Academic literature on the topic 'Air-rock interaction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Air-rock interaction"
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Knight, Rosemary, and Ana Abad. "Rock/water interaction in dielectric properties: Experiments with hydrophobic sandstones." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443780.
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The dielectric constant of a partially saturated sandstone varies as a function of the level of water saturation. Experimental data indicate that rock/water interaction, at low saturations, has a large effect on the measured dielectric response. To theoretically predict the dielectric constant of the rock/water/air system, this rock/water interaction must be accounted for by including the effect of the water wetting the rock solid. Alternatively, if the rock/water interaction can be eliminated, a three‐component (dry rock, water, and air) mixing law can be used to model the dielectric behavior. In this laboratory study, a chemical treatment is used to change four water‐wet sandstones into hydrophobic sandstones. In three hydrophobic samples the rock/water interaction, seen in the data for the water‐wet samples, is eliminated and the dielectric constant of the partially saturated sandstones can be simply modeled as a dry rock/water/air system. This experimental study illustrates the importance of the chemical state of the rock surfaces in determining the dielectric behavior of sandstones.
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Fan, Yong Tao, Zhi Qiang Huang, De Li Gao, Qin Li, and Hai Yan Zhu. "Study on the Mechanism of the Impactor-Bit-Rock Interaction Using 3D FEM Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2280.
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To reveal the mechanism of the impactor-bit-rock interaction in geophysical prospecting percussion drilling, considering the coupling effect of the static pressure, impact force and rotary cutting, constructing the physical model of the impactor-bit-rock interaction, and using the finite element methods (FEM), three-dimensional (3D) model of the impactor-bit-rock interaction is established. Using the finite element analysis software (ANSYS/LS-DYNA), the 3D FEM analysis of the impactor-bit-rock interaction is carried out when compressed air pressure is 0.8 MPa, 0.9 MPa, 1.0 MPa, 1.1 MPa and 1.2 MPa respectively. The results show that: the energy transmission efficiency when piston impacts bit under different air pressure is not high and it should be improved further, bit can not fragment rock until it is impacted by piston, it is found that the best air pressure is 1.0 MPa when the impactor and bit are used to drill granite according to the volume of the fragmented rock and the depth of the crater, the speed and displacement on the radial direction of the piston which should be reduce even eliminate are very harmful. The results are further useful to extend the applications of the geophysical prospecting impactor and hammer bit.
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Deng, Huafeng, Yinchai Zhang, Yongyan Zhi, Lingling Duan, Jianlin Li, Xushu Sun, and Xiaoliang Xu. "Sandstone Dynamical Characteristics Influenced by Water-Rock Interaction of Bank Slope." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 19, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3279586.
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During the long-term reservoir operation, the seismic capability and dynamic response characteristics of the bank slope are of great importance to its safety evaluation content. Aimed at typical bank slopes, considering reservoir water level fluctuation and soaking-air drying cyclic interaction, an experiment has been designed and conducted. In addition, the cyclic loading test with different stress amplitudes was carried out in different water-rock cycles. The laboratory results indicate that (1) during the immersion-air dry circulation process, the damping ratio and damping coefficient of sandstone gradually increased while the dynamic elastic modulus decreased. It is obvious that the dynamic elastic modulus of sandstone decreases dramatically during the immersion-air dry circulation process, especially in the first six periods. Also, its variation curve fits with the logarithmic curve. (2) When the cyclic load stress amplitude increases from 10 MPa to 35 MPa, the damping ratio and coefficient of the rock sample gradually decreased while dynamic elastic modulus increased. each dynamic parameter shows a more obvious variation trend when the stress amplitude is lower than 25 MPa. (3) During the water-rock interaction process, the closely knit microstructure of rock gradually becomes loose and porous, which resulted in the degradation of macroscopic physical and mechanical properties of sandstone. (4) In the analysis of the seismic response of the bank slope, the actual water-rock interaction process and the seismic level of the bank slope should be more considered. To find out further accurate reflection in the earthquake resistance and dynamic response of the bank slope, it is necessary to select the reasonable dynamic parameter to carry out seismic research.
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Dongarr�, G., and S. Francofonte. "Quality of rainwater: A geochemical process of water-air-rock-life interaction." Environmental Geology 25, no. 3 (April 1995): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00768544.
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Zhang, Yinchai, Huafeng Deng, Wei Wang, Lingling Duan, Yongyan Zhi, and Jianlin Li. "The Dynamic Response Law of Bank Slope under Water-Rock Interaction." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (August 7, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1306575.
