Journal articles on the topic 'Air pollution processes and air quality measurement'
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1
de Leeuw, Gerrit, Ronald van der A, Jianhui Bai, Yong Xue, Costas Varotsos, Zhengqiang Li, Cheng Fan, et al. "Air Quality over China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173542.
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The strong economic growth in China in recent decades, together with meteorological factors, has resulted in serious air pollution problems, in particular over large industrialized areas with high population density. To reduce the concentrations of pollutants, air pollution control policies have been successfully implemented, resulting in the gradual decrease of air pollution in China during the last decade, as evidenced from both satellite and ground-based measurements. The aims of the Dragon 4 project “Air quality over China” were the determination of trends in the concentrations of aerosols and trace gases, quantification of emissions using a top-down approach and gain a better understanding of the sources, transport and underlying processes contributing to air pollution. This was achieved through (a) satellite observations of trace gases and aerosols to study the temporal and spatial variability of air pollutants; (b) derivation of trace gas emissions from satellite observations to study sources of air pollution and improve air quality modeling; and (c) study effects of haze on air quality. In these studies, the satellite observations are complemented with ground-based observations and modeling.
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Zivkovic, Predrag, Mladen Tomic, Gradimir Ilic, Mica Vukic, and Zana Stevanovic. "Specific approach for continuous air quality monitoring." Chemical Industry 66, no. 1 (2012): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110525066z.
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Rapid industry development as well as increase of traffic volume across the world resulted in air quality becoming one of the most important factors of everyday life. Air quality monitoring is the necessary factor for proper decision making regarding air pollution. An integral part of such investigations is the measurement of wind characteristics, as the wind is the most influential factor in turbulent pollution diffusion into the atmosphere. The most of the air pollution originates from combustion processes, so it is important to make quantitative, as well as qualitative analysis, as the sources of pollution can be very distant. In this paper, specific methodology for continuous wind, temperature and air quality data acquisition is presented. Comparison of the measured results is given, as well as the detailed presentation of the characteristics of the acquisition software used.
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Toth, Lorand, Angelica Călămar, Alexandru Simion, and Alin Irimia. "Performing comparative determinations on pollutant immissions through reference methods and by means of infrared spectroscopy." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500057.
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Atmospheric pollutants come from a series of anthropic activities and natural processes. When feeding large amounts of polluting species into the atmospheric layer, the issue of air pollution phenomenology is stated. Atmospheric pollution implies a risk generated by exposure to harmful substances (under different forms of aggregation) for all living organisms in the biosphere. This paper aims to identify the possibility of using an alternative method of determining air quality compared to currently used reference methods. There is the question of checking through statistical tools of the advantage of using a single determination to obtain the pollutant species and the gas concentrations Currently, carbon oxide concentration is determined by non-dispersive IR spectroscopy, nitrogen oxides are determined by chemiluminescence and sulphur dioxide is determined by UV fluorescence, these being the reference methods. For the achievement of highlighting results, the gas concentrations will be determined both by the reference methods and by an alternative method involving Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, imposing on the alternative method quality assurance criteria. By knowing the pollutant levels, can develop various air pollution control technologies and strategies in order to reduce air pollution, also design effective and economically efficient air pollution control strategies for human protection. Expected results involve data processing, obtained from field measurements of polluting species (CO, NOx SO2), through statistical instruments (repeatability / reproducibility limit, bias, accuracy and uncertainty of measurement) and establishing the framing of the results in the performance requirements imposed by the specialized literature in order to use modern methods for quantifying the level of air pollution.
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Shi, Zongbo, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Roy M. Harrison, Sue Grimmond, Siyao Yue, Tong Zhu, et al. "Introduction to the special issue “In-depth study of air pollution sources and processes within Beijing and its surrounding region (APHH-Beijing)”." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 7519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7519-2019.
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Abstract. The Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-Beijing) programme is an international collaborative project focusing on understanding the sources, processes and health effects of air pollution in the Beijing megacity. APHH-Beijing brings together leading China and UK research groups, state-of-the-art infrastructure and air quality models to work on four research themes: (1) sources and emissions of air pollutants; (2) atmospheric processes affecting urban air pollution; (3) air pollution exposure and health impacts; and (4) interventions and solutions. Themes 1 and 2 are closely integrated and support Theme 3, while Themes 1–3 provide scientific data for Theme 4 to develop cost-effective air pollution mitigation solutions. This paper provides an introduction to (i) the rationale of the APHH-Beijing programme and (ii) the measurement and modelling activities performed as part of it. In addition, this paper introduces the meteorology and air quality conditions during two joint intensive field campaigns – a core integration activity in APHH-Beijing. The coordinated campaigns provided observations of the atmospheric chemistry and physics at two sites: (i) the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in central Beijing and (ii) Pinggu in rural Beijing during 10 November–10 December 2016 (winter) and 21 May–22 June 2017 (summer). The campaigns were complemented by numerical modelling and automatic air quality and low-cost sensor observations in the Beijing megacity. In summary, the paper provides background information on the APHH-Beijing programme and sets the scene for more focused papers addressing specific aspects, processes and effects of air pollution in Beijing.
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DVORETSKA, I. V., M. V. SAVENETS, L. M. NADTOCHII, M. P. BASHTANNIK, and N. S. ZHEMERA. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM FOR ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN KYIV ACCORDING TO THE EU REQUIREMENTS." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 3(65) (2022): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2022.3.8.
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The paper is dedicated to the problems of the current system for atmospheric air quality monitoring which is operated by the national hydrometeorological service of Ukraine in Kyiv. The problems are discussed in the context of implementing the Directives of the European Parliament and the Council on ambient air quality. The improvement of the current monitoring system needs immediate solutions due to the nonconformity to modern requirements not only in Kyiv, but also on the entire Ukrainian territory. The study makes an attempt to define the main steps of network improvement and the optimization of air pollution measurement network using air pollution data from the archives of the Central Geophysical Observatory, pollutants’ emission, land-use/land cover and meteorological data for 2000-2019. We discuss main EU requirements for monitoring sites’ location, atmospheric air pollution and emission data. The analysis showed the necessity for preliminary urban field measurements before the establishment of monitoring sites. Depending on the wind regime, the new measurement network must take into account the prevailing synoptic processes for future understanding how air pollution is transported towards and outwards the urban area. Land-use/ land cover data derived from the Landsat allowed distinguishing residential areas, industrial zones, main roads, water bodies and green areas which is crucial for the selection of suitable places for monitoring sites. Using mentioned principles and requirements, we propose 15 monitoring sites for the improved air quality network in Kyiv. This number of sites are greater than EU Directives claimed because conclusions were made on theoretical estimations without field measurements. The presented list of the monitoring sites needs additional analysis of spatio-temporal pollutants’ distribution in combination with atmospheric modelling. However, the analysis considers actual residential areas and emission sources in the background of the modern wind regime in Kyiv.
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Hertel, Ole, Thomas Ellermann, Finn Palmgren, Ruwim Berkowicz, Per Løfstrøm, Lise Marie Frohn, Camilla Geels, et al. "Integrated air-quality monitoring - combined use of measurements and models in monitoring programmes." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 2 (2007): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06077.
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Environmental context. Optimisation of allocated resources, improved quality, and better understanding of processes – these are the main advantages of applying integrated monitoring (IM). The paper describes IM as a combination of air pollution measuring and modelling, and describes how it is implemented in air-quality management in Denmark. However, the IM concept may also be applied to follow air-quality levels in other countries that currently do not have a corresponding system. It may also be applied to the environmental monitoring of other compartments. Abstract. Integrated air-quality monitoring (IM) is here defined as monitoring based on the combination of results of atmospheric measurements from usually fixed site stations, and results obtained from calculations with air-quality models. This paper outlines experience from the use of IM at the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) within the two nationwide air-quality monitoring programmes for the Danish urban and rural environments, respectively. The measurements in these Danish monitoring programmes are used to determine actual levels and trends in pollutant concentrations and depositions of pollutants. The measurements are further used for process understanding, and for the development and validation of air-quality models. The results from the air-quality models are used in the interpretation of measurements, but they are also used to provide information about, for example, source apportionment. The model calculations are used to extend the geographical coverage of the monitoring, and to provide information about pollution loads at locations or regions that are not well covered by the limited number of measurement stations in the monitoring programmes. Finally, the air-quality models are applied to carry out scenario studies of future pollution loads, e.g. assessment of the effects of various emission reduction strategies. NERI operates and holds the overall responsibility for the Danish air-quality monitoring programmes. These monitoring programmes are designed to fulfil the Danish obligations in relation to the EU directives on air quality, as well as the Danish obligations in relation to the reporting of data to international organisations (EMEP, HELCOM, OSPARCOM, and WHO). The obtained results from the use of IM form the basis for the national assessment of the air pollution loads in relation to protection of the aquatic and terrestrial environment; in these assessments the use of IM plays a central role.
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Wu, Guixian, Wenling Tian, Li Zhang, and Haiyan Yang. "The Chinese Spring Festival Impact on Air Quality in China: A Critical Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159074.
