Journal articles on the topic 'Air Sea Battle Concept'
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Etzioni, Amitai. "The Air-Sea Battle ‘concept’: A critique." International Politics 51, no. 5 (September 2014): 577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.27.
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Etzioni, Amitai. "Air Sea Battle." Armed Forces & Society 42, no. 1 (September 14, 2014): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x14548717.
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Park, Yongsik. "A study on the improvement of the future branch system." Journal of Advances in Military Studies 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37944/jams.v4i3.110.
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This study aims to suggest an improvement plan for the army branch system considering the development trend of weapon systems through a case analysis of the vision and major weapon systems for each army branch system in R.O.K army. In the future, with the development of science and technology, hyper-connected networks based on artificial satellites would be built, and mosaic warfare, which integrates multiple domains simultaneously, and weapon systems capable of performing all-weather multifunctional battles across land, sea, and air would emerge. As a result, the common areas of the Army, Navy, and Air Force would be expanded, and the division of each army or branch itself would become ambiguous. Hence, it will be inevitable to move away from the branch operation concepts that have been operational until now to seek the concept of jointness or integration. To study this phenomenon, based on the Korean Army Vision 2050 published by the Army, the transition process of the current Army branch system and the cases of vision and major weapon systems for each branch were analyzed. The results of the analysis confirmed that although new advanced complex weapon systems are being developed for each branch, relatively little change has been made to the system. In particular, with the advent of hybrid drones and intelligent autonomous combat robots that can simultaneously perform ‘Surveillance, Reconnaissance - Decision – Strike’, it is expected that the area of expansion and mutual redundancy of combat functions will be further deepened. Therefore, in connection with the development of the weapon system, we will seek a solution to improve the Army branch system in the future and clarify the implications for the Navy and Air Force in the future.
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Lee, sang-won. "The base country Japan’s aid diplomacy to Vietnam." Korean Association of Regional Sociology 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35175/krs.2022.23.3.183.
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After the war, Japan laid the groundwork for the establishment of the ideology of a “peaceful state” by stipulating the renunciation of war in Article 9 of the Constitution. However, a contradictory situation arises when Japan assumes the role of a rear base for US warfare during the Korean War and Vietnam War. In other words, the concept of a ‘peace state’ was a ‘base state’ that entrusted Japan’s security guarantees to American-style diplomacy. Japan gained enormous benefits from the special effects of the Korean War, accounting for 63% of Japan’s exports at the time. On the other hand, the Vietnam War accounted for only 7-8% of Japan's exports, even including direct and indirect impacts, and there was no economic gain as much as in the Korean War. However, due to the Vietnam War, some countries in Southeast Asia, including Korea, have been on the trajectory of economic development, and Considering the structure of the international environment that has supported Japan’s rapid economic growth and economic development, the impact of the Vietnam War was much greater than expected. The Vietnam War is generally evaluated by Japanese as ‘Fire Across the Sea’, and in the discussion surrounding Japan’s role, it is pointed out it is a ‘participant in the aggression’. From the point of view of the Japanese people who regard Japan as a “peace country” and the Japanese people who have accepted democracy as a national identity, it has become natural for Japan to oppose the US war in Vietnam. Therefore, during the Vietnam War, citizens and students each participated in the nonviolent anti-war movement called Bepyongryeon (Peace in Vietnam! Citizens’ Union) and the ‘Zenkyoto Battle’ movement, which was organized around the students of the new left, in connection with the movement developed with the residents around the base, and Civil society began to be embraced. In this paper, we try to explore the form of the Japanese government's aid to Vietnam in this social awareness. In this paper, I try to explore the form of the Japanese government’s aid to Vietnam in this social awareness. In particular, in accordance with the mandatory implementation of the U.S.-Japan security treaty, the Japanese government provided a base to the United States and played a role in the Vietnam War and at the same time engaged in aid diplomacy. I think it will be meaningful to review and explore the direction of aid diplomacy through characteristics.
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Kearn, David W. "Air-Sea Battle and China's Anti-Access and Area Denial Challenge." Orbis 58, no. 1 (December 2014): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2013.11.006.
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Samaan, Jean-Loup. "Air-Sea Battle : la feuille de route du Pentagone contre la Chine ?" Monde chinois 40, no. 4 (2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mochi.040.0040.
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Kearn, David W. "Air-Sea Battle, the Challenge of Access, and U.S. National Security Strategy." American Foreign Policy Interests 36, no. 1 (January 2014): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2014.881210.
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Loughran, Terry. "Projecting power from the sea: The RN contribution to the air battle." RUSI Journal 141, no. 6 (December 1996): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071849608446088.
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Wibowo, Haryanto. "Tinjauan Aspek Kepemimpinan dan Manfaat Pertempuran Laut Karang Tahun 1942 Bagi TNI Angkatan Laut." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 5, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v5i1.1244.
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This article aims to analyze the leadership aspect in a case study of the 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea between the Allied Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. The focus of this article is on the leaders of the two sides in leading the Coral Sea battle. To approach this problem, the theoretical reference of situational, transformational, and military leadership styles is used which is the basis for analyzing aspects of leadership. The data were collected based on literature studies of books, and journals related to the Coral Sea battle in terms of leadership and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the Japanese side has a leader who has experience and leadership who has a transformational concept, namely Admiral Yamamoto. In addition, Rear Admiral Fletcher's breakthrough concept of the Allied fighting strategy was part of a transformational leadership style, one aspect of which was to go beyond self-interest by prioritizing organization. The leadership style, whether situational, transformational, or military, can be applied to all ranks of Indonesian Navy soldiers in carrying out daily tasks and carrying out operational tasks in the area of operation.
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Alverdian, Indra. "The Tanah-Air Concept and Indonesia’s Maritime Nation Aspiration." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 5, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v5i2.10433.
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This article analyses the Tanah-Air (Unity of Land-Water) concept conceived by Indonesian founding fathers during its independence period and its centrality in shaping the nation’s maritime outlook. Specifically, using descriptive historical analytical approach, it would like to emphasize the role of intersection of Indonesia’s political culture of national unity (Persatuan Nasional), strategic culture of turning of the ages of Nusantara (Cakra Manggilingan), and geopolitical outlook of archipelago’s heart seas (Segara Nusantara) as the three forming pillars of the Tanah-Air concept. Based on these intersections, it underlines unique contradictions within the Tanah-Air concept between need for unity and oneness of land-sea elements of the Indonesian archipelago and the concentric Javanese philosophy on the sea and its maritime power aspirations. Based on these contradictions and insight of the ‘Tanah-Air’ concept, the article provides a pragmatic view on Indonesia’s current aspiration of moving beyond archipelagic to maritime nation as stipulated in the 2014 Global Maritime Fulcrum Doctrine and 2017 Sea Policy Whitepaper.
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Pan, Yiwen, Yifan Li, Wei Fan, Dahai Zhang, Yongfa Qiang, Zong-Pei Jiang, and Ying Chen. "A Sea Trial of Air-Lift Concept Artificial Upwelling in the East China Sea." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 11 (November 2019): 2191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0238.1.
