Journal articles on the topic 'Air – Pollution – Physiological effects'
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Kodavanti, Urmila P. "Susceptibility Variations in Air Pollution Health Effects: Incorporating Neuroendocrine Activation." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 8 (October 8, 2019): 962–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319878402.
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Diverse host factors/phenotypes may exacerbate or diminish biological responses induced by air pollutant exposure. We lack an understanding of biological indicators of environmental exposures that culminate in a physiological response versus those that lead to adversity. Variations in response phenotype might arise centrally and/or at the local tissue level. In addition to genetic differences, the current evidence supports the roles of preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, diet, adverse prenatal environments, neurobehavioral disorders, childhood infections, microbiome, sex, and psychosocial stressors in modifying the susceptibility to air pollutant exposures. Animal models of human diseases, obesity, nutritional inadequacies, and neurobehavioral conditions have been compared with healthy controls to understand the causes of variations in susceptibility. Although psychosocial stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to air pollutant effects, the contribution of neuroendocrine stress pathways in mediating these effects is just emerging. The new findings of neuroendocrine activation leading to systemic metabolic and immunological effects of air pollutants, and the potential contribution to allostatic load, emphasize the consideration of these mechanisms into susceptibility. Variations in susceptibility to air pollution health effects are likely to underlie host genetic and physiological conditions in concert with disrupted neuroendocrine circuitry that alters physiological stability under the influence of stressors.
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Abu Ziada, M., S. Haroun, G. El-Sherbeny, and A. Najm. "EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF Malva parviflora." Journal of Plant Production 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2015.52104.
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Oljaca, Rodoljub, Zoran Govedar, and Zoran Hrkic. "Air pollution effects on the percentage of stomata in the leaves of tested species of horse chestnut and birch in Banja Luka conditions." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 98 (2008): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0898155o.
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The aim of this paper is the determination of air pollution influence on the percentage of stomata in tested woody species, horse chestnut and birch, under examined Banja Luka air pollution conditions. Two locations in Banja Luka town were examined, with different air pollution degrees: the first location is a hostel for students, with the minimal or absent air pollution; the second location is the west transit, with high air pollution due to a high number of motor cars which pass by the west transit. The air pollution difference between these two locations is very marked, and the objective of the examination was to assess how the indicated locations, which have different life conditions for the tested woody species, impact the physiological processes such as transpiration and photosynthesis. The study species react differently when the percentage of stomata and air pollution are compared.
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Singh, Aditya Abha, Rana Eram, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal. "Air Pollution: Sources and its Effects on Humans and Plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, no. 01 (September 6, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02.
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Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.
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Bamniya, B. R., C. S. Kapoor, K. Kapoor, and Vidhya Kapasya. "Harmful effects of air pollution on physiological activities of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14, no. 1 (May 17, 2011): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-011-0383-z.
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Bahri, Samsul, Dadan Resmana, and Imam Safei. "Effects regularly exercising in two different PM2.5 concentration." Journal Sport Area 7, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(2).9097.
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Performing exercise or physical activities for a long duration under the exposure of air pollution becomes an unhealthy combination and will increase the risks of the individual inhaling more pollutant. Studies that examine an individual performing physical activities regularly in two public sport centers with different levels of air pollution have not been extensively documented, therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of regular exercise on aerobic capacity, force vital capacity (FVC), and hematological profile among individuals in an environment with similar climatic characteristics but different concentrations of air pollution. This trial composed 15 males (age range from 16 to 18) from Bandung City, Indonesia. Two public sport centers with similar climatic conditions (temperature, and humidity), but different concentrations of air pollutants are selected. Participants performed exercises three times a week for three consecutive weeks at each research site, with a two-week break. Participants’ aerobic capacity, respiratory capacity, and blood sample are measured before and after they exercised at each site. The measured parameters in both sites are compared and analyzed. Aerobic capacity, FVC, and RBC after participants exrcised in the area with lower air pollution show higher value than exercised in the area with higher air pollution. Manwhile WBC is shown to be high after participants exercised in the area with higher air pollution. This happened because air pollution has effect to human physiological characteristics. This research shows that exercising at sport center with high air pollution had negative effect on hematology profile and could affect the development of aerobic and respiratory capacities. The limitations in this study are the unknown intensity when doing regular physical exercise so that in future studies it is recommended to determine whether the intensity will affect the variables in the research subject.
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Thimmegowda, Geetha G., Susan Mullen, Katie Sottilare, Ankit Sharma, Saptashi Soham Mohanta, Axel Brockmann, Perundurai S. Dhandapany, and Shannon B. Olsson. "A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (August 10, 2020): 20653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009074117.