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It is known that the sharp change of air pollutants affects air quality. Chinese Spring Festival is the most important holiday for Chinese people, and the celebration of the holiday with fireworks and the movement of people all around the country results in significant change in multiple air pollutant emissions of various sources. As many cities and rural areas suffer from the air pollution caused by firework displays and more residential fuel consumption, there is an urgency to examine the impact of the Chinese Spring Festival on air quality. Hence, this paper firstly gives an overall insight into the holiday’s impact on ambient and household air quality in China, both in urban and rural areas. The main findings of this study are: (1) The firework displays affect the air quality of urban and rural atmosphere and household air; (2) the reduction in anthropogenic emissions improves the air quality during the Chinese Spring Festival; (3) the household air in urban areas was affected most by firework burning, while the household air in rural homes was affected most by fuel consumption; and (4) the short-term health impact of air pollution during the holidays also need more concern. Although there have been many publications focused on the holiday’s impact on ambient and household air quality, most of them focused on the measurement of pollutant concentration, while studies on the formation mechanism of air pollution, the influence of meteorological conditions, and the health outcome under the effect of the Chinese Spring Festival are rare. In the future, studies focused on these processes are welcomed.
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Kulle, Nasrul, Baharuddin Hamzah, and Rosady Mulyadi. "Air Quality of a Parking Building in Makassar (A Case Study of Bosowa Tower Parking Building)." EPI International Journal of Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022021.11.
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This study aims to determine the level of air quality in the parking building based on the pollution content in it (CO, CO2, HCHO and, VOC), to analyze the effect of the weather, intensity of motorized vehicle traffic, and surface elevation to the air quality. The dependent variable is the level of air pollution. The research sample is the Makassar Bosowa Tower Parking Building, data collection was carried out by direct measurement and observation in 12 days from November 24th till December 17th. The research was done using the comparative method, The data processed using the Mann-Whitney difference test, and the Spearman correlation test using SPSS application. The results showed that the average CO levels had exceeded the limit of good air quality, the average of CO2 levels was still within the limits for good air quality, and the average of HCHO and VOC levels were mostly within the limits for good indoor air quality, according to The Indonesia Minister of Health Regulation Number 1077 in 2011. The result of measurements and tests shows that the changes in the weather do not have a significant effect on the air quality. The amount and the intensity of motorized vehicle traffic affect the air quality, especially during rainy weather.
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Milošević, Teodora, Lado Kranjčević, Stjepan Piličić, Marko Čavrak, Igor Kegalj, and Luka Traven. "Air Pollution Dispersion Modeling in Port Areas." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 3, no. 3 (June 2020): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2020.00.12.
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For the last couple of decades, environmental protection awareness within port areas is gaining ever more importance. Ports can have a tremendous impact on the environment, especially in terms of air pollution. The main pollution sources are various port activities such as road and rail traffic, cargo handling and marine vessel operations. Air quality models can be of great help in estimating the effect on the ambient air quality from one or more sources emitting pollutants to the atmosphere. One of those models is the widely used Gaussian Plume dispersion approach. Based on existing measurements and port activity data, models can simulate the dispersion of air pollutants caused by activities and operations taking place within the port. By using historical data, they can simulate the current state of the air quality in the port and with the help of weather predictions simulate possible future situation. Simulations can assist the port manager/operator in the decision-making process in order to optimize various activities within the port and minimize their impact on the environment. One of the main objectives of the Horizon 2020 Project PIXEL (Port IoT for environmental leverage) is the deployment of environmental pollution models which can aid in the decision-making processes within the port domain. This paper reviews the current advances in the field of air pollution modelling with a special emphasis on port scenarios.
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Biggart, Michael, Jenny Stocker, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, Michael Hollaway, David Carruthers, Jie Li, et al. "Street-scale air quality modelling for Beijing during a winter 2016 measurement campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 2755–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2755-2020.
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Abstract. We examine the street-scale variation of NOx, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-China) winter measurement campaign in November–December 2016. Simulations are performed using the urban air pollution dispersion and chemistry model ADMS-Urban and an explicit network of road source emissions. Two versions of the gridded Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC v1.3) are used: the standard MEIC v1.3 emissions and an optimised version, both at 3 km resolution. We construct a new traffic emissions inventory by apportioning the transport sector onto a detailed spatial road map. Agreement between mean simulated and measured pollutant concentrations from Beijing's air quality monitoring network and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) field site is improved when using the optimised emissions inventory. The inclusion of fast NOx–O3 chemistry and explicit traffic emissions enables the sharp concentration gradients adjacent to major roads to be resolved with the model. However, NO2 concentrations are overestimated close to roads, likely due to the assumption of uniform traffic activity across the study domain. Differences between measured and simulated diurnal NO2 cycles suggest that an additional evening NOx emission source, likely related to heavy-duty diesel trucks, is not fully accounted for in the emissions inventory. Overestimates in simulated early evening NO2 are reduced by delaying the formation of stable boundary layer conditions in the model to replicate Beijing's urban heat island. The simulated campaign period mean PM2.5 concentration range across the monitoring network (∼15 µg m−3) is much lower than the measured range (∼40 µg m−3). This is likely a consequence of insufficient PM2.5 emissions and spatial variability, neglect of explicit point sources, and assumption of a homogeneous background PM2.5 level. Sensitivity studies highlight that the use of explicit road source emissions, modified diurnal emission profiles, and inclusion of urban heat island effects permit closer agreement between simulated and measured NO2 concentrations. This work lays the foundations for future studies of human exposure to ambient air pollution across complex urban areas, with the APHH-China campaign measurements providing a valuable means of evaluating the impact of key processes on street-scale air quality.
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Manzhilevskaya, Svetlana, Alexei Lihonosov, and Lubov Petrenko. "Fine dust atmospheric pollution from the objects of infill construction." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501020.
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Air pollution emissions are released from both natural and anthropogenic sources. During the environment pollution researching and monitoring the special attention should be paid to the construction operations, since during the construction processes many pollutants are released, especially fine dust particles, which are harmful to the health of construction workers and the population living near the construction site. The construction of any object in urban terrain has bad influence not only on the nearby buildings and city infrastructure, but on the existing environment of urban areas. The identification of the important pollution sources that contribute to ambient concentrations of pollutants is essential for developing an effective air quality management plan during building construction. Particular attention should be paid to emissions of fine particles during technological processes of construction with a special degree of dust emission. Control and regulation of the dynamic state of dispersed systems released during technological construction processes using a number of protective measures will reduce emissions of pollutants into the air. The objects of this research were the construction site and residential buildings of a large residential complex «Ekaterininskiy» located in Rostov-on-Don. The obtained measurement data as a result of this type of environmental monitoring showed the level of atmospheric air pollution from the construction industry using the example of the construction of the residential complex “Ekaterininskiy” in Rostov-onDon. After analyzing the situation with dust pollution the protective measures were suggested.
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Panagi, Marios, Zoë L. Fleming, Paul S. Monks, Matthew J. Ashfold, Oliver Wild, Michael Hollaway, Qiang Zhang, Freya A. Squires, and Joshua D. Vande Hey. "Investigating the regional contributions to air pollution in Beijing: a dispersion modelling study using CO as a tracer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2825-2020.
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Abstract. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of northern China in recent decades has resulted in poor air quality in major cities like Beijing. Transport of air pollution plays a key role in determining the relative influence of local emissions and regional contributions to observed air pollution. In this paper, dispersion modelling (Numerical Atmospheric Modelling Environment, NAME model) is used with emission inventories and in situ ground measurement data to track the pathways of air masses arriving in Beijing. The percentage of time the air masses spent over specific regions during their travel to Beijing is used to assess the effects of regional meteorology on carbon monoxide (CO), a good tracer of anthropogenic emissions. The NAME model is used with the MEIC (Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China) emission inventories to determine the amount of pollution that is transported to Beijing from the immediate surrounding areas and regions further away. This approach captures the magnitude and variability of CO over Beijing and reveals that CO is strongly driven by transport processes. This study provides a more detailed understanding of relative contributions to air pollution in Beijing under different regional airflow conditions. Approximately 45 % over a 4-year average (2013–2016) of the total CO pollution that affects Beijing is transported from other regions, and about half of this contribution comes from beyond the Hebei and Tianjin regions that immediately surround Beijing. The industrial sector is the dominant emission source from the surrounding regions and contributes over 20 % of the total CO in Beijing. Finally, using PM2.5 to determine high-pollution days, three pollution classification types of pollution were identified and used to analyse the APHH winter campaign and the 4-year period. The results can inform targeted control measures to be implemented by Beijing and the surrounding provinces to tackle air quality problems that affect Beijing and China.
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Carrillo-Amado, Yersson Ramiro, Miguel Angel Califa-Urquiza, and Jacipt Alexander Ramón-Valencia. "Calibration and standardization of air quality measurements using MQ sensors." Respuestas 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.2408.
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To perform the calibration and standardization of the air quality measurements through the MQ sensors, a mathematical relation was used based on the information provided by the manufacturers of the sensors through their data sheets, using the linear mathematical regression model that allowed to create the libraries for the sensors MQ-2, MQ-3, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, MQ-7, MQ-8, MQ-9, MQ-135, MQ-131, MQ-303A, MQ-309A, These libraries are characterized by being open source, and are available to the public, whose software tool allows to take values in parts per million (ppm) from the value of the resistance read in the sensor, allows to obtain data which are similar to other scientific studies given that they give in the same units, which serve to perform studies in the environment, pollution, analysis in industrial processes.
