences. The effect of mesoscale SST–wind interaction is manifested most strongly in wind work and Ekman pumping over the GW, primarily affecting the position of GW and the separation latitude of the SC. If this effect is suppressed, enhanced wind work and a weakened Ekman pumping dipole cause the GW to extend northeastward, delaying the SC separation by 1°. Current–wind interaction, in contrast, is related to the amount of wind energy input. When it is suppressed, especially as a result of background-scale currents, depth-integrated kinetic energy, both the mean and eddy, is significantly enhanced. Ekman pumping velocity over the GW is overly negative because of a lack of vorticity that offsets the wind stress curl, further invigorating the GW. Moreover, significant changes in time-mean SST and evaporation are generated in response to the current–wind interaction, accompanied by a noticeable southward shift in the Findlater Jet. The significant increase in moisture transport in the central AS implies that air–sea interaction mediated by the surface current is a potentially important process for simulation and prediction of the monsoon rainfall.

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35

Viatte, Camille, Cathy Clerbaux, Christophe Maes, Pierre Daniel, René Garello, Sarah Safieddine, and Fabrice Ardhuin. "Air Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space." Surveys in Geophysics 41, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 1583–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09599-0.

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Abstract Air pollution and sea pollution are both impacting human health and all the natural environments on Earth. These complex interactions in the biosphere are becoming better known and understood. Major progress has been made in recent past years for understanding their societal and environmental impacts, thanks to remote sensors placed aboard satellites. This paper describes the state of the art of what is known about air pollution and focuses on specific aspects of marine pollution, which all benefit from the improved knowledge of the small-scale eddy field in the oceans. Examples of recent findings are shown, based on the global observing system (both remote and in situ) with standardized protocols for monitoring emerging environmental threats at the global scale.

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36

Abir, Shai, Hamish A. McGowan, Yonatan Shaked, Hezi Gildor, Efrat Morin, and Nadav G. Lensky. "Air–sea interactions in stable atmospheric conditions: lessons from the desert semi-enclosed Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 10 (May 28, 2024): 6177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6177-2024.

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Abstract. Accurately quantifying air–sea heat and gas exchange is crucial for comprehending thermoregulation processes and modeling ocean dynamics; these models incorporate bulk formulae for air–sea exchange derived in unstable atmospheric conditions. Therefore, their applicability in stable atmospheric conditions, such as desert-enclosed basins in the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba (coral refugium), Red Sea, and Persian Gulf, is unclear. We present 2-year eddy covariance results from the Gulf of Eilat, a natural laboratory for studying air–sea interactions in stable atmospheric conditions, which are directly related to ocean dynamics. The measured mean evaporation, 3.22 m yr−1, approximately double that previously estimated by bulk formulae, exceeds the heat flux provided by radiation. Notably, in arid environments, the wind speed seasonal trend drives maximum evaporation in summer, with a minimum winter rate. The higher evaporation rate appears when elevated wind, particularly in the afternoon, coincides with an increase in vapor pressure difference. The inability of the bulk formulae approach to capture the seasonal (opposite from our measurements) and annual trend of evaporation is linked to errors in quantifying the atmospheric boundary layer stability parameter. Most of the year, there is a net cooling effect of surface water (−79 W m−2), primarily through evaporation. The substantial heat deficit is compensated by the advection of heat via northbound currents from the Red Sea, which we indirectly quantify from energy balance considerations. Cold and dry synoptic-scale winds induce extreme heat loss through air–sea fluxes and are correlated with the destabilization of the water column during winter and initiation of vertical water-column mixing.

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37

Liu, Yanliang, Kuiping Li, Chunlin Ning, Yang Yang, Haiyuan Wang, Jianjun Liu, Somkiat Skhokiattiwong, and Weidong Yu. "Observed Seasonal Variations of the Upper Ocean Structure and Air-Sea Interactions in the Andaman Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123, no. 2 (February 2018): 922–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013367.