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While the impact of air pollution on human health is well studied, mechanistic impacts of air pollution on wild systems, including those providing essential ecosystem services, are largely unknown, but directly impact our health and well-being. India is the world’s largest fruit producer, second most populous country, and contains 9 of the world’s 10 most polluted cities. Here, we sampled Giant Asian honey bees,Apis dorsata, at locations with varying air pollution levels in Bangalore, India. We observed significant correlations between increased respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) deposition and changes in bee survival, flower visitation, heart rate, hemocyte levels, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, stress, and immunity. Lab-rearedDrosophila melanogasterexposed to these same sites also exhibited similar molecular and physiological differences. Our study offers a quantitative analysis on the current impacts of air pollution on insects, and indicates the urgency for more nonhuman studies to accurately assess the effects of pollution on our natural world.
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Ghosh, A., R. S. Paul, and S. Roy. "CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF TREES BY AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS." ÈKOBIOTEH 3, no. 4 (2020): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2020-3-4-563-577.
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Nowadays, air pollution is a very vital environmental issue. During rapid industrialization, anthropogenic activities result in a wide array of pollutants which are released to atmosphere and absorbed by the leaves of plants. Atmospheric pollutants have negative effects on woody plants. Airborne pollutants like oxides of sulphur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Ozone (O₃), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compound (VOC), lead (Pb) can change the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics which can be deleterious in nature. Air pollution can dis-balance various enzymatic activities which can reduce various types of physiological processes such as, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration but plants can scavenge and detoxify significant amounts of air pollutants which are effective in cleaning air. In the present paper, effects of different airborne pollutants on plants have been reviewed.
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Hodge, Myles X., Andres R. Henriquez, and Urmila P. Kodavanti. "Adrenergic and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution." Toxics 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060132.
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Adrenergic receptors (ARs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are activated by circulating catecholamines and glucocorticoids, respectively. These receptors regulate the homeostasis of physiological processes with specificity via multiple receptor subtypes, wide tissue-specific distribution, and interactions with other receptors and signaling processes. Based on their physiological roles, ARs and GRs are widely manipulated therapeutically for chronic diseases. Although these receptors play key roles in inflammatory and cellular homeostatic processes, little research has addressed their involvement in the health effects of air pollution. We have recently demonstrated that ozone, a prototypic air pollutant, mediates pulmonary and systemic effects through the activation of these receptors. A single exposure to ozone induces the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, resulting in the release of epinephrine and corticosterone into the circulation. These hormones act as ligands for ARs and GRs. The roles of beta AR (βARs) and GRs in ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation were confirmed in a number of studies using interventional approaches. Accordingly, the activation status of ARs and GRs is critical in mediating the health effects of inhaled irritants. In this paper, we review the cellular distribution and functions of ARs and GRs, their lung-specific localization, and their involvement in ozone-induced health effects, in order to capture attention for future research.
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Silberstein, L., B. Z. Siegel, S. M. Siegel, A. Mukhtar, and M. Galun. "Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. I. Effects of Air Pollution on Physiological Processes." Lichenologist 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0033.
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AbstractXanthona parietina thalli were collected from a ‘clean-air’ location and from a polluted area. Ramalina duriaei thalli were collected from the same ‘clean-air’ location and some thalli were transplanted to air polluted locations, where R. duriaei no longer occurs. The effects of air contaminants on these two lichens were compared under controlled laboratory conditions and in field experiments. Air contaminants and exposure to bisulphite ions had little or no damaging effect on X. parietina, whereas severe damage was caused to R. duriaei, as judged by chlorophyll degradation, autofluorescence of photobionts, photosynthetic activity, membrane integrity and ATP content. The different responses presented confirm the sensitivity of R. duriaei and resistance of X. parietina to air pollution.
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Arb, C. von, and C. Brunold. "Lichen physiology and air pollution. I. Physiological responses of in situ Parmelia sulcata among air pollution zones within Biel, Switzerland." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-006.
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Parmelia sulcata, a rather pollution resistant lichen species, was collected at 13 locations with different levels of air pollution from its natural habitat in the city and the suburbs of Biel, Switzerland, The growth rate, net and gross photosynthesis, release of C-assimilates, dark respiration, and protein and chlorophyll content were determined. Growth rates differed maximally by a factor of 7 with the lowest rates at fee central and most polluted locations of the city. The chlorophyll content was highest in the center and maximally four times lower at the suburban locations. The protein content, dark respiration, and net and gross photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the 13 locations when based on the dry weight, but the percentage of C-assimilates released by the algal cells was up to 15 times lower in the center. These results are different from previous reports where the transplant technique had been used, indicating that the long term effects of air pollution on the lichen metabolism under natural conditions are not the same. Key words: photosynthesis, C assimilation, growth, chlorophyll, dark respiration.
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Molina-Sotomayor, Edgardo, Marcelo González Orb, Francisco Pradas de la Fuente, Giovanni Carozzi Figueroa, Antonio Sánchez-Oliver, and José González-Jurado. "Effects of Cardiorespiratory Exercise on Cognition in Older Women Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020245.