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Sokhi, Ranjeet S., Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Alexander Baklanov, John Bartzis, Isabelle Coll, Sandro Finardi, Rainer Friedrich, et al. "Advances in air quality research – current and emerging challenges." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 7 (April 11, 2022): 4615–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022.
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Abstract. This review provides a community's perspective on air quality research focusing mainly on developments over the past decade. The article provides perspectives on current and future challenges as well as research needs for selected key topics. While this paper is not an exhaustive review of all research areas in the field of air quality, we have selected key topics that we feel are important from air quality research and policy perspectives. After providing a short historical overview, this review focuses on improvements in characterizing sources and emissions of air pollution, new air quality observations and instrumentation, advances in air quality prediction and forecasting, understanding interactions of air quality with meteorology and climate, exposure and health assessment, and air quality management and policy. In conducting the review, specific objectives were (i) to address current developments that push the boundaries of air quality research forward, (ii) to highlight the emerging prominent gaps of knowledge in air quality research, and (iii) to make recommendations to guide the direction for future research within the wider community. This review also identifies areas of particular importance for air quality policy. The original concept of this review was borne at the International Conference on Air Quality 2020 (held online due to the COVID 19 restrictions during 18–26 May 2020), but the article incorporates a wider landscape of research literature within the field of air quality science. On air pollution emissions the review highlights, in particular, the need to reduce uncertainties in emissions from diffuse sources, particulate matter chemical components, shipping emissions, and the importance of considering both indoor and outdoor sources. There is a growing need to have integrated air pollution and related observations from both ground-based and remote sensing instruments, including in particular those on satellites. The research should also capitalize on the growing area of low-cost sensors, while ensuring a quality of the measurements which are regulated by guidelines. Connecting various physical scales in air quality modelling is still a continual issue, with cities being affected by air pollution gradients at local scales and by long-range transport. At the same time, one should allow for the impacts from climate change on a longer timescale. Earth system modelling offers considerable potential by providing a consistent framework for treating scales and processes, especially where there are significant feedbacks, such as those related to aerosols, chemistry, and meteorology. Assessment of exposure to air pollution should consider the impacts of both indoor and outdoor emissions, as well as application of more sophisticated, dynamic modelling approaches to predict concentrations of air pollutants in both environments. With particulate matter being one of the most important pollutants for health, research is indicating the urgent need to understand, in particular, the role of particle number and chemical components in terms of health impact, which in turn requires improved emission inventories and models for predicting high-resolution distributions of these metrics over cities. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to the above-mentioned new challenges and briefly considers the implications from the COVID-19 pandemic for air quality. Finally, we provide recommendations for air quality research and support for policy.
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Zwozdziak, A., L. Samek, I. Sowka, L. Furman, and M. Skrętowicz. "Aerosol Pollution from Small Combustors in a Village." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/956401.
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Urban air pollution is widely recognized. Recently, there have been a few projects that examined air quality in rural areas (e.g., AUPHEP project in Austria, WOODUSE project in Denmark). Here we present the results within the International Cooperation Project RER/2/005 targeted at studying the effect of local combustion processes to air quality in the village of Brzezina in the countryside north-west of Wroclaw (south western Poland). We identified the potential emission sources and quantified their contributions. The ambient aerosol monitoring (PM10and elemental concentrations) was performed during 4 measurement cycles, in summer 2009, 2010 and in winter 2010, 2011. Some receptor modeling techniques, factor analysis-multiple linear regression analysis (FA-MLRA) and potential source localization function (PSLF), have been used. Different types of fuel burning along with domestic refuse resulted in an increased concentration of PM10particle mass, but also by an increased in various other compounds (As, Pb, Zn). Local combustion sources contributed up to 80% to PM10mass in winter. The effect of other sources was small, from 6 to 20%, dependently on the season. Both PM10and elemental concentrations in the rural settlement were comparable to concentrations at urban sites in summer and were much higher in winter, which can pose asignificant health risk to its inhabitants.
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Yang, Chun-Ming, Tsun-Hung Huang, Kuen-Suan Chen, Chi-Han Chen, and Shiyao Li. "Fuzzy Quality Evaluation and Analysis Model for Improving the Quality of Unleaded Gasoline to Reduce Air Pollution." Mathematics 10, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10152789.
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It is important to estimate the sample data when inspecting the quality of products. Therefore, sampling error and uncertainty in the measurement are inevitable, which may lead to misjudgment in product performance evaluation. Since the important quality characteristics of gasoline belong to one-sided specifications, a one-sided specification capability index was proposed to evaluate whether the process capabilities of various quality characteristics of gasoline reach the required quality levels. The 100(1−α)% upper confidence limits of the index were obtained to ensure low producer’s risk and reduce sampling errors. To deal with fuzzy data and limited sample sizes, a fuzzy testing model based on the 100(1−α)% upper confidence limits of the index was developed. A practice example of 95 unleaded gasoline was used to illustrate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method. The result shows that two quality characteristics—Reid vapor pressure and oxygen content—of the nine quality characteristics of the 95 unleaded gasoline should be considered for improvements. This study provided an evaluation procedure to facilitate quality managers to take the opportunity to improve product quality, promoting the improvement of air quality, and the sustainability of industrial processes or products.
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Tanasa, Ioana, Marius Cazacu, and Brindusa Sluser. "Air Quality Integrated Assessment: Environmental Impacts, Risks and Human Health Hazards." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021222.
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The monitoring and evaluation of air quality is a topic of great global interest as, with the decline of air quality, there are negative effects on human health and ecosystems. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to evaluate the air quality over 11 years, in the period 2011–2021, in four cities in Romania, reported as most polluted, namely, Brasov, Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, and Timisoara. Pollutants of interest included arsenic, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5. The measured concentrations of the selected pollutants were collected from the National Environmental Protection Agency public reports. The database considered the daily measurements for the selected pollutants, from three monitoring stations in each city so that the air quality and trends for the last 11 years and impact assessment could be developed. Therefore, the input data were statistically analyzed to identify the trends of air quality, and then, on this basis, the environmental impacts and risks and health hazards were quantified. High concentrations of PM2.5 were recorded for Iasi city, while for Timisoara city, significant concentrations of arsenic were reported. The results regarding the air quality aggregate index, air pollution index, and health hazard index were in the regular range, but in the case of sensitive, vulnerable targets such as children, they were triple compared to adults. The results show that the alert threshold value for PM2.5 was exceeded every year in all four cities, while in the case of Timisoara city, the arsenic air pollution proved to be at a significant level with a major risk for human health.
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Kulmala, M., A. Asmi, H. K. Lappalainen, K. S. Carslaw, U. Pöschl, U. Baltensperger, Ø. Hov, et al. "Introduction: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 17, 2008): 19415–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-19415-2008.
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Abstract. The European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project EUCAARI is an EU Research Framework 6 integrated project focusing on understanding the interactions of climate and air pollution. EUCAARI works in an integrative and multidisciplinary way from nano- to global scale. EUCAARI brings together several leading European research groups, state-of-the-art infrastructure and some key scientists from third countries to investigate the role of aerosol on climate and air quality. Altogether 48 partners from 25 countries are participating in EUCAARI. During the first 16 months EUCAARI has built operational systems e.g. established pan-European measurement network for Lagrangian studies and four stations in developing countries. Also an improved understanding of nanoscale processes (like nucleation) has been implemented in global models. Here we present the research methods, organisation, operations and first results of EUCAARI.
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Kulmala, M., A. Asmi, H. K. Lappalainen, K. S. Carslaw, U. Pöschl, U. Baltensperger, Ø. Hov, et al. "Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 8 (April 27, 2009): 2825–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2825-2009.
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Abstract. The European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project EUCAARI is an EU Research Framework 6 integrated project focusing on understanding the interactions of climate and air pollution. EUCAARI works in an integrative and multidisciplinary way from nano- to global scale. EUCAARI brings together several leading European research groups, state-of-the-art infrastructure and some key scientists from third countries to investigate the role of aerosol on climate and air quality. Altogether 48 partners from 25 countries are participating in EUCAARI. During the first 16 months EUCAARI has built operational systems, e.g. established pan-European measurement network for Lagrangian studies and four stations in developing countries. Also an improved understanding of nanoscale processes (like nucleation) has been implemented in global models. Here we present the research methods, organisation, operations and first results of EUCAARI.
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Ghaemi, Z., M. Farnaghi, and A. Alimohammadi. "HADOOP-BASED DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM FOR ONLINE PREDICTION OF AIR POLLUTION BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 11, 2015): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-215-2015.
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The critical impact of air pollution on human health and environment in one hand and the complexity of pollutant concentration behavior in the other hand lead the scientists to look for advance techniques for monitoring and predicting the urban air quality. Additionally, recent developments in data measurement techniques have led to collection of various types of data about air quality. Such data is extremely voluminous and to be useful it must be processed at high velocity. Due to the complexity of big data analysis especially for dynamic applications, online forecasting of pollutant concentration trends within a reasonable processing time is still an open problem. The purpose of this paper is to present an online forecasting approach based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict the air quality one day in advance. In order to overcome the computational requirements for large-scale data analysis, distributed computing based on the Hadoop platform has been employed to leverage the processing power of multiple processing units. The MapReduce programming model is adopted for massive parallel processing in this study. Based on the online algorithm and Hadoop framework, an online forecasting system is designed to predict the air pollution of Tehran for the next 24 hours. The results have been assessed on the basis of Processing Time and Efficiency. Quite accurate predictions of air pollutant indicator levels within an acceptable processing time prove that the presented approach is very suitable to tackle large scale air pollution prediction problems.