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AbstractArtificial upwelling (AU), as one of the geoengineering tools, has received worldwide attention because of its potential ability to actualize ocean fertilization in a sustainable way. The severe challenges of AU are the design and fabrication of a technologically robust device with structural longevity that can maintain the function in the variable and complex hydrodynamics of the upper ocean. In this work, a sea trial of an air-lift concept AU system driven by self-powered energy was carried out in the East China Sea (ECS; 30°8′14″N, 122°44′59″E) to assess the logistics of at-sea deployment and the durability of the equipment under extremely complex hydrodynamic conditions from 3 to 7 September 2014. Seawater below the thermocline layer was measured to be uplifted from approximately 30 m to the euphotic layer with a volumetric upwelling rate of 155.43 m3 h−1 and total inputs of 2.8 mol h−1 NO3−, 0.15 mol h−1 PO43−, and 4.41 mol h−1 SiO43−. A plume formed by cold, saline deep ocean water (DOW) was tracked by a drifting buoy system with a mixing ratio of 37%–51% DOW at the depth of 18–22 m, which conforms to the simulation results. During the AU’s application, disturbance in the vertical hydrological structure could be observed. However, diatom (Skeletonema costatum) blooming from somewhere in the outer ECS floated to the sea trial region on the second day after the AU’s application, which makes it hard to strip off the biochemical effects of AU from the effects of S. costatum bloom.
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Ahlers, Anna L., and Yongdong Shen. "Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China's Battle against Air Pollution." China Quarterly 234 (December 14, 2017): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017001370.
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AbstractThe heavy smog suffocating China's cities is increasingly being perceived as a threat by both the population and the authorities. Consequently, political action aiming at regulating ambient air pollution has become increasingly comprehensive and rigid in recent years. Even measures limiting consumption and production seem to become acceptable as China is facing an airpocalypse. Does this suggest a genesis of real “authoritarian environmentalism” (AE) in China? Taking this as a heuristic point of departure, we present findings from research on the implementation of air pollution control measures in Hangzhou city. We offer a critical examination of the concept of AE and, in particular, of local policy implementation strategies vis-à-vis the general public. Two measures in Hangzhou's air policy portfolio are analysed that reveal considerable variation: restrictions on the use of private cars and the (re)location of industrial facilities. Describing the conditions that have helped to produce different implementation strategies, we argue for different emphases in a potential Chinese model of AE. In a context where outcomes are sought at any cost, we observe more complexity and nuances than are usually captured by the AE concept.
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Dian, Matteo. "The Pivot to Asia, Air-Sea Battle and contested commons in the Asia Pacific region." Pacific Review 28, no. 2 (January 6, 2015): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2014.995124.
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Sun, Jielun, and Jeffrey R. French. "Air–Sea Interactions in Light of New Understanding of Air–Land Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 10 (September 21, 2016): 3931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0354.1.
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Abstract Air–sea interactions are investigated using the data from the Coupled Boundary Layers Air–Sea Transfer experiment under low wind (CBLAST-Low) and the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE) over sea and compared with measurements from the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) over land. Based on the concept of the hockey-stick transition (HOST) hypothesis, which emphasizes contributions of large coherent eddies in atmospheric turbulent mixing that are not fully captured by Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, relationships between the atmospheric momentum transfer and the sea surface roughness, and the role of the sea surface temperature (SST) and oceanic waves in the turbulent transfer of atmospheric momentum, heat, and moisture, and variations of drag coefficient Cd(z) over sea and land with wind speed V are studied. In general, the atmospheric turbulence transfers over sea and land are similar except under weak winds and near the sea surface when wave-induced winds and oceanic currents are relevant to wind shear in generating atmospheric turbulence. The transition of the atmospheric momentum transfer between the stable and the near-neutral regimes is different over land and sea owing to the different strength and formation of atmospheric stable stratification. The relationship between the air–sea temperature difference and the turbulent heat transfer over sea is dominated by large air temperature variations compared to the slowly varying SST. Physically, Cd(z) consists of the surface skin drag and the turbulence drag between z and the surface; the increase of the latter with decreasing V leads to the minimum Cd(z), which is observed, but not limited to, over sea.
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Lee, Minseok, Jihyun Oh, Cheonyoung Kim, Jungho Bae, Yongduk Kim, and Cheolkyu Jee. "The Development of Rule-based AI Engagement Model for Air-to-Air Combat Simulation." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (December 5, 2022): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2022.25.6.637.
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Since the concept of Manned-UnManned Teaming(MUM-T) and Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) can efficiently respond to rapidly changing battle space, many studies are being conducted as key components of the mosaic warfare environment. In this paper, we propose a rule-based AI engagement model based on Basic Fighter Maneuver(BFM) capable of Within-Visual-Range(WVR) air-to-air combat and a simulation environment in which human pilots can participate. In order to develop a rule-based AI engagement model that can pilot a fighter with a 6-DOF dynamics model, tactical manuals and human pilot experience were configured as knowledge specifications and modeled as a behavior tree structure. Based on this, we improved the shortcomings of existing air combat models. The proposed model not only showed a 100 % winning rate in engagement with human pilots, but also visualized decision-making processes such as tactical situations and maneuvering behaviors in real time. We expect that the results of this research will serve as a basis for development of various AI-based engagement models and simulators for human pilot training and embedded software test platform for fighter.
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Ji, Junliang, Minle Wang, Chang'an Shang, and Jiale Gao. "Application of Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm in Optimization for Surface to Air Anti-Radiation Hybrid Group Force Deployment." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 5 (October 2019): 992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193750992.
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In this paper, the concept and force deployment needs for anti-electronic jamming and defensing air of surface to air anti-radiation hybrid group was presented, the relationship between shield angle, deployment distance and effective electronic interference etc, were analyzed in the background of air raid battle which is with electronic support, force deployment optimization model of surface to air anti-radiation hybrid group was built based on the kill zone target function. In terms of the characteristic of hybrid group force deployment, quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) was improved with self-adaption rotation angle, the problem which was based on a living example was solved with improved QGA. By contrast, the improved QGA is better in the respects of global optimization, rate of convergence and stability than QGA, particle swarm optimization algorithm and quantum vortex algorithm in the problem of optimization for surface to air anti-radiation hybrid group force deployment.
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Paris, Bradley E., M. John Vickerman, and Carl Seiberlich. "Sealift Overhead Rapid Delivery System Concept." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1620, no. 1 (January 1998): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1620-07.
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The logistics support of any military operation demands rapid and continuous delivery of equipment, munitions, and supplies. A small portion of this cargo is delivered by air, but the majority arrives by sea. Many of the sealift vessels currently used by the military are non-self-sustaining containerships and roll-on/roll-off vessels. The use of such vessels can encounter serious obstacles when the necessary cargo-handling equipment and facilities are either damaged or not present. This problem is further compounded in sea states of three [wave height of 1.5 to 3.6 m (5 to 12 ft)] and higher. The system presented outlines a cost-sensitive solution to the problem described above. The Sealift Overhead Rapid Delivery System (SORDS) represents a viable concept worthy of further study because it uses existing technologies and approaches the problem from a systems perspective. In addition, SORDS could be incorporated into the Department of Defense’s Rapid Deployment Concept or Maritime Prepositioning Force.
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Schellack, Natalie, N. Van der Sandt, T. Modau, T. Poplar, and J. C. Meyer. "Travel vaccines: information for health care workers." South African Family Practice 59, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i2.4594.