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During the reservoir operation process, the long-term security and stability of the bank slope is affected by dynamic response characteristics of its seismic action directly. Aimed at the typical bank slope existing in the actual reservoir environment, an experiment considering reservoir water level fluctuation and soaking-air-drying cyclic water-rock interaction has been designed and conducted while the cyclic loading test was performed in different water-rock cycles. Research results indicate the following: Firstly, in the process of water-rock interaction, the dynamic characteristics of sandstone show evident degradation trend, with the increase of the damping ratio and Poisson’s ratio and decrease of dynamic elastic modulus, and the former six water-rock cycle degradation effects are particularly obvious. Secondly, the numerical analog computation analysis of dynamic response in typical bank slope shows that as the water-rock interaction period is increased, the dynamic response of the slope hydro-fluctuation belt zone increases gradually, while the other parts weaken. Thirdly, under the long-term water-rock interaction process, the hydro-fluctuation belt zone gradually becomes a “soft layer” which is sensitive to the earthquake effect and dynamic response, resulting in a direct influence on long-term seismic performance of the bank slope. Therefore, it is necessary to make better protection for the bank slope hydro-fluctuation belt zone.
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Huang, Jin, Qingxiang Shui, Daguo Wang, Yuhao Shi, Xiaosheng Pu, Wenzhe Wang, and Xuesong Mao. "Study on Temperature Distribution Law of Tunnel Portal Section in Cold Region Considering Fluid–Structure Interaction." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2023): 14524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914524.
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The design of tunnels in cold regions contributes greatly to the feasibility and sustainability of highways. Based on the heat transfer mechanism of the tunnel surrounding rock–lining–air, this paper uses FEPG software to carry out secondary excavation and development, then the air heat convection calculation model is established by using a three-dimensional extension of the characteristic-based operator-splitting (CBOS) finite-element method and the explicit characteristic–Galerkin method. By coupling with the heat conduction model of the tunnel lining and surrounding rock, the heat conduction-thermal convection fluid–structure interaction finite-element calculation model of tunnels in cold regions is established. Relying on the Qinghai Hekashan tunnel project, the temperature field of the tunnel portal section is calculated and studied by employing the fluid–structure interaction finite-element model and then compared with the field monitoring results. It is found that the calculated values are basically consistent with the measured values over time, which proves the reliability of the model. The calculation results are threefold: (1) The temperature of the air, lining, and surrounding rock in the tunnel changes sinusoidally with the ambient temperature. (2) The temperature of each layer gradually lags behind, and the temperature variation amplitude of the extreme value of the layer temperature gradually decreases with the increase in the radial distance of the lining. (3) In the vicinity of the tunnel entrance, the lining temperature of each layer remains unchanged, and the temperature gradually decreases or increases with the increase in the depth. The model can be used to study and analyze the temperature field distribution law of the lining and surrounding rock under different boundary conditions, and then provide a calculation model with both research and practical value for the study of the temperature distribution law of tunnels in cold regions in the future.
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Yuan, Wenhua, Ke Hong, Run Liu, Lianjie Ji, and Long Meng. "Numerical Simulation of Coupling Support for High-Stress Fractured Soft Rock Roadway in Deep Mine." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7221168.
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Aiming at the difficulties during the support of high-stress fractured soft rock roadway in deep mine, a comprehensive surrounding rock management method of bolt-net-cable-grout coupling support is proposed and the mechanism of interaction between coupling support and surrounding rock is analyzed by numerical simulation. The effectiveness of the coupling support is proved by an application in the east wing return-air roadway in the Qingdong Coal Mine of Huaibei Mining Group. The results show that the surrounding rock plastic zone near the sidewall and floor of high-stress fractured soft rock roadway is larger than that near the roadway roof, and its distribution range can be reduced by using the coupling support. And, the coupling support can improve the reliability of roadway support and the stability of surrounding rock by reducing the axial stress of anchor bolts, the stress concentration of surrounding rock caused by anchor bolt, the roadway surface displacement, and deep displacement of surrounding rock.
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Li, Erqiang, Yanqing Wei, Zhanyang Chen, Paul Archbold, and Brian Mullarney. "Experimental Study on Tensile Characteristics of Layered Carbonaceous Slate Subject to Water–Rock Interaction and Weathering." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010885.
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The transverse isotropy of rock masses formed by sedimentation is a common stratum environment in engineering, and the physical–mechanical properties can degrade due to water–rock interaction (WRI) and natural weathering, which potentially lead to the instability or collapse of tunneling, slopes and mining. Taking the carbonaceous slate of the Muzhailing tunnel as the research object, two types of specimens, which include oven-drying (instant drying in oven after fabrication) and natural air-drying (static weathering for 60 days after fabrication) were prepared, respectively, after which Brazilian tests were carried out and the tensile properties were analyzed under the two conditions. The experimental results showed that the two kinds of carbonaceous slate all show brittle failure, but the mechanical response such as failure displacement and peak load is obviously different. The tensile strength of the specimens is significantly all affected by the bedding, while the cleavage failure patterns of the two kinds are affected to different degrees. The softening coefficient of the natural air-drying specimen is 0.11–0.13, which implies that WRI and natural weathering play a vital role in the course of rock failure but have little influence on the transverse isotropy tensile property of bedding. Moreover, the mechanisms of specimen failure subject to WRI and 60 days’ weathering were explained by the SEM technique, which analyzed the micro-components and observes the process of specimen deterioration due to physicochemical reaction, the gradual development of cracks and erosion by weathering.