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Li, Zhanqing, Jianping Guo, Aijun Ding, Hong Liao, Jianjun Liu, Yele Sun, Tijian Wang, Huiwen Xue, Hongsheng Zhang, and Bin Zhu. "Aerosol and boundary-layer interactions and impact on air quality." National Science Review 4, no. 6 (September 22, 2017): 810–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx117.
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Abstract Air quality is concerned with pollutants in both the gas phase and solid or liquid phases. The latter are referred to as aerosols, which are multifaceted agents affecting air quality, weather and climate through many mechanisms. Unlike gas pollutants, aerosols interact strongly with meteorological variables with the strongest interactions taking place in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The PBL hosting the bulk of aerosols in the lower atmosphere is affected by aerosol radiative effects. Both aerosol scattering and absorption reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground and thus reduce the sensible heat fluxes that drive the diurnal evolution of the PBL. Moreover, aerosols can increase atmospheric stability by inducing a temperature inversion as a result of both scattering and absorption of solar radiation, which suppresses dispersion of pollutants and leads to further increases in aerosol concentration in the lower PBL. Such positive feedback is especially strong during severe pollution events. Knowledge of the PBL is thus crucial for understanding the interactions between air pollution and meteorology. A key question is how the diurnal evolution of the PBL interacts with aerosols, especially in vertical directions, and affects air quality. We review the major advances in aerosol measurements, PBL processes and their interactions with each other through complex feedback mechanisms, and highlight the priorities for future studies.
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Putero, D., P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, B. Adhikary, R. Duchi, S. D. Shrestha, G. P. Verza, et al. "Seasonal variation of ozone and black carbon observed at Paknajol, an urban site in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2015): 22527–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22527-2015.
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Abstract. The Kathmandu Valley in South Asia is considered as one of the global "hot spots" in terms of urban air pollution. It is facing severe air quality problems as a result of rapid urbanization and land use change, socioeconomic transformation and high population growth. In this paper, we present the first full year (February 2013–January 2014) analysis of simultaneous measurements of two short-lived climate forcers/pollutants (SLCF/P), i.e. ozone (O3) and equivalent black carbon (hereinafter noted as BC) and aerosol number concentration at Paknajol, in the center of the Kathmandu metropolitan city. The diurnal behavior of equivalent black carbon (BC) and aerosol number concentration indicated that local pollution sources represent the major contributions to air pollution in this city. In addition to photochemistry, the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and wind play important roles in determining O3 variability, as suggested by the analysis of seasonal diurnal cycle and correlation with meteorological parameters and aerosol properties. Especially during pre-monsoon, high values of O3 were found during the afternoon/evening; this could be related to mixing and entrainment processes between upper residual layers and the PBL. The high O3 concentrations, in particular during pre-monsoon, appeared well related to the impact of major open vegetation fires occurring at regional scale. On a synoptic-scale perspective, westerly and regional atmospheric circulations appeared to be especially conducive for the occurrence of the high BC and O3 values. The very high values of SLCF/P, detected during the whole measurement period, indicated persisting adverse air quality conditions, dangerous for the health of over 3 million residents of the Kathmandu Valley, and the environment. Consequently, all of this information may be useful for implementing control measures to mitigate the occurrence of acute pollution levels in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding area.
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Putero, D., P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, B. Adhikary, R. Duchi, S. D. Shrestha, G. P. Verza, et al. "Seasonal variation of ozone and black carbon observed at Paknajol, an urban site in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 24 (December 17, 2015): 13957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13957-2015.
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Abstract. The Kathmandu Valley in south Asia is considered as one of the global "hot spots" in terms of urban air pollution. It is facing severe air quality problems as a result of rapid urbanization and land use change, socioeconomic transformation, and high population growth. In this paper, we present the first full year (February 2013–January 2014) analysis of simultaneous measurements of two short-lived climate forcers/pollutants (SLCF/P), i.e., ozone (O3) and equivalent black carbon (hereinafter noted as BC) and aerosol number concentration at Paknajol, in the city center of Kathmandu. The diurnal behavior of equivalent BC and aerosol number concentration indicated that local pollution sources represent the major contributions to air pollution in this city. In addition to photochemistry, the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and wind play important roles in determining O3 variability, as suggested by the analysis of seasonal changes of the diurnal cycles and the correlation with meteorological parameters and aerosol properties. Especially during pre-monsoon, high values of O3 were found during the afternoon/evening. This could be related to mixing and entrainment processes between upper residual layers and the PBL. The high O3 concentrations, in particular during pre-monsoon, appeared well related to the impact of major open vegetation fires occurring at the regional scale. On a synoptic-scale perspective, westerly and regional atmospheric circulations appeared to be especially conducive for the occurrence of the high BC and O3 values. The very high values of SLCF/P, detected during the whole measurement period, indicated persisting adverse air quality conditions, dangerous for the health of over 3 million residents of the Kathmandu Valley, and the environment. Consequently, all of this information may be useful for implementing control measures to mitigate the occurrence of acute pollution levels in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding area.
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Gašparac, Goran, Amela Jeričević, Prashant Kumar, and Branko Grisogono. "Regional-scale modelling for the assessment of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations at rural background locations in Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 6395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6395-2020.
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Abstract. The application of regional-scale air quality models is an important tool in air quality assessment and management. For this reason, the understanding of model abilities and performances is mandatory. The main objective of this research was to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of background particulate matter (PM) concentrations, to evaluate the regional air quality modelling performance in simulating PM concentrations during statically stable conditions and to investigate processes that contribute to regionally increased PM concentrations with a focus on eastern and central Europe. The temporal and spatial variability of observed PM was analysed at 310 rural background stations in Europe during 2011. Two different regional air quality modelling systems (offline coupled European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, EMEP, and online coupled Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) were applied to simulate the transport of pollutants and to further investigate the processes that contributed to increased concentrations during high-pollution episodes. Background PM measurements from rural background stations, wind speed, surface pressure and ambient temperature data from 920 meteorological stations across Europe, classified according to the elevation, were used for the evaluation of individual model performance. Among the sea-level stations (up to 200 m), the best modelling performance, in terms of meteorology and chemistry, was found for both models. The underestimated modelled PM concentrations in some cases indicated the importance of the accurate assessment of regional air pollution transport under statically stable atmospheric conditions and the necessity of further model improvements.
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Evagelopoulos, V., P. Begou, P. Kassomenos, and S. Zoras. "Investigation of the particulate air pollution and the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere over the lignite mining and lignite-fired power plants region of Western Macedonia, Greece." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012077.
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Abstract The lignite long-lasting exploitation has resulted in a series of negative impacts on the air quality of the lignite basin of Ptolemaida, Amynteo and Florina. The coal-fired plants in this region are the greatest sources of air pollutants, such as SO2, NOX, CO2, PM, heavy metals and fly ash. In this study, we investigate the air quality of Western Macedonia based on measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 in ten air quality monitoring stations (Filotas, Koilada, Oikismos, Petrana, Komi, Amyntaio, Florina, Vevi-Meliti, Pontokomi and Anargyroi) which are located in the broader area of the lignite power plants. The trends of PM time series over a 12-year period (2010-2021) show a gradual decrease of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations following the decline of lignite production in Greece. In order to characterize the underlying atmospheric and anthropogenic processes affecting the PM concentrations we assessed the ratios of PM2.5 to PM10. The high ratios of PM2.5/PM10 indicate a major contribution of fine particles attributable to anthropogenic air pollution sources, while small ratios indicate that coarse particles are dominant, which might be related to natural sources of air pollution. We found that average PM2.5/PM10 ratios during the study period ranged between 0.48 in Oikismos and 0.70 in Florina and Vevi-Meliti. For Florina and Vevi-Meliti, the daily PM2.5/PM10 ratios were found to reach the value of 1.0, while the daily average ratios of PM2.5/PM10 were above 0.9 for almost the 15 % of the days in these sites. In the other sites high daily ratios of PM2.5/PM10 were found for a lesser number of days. The high ratios which have been found at these sites indicate the considerable contribution of energy combustion for heating purposes and other anthropogenic processes. Overall, we used the PM2.5/PM10 ratio to characterize the processes affecting the air quality within the local environment.
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Té, Y., E. Dieudonné, P. Jeseck, F. Hase, J. Hadji-Lazaro, C. Clerbaux, F. Ravetta, et al. "Carbon Monoxide Urban Emission Monitoring: A Ground-Based FTIR Case Study." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 7 (July 1, 2012): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00040.1.
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Abstract The characterization and the precise measurements of atmospheric pollutant’s concentration are essential to improve the understanding and modeling of urban air pollution processes. The QualAir platform at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) is an experimental research platform dedicated to urban air quality and pollution studies. As one of the major instruments, the ground-based QualAir Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) provides information on the air composition of a megacity like Paris, France. Operating in solar infrared absorption, it enables the monitoring of several important pollutants involved in tropospheric chemistry and atmospheric transport around the Ile de France region. Results on nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) will be presented in this paper, as well as the CO measurements comparison with satellite and in situ measurements showing the capabilities and strengths of this ground-based FTS with the other instruments of the QualAir platform.