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Travel and volume of passengers and goods carried continue to expand in reach as more sophisticated air, sea and land transport networks develop. People are travelling for business and leisure, taking with them pathogens and their vectors bringing about diseases such as the global influenza pandemics. This review briefly examines some of the important vaccine preventable diseases related to travel. We then outline diseases known to Africa and other similar parts of the world, and potential approaches for preventing these conditions. The paper provides practical advice for health care workers when consulting with the international traveler and hence may strengthen the battle against vaccine preventable diseases.
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Rose, Lisle A. "Robert C. Stern, Scratch One Flattop: The First Carrier Air Campaign and the Battle of the Coral Sea (Lisle A. Rose)." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 30, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.112.
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Voronov, K. "Arctic Horizon of Russia’s Strategy: Contemporary Dynamics." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2010): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-54-65.
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As a result of struggle between two concept-lines in prescriptive documents (concepts, strategies, doctrines) of the Russian Federation, certain compromise is reached between a popular ultra-liberal approach and national patriotic appeals for state development spatial reorientation. Having analyzed geopolitical aspirations of five Arctic states – Denmark, Canada, the USA, Norway, Russia (as well as NATO and the EU activities), and the legal regime of the Arctic, the author comes to a conclusion that, anyhow, no horrifying fight/race battle for possession of its territories or resources is taking place in practice. There is every indication to believe that all Arctic states will adhere to the existing and framing rules of international law (especially the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982).
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Oleynik, Maria. "Visual Representation of the Marine Theme in the Artistic Culture of Russia (XVIII–XX Centuries)." Ideas and Ideals 14, no. 2-2 (June 27, 2022): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2022-14.2.2-350-362.
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Тhe meaning of visual representation includes perception of information through the visual image. This form of information delivery to the general public was known in pagan cultures and asserted itself in Christianity. Since the late 20th century the concept of visualization united in itself not only religious and artistic images, but also the vision of mass culture. The performed research places emphasis on the establishment and the development of visual representation in Russia’s art culture of the ХVIII-XIX centuries. During the reign of Peter the Great, in a succession of state reforms and due to the influence of samples of European art, a transformation of national art culture occured. In this context, maritime art is viewed as one of the visual representation forms. The seascape, as a separate genre of painting, originates in the Dutch landscape. The first marinas were brought by Peter the 1st to decorate palaces and country residences. The victory in the Battle of Chesme (1770) and the joining of Crimea to the Russian Empire prompted Catherine the 2nd to invite J. P. Hackert to perpetuate the glory of Russian weapons. The artist became the first marine painter on Russian soil and performed a series of twelve paintings. The flourishing of the national seascape in Russia took place in the 19th century. The first who took the post of artist at the Ministry of the Sea was I.K. Aivazovsky. Since then the seascape acquired special significance and perpetuates the sea victories of Russia. A subtle metaphysical meaning is present in some romantic landscapes by I.K. Aivazovsky. Sea battle paintings acquired clear realistic features in the painting of A.P. Bogolyubov. The artists are concerned not only with the image of the sea, but also with the architecture of the ship, which forms a separate painting genre: the ship portrait genre. The image of the ship in the paintings of the XIX-XX centuries combines the lines of scripture and poetry, focusing the attention of the viewer on a deep semantic reading of the landscape.
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Kostis, Theodoros G., Konstantinos G. Galanis, Nikitas V. Nikitakos, and Ioannis A. Koukos. "Simulator-defined Radar Countermeasure System (Sim-dRCS) Proof of Concept for Deception in Air Defense at Sea." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 8, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512911398679.
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Sapolsky, Harvey M. "War by Land, Sea, and Air: Dwight Eisenhower and the Concept of Unified Command - By David Jablonsky." Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 1 (January 11, 2011): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03844.x.
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Storto, Andrea, Matthew J. Martin, Bruno Deremble, and Simona Masina. "Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation Experiments with Linearized Ocean–Atmosphere Balance Relationships." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 4 (April 2018): 1233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0222.1.
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Coupled data assimilation is emerging as a target approach for Earth system prediction and reanalysis systems. Coupled data assimilation may be indeed able to minimize unbalanced air–sea initialization and maximize the intermedium propagation of observations. Here, we use a simplified framework where a global ocean general circulation model (NEMO) is coupled to an atmospheric boundary layer model [Cheap Atmospheric Mixed Layer (CheapAML)], which includes prognostic prediction of near-surface air temperature and moisture and allows for thermodynamic but not dynamic air–sea coupling. The control vector of an ocean variational data assimilation system is augmented to include 2-m atmospheric parameters. Cross-medium balances are formulated either through statistical cross covariances from monthly anomalies or through the application of linearized air–sea flux relationships derived from the tangent linear approximation of bulk formulas, which represents a novel solution to the coupled assimilation problem. As a proof of concept, the methodology is first applied to study the impact of in situ ocean observing networks on the near-surface atmospheric analyses and later to the complementary study of the impact of 2-m air observations on sea surface parameters, to assess benefits of strongly versus weakly coupled data assimilation. Several forecast experiments have been conducted for the period from June to December 2011. We find that especially after day 2 of the forecasts, strongly coupled data assimilation provides a beneficial impact, particularly in the tropical oceans. In most areas, the use of linearized air–sea balances outperforms the statistical relationships used, providing a motivation for implementing coupled tangent linear trajectories in four-dimensional variational data assimilation systems. Further impacts of strongly coupled data assimilation might be found by retuning the background error covariances.
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Oteniya, Akinwale M., Matthew N. O. Sadiku, and Sarhan M. Musa. "CYBER POWER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.775.
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Cyber capabilities are becoming more and more important in modern warfare. Strategists and decision-makers increasingly regard cyberspace as an indispensable weapon to achieve national objectives that can supplement the need for land, sea, air and space power. The concept of cyber power has received much attention in the U.S and around the world. This paper provides a short introduction to cyber power.
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Makarieva, A. M., V. G. Gorshkov, A. V. Nefiodov, D. Sheil, A. D. Nobre, and B. L. Li. "Comments on “The Tropospheric Land–Sea Warming Contrast as the Driver of Tropical Sea Level Pressure Changes”." Journal of Climate 28, no. 10 (May 12, 2015): 4293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00592.1.
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Abstract In their paper “The tropospheric land–sea warming contrast as the driver of tropical sea level pressure changes,” Bayr and Dommenget proposed a simple model of temperature-driven air redistribution to quantify the ratio between changes of sea level pressure ps and mean tropospheric temperature Ta in the tropics. This model assumes that the height of the tropical troposphere is isobaric. Here problems with this model are identified. A revised relationship between ps and Ta is derived governed by two parameters—the isobaric and isothermal heights—rather than just one. Further insight is provided by the earlier model of Lindzen and Nigam, which was the first to use the concept of isobaric height to relate tropical ps to air temperature, and they did this by assuming that isobaric height is always around 3 km and isothermal height is likewise near constant. Observational data, presented here, show that neither of these heights is spatially universal nor does their mean values match previous assumptions. Analyses show that the ratio of the long-term changes in ps and Ta associated with land–sea temperature contrasts in a warming climate—the focus of Bayr and Dommenget’s work—is in fact determined by the corresponding ratio of spatial differences in the annual mean ps and Ta. The latter ratio, reflecting lower pressure at higher temperature, is significantly impacted by the meridional pressure and temperature differences. Considerations of isobaric heights are shown to be unable to predict either spatial or temporal variation in ps. As noted by Bayr and Dommenget, the role of moisture dynamics in generating sea level pressure variation remains in need of further theoretical investigations.