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The aim was to analyze the effects of cardiorespiratory exercise and air pollution on cognition and cardiovascular markers in four groups of older women: the active/clean air group (AC), the active/polluted air group (AP), the sedentary/clean air group (SC), and the sedentary/polluted air group (SP). Active groups performed a training task based on progressive walking. Prior to and after the experiment, the following parameters were assessed: cognition, by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the Six-Minute Walk Test (6mWT); heart rate (HR); and oxygen saturation (SpO2). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the AC and the SP in all the MMSE dimensions except “Registration”, and in all the physiological variables (VO2max, SpO2, HR). Aerobic exercise may be a protective factor against the effects that pollution have on cognition and on the mechanisms of oxygen transport.
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Marshall, J. D., and M. A. Ferman. "An exposure facility for examining the physiological basis of air pollutant effects on plant growth." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 11 (January 1988): 2525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90484-2.
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Erum Kazi, Erum Kazi, Satish Kulkarni Satish Kulkarni, Yaseen Ismail Shaikh, Viquar Sameer Shaikh, and Neeraj Prasad Neeraj Prasad. "A Case Study on Estimation of Air Quality in Hadapsar Suburban of Pune India." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380115.
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The impact of air pollution on the roadside plants in the Hadapsar suburban was determined using six different plant species. To assess the effects of air pollutants on roadside plants of Hadapsar area in Pune city, APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) was determined of six plant species. Plants species selected for the study were Polyalthia long folia, Ficus racemosa, Terminalia catappa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Samanea saman of nearly the same age size and were found in abundance. Physiological and biochemical parameters such as pH, Relative water content (RWC), Total Chlorophyll (T.C.), Ascorbic acid (A.A.) contents were determined to calculate APTI. Results indicated that all of the plants selected for the study were found to be sensitive & heavily impacted due to air pollution. Thus, these plants can be used as Bio-indicators in monitoring air pollution.
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Clougherty, Jane E. "A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 16, no. 4 (April 2011): 2221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232011000400021.
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Epidemiologic studies of air pollution effects on respiratory health report significant modification by sex, although results are not uniform. Importantly, it remains unclear whether modifications are attributable to socially derived gendered exposures, to sex-linked physiological differences, or to some interplay thereof. Gender analysis, which aims to disaggregate social from biological differences between males and females, may help to elucidate these possible sources of effect modification. Studies of children suggest stronger effects among boys in early life and among girls in later childhood. The qualitative review describes possible sources of difference in air pollution response between women and men, which may vary by life stage, coexposures, hormonal status, or other factors. The sources of observed effect modifications remain unclear, although gender analytic approaches may help to disentangle gender and sex differences in pollution response. A framework for incorporating gender analysis into environmental epidemiology is offered, along with several potentially useful methods from gender analysis.
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Silberstein, L., B. Z. Siegel, S. M. Siegel, A. Mukhtar, and M. Galun. "Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. II. Evaluation of Possible Air Pollution-Protection Mechanisms." Lichenologist 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0034.
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AbstractSurveys of the distribution of the lichens Xanthoria panetina and Ramalina duriaei in Israel showed that environments with air pollution had no damaging effectson X. panetina, whereas R. duriaei had disappeared from polluted environments: physiological studies supported this relative sensitivity. Investigations of possible defence mechanisms protecting X. parietina from the damaging effects of air pollution showed a multitude of possible protective systems. These included constitutive avoidance such as: efficient buffering capacity; a relatively high potassium content; and antioxidation by parietin, and induced tolerance such as: SO2 oxidation to non-toxic sulphate; increased glutathione content; induced praline and arginine synthesis; and increased detoxification of active oxygen forms.
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Jandacka, Daniel, Jaroslav Uchytil, David Zahradnik, Roman Farana, Dominik Vilimek, Jiri Skypala, Jan Urbaczka, et al. "Running and Physical Activity in an Air-Polluted Environment: The Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study 4HAIE (Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment—Program 4)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 9142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239142.
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Far too little attention has been paid to health effects of air pollution and physical (in)activity on musculoskeletal health. The purpose of the Healthy aging in industrial environment study (4HAIE) is to investigate the potential impact of physical activity in highly polluted air on musculoskeletal health. A total of 1500 active runners and inactive controls aged 18–65 will be recruited. The sample will be recruited using quota sampling based on location (the most air-polluted region in EU and a control region), age, sex, and activity status. Participants will complete online questionnaires and undergo a two-day baseline laboratory assessment, including biomechanical, physiological, psychological testing, and magnetic resonance imaging. Throughout one-year, physical activity data will be collected through Fitbit monitors, along with data regarding the incidence of injuries, air pollution, psychological factors, and behavior collected through a custom developed mobile application. Herein, we introduce a biomechanical and musculoskeletal protocol to investigate musculoskeletal and neuro-mechanical health in this 4HAIE cohort, including a design for controlling for physiological and psychological injury factors. In the current ongoing project, we hypothesize that there will be interactions of environmental, biomechanical, physiological, and psychosocial variables and that these interactions will cause musculoskeletal diseases/protection.
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Vanos, Jenni. "Modeling air pollution in Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Summer Games." SURG Journal 1, no. 2 (February 19, 2008): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v1i2.404.