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Hassan, Mustafa Hamid, Salama A. Mostafa, Zirawani Baharum, Aida Mustapha, Mohd Zainuri Saringat, and Rita Afyenni. "A Nested Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Enhancing Dynamic Air Pollution Risk Assessment." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.6.4.1228.
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The risk assessment of air pollution is an essential matter in the area of air quality computing. It provides useful information supporting air quality (AQ) measurement and pollution control. The outcomes of the evaluation have societal and technical influences on people and decision-makers. The existing air pollution risk assessment employs different qualitative and quantitative methods. This study aims to develop an AQ-risk model based on the Nested Monte Carlo Simulation (NMCS) and concentrations of several air pollutant parameters for forecasting daily AQ in the atmosphere. The main idea of NMCS lies in two main parts, which are the Outer and Inner parts. The Outer part interacts with the data sources and extracts a proper sampling from vast data. It then generates a scenario based on the data samples. On the other hand, the Inner part handles the assessment of the processed risk from each scenario and estimates future risk. The AQ-risk model is tested and evaluated using real data sources representing crucial pollution. The data is collected from an Italian city over a period of one year. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated based on statistical indices, coefficient of determination (R2), and mean square error (MSE). R2 measures the prediction ability in the testing stage for both parameters, resulting in 0.9462 and 0.9073 prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, MSE produced average results of 9.7 and 10.3, denoting that the AQ-risk model provides a considerably high prediction accuracy.
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von der Weiden-Reinmüller, S. L., F. Drewnick, M. Crippa, A. S. H. Prévôt, F. Meleux, U. Baltensperger, M. Beekmann, and S. Borrmann. "Application of mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements for the investigation of megacity air pollution emissions: the Paris metropolitan area." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-279-2014.
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Abstract. For the investigation of megacity emission development and the impact outside the source region, mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements were carried out in the Paris metropolitan area between 1 July and 31 July 2009 (summer conditions) and 15 January and 15 February 2010 (winter conditions) in the framework of the European Union FP7 MEGAPOLI project. Two mobile laboratories, MoLa and MOSQUITA, were deployed, and here an overview of these measurements and an investigation of the applicability of such measurements for the analysis of megacity emissions are presented. Both laboratories measured physical and chemical properties of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles as well as gas phase constituents of relevance for urban pollution scenarios. The applied measurement strategies include cross-section measurements for the investigation of plume structure and quasi-Lagrangian measurements axially along the flow of the city's pollution plume to study plume aging processes. Results of intercomparison measurements between the two mobile laboratories represent the adopted data quality assurance procedures. Most of the compared measurement devices show sufficient agreement for combined data analysis. For the removal of data contaminated by local pollution emissions a video tape analysis method was applied. Analysis tools like positive matrix factorization and peak integration by key analysis applied to high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer data are used for in-depth data analysis of the organic particulate matter. Several examples, including a combination of MoLa and MOSQUITA measurements on a cross section through the Paris emission plume, are provided to demonstrate how such mobile measurements can be used to investigate the emissions of a megacity. A critical discussion of advantages and limitations of mobile measurements for the investigation of megacity emissions completes this work.
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Tsyro, S., W. Aas, J. Soares, M. Sofiev, H. Berge, and G. Spindler. "Modelling of sea salt pollution over Europe: key uncertainties and comparison with observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2011): 11143–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-11143-2011.
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Abstract. Sea spray can significantly affect the air quality. Sea salt can cause enhanced concentrations of particulate matter and change particle chemical composition, in particular in coastal areas, and therefore should be accounted for in air quality modelling. We have used an EMEP Unified model to calculate sea salt concentrations and depositions over Europe, focusing on studying the effects of uncertainties in sea salt production and lifetime on calculation results. Model calculations of sea salt have been compared with EMEP observations of sodium concentrations in air and precipitation for a four year period, from 2004 to 2007, including size (fine/coarse) resolved EMEP intensive measurements in 2006 and 2007. In the presented calculations, sodium air concentrations are between 8 and 46% overestimated, whereas concentrations in precipitation are systematically underestimated by 65–70% for years 2004–2007. Unfortunately, thus far performed tests have failed to give a clear answer regarding the reason for this underestimation and further studies are needed. The model is found to reproduce fairly well the spatial distribution of Na+ in air and precipitation over Europe, and to capture most of sea salt episodes. The paper presents the main findings from a series of tests in which we compare several different sea spray source functions and also look at the effects of meteorological input and the efficiency of removal processes on calculated sea salt concentrations. Finally, sea salt calculations with the EMEP model have been compared with results from the SILAM model and observations for 2007. While the models produce fairly close results for Na+ at most of 26 measurement sites, discrepancies in terms of bias and temporal correlation are also found. Those differences are probably due to differences in the representation of source function and treatment of sea salt aerosol, and also due to different meteorology used for model runs and due to a finer grid resolution of the SILAM model compared to EMEP. This study contributes to getting a better insight on uncertainties associated with sea salt calculations with the EMEP model and towards further improvement of EMEP aerosol modelling.
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Koval, Silvie, Jiri Vytisk, Jana Ruzickova, Helena Raclavska, Hana Skrobankova, and Lucie Hellebrandova. "The Impact of Solid Fuel Residential Boilers Exchange on Particulate Matter Air Pollution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125400.
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Combustion processes, including the use of solid fuels for residential heating, are a widespread custom for many households. Residential heating is a significant source of ambient air pollution, yet it varies greatly by geography, meteorologic conditions, the prevalence of the type of solid fuel and the technologies used. This study evaluates whether residential heating affects the air quality through modelling three given scenarios of solid fuel boiler exchange at selected locations and comparing the results with measured data. The findings of this study suggest that according to the modelled data, the main air pollution contributor is residential heating since Dolni Lhota (daily average of PM10 = 44.13 μg·m−3) and Kravare (daily average of PM10 = 43.98 μg·m−3) are locations with no industry in contrast to heavily industrial Vratimov (daily average of PM10 = 34.38 μg·m−3), which were modelled for the heating season situation. Nevertheless, actual measurements of PM10 during the same period suggest that the average levels of air pollution were significantly higher than the modelled values for Dolni Lhota by 64% and for Kravare by 51%. Thus, it was assumed that PM long-range or/and transboundary transports were involved.
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von der Weiden-Reinmüller, S. L., F. Drewnick, M. Crippa, A. S. H. Prévôt, F. Meleux, U. Baltensperger, M. Beekmann, and S. Borrmann. "Application of mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements for the investigation of megacity air pollution emissions: the Paris metropolitan area." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 22, 2013): 7659–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-7659-2013.
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Abstract. For the investigation of megacity emission development and impact outside the source region mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements were carried out in the Paris metropolitan area between 1 July and 31 July 2009 (summer conditions) and 15 January and 15 February 2010 (winter conditions) in the framework of the European Union FP7 MEGAPOLI project. Two mobile laboratories, MoLa and MOSQUITA, were deployed, and here an overview of these measurements and an investigation of the applicability of such measurements for the analysis of megacity emissions are presented. Both laboratories measured physical and chemical properties of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles as well as gas phase constituents of relevance for urban pollution scenarios. The applied measurement strategies include cross section measurements for the investigation of plume structure and quasi-Lagrangian measurements radially away from the city center to study plume aging processes. Results of intercomparison measurements between the two mobile laboratories represent the adopted data quality assurance procedures. Most of the compared measurement devices show sufficient agreement for combined data analysis. For the removal of data contaminated by local pollution emissions a video tape analysis method was applied. Analysis tools like positive matrix factorization and peak integration by key analysis applied to high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer data are used for in-depth data analysis of the organic particulate matter. Several examples, including a combination of MoLa and MOSQUITA measurements on a cross section through the Paris emission plume are provided to demonstrate how such mobile measurements can be used to investigate the emissions of a megacity. A critical discussion of advantages and limitations of mobile measurements for the investigation of megacity emissions completes this work.
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Lewis, Alastair C., James D. Lee, Peter M. Edwards, Marvin D. Shaw, Mat J. Evans, Sarah J. Moller, Katie R. Smith, et al. "Evaluating the performance of low cost chemical sensors for air pollution research." Faraday Discussions 189 (2016): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00201j.
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Low cost pollution sensors have been widely publicized, in principle offering increased information on the distribution of air pollution and a democratization of air quality measurements to amateur users. We report a laboratory study of commonly-used electrochemical sensors and quantify a number of cross-interferences with other atmospheric chemicals, some of which become significant at typical suburban air pollution concentrations. We highlight that artefact signals from co-sampled pollutants such as CO2 can be greater than the electrochemical sensor signal generated by the measurand. We subsequently tested in ambient air, over a period of three weeks, twenty identical commercial sensor packages alongside standard measurements and report on the degree of agreement between references and sensors. We then explore potential experimental approaches to improve sensor performance, enhancing outputs from qualitative to quantitative, focusing on low cost VOC photoionization sensors. Careful signal handling, for example, was seen to improve limits of detection by one order of magnitude. The quantity, magnitude and complexity of analytical interferences that must be characterised to convert a signal into a quantitative observation, with known uncertainties, make standard individual parameter regression inappropriate. We show that one potential solution to this problem is the application of supervised machine learning approaches such as boosted regression trees and Gaussian processes emulation.