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Sulasman, Sulasman. "PERJUANGAN RAKYAT SUKABUMI MELAWAN SEKUTU PADA MASA REVOLUSI 1945 – 1946." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v4i2.134.
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AbstrakTulisan ini menggambarkan perjuangan rakyat Sukabumi dalam melawan Sekutu pada masa revolusi. Untuk merekontruksi itu digunakan Metode Sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Revolusi Sukabumi sangat erat kaitannya dengan peran para kiai, ulama, dan pemimpin pesantren. Mereka mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar dalam membangkitkan semangat dan emosimassa. Keberhasilan tersebut didapatkan melalui komunikasi keagamaan. Mereka menggunakan konsep jihad fisabilillah. Mobilisasimassayang dilakukan oleh para pemimpin pesantren dipadukan dengan taktik dan strategi militer dari tentara Resimen TKR Sukabumi melahirkan kekuatan revolusi yang luar biasa sehingga dapat memporakporandakan kekuatan Sekutu. Puncak dari revolusi di Sukabumi adalah perang melawan Sekutu sepanjang jalan Cigombong-Ciranjang yang kemudian diikuti oleh peristiwa pertempuran Bojongkokosan yang menyebabkan dibombardirnya Cibadak oleh Angkatan Udara Sekutu, Perang Gekbrong dan Serangan Umum yang melibatkan tentara, ulama, organisasi massa dan santri. Peristiwa Pertempuran di Sukabumi memberikan gambaran mengenai strategi perjuangan kaum republik dalam menghadapi Sekutu yaitu diplomasi dan bertempur dalam revolusi diIndonesia. AbstractSukabumi Revolution was closely associated with the role of the kyai (Islamic scholars), ulama (Islamic clerics), and leaders of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). They had a great influence in awakening the spirit and emotions of the masses. Success was obtained through religious communications. They practised the concept of jihad fisabilillah (being at war, in a very broad sense, in the name of Allah). Mass mobilization by pesantren leaders combined with tactics and military strategy of the army regiment of TKR Sukabumi spawned tremendous revolutionary power that has devastated Allied forces. The highlight of the revolution in Sukabumi was the battle against the Allies all the way Cigombong-Ciranjang followed by the battle of Bojongkokosan which led to bombardment of Cibadak by Allied Air Forces, the battle of Gekbrong and Serangan Umum (massive attack) involving soldiers, scholars, organizations and santri (Islamic school students). The battle in Sukabumi described an overview of the republican’s strategy in facing the Allied forces: diplomacy and fought in the revolution.
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Gita Narnina W, Ratu, and Arie Afriansyah. "RISING SEA LEVEL: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ON THE SHIFTING OF COASTAL STATE BASELINE." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v3i2.321.
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AbstractBaseline is a line drawn from the coastal configuration features, which is very important because the drawing of a baseline allows a coastal State to claim its own maritime zone as measured from said line. However, this concept of baseline currently faced new phenomena called the sea-level rise caused by the climate change. Climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and causing the earth's surface temperature and sea surface temperatures to increase causing the melting of ice and glaciers. Based on survey data Fifth Assessment Report conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is said that in 2100 the rise of sea water will reach 0.52m to 0.98m. In this regard, the rise of seawater brings a legal implication of the possibility in a shift of the baseline due to the inundation of the coastline used as a place to draw the baseline itself, resulting in the possibility of States losing juridical claims in its maritime zone. Coastal States must now begin to have awareness regarding the impacts caused by rising sea level in order to anticipate and reduce the impact of rising sea level.
Keywords: Baseline, Climate Change, Maritime Zone, Rising-Sea Level.
AbstrakGaris pangkal merupakan garis yang ditarik dari fitur-fitur konfigurasi pantai yang sangat penting karena penarikan garis pangkal memungkinkan suatu negara untuk mengklaim zona maritim miliknya, diukur dari garis tersebut. Akan tetapi, garis pangkal ini kini menghadapi kendala yaitu fenomena kenaikan air laut yang disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim disebabkan karena menumpuknya gas emisi rumah kaca dan menyebabkan suhu permukaan bumi dan suhu permukaan air laut meningkat sehingga menyebabkan mencairnya es dan gletser di bumi. Dari kejadian tersebut lahirlah fenomena yang dinamakan kenaikan air laut. Berdasarkan data dari survei yang dilakukan oleh Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dalam Fifth Assessment Report, dikatakan bahwa pada tahun 2100 kenaikan air laut akan mencapai 0,52m hingga 0,98m. Dalam hal ini, kenaikan air laut akan membawa implikasi hukum terkait kemungkinan adanya pergeseran pada garis pangkal dikarenakan tergenangnya wilayah garis pantai yang digunakan sebagai tempat untuk menarik garis pangkal, sehingga besar kemungkinan terjadinya hilangnya klaim yuridis pada zona maritim tertentu. Negara-negara pantai sekarang sudah harus menyadari dampak yang disebabkan oleh kenaikan air laut ini sehingga kemudian dapat mengantisipasi dampak dari kenaikan air laut.
Kata Kunci: Garis Pangkal, Kenaikan Air Laut, Perubahan Iklim, Zona Maritim.
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Harris, Andrew, and Eileen Maturi. "Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-11-1575.
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The Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) Retrievals was held on 24–26 April 2001 in Camp Springs, Maryland, at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Science Center. The purpose of the workshop was for NOAA's National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Office of Research and Applications to initiate a collaborative project with the U.S. Navy, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the industry, and academia. The concept of the project was to develop an optimal method for assimilating satellite data into operational analyses of sea surface temperature. The aim of the workshop was to develop a demonstration system with the following results. First, ensure that the advantages of each data type (polar orbiting and geostationary) are fully exploited, while minimizing the impact of potential errors. Second, employ state-of-the-art radiative transfer modeling, variational assimilation techniques, intersensor calibration, and use of external data such as upper-air temperatures and humidities. The resulting product will represent the next big step in use of satellite data for sea surface temperature and should be the product of choice for numerical weather prediction, operational oceanography, and fisheries and climate research.
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Rahman, Abdur Rahman Hafeezur, Shaik Ameer Malik, Jagath Rajesh Kumar, Vadivelu Balaguru, and Palanivel Sivakumar. "A Design of Experiments Methodology for Evaluating Configuration for a Generation Next Main Battle Tank." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12182.