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High levels of ambient oxidant air pollution, such as ozone, have been associated with negative health effects in elite athletes. The photochemical model OzCalc was used to calculate ozone concentrations as a function of time in Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Summer Games. By making use of the data obtained in Hastings, Ontario in August 1993, the model was adjusted for Beijing with respect to radiation geometry and ambient levels of primary air pollutants. Ozone concentrations were calculated using three scenarios: keeping pollution levels constant, a moderate success in pollution clean-up, and a high success in pollution clean-up. Results of ozone obtained with the model predicted very high levels associated with Scenario’s 1 and 2, while Scenario 3 showed acceptable levels for athletic competition, in accordance with WHO and Chinese Standards. A high NO-to-NO2 concentration ratio showed less ozone formation, which displayed the dependence of ozone on the variable levels of NO2 and NO. The level of the hydroxyl radical formation was closely related to that of ozone. The overall results suggest that Beijing will have a difficult time bringing pollution down to an acceptable level; athletes will have to deal with an added negative physiological response.
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Chaitanya, P., Era Upadhyay, Desh Deepak Singh, and Virendra Singh. "Effective Contribution of Air Pollutants to Physiological and Psychological Human Diseases: A Systematic Review." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.049.
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Increasing globalization, industrialization, population, and burning of fossil fuels have been adversely affecting the environment for a long time. The consequences of the effects can be seen even within a short period of time in the current scenario. The air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, CO, and PM are the main contributors to the adverse health effects. Long-term and short-term exposure to pollutants may cause acute and chronic effects on the human body as they can enter deep into the organ and circulate in the bloodstream. The ultimate purpose of this review is to develop a quantitative perceptive of the existing state of facts about potential health effects concerning the dose-response relationship between exposure level of air pollutants and induced diseases. We have drawn around 376 scientific research papers on high-impact factors related to air pollution and health. These publications were analyzed with consideration of experimental methods, design, observations, and reports on the exposure through inhalation which may emulate the normal direction of exposure inside the human organs. The present study suggests the effects of epidemiological studies on associations between pollutant concentrations and human health. Most of the inferences evidenced the severe adverse effects of particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Our present investigation reveals the health risk due to pollutants’ exposure to the vulnerable population anguishing with asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer (physiological diseases); dementia, depression, and stress (psychological diseases).
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Moshammer, Hanns, Julian Panholzer, Lisa Ulbing, Emanuel Udvarhelyi, Barbara Ebenbauer, and Stefanie Peter. "Acute Effects of Air Pollution and Noise from Road Traffic in a Panel of Young Healthy Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 4, 2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050788.
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Panel studies are an efficient means to assess short-term effects of air pollution and other time-varying environmental exposures. Repeated examinations of volunteers allow for an in-depth analysis of physiological responses supporting the biological interpretation of environmental impacts. Twenty-four healthy students walked for 1 h at a minimum of four separate occasions under each of the following four settings: along a busy road, along a busy road wearing ear plugs, in a park, and in a park but exposed to traffic noise (65 dB) through headphones. Particle mass (PM2.5, PM1), particle number, and noise levels were measured throughout each walk. Lung function and exhaled nitrogen oxide (NO) were measured before, immediately after, 1 h after, and approximately 24 h after each walk. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were measured every 15 min during each walk. Recorded air pollution levels were found to correlate with reduced lung function. The effects were clearly significant for end-expiratory flows and remained visible up to 24 h after exposure. While immediate increases in airway resistance could be interpreted as protective (muscular) responses to particulate air pollution, the persisting effects indicate an induced inflammatory reaction. Noise levels reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate variability. Maybe due to the small sample size, no effects were visible per specific setting (road vs. park).
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Sheng, Qianqian, and Zunling Zhu. "Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Biochemical Responses in 41 Garden Plants." Plants 8, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8020045.
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a high concentration is among the most common and harmful air pollutants. The present study aimed to explore the physiological responses of plants exposed to NO2. A total of 41 plants were classified into 13 functional groups according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification system. The plants were exposed to 6 μL/L NO2 in an open-top glass chamber. The physiological parameters (chlorophyll (Chl) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations) and leaf mineral ion contents (nitrogen (N+), phosphorus (P+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), and zinc (Zn2+)) of 41 garden plants were measured. After NO2 exposure, the plants were subsequently transferred to a natural environment for a 30-d recovery to determine whether they could recover naturally and resume normal growth. The results showed that NO2 polluted the plants and that NO2 exposure affected leaf Chl contents in most functional groups. Increases in both POD activity and soluble protein and MDA concentrations as well as changes in mineral ion concentrations could act as signals for inducing defense responses. Furthermore, antioxidant status played an important role in plant protection against NO2-induced oxidative damage. NO2 poses a pollution risk to plant systems, and antioxidant status plays an important role in plant protection against NO2-induced oxidative damage. In conditions of strong air pollution, more evergreen plants may be considered in landscape design, particularly in seasonal regions. The results of this study may provide useful data for the selection of landscaping plants in NO2 polluted areas.