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Zhang, Gen, Honghui Xu, Bing Qi, Rongguang Du, Ke Gui, Hongli Wang, Wanting Jiang, Linlin Liang, and Wanyun Xu. "Characterization of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter in Hangzhou, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 3 (February 6, 2018): 1705–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1705-2018.
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Abstract. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is one of the most densely populated regions in China with severe air quality issues that have not been fully understood. Thus, in this study, based on 1-year (2013) continuous measurement at a National Reference Climatological Station (NRCS, 30.22° N, 120.17° E; 41.7 m a.s.l.) in the center of Hangzhou in the YRD, we investigated the seasonal characteristics, interspecies relationships, and the local emissions and the regional potential source contributions of trace gases (including O3, NOx, NOy, SO2, and CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Results revealed that severe two-tier air pollution (photochemical and haze pollution) occurred in this region, with frequent exceedances in O3 (38 days) and PM2.5 (62 days). O3 and PM2.5 both exhibited distinct seasonal variations with reversed patterns: O3 reaching a maximum in warm seasons (May and July) but PM2.5 reaching a maximum in cold seasons (November to January). The overall results from interspecies correlation indicated a strong local photochemistry favoring the O3 production under a volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regime, whereas it moved towards an optimum O3 production zone during warm seasons, accompanied by the formation of secondary fine particulates under high O3. The emission maps of PM2.5, CO, NOx, and SO2 demonstrated that local emissions were significant for these species on a seasonal scale. The contributions from the regional transport among inland cities (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi Province) on a seasonal scale were further confirmed to be crucial to air pollution at the NRCS site by using backward trajectory simulations. Air masses transported from the offshore areas of the Yellow Sea, East Sea, and South Sea were also found to be highly relevant to the elevated O3 at the NRCS site through the analysis of potential source contribution function (PSCF). Case studies of photochemical pollution (O3) and haze (PM2.5) episodes both suggested the combined importance of local atmospheric photochemistry and synoptic conditions during the accumulation (related with anticyclones) and dilution process (related with cyclones). Apart from supplementing a general picture of the air pollution state in the city of Hangzhou in the YRD region, this study specifically elucidates the role of local emission and regional transport, and it interprets the physical and photochemical processes during haze and photochemical pollution episodes. Moreover, this work suggests that cross-regional control measures are crucial to improve air quality in the YRD region, and it further emphasizes the importance of local thermally induced circulation for air quality.
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Ding, A. J., C. B. Fu, X. Q. Yang, J. N. Sun, L. F. Zheng, Y. N. Xie, E. Herrmann, T. Petäjä, V. M. Kerminen, and M. Kulmala. "Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta: an overview of 1-yr data at the SORPES station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 2835–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-2835-2013.
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Abstract. This work presents an overview of 1-yr measurements of ozone (O3) and fine particular matter (PM2.5) and related trace gases at a recently developed regional background site, the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System (SORPES), in the western part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in East China. O3 and PM2.5 showed distinguished seasonal cycles but with contrast patterns: O3 reached a maximum in warm seasons but PM2.5 in cold seasons. Correlation analysis suggests a VOC-sensitive regime for O3 chemistry and also indicates a substantial formation of secondary aerosols under conditions of high O3 in summer. Compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in China, our measurements report 15 days of O3 exceedance and 148 days of PM2.5 exceedance during the 1-yr period, suggesting a severe air pollution situation in this region. Case studies for typical O3 and PM2.5 episodes demonstrated that these episodes were generally associated with an air mass transport pathway over the mid-YRD, i.e. along the Nanjing-Shanghai axis with its city clusters, and showed that synoptic weather played an important role in air pollution, especially for O3. Agricultural burning activities caused high PM2.5 and O3 pollution during harvest seasons, especially in June. A calculation of potential source contributions based on Lagrangian dispersion simulations suggests that emissions from the YRD contributed to over 70% of the O3 precursor CO, with a majority from the middle-YRD. North-YRD and the North China Plain are the main contributors to PM2.5 pollution in this region, especially for the burning episode days. This work shows an important environmental impact from industrialization and urbanization in the YRD region, and suggests an urgent need for improving air quality in these areas through collaborative control measures among different administrative regions.
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Ding, A. J., C. B. Fu, X. Q. Yang, J. N. Sun, L. F. Zheng, Y. N. Xie, E. Herrmann, et al. "Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta: an overview of 1 yr data at the SORPES station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 11 (June 14, 2013): 5813–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5813-2013.
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Abstract. This work presents an overview of 1 yr measurements of ozone (O3) and fine particular matter (PM2.5) and related trace gases at a recently developed regional background site, the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System (SORPES), in the western part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in eastern China. Ozone and PM2.5 showed strong seasonal cycles but with contrast patterns: O3 reached a maximum in warm seasons but PM2.5 in cold seasons. Correlation analysis suggests a VOC-sensitive regime for O3 chemistry and a formation of secondary aerosols under conditions of high O3 in summer. Compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in China, our measurements report 15 days of O3 exceedance and 148 days of PM2.5 exceedance during the 1 yr period, suggesting a severe air pollution situation in this region. Case studies for typical O3 and PM2.5 episodes demonstrated that these episodes were generally associated with an air mass transport pathway over the mid-YRD, i.e., along the Nanjing–Shanghai axis with its city clusters, and showed that synoptic weather played an important role in air pollution, especially for O3. Agricultural burning activities caused high PM2.5 and O3 pollution during harvest seasons, especially in June. A calculation of potential source contributions based on Lagrangian dispersion simulations suggests that emissions from the YRD contributed to over 70% of the O3 precursor CO, with a majority from the mid-YRD. North-YRD and the North China Plain are the main contributors to PM2.5 pollution in this region. This work shows an important environmental impact from industrialization and urbanization in the YRD region, and suggests an urgent need for improving air quality in these areas through collaborative control measures among different administrative regions.
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Kurppa, Mona, Antti Hellsten, Pontus Roldin, Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, Mikko Auvinen, Christoph Kent, Prashant Kumar, Björn Maronga, and Leena Järvi. "Implementation of the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the PALM model system 6.0: model development and first evaluation." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 1403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019.
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Abstract. Urban pedestrian-level air quality is a result of an interplay between turbulent dispersion conditions, background concentrations, and heterogeneous local emissions of air pollutants and their transformation processes. Still, the complexity of these interactions cannot be resolved by the commonly used air quality models. By embedding the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the large-eddy simulation model PALM, a novel, high-resolution, urban aerosol modelling framework has been developed. The first model evaluation study on the vertical variation of aerosol number concentration and size distribution in a simple street canyon without vegetation in Cambridge, UK, shows good agreement with measurements, with simulated values mainly within a factor of 2 of observations. Dispersion conditions and local emissions govern the pedestrian-level aerosol number concentrations. Out of different aerosol processes, dry deposition is shown to decrease the total number concentration by over 20 %, while condensation and dissolutional increase the total mass by over 10 %. Following the model development, the application of PALM can be extended to local- and neighbourhood-scale air pollution and aerosol studies that require a detailed solution of the ambient flow field.
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Solomon, Paul A., Dena Vallano, Melissa Lunden, Brian LaFranchi, Charles L. Blanchard, and Stephanie L. Shaw. "Mobile-platform measurement of air pollutant concentrations in California: performance assessment, statistical methods for evaluating spatial variations, and spatial representativeness." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 3277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3277-2020.
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Abstract. Mobile-platform measurements provide new opportunities for characterizing spatial variations in air pollution within urban areas, identifying emission sources, and enhancing knowledge of atmospheric processes. The Aclima, Inc., mobile measurement and data acquisition platform was used to equip four Google Street View cars with research-grade instruments, two of which were available for the duration of this study. On-road measurements of air quality were made during a series of sampling campaigns between May 2016 and September 2017 at high (i.e., 1 s) temporal and spatial resolution at several California locations: Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the northern San Joaquin Valley (including nonurban roads and the cities of Tracy, Stockton, Manteca, Merced, Modesto, and Turlock). The results demonstrate that the approach is effective for quantifying spatial variations in air pollutant concentrations over measurement periods as short as 2 weeks. Measurement accuracy and precision are evaluated using results of weekly performance checks and periodic audits conducted through the sampler inlets, which show that research instruments located within stationary vehicles are capable of reliably measuring nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), black carbon (BC), and particle number (PN) concentration, with bias and precision ranging from < 10 % for gases to < 25 % for BC and PN at 1 s time resolution. The quality of the mobile measurements in the ambient environment is examined by comparisons with data from an adjacent (< 9 m) stationary regulatory air quality monitoring site and by paired collocated vehicle comparisons, both stationary and driving. The mobile measurements indicate that United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) classifications of two Los Angeles stationary regulatory monitors' scales of representation are appropriate. Paired time-synchronous mobile measurements are used to characterize the spatial scales of concentration variations when vehicles were separated by < 1 to 10 km. A data analysis approach is developed to characterize spatial variations while limiting the confounding influence of diurnal variability. The approach is illustrated using data from San Francisco, revealing 1 km scale differences in mean NO2 and O3 concentrations up to 117 % and 46 %, respectively, of mean values during a 2-week sampling period. In San Francisco and Los Angeles, spatial variations up to factors of 6 to 8 occur at sampling scales of 100–300 m, corresponding to 1 min averages.