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<p class="p1">Combat vehicles for generation next main battle tank requires state-of-the-art technologies to counter advanced threats both from conventional and un-conventional sources across various theatres of operation. In addition, they require strategic mobility by road, rail, air and sea. Under such conditions, the trend across the world has been to converge on configurations that are lethal, agile, modular systems and interchangeable mission based turret configurations along with higher survivability which imposes limitations on mobility as mass increases. To achieve all the user objectives as laid down in the qualitative requirements, it is prudent to focus the attention on weight management. The traditional approach of weight management is time consuming, for which an alternate approach using design of experiments is proposed in this paper. To carry out this study, two configurations are selected namely evolutionary and revolutionary design. Keeping the outer boundary as the constraint, a simple linear regression and analysis of variance are carried out with mass and volume data from various systems and sub-systems. Subsequently, the accuracy of the analysis is ascertained using a test of hypothesis using PHStat software. Although this study discusses configuration, the factors responsible for reduced system mass and volume namely technology, materials, intelligence etc have not been discussed. Finally, from the outcome of the study it is observed that the revolutionary design configuration fares better compared to the evolutionary design configuration with a combat mass of only 41 t.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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Ardhuin, Fabrice, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, et al. "Measuring currents, ice drift, and waves from space: the Sea surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) concept." Ocean Science 14, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018.
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Abstract. We propose a satellite mission that uses a near-nadir Ka-band Doppler radar to measure surface currents, ice drift and ocean waves at spatial scales of 40 km and more, with snapshots at least every day for latitudes 75 to 82°, and every few days for other latitudes. The use of incidence angles of 6 and 12° allows for measurement of the directional wave spectrum, which yields accurate corrections of the wave-induced bias in the current measurements. The instrument's design, an algorithm for current vector retrieval and the expected mission performance are presented here. The instrument proposed can reveal features of tropical ocean and marginal ice zone (MIZ) dynamics that are inaccessible to other measurement systems, and providing global monitoring of the ocean mesoscale that surpasses the capability of today's nadir altimeters. Measuring ocean wave properties has many applications, including examining wave–current interactions, air–sea fluxes, the transport and convergence of marine plastic debris and assessment of marine and coastal hazards.
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Waidhas, Manfred F. "The energy transition and where mobility will go to." EPJ Web of Conferences 246 (2020): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024600019.
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Enforced extension of renewable power will be required to achieve the targeted CO2 reduction. Hereby, it will be essential to shift renewable electricity to the mobility and industry sector. The transportation sector exhibits the highest need for action. Here the concept of the future will be electric. The main challenge will be the poor energy density of batteries compared to oil-based fuels. Trends and solutions for transportation via road, rail, sea and air are discussed in the paper.
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Simonetti, Irene, Andrea Esposito, and Lorenzo Cappietti. "Experimental Proof-of-Concept of a Hybrid Wave Energy Converter Based on Oscillating Water Column and Overtopping Mechanisms." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 8065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218065.
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This paper presents the results of laboratory tests on a hybrid wave energy converter concept, the O2WC (Oscillating-Overtopping Water Column) device. The proposed device aims at providing an alternative to the classical OWC concept, storing part of the wave energy of the highly energetic sea states in a second chamber at atmospheric pressure, through overtopping phenomena. In this way, the maximum airflow rate and air pressure in the OWC chamber are reduced, possibly aiding the safe functioning of the air turbine, and allowing to exploit the excess of energy instead of dissipating it through by-pass valves. The performance of the device is investigated under different incident wave conditions, for different design parameters. The height of the overtopping threshold from the second chamber of the device which allows to maximize the performance has been selected. Results show that the decrease of the primary conversion efficiency of the OWC component of the device caused by the decreased air pressure in the OWC chamber can be partially compensated by the additional energy stored in the overtopping chamber of the O2WC device. Overall, the studied O2WC device has capture width ratio values ranging between 0.3 and 0.7.
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Han, MyeongHee, Igor Kamenkovich, Timour Radko, and William E. Johns. "Relationship between Air–Sea Density Flux and Isopycnal Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Warming Climate." Journal of Climate 26, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 2683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00682.1.
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Abstract This study aims to explore the relationship between air–sea density flux and isopycnal meridional overturning circulation (MOC), using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) model projections of the twenty-first-century climate. The focus is on the semiadiabatic component of MOC beneath the mixed layer; this component is described using the concept of the push–pull mode, which represents the combined effects of the adiabatic push into the deep ocean in the Northern Hemisphere and the pull out of the deep ocean in the Southern Hemisphere. The analysis based on the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) simulation demonstrates that the push–pull mode and the actual isopycnal MOC at the equator evolve similarly in the deep layers, with their maximum transports decreasing by 4–5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) during years 2001–2100. In particular, the push–pull mode and actual isopycnal MOC are within approximately 10% of each other at the density layers heavier than 27.55 kg m−3, where the reduction in the MOC strength is the strongest. The decrease in the push–pull mode is caused by the direct contribution of the anomalous heat, rather than freshwater, surface fluxes. The agreement between the deep push–pull mode and MOC in the values of linear trend and variability on time scales longer than a decade suggests a largely adiabatic pole-to-pole mechanism for these changes. The robustness of the main conclusions is further explored in additional model simulations.
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Uppiah, Marie Valerie. "An Examination of the Lomé Charter." Strathmore Law Journal 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v5i1.144.
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Described as the common heritage of humanity by Arvid Pardo in 1967, the sea has always been unanimously recognised as a source of life. Hosting most of the world’s living and non-living resources, the sea has always attracted human’s attention. From organised expeditions in search of new land to fishing, the sea has contributed to the economic, social and cultural development of many nations. Despite extensive developments made in the road and air transportation systems to facilitate trade, the sea still plays an active part in international trade. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 80% of goods traded worldwide are carried by sea and as per the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2020, the volume of seaborne trade for 2019 reached 11.08 billion tons. Currently, many countries and regional blocs are converging towards this concept of maritime security in order to restore peace and stability at sea. In Africa, for instance, maritime security is expressly defined in Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy 2050 (2050 AIM Strategy). This article is devoted to examine the status questionis of the treaties and legislation application.
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Wu, Songhua, Weibiao Chen, Junwu Tang, Chaofang Zhao, and Ge Chen. "Lidar Concept of “Guanlan” Mission for Space Oceanography." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023701012.
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Among the various challenges in spaceborne radar observation of the ocean, the following two issues are probably of a higher priority: inadequate dynamic resolution, and ineffective vertical penetration. Two highly anticipated breakthroughs in the coming decade are likely to be associated with radar interferometry and ocean lidar technology, which are expected to make a substantial contribution to a sub-mesoscale-resolving and depth-resolving observation of the ocean. The planned “Guanlan” science mission comprises a dual-frequency (Ku and Ka) interferometric altimetry (IA) and a near-nadir pointing ocean lidar (OL). The spaceborne active OL will ensure a deeper penetration depth and an all-time detection which leads to a layered characterization of the optical properties of the subsurface ocean. The simultaneous functioning of the OL and a dual-frequency (Ku and Ka) interferometric altimetry system will allow an enhanced understanding of contributions of the atmosphere and the air-sea interface which in turn considerably reduce the error budgets of the two sensors. The OL payload is expected to partially reveal the marine food chain and ecosystem with 10-m vertical interval in the euphotic layer, moving a significant step down to the oceanic mixed layer both dynamically and bio-optically.
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Khapov, A., and I. Ovchar. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE RECOMMENDATION ON IMPROVEMENT OF TACTICS OF COMBAT APPLICATION OF ROCKET BOATS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, no. 14 (January 25, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.1.123-129.