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Silberstein, L., B. Z. Siegel, S. M. Siegel, A. Mukhtar, and M. Galun. "Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. I. Effects of Air Pollution on Physiological Processes." Lichenologist 28, no. 04 (July 1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282996000461.
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Vanderplanck, Maryse, Benoît Lapeyre, Margot Brondani, Manon Opsommer, Mathilde Dufay, Martine Hossaert-McKey, and Magali Proffit. "Ozone Pollution Alters Olfaction and Behavior of Pollinators." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050636.
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Concentration of air pollutants, particularly ozone (O3), has dramatically increased since pre-industrial times in the troposphere. Due to the strong oxidative potential of O3, negative effects on both emission and lifetime in the atmosphere of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have already been highlighted. VOCs alteration by O3 may potentially affect the attraction of pollinators that rely on these chemical signals. Surprisingly, direct effects of O3 on the olfaction and the behavioral response of pollinators have not been investigated so far. We developed a comprehensive experiment under controlled conditions to assess O3 physiological and behavioral effects on two pollinator species, differing in their ecological traits. Using several realistic concentrations of O3 and various exposure times, we investigated the odor antennal detection and the attraction to VOCs present in the floral scents of their associated plants. Our results showed, in both species, a clear effect of exposure to high O3 concentrations on the ability to detect and react to the floral VOCs. These effects depend on the VOC tested and its concentration, and the O3 exposure (concentration and duration) on the pollinator species. Pollination systems may, therefore, be impaired in different ways by increased levels of O3, the effects of which will likely depend on whether the exposure is chronic or, as in this study, punctual, likely causing some pollination systems to be more vulnerable than others. While several studies have already shown the negative impact of O3 on VOCs emission and lifetime in the atmosphere, this study reveals, for the first time, that this impact alters the pollinator detection and behavior. These findings highlight the urgent need to consider air pollution when evaluating threats to pollinators.
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Kocot, Krzysztof, Kamil Barański, Edyta Melaniuk-Wolny, Elwira Zajusz-Zubek, and Małgorzata Kowalska. "Acute FeNO and Blood Pressure Responses to Air Pollution Exposure in Young Adults during Physical Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 9012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239012.
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During physical exercise, the absorbed dose of air pollutants increases. Acute effects of exposure to air pollutants during exercise in healthy young adults remain poorly documented. The aim of this study was to assess the acute responses in fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood pressure to air pollution exposure during exercise in young adults with different physical activity levels (low or high). In this study, 76 healthy university students participating in physical activity classes (low level of physical activity) and attending sports training (high level of physical activity) completed two indoor exercise trials when air pollutant concentrations were high (exposure trial) and when the quality of the air was good (control trial). We monitored indoor particulate matter with diameter <10 µm and <2.5 µm (PM10 and PM2.5) and outdoor PM10, nitric oxides (NO2, NOx, NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and FeNO were measured at baseline and after 45–60 min of physical activity. There were no significant differences between physiological responses to training performed under different exposure conditions in blood pressure, HR, and SpO2. Significant positive correlations between post-exercise ΔFeNO during exposure trials and ambient air pollutants were found. FeNO increase during the exposure trial was associated with a higher physical activity level and higher outdoor PM10 and NO2 concentrations. In young and healthy adults, some differences in physiological responses to physical activity between polluted and control environments could be observed. Participants with a high physical activity level were more likely to have an increase in FeNO after exercise in a polluted environment but not after the control exercise trials.
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Leopold, Donald A. "Pollution: The Nose and Sinuses." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 106, no. 6 (June 1992): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210600616.
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The nose and sinuses are constantly exposed to the huge quantities of gases needed to maintain life. Not only is the human nose well-equipped to warm and humidify this inhaled air, but It is also uniquely able to clean much of it. Any material other than physiologic amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water that accompanies the airstream can be considered a pollutant, and this pollutant could potentially Injure the individual. The following discussion will review the defense mechanisms that allow the nose and sinuses to protect the lower airways. The effects of pollutants on the respiratory mucosa will then be described, including some recent trends in those effects. These trends include specific population consequences of Indoor and outdoor air pollution, and changes in risk for individuals in several occupations. Throughout these discussions, specific areas that would benefit from further research will be mentioned.
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Clougherty, Jane Ellen, and Laura Diane Kubzansky. "A framework for examining social stress and susceptibility to air pollution in respiratory health." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, no. 4 (July 2010): 2059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000400020.