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FEINBURG, GRIGORY, and KONSTANTIN CHERNY. "PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SALT ROCKS, WHICH ARE FORMING SPECIFIC PARAMETERS OF AIR ENVIRONMENT." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 1, no. 1 (2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2023-1-1-67-80.
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The article discusses the main physical and chemical properties of salt rocks - alkali metal chlorides of sodium, potassium, magnesium - halite, sylvinite, carnallite, which form the specific parameters of the air environment of rock-salt and potash mines, including underground speleohospitals, as well as special salt rooms - "salt caves" or speleoclimatic chambers used for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The data of long-term field observations by the authors for slow current (for visual observation and instrumental fixation) natural phenomena - the interfacial interaction of moist air with the polymineral salt surface of natural rocks are presented.
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Wan, Fa, and Zhong-Ming Jiang. "Seepage and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas Leakage under the Condition of CAES Air Reservoir Cracking." Geofluids 2021 (July 27, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5182378.
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The contradiction between supply and demand of energy leads to more and more attention on the large-scale energy storage technology; Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology is a new energy storage technology that is widely concerned in the world. The research of coupled heat transfer and seepage in fractured surrounding rocks is the necessary basis to evaluate the operation safety and effectiveness of CAES. Current studies point to the possibility of cracking in concrete liner seals, but the thermodynamic processes and leakage characteristics of compressed air in the presence of cracking and the heat transfer characteristics of seepage have not been addressed and reported. In order to investigate the leakage, the gas seepage and heat transfer law in fractured rock when the hard rock CAES gas reservoir seal cracks, the COMSOL fracture Darcy module, and the non-Darcy Forchheimer model are used as the constitutive seepage. The global ODE is used to calculate the thermodynamic process of compressed air in gas storage with coupled seepage and heat transfer process. The pressure and temperature of compressed air are obtained as the unsteady boundary of the seepage heat transfer model. A program for calculating the seepage and heat transfer characteristics of fractured surrounding rock in the CAES gas reservoir is established. On this basis, with the proposed Suichang CAES cavern as the background, the seepage and heat transfer characteristics of the fractured surrounding rock of the gas storage are studied. The results showed that when there are fewer cracks in the lining and surrounding rock of the air reservoir, the air pressure decreases due to a small amount of air leakage after 30 operation cycles, and the leakage rate of each cycle is 0.7% of the gas storage capacity, but it still meets the engineering requirements. If the plant is operating under these conditions, the charging rate will need to be increased by 1.2 kg/s per cycle charging stage. In the discharging and power generation phase, the high-pressure air that previously percolated into the rock mass cracks could flow back into the air storage through the lining cracks. Therefore, it is incorrect and unreliable to consider the gas which flows out from the inner surface of the lining as unusable. When the lining crack width is less than 0.3 mm, the seepage flow is Darcy flow and the non-Darcy effect can be ignored; when the lining crack width is greater than 0.5 mm, the non-Darcy effect of seepage cannot be ignored. The gas velocity in the surrounding rock fracture medium is on the order of 0.01 m/s with an influence range of over 100 m, and the gas velocity in the pore medium is on the order of 10-6 m/s with an influence range of 50 m. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the thermodynamic properties of compressed air and the seepage heat transfer process in compressed air storage underground reservoirs, as well as the gas leakage process in the event of liner seal cracking.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air-rock interaction"
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Sun, Yufeng. "Time-dependent hydromechanical behaviour of callovo-oxfordian claystone by anatytical and multiscale numerical methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vaulx-en-Velin, École nationale des travaux publics de l’État, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENTP0009.