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38

Illig, Serena, and Boris Dewitte. "Local Coupled Equatorial Variability versus Remote ENSO Forcing in an Intermediate Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic." Journal of Climate 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2006): 5227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3922.1.

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Abstract The relative roles played by the remote El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forcing and the local air–sea interactions in the tropical Atlantic are investigated using an intermediate coupled model (ICM) of the tropical Atlantic. The oceanic component of the ICM consists of a six-baroclinic mode ocean model and a simple mixed layer model that has been validated from observations. The atmospheric component is a global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In a forced context, the ICM realistically simulates both the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variability in the equatorial band, and the relaxation of the Atlantic northeast trade winds and the intensification of the equatorial westerlies in boreal spring that usually follows an El Niño event. The results of coupled experiments with or without Pacific ENSO forcing and with or without explicit air–sea interactions in the equatorial Atlantic indicate that the background energy in the equatorial Atlantic is provided by ENSO. However, the time scale of the variability and the magnitude of some peculiar events cannot be explained solely by ENSO remote forcing. It is demonstrated that the peak of SSTA variability in the 1–3-yr band as observed in the equatorial Atlantic is due to the local air–sea interactions and is not a linear response to ENSO. Seasonal phase locking in boreal summer is also the result of the local coupling. The analysis of the intrinsic sustainable modes indicates that the Atlantic El Niño is qualitatively a noise-driven stable system. Such a system can produce coherent interdecadal variability that is not forced by the Pacific or extraequatorial variability. It is shown that when a simple slab mixed layer model is embedded into the system to simulate the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) SST variability, the warming over NTA following El Niño events have characteristics (location and peak phase) that depend on air–sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic. In the model, the interaction between the equatorial mode and NTA can produce a dipolelike structure of the SSTA variability that evolves at a decadal time scale. The results herein illustrate the complexity of the tropical Atlantic ocean–atmosphere system, whose predictability jointly depends on ENSO and the connections between the Atlantic modes of variability.

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39

Misra, Vasubandhu, L. Marx, M. Fennessy, B. Kirtman, and J. L. Kinter. "A Comparison of Climate Prediction and Simulation over the Tropical Pacific." Journal of Climate 21, no. 14 (July 15, 2008): 3601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1932.1.

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Abstract This study compares an ensemble of seasonal hindcasts with a multidecadal integration from the same global coupled climate model over the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is shown that the annual mean state of the SST and its variability are different over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the two operating modes of the model. These differences are symptoms of an inherent difference in the physics of coupled air–sea interactions and upper ocean variability. It is argued that in the presence of large coupled model errors and in the absence of coupled data assimilation, the competing and at times additive influence of the initialization and model errors can change the behavior of the air–sea interaction physics and upper ocean dynamics.

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40

Perlin, Natalie, Eric D. Skyllingstad, Roger M. Samelson, and Philip L. Barbour. "Numerical Simulation of Air–Sea Coupling during Coastal Upwelling." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3104.1.

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Abstract Air–sea coupling during coastal upwelling was examined through idealized three-dimensional numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean mesoscale model. Geometry, topography, and initial and boundary conditions were chosen to be representative of summertime coastal conditions off the Oregon coast. Over the 72-h simulations, sea surface temperatures were reduced several degrees near the coast by a wind-driven upwelling of cold water that developed within 10–20 km off the coast. In this region, the interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the cold upwelled water resulted in the formation of an internal boundary layer below 100-m altitude in the inversion-capped boundary layer and a reduction of the wind stress in the coupled model to half the offshore value. Surface heat fluxes were also modified by the coupling. The simulated modification of the atmospheric boundary layer by ocean upwelling was consistent with recent moored and aircraft observations of the lower atmosphere off the Oregon coast during the upwelling season. For these 72-h simulations, comparisons of coupled and uncoupled model results showed that the coupling caused measurable differences in the upwelling circulation within 20 km off the coast. The coastal Ekman transport divergence was distributed over a wider offshore extent and a thinner ocean surface boundary layer, with consistently smaller offshore and depth-integrated alongshore transport formed in the upwelling region, in the coupled case relative to the uncoupled case. The results indicate that accurate models of coastal upwelling processes can require representations of ocean–atmosphere interactions on short temporal and horizontal scales.