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There is growing interest in disentangling the health effects of spatially clustered social and physical environmental exposures and in exploring potential synergies among them, with particular attention directed to the combined effects of psychosocial stress and air pollution. Both exposures may be elevated in lower-income urban communities, and it has been hypothesized that stress, which can influence immune function and susceptibility, may potentiate the effects of air pollution in respiratory disease onset and exacerbation. In this paper, we review the existing epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence on synergistic effects of stress and pollution, and describe the physiologic effects of stress and key issues related to measuring and evaluating stress as it relates to physical environmental exposures and susceptibility. Finally, we identify some of the major methodologic challenges ahead as we work toward disentangling the health effects of clustered social and physical exposures and accurately describing the interplay among these exposures. As this research proceeds, we recommend careful attention to the relative temporalities of stress and pollution exposures, to nonlinearities in their independent and combined effects, to physiologic pathways not elucidated by epidemiologic methods, and to the relative spatial distributions of social and physical exposures at multiple geographic scales.
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Muttoo, Sheena, Prakash M. Jeena, Martin Röösli, Kees de Hoogh, and Rajen N. Naidoo. "A Review of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Assessment Methods in Determining Childhood Respiratory Health Effects in Children under Five." Environments 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9080107.
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Various epidemiological studies have reported on air pollution exposure-related lung function decline and respiratory health effects in children. Children have increased susceptibility to ambient air pollutants as physiological and structural changes of the lung are still occurring within the first five years of life after birth. This review examines applications in air pollution exposure assessment methods when evaluating lung function and respiratory health concentration–response effects in young children, while considering the effects of critical windows of exposure. We identified 13 studies that used various methods of exposure assessment in assessing respiratory health outcomes (presence of lower respiratory tract infections, respiratory symptoms, wheezing and asthma) in children under five. The methods applied included personal monitoring (n = 1), proximity-based methods (n = 3), inverse distance weighting (n = 2), geographic weighted regression (n = 1), dispersion modeling (n = 1), satellite-based methods (n = 2) and land use regression modeling (n = 5). These studies assessed exposure and outcomes at different “windows of susceptibility”: antenatally/specific trimesters (n = 8), infancy (n = 5) and early childhood (n = 6). In most studies, the reported measures of air pollutants were noted to be below the prescribed limits, though for some, a cause–effect association was observed. It was also noted that there was very little variation in estimates between time points or trimesters of exposure, likely attributed to limitations in the selected exposure assessment method. Moderate to high correlations between trimesters were reported for most studies.
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Kim, Soong Ho, Elysse M. Knight, Eric L. Saunders, Azita K. Cuevas, Marusia Popovech, Lung-Chi Chen, and Sam Gandy. "Rapid doubling of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β40 and 42 levels in brains of mice exposed to a nickel nanoparticle model of air pollution." F1000Research 1 (December 21, 2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-70.v1.
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Background: Over 20 genetic risk factors have been confirmed to associate with elevated risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the identification of environmental and/or acquired risk factors has been more elusive. At present, recognized acquired risks for AD include traumatic brain injury, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.Methods: Based on reports associating various inhalants with AD pathology, we investigated the possibility that air pollution might contribute to AD risk by exposing wild-type mice to a standard air pollution modeling system employing nickel nanoparticle-enriched atmosphere for 3 hr.Results: Mice exposed to air pollution showed 72-129% increases in brain levels of both amyloid-β peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42, as well as Aβ42/40 (p <0.01).Conclusions: These effects on elevation of brain Aβ exceed those associated with trisomy 21, a known risk for early onset AD pathology, raising the possibility that clinical importance might be attached. Further work is required to establish the molecular and physiological basis for these phenomena. The rapid, dramatic effect, if verified, would suggest that inhalant exposures should be evaluated for their possible roles in contributing to the environmental risk for common forms of AD.
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Kim, Min-Joo, Dae-Taek Lee, Gook-Sup Song, and Seung-Ki Pang. "Effects of Short-term Air Pollution Exposure and Acute Exercise on Pulmonary Function and Physiological Response in Healthy Young Adults." Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21086/ksles.2015.02.22.1.38.
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Senko, JF, SE Nelms, JL Reavis, B. Witherington, BJ Godley, and BP Wallace. "Understanding individual and population-level effects of plastic pollution on marine megafauna." Endangered Species Research 43 (October 12, 2020): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01064.
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Plastic pollution is increasing rapidly throughout the world’s oceans and is considered a major threat to marine wildlife and ecosystems. Although known to cause lethal or sub-lethal effects to vulnerable marine megafauna, population-level impacts of plastic pollution have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compiled and evaluated information from peer-reviewed studies that reported deleterious individual-level effects of plastic pollution on air-breathing marine megafauna (i.e. seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles) worldwide, highlighting those that assessed potential population-level effects. Lethal and sub-lethal individual-level effects included drowning, starvation, gastrointestinal tract damage, malnutrition, physical injury, reduced mobility, and physiological stress, resulting in reduced energy acquisition and assimilation, compromised health, reproductive impairment, and mortality. We found 47 studies published between 1969 and 2020 that considered population-level effects of plastic entanglement (n = 26), ingestion (n = 19), or both (n = 2). Of these, 7 inferred population-level effects (n = 6, entanglement; n = 1, ingestion), whereas 19 lacked evidence for effects (n = 12, entanglement; n = 6, ingestion; n = 1, both). However, no study in the past 50 yr reported direct evidence of population-level effects. Despite increased interest in and awareness of the presence of plastic pollution throughout the world’s oceans, the extent and magnitude of demographic impacts on marine megafauna remains largely unassessed and therefore unknown, in contrast to well-documented effects on individuals. Addressing this major assessment gap will allow researchers and managers to compare relative effects of multiple threats—including plastic pollution—on marine megafauna populations, thus providing appropriate context for strategic conservation priority-setting.