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Dans le contexte du stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs, le comportement hydromécanique différé de l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) est étudié afin d’assurer les conditions de sûreté requises pour un stockage à long terme de déchets radioactifs. La première partie de l'étude s'appuie sur une approche phénoménologique menée directement à l'échelle macroscopique du matériaux rocheux et des ouvrages souterrains. Dans un premier temps, un modèle quasi-analytique du comportement hydromécanique d'une cavité sphérique profonde creusée dans un massif rocheux dilatant poro-viscoplastique est présenté. Cette modélisation considère trois étapes d'un cycle de vie simplifié de l’ouvrage souterrain : excavation, convergence libre et comportement post-fermeture. Ensuite, le développement, l’extension et l’évolution de la zone rocheuse endommagée par l'excavation (EDZ, Excavation Damaged Zone) sont étudiés à l'aide d’un code aux éléments finis. Cette zone endommagée fait référence à une région caractérisée par des changements importants et pour la plupart irréversibles des propriétés géochimiques et hydromécaniques de la roche. Des analyses de sensibilité et de probabilité sont aussi effectuées pour étudier l’évolution de l'étendue au cours du temps de l’EDZ. Dans la deuxième partie de l'étude, une approche numérique multi-échelles est utilisée pour étudier les effets de fluage et d'endommagement sur le comportement mécanique. Tout d'abord, un modèle basé sur la micromécanique, dans le cadre de modélisation de type éléments finis au carré (EF²), est développé pour modéliser le comportement à long terme de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien. Pour simuler les effets visqueux de la matrice argileuse, deux mécanismes à l’échelle microscopique ont été introduits : la viscoplasticité des agrégats d'argile et la viscoélasticité de leurs contacts. Ensuite, le modèle de comportement de l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien développé à petite échelle est appliqué pour modéliser le comportement de fluage à grande échelle, c’est-à-dire à l'échelle du laboratoire et des galeries souterraines. À partir des résultats de simulations à l'échelle du laboratoire, un processus de fluage en trois étapes est reproduit. Il comprend les étapes de fluage primaire, secondaire et tertiaire. A l’échelle des galeries souterraines, l'effet à long terme de la viscosité est étudié sur l'évolution des convergences des galeries et de l'EDZ. Le drainage à long terme et l’évolution de la pression d’eau interstitielle autour d'une galerie sont aussi étudiés. Enfin, le modèle de fluage à double échelle qui a été développé et utilisé pour simuler le comportement de fluage d'une roche fissurée saturée en eau est étendu au cas partiellement saturé. L’objectif est d’étudier l'interaction hydrique entre la roche autour des galeries souterraines et l'air à l’intérieur de celles-ci qui se produit lorsqu’il y a une circulation d’air humide dans les galeries. Les prédictions du modèle reproduisent la cinétique de drainage et de désaturation des roches saines et endommagéesIn the context of radioactive waste repository, the time-dependent hydromechanical behaviour of the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone is investigated to ensure the safety conditions required for long-term repository of radioactive wastes.The first two parts of the study are based on the phenomenological approach carried out directly at the macroscale. Firstly, a quasi-analytical model for the hydromechanical behaviour of a deep spherical cavity excavated in a dilatant poro-viscoplastic rock mass is presented, considering three stages of a simplified life cycle: excavation, free convergence and post-closure. Subsequently, the sensitive and probability analyses are carried out using the finite element code Cast3M toinvestigate the time-dependent extent of the Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) which refers to a region characterized by significant and mainly irreversible changes in geochemical and hydromechanical properties. In the following, a multiscale numerical approach is employed to investigate its creep and damage behaviour under mechanical condition. Firstly, a micromechanics-based model within the finite element square (FE2) framework is developed to model the short-term and long-term behaviours of saturated COx claystone. For the viscous behaviour, two microscale mechanisms have been introduced: the viscoplasticity of the clay aggregates and the viscoelasticity of their contacts. Then, the creep model of COx claystones developed at small scale is applied to model the large-scale creep behaviour at laboratory and gallery scales. From simulation results of laboratory scale, a clear three-stage creep process is reproduced, including the primary creep stage, second creep stage and tertiary creep stage. At the gallery scale, the long-term effect of viscosity on the gallery convergences, the evolution of EDZ, and the long-term drainage and pore pressure around a gallery are investigated. Finally, the above developed double-scale creep model used to simulate saturated cracked medium is extend to partial saturated case to study the interaction between rock and the atmosphere occurs through air circulation within underground galleries. The emphasis is to study the effect of the gallery air ventilation on hydromechanical behaviour of host rock. The model predictions reproduce the drainage and desaturation kinetics of undisturbed and damaged rock
Books on the topic "Air-rock interaction"
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Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. Congress. CMOS-CGU-AMS Congress 2007: Air, ocean, earth and ice on the rock : program and abstracts = Congrès SCMO-UGC-AMS 2007 : air, océan, terre et glace sur le roc : programme et résumés. Edited by Snelgrove Ken, Canadian Geophysical Union Meeting, and Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography. St. John's: Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS) = Société canadienne de météorologie et d'océanographie, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Air-rock interaction"
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Bunker, Bruce C., and William H. Casey. "The Impact of Oxides on Environmental Chemistry." In The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.003.0027.