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Menut, L., B. Bessagnet, D. Khvorostyanov, M. Beekmann, A. Colette, I. Coll, G. Curci, et al. "Regional atmospheric composition modeling with CHIMERE." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 203–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-203-2013.
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Abstract. Tropospheric trace gas and aerosol pollutants have adverse effects on health, environment and climate. In order to quantify and mitigate such effects, a wide range of processes leading to the formation and transport of pollutants must be considered, understood and represented in numerical models. Regional scale pollution episodes result from the combination of several factors: high emissions (from anthropogenic or natural sources), stagnant meteorological conditions, velocity and efficiency of the chemistry and the deposition. All these processes are highly variable in time and space, and their relative importance to the pollutants budgets can be quantified within a chemistry-transport models (CTM). The offline CTM CHIMERE model uses meteorological model fields and emissions fluxes and calculates deterministically their behavior in the troposphere. The calculated three-dimensional fields of chemical concentrations can be compared to measurements to analyze past periods or used to make air quality forecasts and CHIMERE has enabled a fine understanding of pollutants transport during numerous measurements campaigns. It is a part of the PREVAIR french national forecast platform, delivering pollutant concentrations up to three days in advance. The model also allows scenario studies and long term simulations for pollution trends. The modelling of photochemical air pollution has reached a good level of maturity, and the latest projects involving CHIMERE now aim at increasing our understanding of pollution impact on health at the urban scale or at the other end of the spectrum for long term air quality and climate change interlinkage studies, quantifying the emissions and transport of pollen, but also, at a larger scale, analyzing the transport of pollutants plumes emitted by volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
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Lezhenin, А. A., and V. F. Raputa. "Influence of the wind regime on atmospheric pollution in Novosibirsk." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4 (May 18, 2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-4-109-115.
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The actual problem of estimating long-term pollution of the atmosphere of the city according to network observations is considered, using the example of the city of Novosibirsk. To analyze the pollution processes, the results of monthly average measurements of benz(a)pyrene (BP) concentrations at stationary posts of Roshydromet in 2018 were used. A study was carried out to assess the impact of the wind regime on the levels of BP content in the atmospheric air of the city. To determine the wind characteristics, we used observational data at the meteorological station Ogurtsovo, located near the city of Novosibirsk. Taking into account the location of the dominant sources, an analysis was made of the relationships between the recurrence of wind directions and the measured levels of BP concentrations at air quality control posts in cities. The patterns of formation of atmospheric pollution from the recurrence of calm conditions in the cold period of the year have been established. It is shown that in the winter months of 2018, high concentrations of BP, reaching 15-20 MPC, were accompanied by a large number of calms. The study showed that, along with the use of integral indicators, it is necessary to pay attention to the extreme indicators of the city's atmospheric air quality for an objective picture.
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Menut, L., R. Vautard, C. Flamant, C. Abonnel, M. Beekmann, P. Chazette, P. H. Flamant, et al. "Measurements and modelling of atmospheric pollution over the Paris area: an overview of the ESQUIF Project." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2000): 1467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1467-y.
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Abstract. The "Étude et Simulation de la QUalité de l'air en Ile de France" (ESQUIF) project is the first integrated project dedicated to the study of the processes leading to air pollution events over the Paris area. The project was carried out over two years (summer 1998 to winter 2000) to document all types of meteorological conditions favourable to air quality degradation, and in particular to photo oxydant formation. The goals of ESQUIF are (1) to improve our understanding of the relevant chemical and dynamical processes and, in turn, improve their parametrizations in numerical models, and (2) to improve and validate existing models dedicated to pollution analysis, scenarios and/or forecasting, by establishing a comprehensive and thorough database. We present the rationale of the ESQUIF project and we describe the experimental set-up. We also report on the first experiments which took place during the summer of 1998 involving surface networks, and remote sensing instruments as well as several aircraft. Focusing on three days of August 1998, the relative contributions of long-range transported and locally-produced ozone to the elevated ozone concentrations observed during this period are discussed and chemistry-transport model preliminary results on this period are compared to measurements.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure (pollution – urban and regional; troposphere – composition and chemistry) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)
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Akan, Aytac Perihan, and Mario Coccia. "Changes of Air Pollution between Countries Because of Lockdowns to Face COVID-19 Pandemic." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 12806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412806.
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The goal of this study is to analyze how levels of air pollution changed between countries with their restriction policy of lockdown to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The study design compares average changes of CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations based on measurements at ground level in January, February, and March for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 (during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis) to average values of a 2015–2018 baseline period (ex-ante COVID-19 pandemic) between 300 cities in 19 countries of five geoeconomic regions. Results reveal that the maximum reduction in air pollutant concentrations is given by: CO (−4367.5%) in France, NO2 (−150.5%) in China and Australia, SO2 (−154.1%) in Israel, O3 (−94.1%) in China, PM2.5 (−41.4%) in Germany, and PM10 (−157.4%) in Turkey. Findings show that the effects of restriction policies for COVID-19 pandemic on air quality vary significantly between countries, depending on the different geographical, economic, industrial and social characteristics of the countries. These results clarify the critical relationship between control measures for pandemic crises and levels of air pollution in countries that can support best practices of environmental policy for pathways of sustainable development.
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Huang, Xin, Aijun Ding, Lixia Liu, Qiang Liu, Ke Ding, Xiaorui Niu, Wei Nie, et al. "Effects of aerosol–radiation interaction on precipitation during biomass-burning season in East China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (August 9, 2016): 10063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10063-2016.
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Abstract. Biomass burning is a main source for primary carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and acts as a crucial factor that alters Earth's energy budget and balance. It is also an important factor influencing air quality, regional climate and sustainability in the domain of Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). During the exceptionally intense agricultural fire season in mid-June 2012, accompanied by rapidly deteriorating air quality, a series of meteorological anomalies was observed, including a large decline in near-surface air temperature, spatial shifts and changes in precipitation in Jiangsu province of East China. To explore the underlying processes that link air pollution to weather modification, we conducted a numerical study with parallel simulations using the fully coupled meteorology–chemistry model WRF-Chem with a high-resolution emission inventory for agricultural fires. Evaluation of the modeling results with available ground-based measurements and satellite retrievals showed that this model was able to reproduce the magnitude and spatial variations of fire-induced air pollution. During the biomass-burning event in mid-June 2012, intensive emission of absorbing aerosols trapped a considerable part of solar radiation in the atmosphere and reduced incident radiation reaching the surface on a regional scale, followed by lowered surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. The perturbed energy balance and re-allocation gave rise to substantial adjustments in vertical temperature stratification, namely surface cooling and upper-air heating. Furthermore, an intimate link between temperature profile and small-scale processes like turbulent mixing and entrainment led to distinct changes in precipitation. On the one hand, by stabilizing the atmosphere below and reducing the surface flux, black carbon-laden plumes tended to dissipate daytime cloud and suppress the convective precipitation over Nanjing. On the other hand, heating aloft increased upper-level convective activity and then favored convergence carrying in moist air, thereby enhancing the nocturnal precipitation in the downwind areas of the biomass-burning plumes.
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Drinovec, L., G. Močnik, P. Zotter, A. S. H. Prévôt, C. Ruckstuhl, E. Coz, M. Rupakheti, et al. "The "dual-spot" Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 5 (May 6, 2015): 1965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1965-2015.
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Abstract. Aerosol black carbon is a unique primary tracer for combustion emissions. It affects the optical properties of the atmosphere and is recognized as the second most important anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change. It is the primary tracer for adverse health effects caused by air pollution. For the accurate determination of mass equivalent black carbon concentrations in the air and for source apportionment of the concentrations, optical measurements by filter-based absorption photometers must take into account the "filter loading effect". We present a new real-time loading effect compensation algorithm based on a two parallel spot measurement of optical absorption. This algorithm has been incorporated into the new Aethalometer model AE33. Intercomparison studies show excellent reproducibility of the AE33 measurements and very good agreement with post-processed data obtained using earlier Aethalometer models and other filter-based absorption photometers. The real-time loading effect compensation algorithm provides the high-quality data necessary for real-time source apportionment and for determination of the temporal variation of the compensation parameter k.
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Drinovec, L., G. Močnik, P. Zotter, A. S. H. Prévôt, C. Ruckstuhl, E. Coz, M. Rupakheti, et al. "The "dual-spot" Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 10179–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-10179-2014.
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Abstract. Aerosol black carbon is a unique primary tracer for combustion emissions. It affects the optical properties of the atmosphere and is recognized as the second most important anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change. It is the primary tracer for adverse health effects caused by air pollution. For the accurate determination of mass equivalent black carbon concentrations in the air and for source apportionment of the concentrations, optical measurements by filter-based absorption photometers must take into account the "filter loading effect". We present a new real-time loading effect compensation algorithm based on a two parallel spot measurement of optical absorption. This algorithm has been incorporated into the new Aethalometer model AE33. Intercomparison studies show excellent reproducibility of the AE33 measurements and very good agreement with post-processed data obtained using earlier Aethalometer models, and other filter-based absorption photometers. The real-time loading effect compensation algorithm provides the high-quality data necessary for real-time source apportionment, and for determination of the temporal variation of the compensation parameter k.