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The article shows the urgency of using the missiles by corvettes of the Ukrainian Navy for naval purposes in modern conditions. The fighting and local military conflicts at sea of the last century are analyzed, where showed that ships with missile weapons are majorly important in order to achieve a victory over the enemy. Today, Ukraine and its Armed Forces are at the stage of undeclared war with the Russian Federation. Currently, the combat zone is Donbass, and the zones of increased tension are the Azov and Black Seas. Analysis of the peculiarities of a possible theater of operations, showing the relatively low defense capability of Ukraine to counter the threat from the sea and the important economic importance of the Black and Azov Seas for Ukraine, prove that in this direction, the aggressor can achieve the greatest strategic success. Analysis of recent events in the Black Sea, namely: the incident in the Kerch Bay, shelling of Ukrainian warships and aircrafts, constant provocative actions of the aggressor prove that the Black Sea is likely to become a new theater of operations. Combat actions on the high seas are virtually ruled out, as they have no tactical prospects. The main actions of our forces will be aimed at defending the territorial sea and the lines of our own coast. The Navy’s defense zone is likely to be a coastal strip up to 20 nautical miles wide, as well as the area around Zmiyny Island. In the north-western part of the Black Sea, coast of Ukraine is characterized by the presence of a large number of shallow estuaries, bays, etc., closed by queues, sandy shoals, areas unsuitable for navigation (Odesa, Dniester banks, Dnieper and Dniester estuaries, Tendriv, Kizhanka bays, the mouth of the Dunay and others). Such conditions favor the actions of small corvettes using «ambush» tactics. Therefore, the main tactical way of Ukrainian Navy corvettes action in the event of an armed conflict at sea may be the use of naval missile armament from «ambush», under aircrafts cover of Ukraine Air Forces with the usage of external sources of information on enemy location. Keywords: tactics, missile boat, naval target, missile weapon, sea battle, missile strike, combat application, combat effectiveness, missile weapon, anti-ship cruise missile.
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Liu, Hai Yan, Rui Huang, and Xuan Huang. "Research on Development and Key Technologies of Cyberspace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1599.
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The recent years saw a rapid development in information technology, which is closely bound up with the world as well as our daily lives. Concerning security, stability and development of a country, cyberspace, the five-dimensional space coexisted with land, sea, air, and space domain, is worthy of being paid more attention to. Therefore, dozens of studies have been done in this field and people began to know more about the concept and structure of cyberspace. This paper mainly describes the development of cyberspace, elaborates its structure and summarizes the importance of cyberspace technology.
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Mourched, Bachar, Ndricim Ferko, Mariam Abdallah, Bilel Neji, and Sabahudin Vrtagic. "Study and Design of a Machine Learning-Enabled Laser-Based Sensor for Pure and Sea Water Determination Using COMSOL Multiphysics." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 6693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136693.
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Accurate detection of salt in water is crucial in many applications. Numerous techniques, using direct and indirect methods, have been employed to design seawater sensors. Among the indirect sensing methods, optical sensors are known to be the most accurate, easy to implement, and suitable for application where the chemical properties of the solution to be tested should stay unchanged. This research presents a novel method for real-time label-free biochemical detection of salty water combining various optics concepts with a machine learning system. COMSOL Multiphysics has been employed to design and simulate the proposed sensor. The designed device uses a laser light emitted from the top of a water container, with a sensing part located on the bottom surface. The laser light initially propagates in the air portion, then refracts when it comes into contact with the air-water interface. Different parameters, including the laser beam wavelength λ and its incident angles θi, the temperature, and the air-water levels are employed to generate a set of data and the multilayer perceptron classifier (MLP) to model prediction. The obtained results validated the concept of the proposed sensor using machine learning. The sensor’s prediction precision under various temperature conditions is R2 = 0.844, the equivalent of an MSE of 0.155.
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Drennan, William M., Peter K. Taylor, and Margaret J. Yelland. "Parameterizing the Sea Surface Roughness." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 835–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2704.1.
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Abstract The concept of an “equivalent surface roughness” over the ocean is useful in understanding the relation between wind speed (at some height) and the net momentum flux from air to sea. The relative performance of different physics-motivated scalings for this roughness can provide valuable guidance as to which mechanisms are important under various conditions. Recently, two quite different roughness length scalings have been proposed. Taylor and Yelland presented a simple formula based on wave steepness, defined as the ratio of significant wave height to peak wavelength, to predict the surface roughness. A consequence of this formula is that roughness changes due to fetch or duration limitations are small, an order of 10%. The wave steepness formula was proposed as an alternative to the classical wave-age scaling first suggested by Kitaigorodskii and Volkov. Wave-age scaling, in contrast to steepness scaling, predicts order-of-magnitude changes in roughness associated with fetch or duration. The existence of two scalings, with different roughness predictions in certain conditions, has led to considerable confusion among certain groups. At several recent meetings, including the 2001 World Climate Research Program/Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (WCRP/SCOR) workshop on the intercomparison and validation of ocean–atmosphere flux fields, proponents of the two scalings met with the goal of understanding the merits and limitations of each scaling. Here the results of these efforts are presented. The two sea-state scalings are tested using a composite of eight datasets representing a wide range of conditions. In conditions with a dominant wind-sea component, both scalings were found to yield improved estimates when compared with a standard bulk formulation. In general mixed sea conditions, the steepness formulation was preferred over both bulk and wave-age scalings, while for underdeveloped “young” wind sea, the wave-age formulation yields the best results. Neither sea-state model was seen to perform well in swell-dominated conditions where the steepness was small, but the steepness model did better than the wave-age model for swell-dominated conditions where the steepness exceeded a certain threshold.
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Panizza, Diego. "The 'Freedom of the Sea' and the 'Modern Cosmopolis' in Alberico Gentili's De Iure Belli." Grotiana 30, no. 1 (2009): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016738309x12537002674321.
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AbstractThe purpose of the present study is the understanding of Gentili's position on the law of the sea as expressed in his classic De iure belli (Hanoviae 1598). The key constitutive elements turn out to be: 1) the idea of the sea as 'res communis' to all mankind, which amounts to the concept of 'freedom of the sea'; 2) 'jurisdiction' of the coastal state on the adjacent sea, even on the high seas, in order to police crime and prevent/punish piracy. As such these two key elements, if taken in isolation, are rooted in the civil law tradition, but their true meaning can only be captured by placing them in the intellectual framework of which they constitute an integral part. Firstly, the epistemic structure of discourse hinges on the new science of natural jurisprudence, as applied to the subject of 'ius gentium bellicum'; secondly, the constituent theoretical languages emanate from a distinctive combination of civil law, scholastic-theological and humanist traditions. This procedure enables us to highlight the strikingly original and distinctly modern traits of Gentili's perspective on the law of the sea, which emerges as a corollary of his project of international/global order. A project that is based on the crucial notion of 'respublica magna' of mankind, a notion encompassing the two notions of 'freedom' and 'jurisdiction' that constitute and define the legal regime of the sea.The Stoic humanist notion of universal human society as 'corpus unum' implies, first of all, 'freedom of intercourse', or 'ius communicationis', to start from 'free passage' and 'freedom of commerce'. It is in the context of his argument about these basic freedoms that Gentili is finally led to discuss the subject of the 'law of the sea'. But, not only the concept of 'res communis', or 'freedom of use', but also the concept of 'jurisdiction', or 'protection', are strictly related to the same foundational concept of 'respublica magna'. This is a crucial characteristic of Gentili's approach to world order that is proved by reference to two cardinal points of his new 'cosmopolitan justice': 1) the 'international right to punish', as exemplified by the legitimacy of the wars of 'humanitarian intervention' and of the wars in support of the 'common law of mankind'; 2) the 'occupation of vacant land', which again underlines the relevance of the principle of 'jurisdiction' by striking a balance between the principle of 'free use' of nature and the 'jurisdiction' of the local ruler.Such a reconstruction definitely rejects the traditional image of Gentili as a supporter of 'maritime protectionism', on the ground of his Advocatio Hispanica published posthumously in 1613 and containing his pleadings as Spanish advocate before the Court of Admiralty. The guiding assumption here is that the book is strictly of a forensic character and as such devoid of any coherent theoretical substance. To the contrary, in his De iure belli, far from anticipating the English position in favour of 'mare clausum', Gentili tends to anticipate the essentials of Grotius' position, especially at the level of the ethic of the 'modern cosmopolis' and the related theme of colonial empire. On this very plane of discourse, Gentili's thinking transcends the so-called battle of the books and emerges as especially significant in illuminating the wider and deeper intellectual currents that contributed to the development of what were to become basic standard positions of modern international theory.