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The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles defined our environments using the four basic elements of fire, earth, wind, and water. Although we now know there are at least 118 elements, of which 98 are naturally occurring, these ancient descriptions aptly describe the habitats on Earth that are occupied by oxides and living things. Many oxides that comprise Earth’s surface are born by the fire represented by the massive heat of Earth’s interior as mediated by plate tectonics. This heat produces the igneous rocks found in volcanoes and our major mountain chains. Water weathers these pristine rocks, which are gradually broken down to form earth, which includes the wide diversity of other rock types, soils, and sediments covering the surfaces of our continents and ocean floors. Weathered oxides in the form of dust are blown by wind and enter the atmosphere, where they influence the chemistry of the air we breathe and the rainfall that supports continental life. The chemical transformations of oxides are strongly influenced by all the environmental conditions they encounter in their life cycle (see Chapter 17). Conversely, the interactions between oxides, water, and organisms help define many of the environments that allow life on Earth to thrive. These interactions form the basis for this final chapter of our book. Oxides are present in all our planet’s major environments. In this chapter, we explore each of the environments defined by the ancient Greeks in descending order based on their distance from Earth’s core. The chapter progresses from the stratosphere (air) to continental surfaces (earth) to our oceans (water) and finally to the subsurface environments of subduction zones such as the Marianas Trench (fire). In each section, we highlight reactions involving the two most important classes of oxides in terms of their environmental impact, both of which are weathering products: (1) the clay minerals and (2) the redox-active colloids of iron and manganese oxides. Clay mineral reactions impact colloidal interactions (Chapter 8), ion exchange (Chapter 10), and the sequestration of environmental nutrients and contaminants. Reactions of the redox-active oxidates of iron and manganese are dominant in terms of reversible and often complex electrochemical (Chapter 11) and photochemical (Chapter 13) processes that take place in natural environments.
Conference papers on the topic "Air-rock interaction"
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Lin, Lixing, Tayfun Babadagli, and Huazhou Andy Li. "Understanding the Dynamics of Matrix-Fracture Interaction for Suitable Fracturing Fluid Design and Chemical EOR in Unconventional Oil/Gas Recovery." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218032-ms.
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Abstract The effects of chemical additives on mitigating water-blocking and improving oil recovery were experimentally examined for gas-water and oil-water systems in spontaneous imbibition cells. In these attempts, two factors are critically important: (1) Understanding the physics of the interaction, whether it is co- or counter-current, and (2) characteristics of the chemical additives to suitably orient the interaction for specific purposes (accelerate/decelerate matrix-fracture interactions). Co- and counter-current imbibition experiments were conducted on sandstone rock samples using various oil samples (viscosities between 1.37 and 54.61 cP) as well as gas (air). The selected new-generation chemical additives include deep eutectic solvents, cationic/anionic/nonionic surfactants, inorganic and organic alkalis. We observed that the functionality of the chemicals varied depending on the fluid type, interaction type (co- or counter-current), and application purposes. For instance, chemicals such as cationic surfactant CTAB significantly reduced water invasion into the gas-saturated sandstone cores during fracturing, while chemicals such as a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) provided considerable oil recovery improvement in the oil-saturated sandstone cores. The surface tension and wettability of the rock surface are crucial factors in determining the suitability of chemicals in mitigating water blockage. In terms of the oil recovery, certain chemical additives, such as O342 and Tween 80, may result in a lower recovery rate in the early stage because their strong ability in IFT reduction but could lead to a higher ultimate recover factor by altering the wettability. Additionally, the introduction of chemicals resulted in notable spontaneous emulsification, especially in counter-current imbibition, thereby enhancing oil recovery. The spontaneous emulsification and its stability are influenced by factors such as oil drop size, boundary condition, interaction type, IFT, wettability, as well as rock surface charges. The results have implications for understanding the physics and dynamics of matrix-fracture interactions in co and counter-current conditions. Additionally, they offer practical insights for selecting appropriate chemical additives in hydraulic fracturing fluid design and enhancing oil recovery in unconventional reservoirs.
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Al-Ibrahim, Hussain, Ali Taq, Ibrahim Alyami, and Sajjad Aldarweesh. "High Salinity Water Flooding in Carbonate and Clastic Rocks: Qualitative and Experimental Analysis." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22563-ea.
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Abstract Quality of water used for injection is a very essential factor in preventing/minimizing formation damage potential and thus maintaining required injectivity. Also, injected water should be compatible with both rock and formation fluids minimizing risk of permeability impairment or flow assurance problems during the production phase. Assessing water quality is a prime step to prevent scale precipitation, fine migration and any negative impact resulting from water/rock interactions. Extensive experimental studies including HT/HP compatibility tests and coreflooding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of high (salinity, sulfates and bicarbonates) water samples on clastic and carbonate core plugs. The impact of rock clay content, fine migration and scale deposition on impairment of rock permeability was investigated. Compatibility and coreflooding tests were conducted on different water mixtures to optimize a water mixture having less effect on formation permeability. Experiments were conducted at temperatures up to 200°F and pressure 3,000 psi. Formation damage mechanisms were investigated using XRD and ESEM methods on precipitated scale due to fluid/fluid and rock/fluid interactions. HT/HP compatibility test results indicated that some of the examined water mixtures precipitated iron compounds when exposed to air. Oxygen scavenger was added to some water mixtures to halt iron precipitation before injection into the carbonate and clastic core plugs. Coreflood experiments showed permeability reduction in some of the core plugs, which was attributed to the precipitation of iron oxide/hydroxide compounds as, indicated from ESEM and XRD analysis. High sulfates and high bicarbonates content of some of the water mixtures precipitated compounds that contain both on the face and deep inside some of the tested plugs leading to reduction in permeability. This paper presents a qualitative and experimental water flooding analysis study conducted to assess interaction of different water/water mixtures on clastic and carbonate core plugs. It also investigates different formation damage mechanisms associated with water injection. It investigates interaction impact of water mixtures with examined core plug permeabilities.