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41

Wenta, Marta, Christian M. Grams, Lukas Papritz, and Marc Federer. "Linking Gulf Stream air–sea interactions to the exceptional blocking episode in February 2019: a Lagrangian perspective." Weather and Climate Dynamics 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2024): 181–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-181-2024.

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Abstract. The development of atmospheric blocks over the North Atlantic–European region can lead to extreme weather events like heat waves or cold air outbreaks. Despite their potential severe impact on surface weather, the correct prediction of blocking lifecycles remains a key challenge in current numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Increasing evidence suggests that latent heat release in cyclones, the advection of cold air (cold air outbreaks, CAOs) from the Arctic over the North Atlantic, and associated air–sea interactions over the Gulf Stream are key processes contributing to the onset, maintenance, and persistence of such flow regimes. To better understand the mechanism connecting air–sea interactions over the Gulf Stream with changes in the large-scale flow, we focus on an episode between 20 and 27 February 2019, when a quasi-stationary upper-level ridge was established over western Europe accompanied by an intensified storm track in the northwestern North Atlantic. During that time, a record-breaking winter warm spell occurred over western Europe bringing temperatures above 20 ∘C to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and northern France. The event was preceded and accompanied by the development of several rapidly intensifying cyclones that originated in the Gulf Stream region and traversed the North Atlantic. To explore the mechanistic linkage between the formation of this block and air–sea interactions over the Gulf Stream, we adopt a Lagrangian perspective, using kinematic trajectories. This allows us to study the pathways and transformations of air masses that form the upper-level potential vorticity anomaly and interact with the ocean front. We establish that more than one-fifth of these air masses interact with the Gulf Stream in the lower troposphere, experiencing intense heating and moistening over the region due to the frequent occurrence of CAOs behind the cold front of the cyclones. Trajectories moistened by the advection of cold air over a warm ocean by one cyclone later ascend into the upper troposphere with the ascending airstream of a subsequent cyclone, fueled by the strong surface fluxes. These findings highlight the importance of CAOs in the Gulf Stream region, indicating that their intense coupling between the ocean and atmosphere plays a role in block development. Additionally, they provide a mechanistic pathway linking air–sea interactions in the lower troposphere and the upper-level flow.

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42

Ninomiya, Junichi, Nobuhito Mori, Tomohiro Yasuda, Hajime Mase, and Naoto Kihara. "IMPROVEMENT OF STORM SURGE SIMULATION UPON PARAMETERIZATIONS OF COUPLED AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.51.

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Coupled atmosphere-ocean model has been developed in various organizations. Warner et al. developed fully coupled model, so-called COAWST, using the atmosphere model WRF, the ocean model ROMS and the wave model SWAN. Though there are several studies with coupled model, there is few research on tropical cyclone event analyzing the changes in ocean current and water temperature in detail. In this study, a series of numerical simulations was carried out targeting Typhoon Melor (2009), and it is analyzed against to the meteorologic and oceanic field data at Tanabe bay, Wakayama Prefecture in Japan. The results show that the wave energy dissipation by the wave model is effective in the change of ocean current and the thermal feedback by the atmospheric model is effective in the change of water temperature due to the typhoon passage.

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43

Eymard, L., S. Planton, P. Durand, C. Le Visage, P. Y. Le Traon, L. Prieur, A. Weill, et al. "Study of the air-sea interactions at the mesoscale: the SEMAPHORE experiment." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 986–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0986-6.