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Jakštaitė-Confortola, Gerda. "Russia's ‘Sharp Power’ Manifestations in Lithuania's Mass Media." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2021-0004.
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Abstract The concept of ‘sharp power’ has recently emerged as a reaction to the assertiveness of authoritarian regimes. It serves to underline the complexity of challenges which are posed by authoritarian regimes, referring to diverse front lines in the overall ‘battle’, be they culture, education, or the media. The latter, according to Dmitri Trenin, “has become such a crowded battlefield”. This paper attempts to fill in the information gap regarding Russia’s ‘sharp power’ manifestations in Lithuania’s mass media and focuses on NATO related messages in particular. The paper presupposes that messages which evoke an air of support for Russia’s foreign and security policy tend to pass through to Lithuania’s mass media, and argues that, as a result of the insufficient activity by Lithuania’s mass media in terms of forming an independent perception of Russia vis-à-vis NATO, the preconditions for possible manifestations of Russia’s use of sharp power are therefore created. The article is organised into four parts. The first section sets out a theoretical framework for the analysis which focuses on the concept of sharp power. Then the research methodology is outlined. The third section presents features of the informational environment of Lithuania in 2016 and 2019. The final, and most elaborated, section investigates messages which apparently serve to support Russia’s foreign and security policy in terms of the NATO‘s topic in Lithuania’s mass media based on the aforementioned criteria.
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Pinassang, Jeanny Laurens, Bangun I. R. Harsritanto, and Dany Perwita Sari. "What We Can Learn from Vernacular House and COVID-19 Infection? A Review of Mbaru Niang, Flores, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131704017.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the current ventilation design, especially in residential buildings, may not provide healthy air exchange. Since current buildings in tropical climate only focused on cooling, its have become sites of rapid COVID-19 transmission. In order to avoid indoor SARS-Cov-2 transmission, some studies recommended an increase in air supply with a higher air exchange rate and to reduce the usage of the air conditioner. Flores has been designated one of the top Indonesian tourism destinations. However, access to transportation is still tricky. Analysis of local materials, culture, and weather can reduce the building cost and preserved local value to become the area's identity. Vernacular housing in Indonesia has adapted well to climatic conditions in different locations by using natural ventilation that ensures thermal comfort. We propose a ventilation design with natural ventilation from Mbaru Niang's traditional house. It was found that raised floor, verandah, and sun shading can reduce the hot temperature from solar radiation and hot wind from the sea breeze. This modern building concept can become a practical, healthy, and environmentally friendly solution for building in Flores, Indonesia. Introduction
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Rhee, Jinny, and Sergio I. Hernandez. "Thermal Management of Electronics in Telecommunications Products: Designing for the Network Equipment Building System (NEBS) Standards." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 4 (January 9, 2006): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2353327.
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The effects of altitude, increased ambient temperature, and increased relative humidity on the board level forced convection typical of telecommunications products were systematically examined through numerical simulation and analytical techniques. Altitude was found to have the most significant impact on component temperature rise above inlet air temperature. Depending on the proportion of upstream-heating to self-heating for a given component, the component temperature rise above inlet air temperature was found to increase by 40% to 88% at 5000m when compared to the base line case at sea level. Inlet air temperature was found to translate linearly to component temperature increase. The second-order effects due to property changes with temperature were found to be less than 3% on the component temperature rise. The relative humidity was not found to significantly impact the component temperature rise at an inlet temperature of 25°C. However, the property changes at a 55°C inlet were more significant, and require further study. A temperature multiplier concept is introduced to aid practicing engineers in extrapolating data at standard conditions to the operating extremes.
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Beifert, Anatoli. "Air Cargo Development in the Regional Airports of the Baltic Sea Region Through Road Feeder Services." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2015-0010.
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Abstract As issued in the Competition Policy Brief on the new state aid rules for a competitive aviation industry by the Competition Directorate-General of the European Commission in February 20141, it will be more difficult for unprofitable airports, to obtain financial public subsidies on EU, national or regional level. Although the positive impact of small airports on the regional development and general accessibility was mentioned, still the operating aid to the airports shall be cut out over a maximum of 10 years. It has been further stated that the vast majority of small and regional airports experience problems to cover their running operative costs, as a result from an intensive market competition and overlapping of airports’ catchment areas preventing even some promising airports from growth. Public subsidies are mostly used by the airport management for infrastructural investments, to cover operating losses or to attract price-sensitive airlines. Herewith, among other things, the EU Commission is pointing out at the lack of cooperation structures and network strategies among the regional airports and at rather isolated and individual approach during elaboration of the airport development scenarios. However, the Competition Policy Brief permits public aid to regional airports, among other things if there is sufficient transports need to establish transition periods for small airports; the need for more flexibility of the regional airports in the remote areas has been underlined. The EU Commission is expecting herewith not to close the regional airports, but to stimulate them to operate on cost efficient and profitable basis, and that only the most inefficient airports will be closed. To cope with the upcoming challenges the regional airports are demanded now to revaluate and reconsider their future development plans. While focusing on the passenger traffic many regional airports ignore or underestimate the benefits of the airfreight market. Although the air cargo has rather a low volume, but very high revenue yield part. Business internationalization is one of the important driving forces for the airfreight nowadays as well as decreasing air transport costs due to improving efficiency and growing competition among the air carriers. Most regional airports in the Baltic Sea region that act totally isolated, do not have a clear picture of the current situation on the international air cargo market, its future perspectives and sustainable development plans. Trying to meet the market demand, the regional airports are making huge and unjustified investments, e.g. improving airport infrastructure. It is not clear till now which elements of the Pan-Baltic cargo market could be managed as an alternative revenue yielding services for consolidated operation by air or what infrastructure is needed to provide the opportunity for an optimal economic mix of road-rail-air-sea transport? Nowadays, to a large degree air cargo traffic relies on scheduled, frequent passenger services in hub-and-spoke as well as in point-to-point traffic. Regional airports are presently suffering from a lack of scheduled uplift capacity. The volume currently transported by air in the regional airports is almost entirely based on the occasional charter flights. However, the growth of the air cargo business is likely to be based not only on cargo charters, but to a larger extend on truck-based services for transit shipments. Onward transportation by truck may occur on road feeder service, so called “flying trucks”, where a real truck substitutes a flight. “Flying trucks” are having flight numbers etc., therefore they must be prioritized in many ways in the BSR transport policy. This paper investigates the role of Road Feeder Services concept (thereafter named here as “Flying Truck”) as an optional freight value proposition for the development of the regional airports and their possible participation in the air cargo market as a supplement instrument to generate additional revenue, thus making the airports more profitable and attractive.