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Jasper, Sarah, Jeanette Hussong, and Ralph Lindken. "Visualisation and quantitative analysis of the near nozzle formation and structure of a high pressure water jet in air and water." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4736.
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High pressure water jets (HPWJ) are frequently used in industrial applications like cleaning, further processing of workpieces or cutting of materials. In a joint research program with the International Geothermal Centre (GZB) the HPWJ process is adapted to the field of rock drilling to develop and enhance an innovative drilling technology for geothermal applications. In this case, the HPWJ is used to cut and destroy rock in deep geothermal reservoirs to make them accessible for energy generation. This transfer requires a broad knowledge of the process and interaction between the HPWJ and the rock surface. The challenges in analysis and characterization of the process are high velocities of the water jet of several hundred meters per second based on the high pump pressure of up to 180 MPa and the very small spatial expansion of the field of interest between the nozzle outlet and the rock surface, which is within a few centimeters. The objective of the present work is the visualization of a HPWJ in diverse fluids as a first step to increase the process knowledge of waterjet cutting of rocks. Tests are performed in air, water and slurry respectively and a parametric study is carried out to examine the influence of different operating parameters on the HPWJ formation and structure. Moreover, the influence of the surrounding fluid on the HPWJ is investigated.Optical measurement techniques are applied to analyze the HPWJ and results will be presented. The high velocities, the very small spatial expansion and the dense liquid jet represent challenges to the application of these measurement techniques. High speed photography in terms of shadow experiments is used for visualization and relevant spray parameters are evaluated with common spray analysis techniques. Adopting the double frame technique, well-known with particle image velocimetry (PIV), an estimation of the fluid velocity on the boundary of the HPWJ is performed. In addition to the shadowgraph analysis, PIV in auto-correlation mode with fluorescent tracers is applied to analyze velocity fields, the dimension of the potential core as well as the interaction with the surrounding fluid.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4736
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K C, B., L. P. Frash, M. Meng, U. Iyare, Y. Madenova, C. Neil, J. W. Carey, and M. Gross. "Measuring Poromechanical Properties of Berea Sandstone Relevant to Underground Hydrogen Storage." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0269.
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ABSTRACT Seasonal fluctuation in electricity generation is a major set-back for the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into a national grid. Temporary storage of ‘green’ hydrogen in underground porous reservoirs could be a cost-effective solution to balance renewable energy fluctuations to stabilize the energy grid. However, due to the novelty of Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) in deep porous reservoirs, our knowledge about the interaction between hydrogen and host reservoir rock is limited. It is crucial to develop the fundamental understanding of these interactions and their impact on the reservoir rock for successful deployment of UHS. In this study, we measure the poromechanical properties, such as bulk compressibility, in-situ porosity, Biot's effective stress coefficient, and P-wave velocity of Berea sandstone specimen at in-situ reservoir stress condition i.e., depth of ∼ 1.25 km. Results showed decrease in bulk compressibility, porosity, and Biot's coefficient due to increase in effective stress. Considered together, results from this study infer change in stress regime in UHS reservoir due to multiple injection/extraction cycles could alter the reservoir capacity and transport properties. In addition, P-wave velocity increased with the effective stress. However, it remained insensitive to different gas (i.e., air and Argon) saturated pores at same effective stress. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is a focal point in our effort to achieve global net zero emission target by 2050. However, seasonal fluctuation in electricity generation is a major set-back for the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into national grid. As such, surplus energy produced from renewable sources during the period of low demand can be used to produce ‘green’ hydrogen, which can be stored for future consumption to stabilize the grid when the demand is higher. Hydrogen is an ideal energy storage option due to its low carbon footprint and versatility to be used in different sectors such as transportation, industry, residential, and others (e.g., IEA, 2019). Hydrogen has higher specific energy capacity compared to other gases such as methane but, due to its low density very large volume is required to store energy at the scale of GWhr to TWhr needed to balance seasonal fluctuations. Such large-scale volume is available in underground geological formation such as salt caverns, saline aquifer, and depleted oil and gas reservoir (e.g., Heinemann et al., 2021; Zivar et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022).
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Alfakher, Basil, Kern Smith, Luai Alhamad, and Joel Ulloa. "Performance Aspects of Water Quality in Disposal Wells." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24591-ms.