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Giordani, Paolo. "Lichen Diversity and Biomonitoring: A Special Issue." Diversity 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090171.
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Lichens are symbiotic organisms susceptible to environmental alteration due to their morphological and physiological features. For this reason, researchers and decision-makers are extensively using lichen biomonitoring for assessing the effects of various anthropogenic disturbances. The Special Issue was launched to fulfil some knowledge gaps in this field, such as the development of procedures to interpret and compare results. The SI includes three reviews that explore the application of lichen biomonitoring for detecting the effects of climate change. Three articles and one review paper examined the use at a decision level of biomonitoring of air pollution employing lichens, including the application in environmental forensic. Finally, six research articles are illustrative examples of lichen biomonitoring in poorly known habitats, providing data from the physiological to the community level of observation, and pose the basis for extending comparable approaches on a global scale.
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Marquis, Josiah, Meriem Benlamri, Elizabeth Dent, and Tharmitha Suyeshkumar. "Dante’s kindling box." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 86, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v86i1.2147.
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Almost half of the Canadian landscape is made up of forests, but the amount of forest surface area burned every year has been growing steadily since 1960.1 This can be problematic due to the effects that forest fires have not only on the local environment but also on the globe as a whole. A forest fire or vegetation fire is defined as any open fire of vegetation such as savannah, forest, agriculture, or peat that is initiated by humans or nature.2 Vegetation fires contribute heavily to air pollution and climate change and are in turn exacerbated by them as well. Air pollution increases due to emissions from these fires, which contain 90-95% carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide as well as methane and other volatile compounds.2 Emissions from forest fires also contribute to global greenhouse gases and aerosol particles (biomass burning organic aerosols),2 leading to indirect and direct consequences to human health. In contrast to biomass burning for household heating and cooking, catastrophic events of forest fires and sweeping grassland fires result in unique exposures and health consequences. In this case report, the relationship between environmental hazardous air pollutants and the potential physiological and psychological health effects associated with the forest fire that affected Fort McMurray, AB in May 2016 are considered.
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Cakmak, S., R. E. Dales, and C. V. Blanco. "Does emotional health influence susceptibility to the physiologic effects of air pollution on adults?" International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v11-n4-537-545.
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Botto, Laura, Alessandra Bulbarelli, Elena Lonati, Emanuela Cazzaniga, Michele Tassotti, Pedro Mena, Daniele Del Rio, and Paola Palestini. "Study of the Antioxidant Effects of Coffee Phenolic Metabolites on C6 Glioma Cells Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Particles." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081169.
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The contributing role of environmental factors to the development of neurodegenerative diseases has become increasingly evident. Here, we report that exposure of C6 glioma cells to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major constituent of urban air pollution, causes intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this scenario, we suggest employing the possible protective role that coffee phenolic metabolites may have. Coffee is a commonly consumed hot beverage and a major contributor to the dietary intake of (poly) phenols. Taking into account physiological concentrations, we analysed the effects of two different coffee phenolic metabolites mixes consisting of compounds derived from bacterial metabolization reactions or phase II conjugations, as well as caffeic acid. The results showed that these mixes were able to counteract DEP-induced oxidative stress. The cellular components mediating the downregulation of ROS included extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Contrary to coffee phenolic metabolites, the treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a known antioxidant, was found to be ineffective in preventing the DEP exposure oxidant effect. These results revealed that coffee phenolic metabolites could be promising candidates to protect against some adverse health effects of daily exposure to air pollution.
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Orru, Hans, Henrik Olstrup, Annika Hagenbjörk, Steven Nordin, and Kati Orru. "Exposures, Symptoms and Risk Perception among Office Workers in Relation to Nanoparticles in the Work Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105789.
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Submicroscopic nanoparticles (NPs) in air have received much attention due to their possible effects on health and wellbeing. Adverse health impacts of air pollution may not only be associated with level of exposure, but also mediated by the perception of the pollution and by beliefs of the exposure being hazardous. The aim of this study was to test a model that describes interrelations between NP pollution, perceived air quality, health risk perception, stress, and sick building syndrome. In the NanoOffice study, the level of NPs was measured and a survey on health risk perception was conducted among 260 employees in twelve office buildings in northern Sweden. Path analyses were performed to test the validity of the model. The data refute the model proposing that the NP exposure level significantly influences stress, chronic diseases, or SBS symptoms. Instead, the perceived exposure influences the perceived risk of NP, and the effect of perceived exposure on SBS and chronic disease is mediated by stress. There was little concern about nanoparticles, despite relatively high levels in some facilities. Perceived pollution and health risk perception may explain a large part of the environmentally induced symptoms and diseases, particularly in relatively low levels of pollution. The research results raise important questions on the physiologically or psychologically mediated health effects of air pollution.