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Scott, Keith. "‘Out Beyond Jointery’: Developing a Model for Gaming Multi-Domain Warfare." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.77.
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What Huizinga is saying here is not that conflict is playful, but rather, it is a game, following set rules of conduct and occurs within a defined zone of action. Elsewhere in Homo ludens, he argues that modern warfare operates without the ritualised, rule-based structure of, for example, the mediaeval tourney. The purpose of this paper is to consider the ways in which a model based on the structure of games may help us better engage with the challenges of Multi-Domain Conflict. We are all familiar with the concept of Cyber as the 5th Domain of warfare, but we need to consider it not as a discrete zone, but as running through and interpenetrating the other 4 (Earth, Sea, Air, Space), the informational spine that enables all other forms of conflict. This paper will: 1. Discuss the developing concept of Multi-Domain Conflict as a move ‘beyond jointery’ (as General Sir Nick Carter put it) into a truly integrated form of warfare, blurring and collapsing boundaries between kinetic and non-kinetic, between the services, and between military and civilian authority; 2. Outline a theoretical model for conceptualising Multi-Domain Conflict as gamelike in form, with environments of operation (‘boards’), protagonists (‘players’), and possible forms of action (‘moves’). As befits a conference on Cyber and Information Warfare, it will argue that the D5 model of IW (Deny, Disrupt, Degrade, Deceive and Destroy) is portable and scalable across the other 4 domains (Land, Sea, Air, Space); 3. Show how this theoretical model can be employed both to model and simulate Multi-Domain Conflict; wargames have been a key element of military planning and training for at least a century – this paper argues that we need to develop a new Kriegspiel to better understand coming conflicts.
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Whittaker, T. J. T., J. G. Leitch, A. E. Long, and M. A. Murray. "The Q.U.B. Axisymmetric and Multi-Resonant Wave Energy Convertors." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231166.
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This paper describes the optimization of the power conversion chain and the engineering design considerations of an oscillating water column wave power device which would form part of a 2-GW power station. Novel features of the principal device described include the multi-resonant concept, which considerably widens the frequency bandwidth response, and the use of the simple highly efficient Wells self-rectifying air turbine in the secondary power conversion stage. It is concluded that using established technology wave power stations comprising sea bed mounted reinforced concrete structures could produce power for as little as 1.3p per kW-hr after the initial capital repayment period and thus the economics are similar to that of hydro-electric power.
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Staśko, Tomasz, Martyna Tomala, Mirosław Majkut, Krzysztof Nawrat, and Krystian Smołka. "Influence of Geometrical Parameters on the Shape of the Cycloidal Function Curve of a Fan with a Cycloidal Rotor." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072504.
Full textAbstract:
Even though the cycloidal rotor concept has been around for almost a century, it is still not as popular as it should be. Most often it is used to propel unmanned aerial vehicles or sea-going ships, or it is applied as a river- or sea-energy converter. Despite the possibility of directing the flow by changing the inclination angle of blades and the possibility of working in both directions, there are no scientific studies on the use of the concept in HVAC (heat, ventilation and air conditioning). One of the most important elements characterizing the operation of the cycloidal rotor is the cycloidal function describing the change in the angles of the blades during rotation. To properly design a cycloidal rotor for a preferred application, an analysis of the rotor geometrical parameters must be performed and analyzed. This was performed on a four-blade rotor equipped with CLARK Y blades. Using Ansys CFX software, a CFD model of a fan operating with various cycloidal functions was created. The results were compared with the experimental data with the use of the LDA technique. Different velocity profiles were obtained despite the use of cycloidal functions with similar waveforms and small angular differences. This is due to the considerable sensitivity of the cycloidal regulation system to differences in the geometrical sizes that describe it.
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Chilson, Phillip B., Tyler M. Bell, Keith A. Brewster, Gustavo Britto Hupsel de Azevedo, Frederick H. Carr, Kenneth Carson, William Doyle, et al. "Moving towards a Network of Autonomous UAS Atmospheric Profiling Stations for Observations in the Earth’s Lower Atmosphere: The 3D Mesonet Concept." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122720.
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The deployment of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to collect routine in situ vertical profiles of the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the atmosphere in conjunction with other weather observations could significantly improve weather forecasting skill and resolution. High-resolution vertical measurements of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction are critical to the understanding of atmospheric boundary layer processes integral to air–surface (land, ocean and sea ice) exchanges of energy, momentum, and moisture; how these are affected by climate variability; and how they impact weather forecasts and air quality simulations. We explore the potential value of collecting coordinated atmospheric profiles at fixed surface observing sites at designated times using instrumented UAS. We refer to such a network of autonomous weather UAS designed for atmospheric profiling and capable of operating in most weather conditions as a 3D Mesonet. We outline some of the fundamental and high-impact science questions and sampling needs driving the development of the 3D Mesonet and offer an overview of the general concept of operations. Preliminary measurements from profiling UAS are presented and we discuss how measurements from an operational network could be realized to better characterize the atmospheric boundary layer, improve weather forecasts, and help to identify threats of severe weather.
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Chava, Ihor. "The Uprising of 1648 in the Interpretations of Polish Historians at the End of the XIXth Century – 1939th." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 35 (2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2021-35-97-108.
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The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of depicting the events of the first year of the national liberation war under the leadership of B. Khmelnytsky in the Polish historical science at the end XIXth century - 1939, and in particular the battles near Zhovti Vody, Korsun, Pyliavtsi, the siege of the Cossack-Tatar troops of Lviv; investigate various historical myths, stereotypes and evaluation patterns used by Polish historians in depicting the events of Khmelnytsky region; analyze the influences of historiographical concepts, cultural trends and political ideologies on the image of the history of the Polish-Cossack war in 1648. Methodology of the research: the work was based on such principles as historicism and scientific objectivity. Both general scientific (systematization, typology, retrospection) and a number of special historical methods (critical analysis and synthesis of source material, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, etc.) were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a systematic analysis of the depiction of the events of Khmelnytsky region in 1648 in the Polish historiography of the end XIXth century – 1939 was done in this article for the first time in domestic science and the influences of political ideas on the interpretation of historical material were analysed by scientists. Conclusions. The history of the first year of the national liberation war of Ukrainians under the leadership of B. Khmelnytsky attracted considerable attention of Polish researchers and was considered as one of the cornerstones of the history of the Commonwealth, and especially of the Polish-Ukrainian relations. Due to the severity of the events, they were overgrown with various historical myths and were often interpreted through the prism of political conditions and various ideological trends. Thus, the symbolic meaning was given to the battle of Yellow Waters, which historians saw as the last battle of the Polish people for possession of the Black Sea steppes. The influence of the concept of "Poland's stronghold of Christianity" and the ideas of inter-civilizational struggle on the events of the Polish-Cossack war is revealed.