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Abstract Water quality is one of the most significant variables that influence the injectivity in matrix disposal wells. Permeability reduction through water/rock interaction or pore throat blocking are two common mechanisms of injectivity loss. This paper investigates the relative contribution of fluid/water compatibilities, water/rock interactions and all of the other water borne contaminants on formation damage. A series of systematic experiments were conducted to determine the most significant parameters contribution to potential formation damage mechanisms, their contribution to the cumulative damage, and possible treatment designs to restore core permeability. The proposed analytical workflow included a comprehensive characterization of potential injection water (both liquid and solids) utilizing advanced analytical techniques to characterize water quality in terms of salinity and solid organic and inorganic contamination such as ICP and XRD. In addition, coreflooding experiments were performed to quantify the impact of oil content, dissolved and suspended solids, and particle sizes on the injectivity loss as a function of time core plugs. Treatments to remove or bypass the damage to regain permeability were also investigated. Experimental results uncovered the water parameters that contribute to formation damage such as water salinity, oil-in-water content, and suspended solids. The average particle size of the suspended particles was in the order of 10 microns. Coreflooding results indicate that the water severely damaged cores up to 42%, with permeability to air below 30 md. The water composition, along with the high total suspended solids played an important role in the damage observed in the lab experiments. Total suspended solids and scaling tendency of the water accounted for over 60% of the damage, with oil content for the remainder. Based on the analysis of the relative contribution of the various damage mechanisms, for low permeability (25 – 50 mD), the following water quality requirements would be recommended to best manage the loss of injectivity: oil in water content less than 100 ppm, total suspended solids less than 50 mg/L with an average particle solids size less than 5 microns. In this paper, a systematic analytical workflow is investigated that provides methodology of screening water quality for injection purposes. The methodology can be adapted to different water sources for enhanced injectivity and disposal.
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de Itriago, Yani Araujo, Clara Palencia, and Phillip Singletary. "Return Permeability and Critical Velocity Testing: Formation Damage in CO2 Storage Projects." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217921-ms.
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Abstract CO2 Geological Sequestration (GS) is by far the most tangible and practical solution when compared with the other options, such as wind and solar, in the race to reach net zero global goals. GS includes depleted oil and gas reservoirs, in different minerologies, being sandstones, carbonates and dolomite the most common ones. One key parameter for subsurface CO2 storage is well injectivity. Change in well injectivity is a well-known problem in CO2 injection wells, either in enhanced oil recovery or sequestration projects (Grigg and Svec 2003). The well injectivity might change due to precipitation of sulfate and carbonate scales, which are the reaction products between CO2/ rock/brine. This change depends on petrophysical properties, such as pore throat and pore body sizes, minerology, which impacts wettability. It is an interesting problem that the industry needs to take more into consideration to be able to store CO2 in the levels needed to achieve the global temperature goals. The risk for solid precipitation and for water blockage is present. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the reduction on permeability and changes in pore throat distribution, due to CO2 interaction with the rock. A core flood study was conducted using core plugs with a range of minerologies including sandstone, carbonate, and dolomite. Cores were saturated with 35K NaCl brine and effluent samples were collected, and the concentrations of calcium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, sulfate, iron, and silicon ions were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Ion Chromatography (IC). CO2 was injected under supercritical conditions at a pressure of 3000 psi, and at 250°F at 8 different injection flow rate for 7 days. After the test, return permeability, pore throat distribution, NMR, and precipitated material collected after the tests will be analyzed using XRD and XRF. The air and water permeability (Kair and Kw) will be measured before and after the test to evaluate the changes in per permeability.
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Edip, Kemal, Vlatko Sheshov, Julijana Bojadjieva, Toni Kitanovski, Dejan Ivanovski, and Irena Gjorgjeska. "EFFECTS OF CORE STRUCTURE IN MULTIPHASE SIMULATION OF AN EARTH DAM." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.53.
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One of the most popular themes in earthquake geotechnical engineering is the simulation considering the phase interaction among different phases inside the soil medium. The present article aims at providing numerical simulations of an earth fill dam composed of multiphase material models. Moreover, the assessment of liquefaction potential is investigated considering the presence of core structure inside the dam body which obviously has great implications for the results. The formulation of the coupled approach is presented as a mixture of three constituents – soil grains, water and air in the pores. Mixture theory is considered including the concept of volume fractions in defining of the coupled approach. An earth dam has a trapezoidal cross section with the presence of core structure inside the dam body. The flow of water is different and simulations are more time consuming for which results from literature are used in verification process. The simulation considers a nonlinear behavior with respect to the water retention curves and material model for the solid state. The hydrostatic distribution of water pressured at steady state conditions show obvious differences in saturation of the earth filled dam and are in accordance with the results from literature. The dam is assumed to be situated above a hard rock formation. The soil material of the dam body is simulated as hypoplastic material model which is nonlinear even for the small deformations. The usage of hypoplastic model and the accumulation of strain in each cycle of the stress – strain relation makes the model advantageous. Results are compared accordingly, and conclusions provide directions for further usage of the multiphase model in simulation of this type of structures
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Yi, Xuan, and Kyung Jae Lee. "Wettability Alteration of Kerogen by Interacting with Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210246-ms.