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Abstract. The SEMAPHORE (Structure des Echanges Mer-Atmosphère, Propriétés des Hétérogénéités Océaniques: Recherche Expérimentale) experiment has been conducted from June to November 1993 in the Northeast Atlantic between the Azores and Madeira. It was centered on the study of the mesoscale ocean circulation and air-sea interactions. The experimental investigation was achieved at the mesoscale using moorings, floats, and ship hydrological survey, and at a smaller scale by one dedicated ship, two instrumented aircraft, and surface drifting buoys, for one and a half month in October-November (IOP: intense observing period). Observations from meteorological operational satellites as well as spaceborne microwave sensors were used in complement. The main studies undertaken concern the mesoscale ocean, the upper ocean, the atmospheric boundary layer, and the sea surface, and first results are presented for the various topics. From data analysis and model simulations, the main characteristics of the ocean circulation were deduced, showing the close relationship between the Azores front meander and the occurrence of Mediterranean water lenses (meddies), and the shift between the Azores current frontal signature at the surface and within the thermocline. Using drifting buoys and ship data in the upper ocean, the gap between the scales of the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic variability was made evident. A 2 °C decrease and a 40-m deepening of the mixed layer were measured within the IOP, associated with a heating loss of about 100 W m-2. This evolution was shown to be strongly connected to the occurrence of storms at the beginning and the end of October. Above the surface, turbulent measurements from ship and aircraft were analyzed across the surface thermal front, showing a 30% difference in heat fluxes between both sides during a 4-day period, and the respective contributions of the wind and the surface temperature were evaluated. The classical momentum flux bulk parameterization was found to fail in low wind and unstable conditions. Finally, the sea surface was investigated using airborne and satellite radars and wave buoys. A wave model, operationally used, was found to get better results compared with radar and wave-buoy measurements, when initialized using an improved wind field, obtained by assimilating satellite and buoy wind data in a meteorological model. A detailed analysis of a 2-day period showed that the swell component, propagating from a far source area, is underestimated in the wave model. A data base has been created, containing all experimental measurements. It will allow us to pursue the interpretation of observations and to test model simulations in the ocean, at the surface and in the atmospheric boundary layer, and to investigate the ocean-atmosphere coupling at the local and mesoscales.

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44

Atlas, R., S. C. Bloom, R. N. Hoffman, J. V. Ardizzone, and G. Brin. "Space-based surface wind vectors to aid understanding of air-sea interactions." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 72, no. 18 (1991): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90eo00150.

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45

McKeown, W. "Differential absorption techniques and radiometric satellite calibration for measuring air-sea interactions." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38, no. 5 (2000): 2213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.868879.

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46

Rafkin, Scot C. R., and Alejandro Soto. "Air-sea interactions on Titan: Lake evaporation, atmospheric circulation, and cloud formation." Icarus 351 (November 2020): 113903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113903.

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47

Fu, Joshua-Xiouhua, Wanqiu Wang, Toshiaki Shinoda, Hong-Li Ren, and Xiaolong Jia. "Toward Understanding the Diverse Impacts of Air-Sea Interactions on MJO Simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 11 (November 2017): 8855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013187.

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48

Timmermann, A., M. Latif, R. Voss, and A. Grötzner. "Northern Hemispheric Interdecadal Variability: A Coupled Air–Sea Mode." Journal of Climate 11, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1906–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.1906.

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Abstract A coupled air–sea mode in the Northern Hemisphere with a period of about 35 years is described. The mode was derived from a multicentury integration with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model and involves interactions of the thermohaline circulation with the atmosphere in the North Atlantic and interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere in the North Pacific. The authors focus on the physics of the North Atlantic interdecadal variability. If, for instance, the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation is anomalously strong, the ocean is covered by positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The atmospheric response to these SST anomalies involves a strengthened North Atlantic Oscillation, which leads to anomalously weak evaporation and Ekman transport off Newfoundland and in the Greenland Sea, and the generation of negative sea surface salinity (SSS) anomalies. These SSS anomalies weaken the deep convection in the oceanic sinking regions and subsequently the strength of the thermohaline circulation. This leads to a reduced poleward heat transport and the formation of negative SST anomalies, which completes the phase reversal. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans seem to be coupled via an atmospheric teleconnection pattern and the interdecadal Northern Hemispheric climate mode is interpreted as an inherently coupled air–sea mode. Furthermore, the origin of the Northern Hemispheric warming observed recently is investigated. The observed temperatures are compared to a characteristic warming pattern derived from a greenhouse warming simulation with the authors’ coupled general circulation model and also with the Northern Hemispheric temperature pattern associated with the 35-yr climate mode. It is shown that the recent Northern Hemispheric warming projects well onto the temperature pattern of the interdecadal mode under consideration.