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Sobanski, Nicolas, Béla Tuzson, Philipp Scheidegger, Herbert Looser, André Kupferschmid, Maitane Iturrate, Céline Pascale, Christoph Hüglin, and Lukas Emmenegger. "Advances in High-Precision NO2 Measurement by Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031222.
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major tropospheric air pollutant. Its concentration in the atmosphere is most frequently monitored indirectly by chemiluminescence detection or using direct light absorption in the visible range. Both techniques are subject to known biases from other trace gases (including water vapor), making accurate measurements at low concentration very challenging. Selective measurements of NO2 in the mid-infrared have been proposed as a promising alternative, but field deployments and comparisons with established techniques remain sparse. Here, we describe the development and validation of a quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer (QCLAS). It relies on a custom-made astigmatic multipass absorption cell and a recently developed low heat dissipation laser driving and a FPGA based data acquisition approach. We demonstrate a sub-pptv precision (1 σ) for NO2 after 150 s integration time. The instrument performance in terms of long-term stability, linearity and field operation capability was assessed in the laboratory and during a two-week inter-comparison campaign at a suburban air pollution monitoring station. Four NO2 instruments corresponding to three different detection techniques (chemiluminescence detection (CLD), cavity-attenuated phase shift (CAPS) spectroscopy and QCLAS) were deployed after calibrating them with three different referencing methods: gas-phase titration of NO, dynamic high-concentration cylinder dilution and permeation. These measurements show that QCLAS is an attractive alternative for high-precision NO2 monitoring. Used in dual-laser configuration, its capabilities can be extended to NO, thus allowing for unambiguous quantification of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are of key importance in air quality assessments.
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Olszowski, Tomasz. "Influence of Individual Household Heating on PM2.5 Concentration in a Rural Settlement." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120782.
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This article reports the results of research on the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in two places in one village named Kotórz Mały (Poland). The main point of the research was to check the influence scale of different low-emission source forms as components of the anthropogenic factor driving the changes in local air quality. Measurements were made over five cold seasons. To investigate the dust concentrations, the gravimetric and optical method was used. The weather conditions were measured with portable weather stations. It was found that the character of individual heating systems had a major influence on local air quality. The presence of a permanent state of the troposphere and temperature inversion led to the inhibition of pollution dispersion processes and significant local changes, exceeding the recommended PM2.5 concentrations limit. The effects of policy still don’t influence air quality trends in the Polish village. The main problem of high concentrations of PM2.5 is the old generation of individual heating systems and the lack of significant support from local and national authorities. For the terms considered and the period of observation, meteorological measurements can be considered a sufficient foundation for the estimation of the occurrence of worrying conditions.
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Tabet, Antoine, and Antonio Khoury. "Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Pollution in one Right Click." Advanced Materials Research 324 (August 2011): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.324.481.
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Current researches on the topic of indoor air pollution are moving towards expertise and prevention. Therefore it seems so critical to invest in the area of expertise and create a measuring device performing chemical, physical and bacteriological analysis in one click. Our choice of development towards this system of information management is oriented towards a modular system which can simultaneously transmit on real-time the analysis in the internet. Our production work has used several solutions and analyzed several possible methods such as microprocessor that has shown its reliability. The electronic system worked well even with some problems solved at the level of detection of particles α, β and δ. The solution NO-IP as for the transfer of data over the Internet has been successfully tested. In the same way we have been constrained to achieve measurement campaigns to verify the ability of the device to give consistent values. These campaigns were conducted on the Beaulieu of the University of Rennes 1, given the size of the site; it gives us a fairly comprehensive range of situations. These measurement campaigns extended for several months, with the purpose of comparing and analyzing the various results. These campaigns offer an opportunity of testing the operation of the aircraft and assessing the performance, knowing that all measures were compared to the device certified EN (Gasman). For the development of our device, we specify the direction and scope of the study area, analyze the existing level of detection performed and technical data manipulated, obtain a comprehensive description of the electronic system and reach a reasoned choice of a solution type of development. This allowed us to develop a multifunction prototype which objective is to control the quality of indoor air pollution in habitations. This device admits the same principle as product modem M2M (Machine to Machine). Through processes M2M, machinery (measuring instruments (device) and air handling system) is already able to communicate among them without human intervention. Given this new world of service, the management of environmental risks becomes more responsive.
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Dienhart, Dirk, Bettina Brendel, John N. Crowley, Philipp G. Eger, Hartwig Harder, Monica Martinez, Andrea Pozzer, et al. "Formaldehyde and hydroperoxide distribution around the Arabian Peninsula – evaluation of EMAC model results with ship-based measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-119-2023.
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Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) play a key role in atmospheric oxidation processes. They act as sources and sinks for HOx radicals (OH + HO2), with OH as the primary oxidant that governs the atmospheric self-cleaning capacity. Measurements of these species allow for evaluation of chemistry-transport models which need to account for multifarious source distributions, transport, complex photochemical reaction pathways and deposition processes of these species. HCHO is an intermediate during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is an indicator of photochemical activity and combustion-related emissions. In this study, we use in situ observations of HCHO, H2O2 and ROOH in the marine boundary layer (MBL) to evaluate results of the general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry; European Center HAMburg, Modular Earth Submodel System). The dataset was obtained during the Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin (AQABA) ship campaign around the Arabian Peninsula in summer 2017. This region is characterized by high levels of photochemical air pollution, humidity and solar irradiation, especially in the areas around the Suez Canal and the Arabian Gulf. High levels of air pollution with up to 12 ppbv HCHO, 2.3 ppbv ROOH and relatively low levels of H2O2 (≤0.5 ppbv) were detected over the Arabian Gulf. We find that EMAC failed to predict absolute mixing ratios of HCHO and ROOH during high-pollution events over the Arabian Gulf, while it reproduced HCHO on average within a factor of 2. Dry deposition velocities were determined for HCHO and H2O2 at night with 0.77±0.29 cm s−1 for HCHO and 1.03±0.52 cm s−1 for H2O2 over the Arabian Sea, which were matched by EMAC. The photochemical budget of H2O2 revealed elevated HOx radical concentrations in EMAC, which resulted in an overestimation of H2O2 by more than a factor of 5 for the AQABA dataset. The underestimated air pollution over the Arabian Gulf was related to EMAC's coarse spatial resolution and missing anthropogenic emissions in the model.
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Zaman, Nurul Amalin Fatihah Kamarul, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis, and Mohd Talib Latif. "Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Estimating PM2.5 Concentrations across Malaysia." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 7326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167326.
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Southeast Asia (SEA) is a hotspot region for atmospheric pollution and haze conditions, due to extensive forest, agricultural and peat fires. This study aims to estimate the PM2.5 concentrations across Malaysia using machine-learning (ML) models like Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Regression (SVR), based on satellite AOD (aerosol optical depth) observations, ground measured air pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, O3) and meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction). The estimated PM2.5 concentrations for a two-year period (2018–2019) are evaluated against measurements performed at 65 air-quality monitoring stations located at urban, industrial, suburban and rural sites. PM2.5 concentrations varied widely between the stations, with higher values (mean of 24.2 ± 21.6 µg m−3) at urban/industrial stations and lower (mean of 21.3 ± 18.4 µg m−3) at suburban/rural sites. Furthermore, pronounced seasonal variability in PM2.5 is recorded across Malaysia, with highest concentrations during the dry season (June–September). Seven models were developed for PM2.5 predictions, i.e., separately for urban/industrial and suburban/rural sites, for the four dominant seasons (dry, wet and two inter-monsoon), and an overall model, which displayed accuracies in the order of R2 = 0.46–0.76. The validation analysis reveals that the RF model (R2 = 0.53–0.76) exhibits slightly better performance than SVR, except for the overall model. This is the first study conducted in Malaysia for PM2.5 estimations at a national scale combining satellite aerosol retrievals with ground-based pollutants, meteorological factors and ML techniques. The satisfactory prediction of PM2.5 concentrations across Malaysia allows a continuous monitoring of the pollution levels at remote areas with absence of measurement networks.
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Purbakawaca, Rady, Arief Sabdo Yuwono, Husin Alatas, and I. Dewa Made Subrata. "Low-cost nitrogen dioxide monitoring station based on metal oxide sensor and cellular network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i1.pp105-115.
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Air pollution <span lang="EN-US">has a negative impact on the environment and human health. Meanwhile, the number of conventional air quality monitoring stations is minimal due to high procurement and operational costs. This study proposes a nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) pollutant measurement system using the metal oxide sensor (MOX) sensor and cellular network for data transmission in the measurement area. A calibration curve is used to measure NO<sub>2 </sub>levels based on the sensor's internal resistance changes. Measurement data of NO<sub>2 </sub>concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and geospatial information are compiled and sent via global positioning system (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS) radio communication with transmission intervals of every minute. The database server processes the data and displays it on the web application. System testing results at the Tugu Kujang Bogor at 15:38:00-16:38:00 September 23, 2021, showed that the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub> ranged from 0.16-0.52ppm with an average of 270 ppb with an AQI of 133 in the unhealthy category for the sensitive group. The measured NO<sub>2</sub> levels are outside the range of the NO<sub>2 </sub>concentration database in the industrial areas of Bogor and Jakarta for the 2016-2020 period. Therefore, this system provides an excellent opportunity to obtain real-time measurement data in the field.</span>