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Abstract The recent increase in unconventional oil and gas exploration and production has promoted active research on hydraulic fracturing, but the impact of interactions between fracturing fluid and kerogen on the alteration of kerogen wettability has not been well understood. The objective of this study is to experimentally estimate the changing wettability of kerogen with various thermal maturity levels by the interactions with hydraulic fracturing fluid. To achieve the objective, kerogen was isolated from a bulk rock of organic-rich shale with different types and maturities. Kerogen isolates was kept in a mix with synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluid under the temperature of 80 °C for 14 days. Relative changes of sulfate ions were analyzed by using Ion Chromatography (IC). In the measurement of kerogen wettability, sessile drop method was applied to measure the direct contact angle by utilizing the Drop Shape Analyzer (DSA). During the reaction with hydraulic fracturing fluid, kerogen isolates were analyzed by conducting functional group analysis, which provided the supplemental information on the wettability of kerogen. Functional groups of kerogen were analyzed by using the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The reaction of fracturing fluid and kerogen isolates from various organic-rich shales were conducted, and it is experimentally demonstrated that the interactions between kerogen and fracturing fluid would cause substantial wettability alterations in organic pores and fractures that depend on the types and maturities of kerogen. The DSA results indicated that the air/water-contact angle decreases after the reaction, regardless of the types and maturities of kerogen, while the higher level of maturity of kerogen led to a greater change of air/water-contact angle. The results of ATR-FTIR showed that the hydrophobic functional groups were lost in the mature kerogen isolates, and they were potentially lost in the relatively lower level of maturity-kerogen isolates due to the oxidation, indicating that the kerogen showed increasing hydrophilicity, which provided a strong support to the DSA results. This study experimentally determined the wettability alteration of kerogen by interacting with organic additives in hydraulic fracturing fluid. The results of this investigation will provide a significant step forward in evaluating the multiphase fluid transport in organic-rich shales with the wettability alteration and resulting hydrocarbon production.
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Martin, Andrew, Torsten Fransson, Morten Gro̸nli, and Arne M. Bredesen. "SUSPOWER and ENGAS: Two Major European Research Infrastructures in the Gas Turbine and Energy Conversion Fields." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91180.
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Since the mid-1990’s the European Commission (EC) has provided funding for transnational access schemes that open up existing major research facilities to outside users. In the current 6th Framework Program, two out of 14 funded projects — SUSPOWER and ENGAS — are of prime interest to the gas turbine community. SUSPOWER (KTH, Stockhom, Sweden) encompasses unique large-scale experimental facilities within the area of sustainable thermal power generation. Topics of key interest include high-temperature air combustion, catalytic combustion, gasification, aeroelasticity of turbine/compressor blades, film cooling aerodynamics, and stator/rotor interactions. ENGAS (NTNU, Trondheim, Norway) includes a complex array of specialized laboratories in the topic of environmental gas management. Relevant research topics include combustion of hydrogen and hythane, biomass gasification, CO2 absorption and sequestration, membranes for hydrogen and CO2 separation, gas storage in rock caverns, and hydrogen production and storage. This paper presents information on these projects along with a brief overview of previous EC transnational access activities as related to gas turbine research and development.
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Franca, Josue, and Erik Hollnagel. "Comparative analysis of Air France 447 (2009) and Costa Concordia (2012) using FRAM: how organizational culture influences cockpit/bridge decisions." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003601.
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In the night of June 1st, 2009, the Airbus A330 of the Air France Flight AF 447, on the route between Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Paris (France), after a series of events, lost altitude and fell into the Atlantic Ocean, leaving no survivors. Few years after this event, in the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, on January 13th, 2012, a cruise vessel named Costa Concordia struck a rock formation on the sea floor, listing and capsizing the vessel, leaving 32 fatalities and dozens of wounded. Two accidents apart in time and space, in different domains - aviation and maritime - but which have more similarities than differences. In this study, a systematic analysis of these two accidents with the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) is presented, based on the two official reports issued by the responsible authorities, as well as relevant scientific publications about these events. Applying a Human Factors approach, where work systems are analysed from worker’s perspective, understanding the interactions between organizational, technological, environmental, and individual elements, it was possible to comprehend and identify how the organizational decisions, taken in the executive offices, and company’s culture, resonate till the cockpit/bridge decisions. Particularly in these events, it was perceived that this resonance contributed to the accidents, evidencing the real complexity of the workplaces in the aeronautical and maritime industries, where actions, decisions and relationships reverberate (complexly) throughout the system. In this aspect, it was also noted that the levels of complexity of these two distinct domains, despite being structurally different, require the same adaptive and regenerative responses from work systems and, consequently, from workers, generating the organizational culture of work environments.