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49

Chubarenko, Irina. "Physical processes behind interactions of microplastic particles with natural ice." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac49a8.

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Abstract Microplastic particles (MPs, <5 mm) are found in marine ice in larger quantities than in seawater, however, the distribution pattern within the ice cores is not consistent. To get insights into the most general physical processes behind interactions of ice and plastic particles in cool natural environments, information from academic and applied research is integrated and verified against available field observations. Non-polar molecules of common-market plastics are hydrophobic, so MPs are weak ice nucleators, are repelled from water and ice, and concentrate within air bubbles and brine channels. A large difference in thermal properties of ice and plastics favours the concentration of MPs at the ice surface during freeze/thaw cycles. Under low environmental temperatures, falling in polar regions below the glass / brittle-ductile transition temperatures of the common-use plastics, they become brittle. This might partially explain the absence of floating macroplastics in polar waters. Freshwater freezes at a temperature well below that of its maximum density, so the water column is stably stratified, and MPs eventually concentrate at the ice surface and in air bubbles. In contrast, below growing sea ice, mechanisms of suspension freezing under conditions of (thermal plus haline) convection should permanently entangle MPs into ice. During further sea ice growth and aging, MPs are repelled from water and ice into air bubbles, brine channels, and to the upper/lower boundaries of the ice column. Sea ice permeability, especially while melting periods, can re-distribute sub-millimeter MPs through the brine channels, thus potentially introducing the variability of contamination with time. In accord with field observations, analysis reveals several competing factors that influence the distribution of MPs in sea ice. A thorough sampling of the upper ice surface, prevention of brine leakage while sampling and handling, considering the ice structure while segmenting the ice core—these steps may be advantageous for further understanding the pattern of plastic contamination in natural ice.

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50

Ma, Youwei, Jianping Li, Shaoqing Zhang, and Haoran Zhao. "A multi-model study of atmosphere predictability in coupled ocean–atmosphere systems." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 11-12 (February 15, 2021): 3489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05651-w.

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AbstractOf great importance for guiding numerical weather and climate predictions, understanding predictability of the atmosphere in the ocean − atmosphere coupled system is the first and critical step to understand predictability of the Earth system. However, previous predictability studies based on prefect model assumption usually depend on a certain model. Here we apply the predictability study with the Nonlinear Local Lyapunov Exponent and Attractor Radius to the products of multiple re-analyses and forecast models in several operational centers to realize general predictability of the atmosphere in the Earth system. We first investigated the predictability characteristics of the atmosphere in NCEP, ECMWF and UKMO coupled systems and some of their uncoupled counterparts and other uncoupled systems. Although the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System shows higher skills in geopotential height over the tropics, there is no certain model providing the most precise forecast for all variables on all levels and the multi-model ensemble not always outperforms a single model. Improved low-frequency signals from the air − sea and stratosphere − troposphere interactions that extend predictability of the atmosphere in coupled system suggests the significance of air − sea coupling and stratosphere simulation in practical forecast development, although uncertainties exist in the model representation for physical processes in air − sea interactions and upper troposphere. These inspire further exploration on predictability of ocean and stratosphere as well as sea − ice and land processes to advance our understanding of interactions of Earth system components, thus enhancing weather − climate prediction skills.

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