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Cipryan, Lukas, Petr Kutac, Tomas Dostal, Matthew Zimmermann, Miroslav Krajcigr, Vera Jandackova, Radim Sram, Daniel Jandacka, and Peter Hofmann. "Regular running in an air-polluted environment: physiological and anthropometric protocol for a prospective cohort study (Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment Study – Program 4)." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e040529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040529.
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IntroductionAmbient air pollution is a global environmental problem, which causes adverse health effects and premature deaths worldwide. Although regular exercise and physical activity have evident health benefits, the influence of long-term air pollution exposure during regular outdoor running has not been definitively clarified.Methods and analysisThis study protocol describes the physiological and anthropometric perspectives of the ‘Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment’ Study – Programme 4 (4HAIE). The 4HAIE research project is intended to be a single-centre, prospective, longitudinal and multidisciplinary cohort study. The presented study protocol describes the cross-sectional measurements and analyses. Overall, 1500 adult participants (age 18–65 years), runners and inactive individuals, living in a high or low air-polluted area of the Czech Republic will be recruited. We will measure and analyse biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood, exercise capacity (graded exercise test and spiroergometry), blood pressure, lung function (spirometry), cardiac autonomic regulation and anthropometry (body composition).Ethics and disseminationThe 4HAIE study protocol has already been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Ostrava (3/2018). A detailed participant information sheet will be provided to each individual prior to obtaining their written informed consent. The study poses little to no risk to participants. The findings of this study will be disseminated at regional and international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and via social and broadcast media.
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Goldberg, Mark S., Amanda J. Wheeler, Richard T. Burnett, Nancy E. Mayo, Marie-France Valois, James M. Brophy, and Nadia Giannetti. "Physiological and perceived health effects from daily changes in air pollution and weather among persons with heart failure: A panel study." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 25, no. 2 (June 18, 2014): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2014.43.
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Silveira, André Casanova, Julio Hasegawa, Ramon Cruz, Paulo Saldiva, Michael Koehle, Adriano Lima-Silva, and Rômulo Bertuzzi. "Competing In A Big City: Effects Of Air Pollution On Performance And Physiological Parameters During A 50-km Cycling Time-trial." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000686976.77503.09.
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Osborne, Stephanie, Divya Pandey, Gina Mills, Felicity Hayes, Harry Harmens, David Gillies, Patrick Büker, and Lisa Emberson. "New Insights into Leaf Physiological Responses to Ozone for Use in Crop Modelling." Plants 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8040084.
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Estimating food production under future air pollution and climate conditions in scenario analysis depends on accurately modelling ozone (O3) effects on yield. This study tests several assumptions that form part of published approaches for modelling O3 effects on photosynthesis and leaf duration against experimental data. In 2015 and 2016, two wheat cultivars were exposed in eight hemispherical glasshouses to O3 ranging from 22 to 57 ppb (24 h mean), with profiles ranging from raised background to high peak treatments. The stomatal O3 flux (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose, POD) to leaves was simulated using a multiplicative stomatal conductance model. Leaf senescence occurred earlier as average POD increased according to a linear relationship, and the two cultivars showed very different senescence responses. Negative effects of O3 on photosynthesis were only observed alongside O3-induced leaf senescence, suggesting that O3 does not impair photosynthesis in un-senesced flag leaves at the realistic O3 concentrations applied here. Accelerated senescence is therefore likely to be the dominant O3 effect influencing yield in most agricultural environments. POD was better than 24 h mean concentration and AOT40 (accumulated O3 exceeding 40 ppb, daylight hours) at predicting physiological response to O3, and flux also accounted for the difference in exposure resulting from peak and high background treatments.
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Santana, Erika, Luis Schiesari, Fernando Gomes, and Marcio Martins. "Morphophysiological traits of an amphibian exposed to historical industrial pollution in a Brazilian biodiversity hotspot." Amphibia-Reptilia 42, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10050.
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Abstract Industrial pollution is a significant global threat to biodiversity, but its consequences on rainforest ecosystems remain poorly understood. Amphibians are especially susceptible to pollutants released on natural environments due to their aquatic-terrestrial life cycle. Here, we explored the association of severe historical air, water, and soil pollution with physiological and morphological alterations on Rhinella ornata individuals, an endemic toad species of Atlantic Forest, a world biodiversity hotspot. We hypothesized that individuals sampled in sites closer to the pollution source will present worse indicators of health. As predicted, toads at decreasing distances from the pollution source presented enlargement of organs related to detoxification function (liver and kidneys) and compensatory immunological function (spleen). Contrary to our predictions, however, we do not found significant effects of proximity to the pollution source on individuals’ body condition index, on the indicative of fertility (testicles masses) or on macroparasite infection’s response (eosinophil counts). Surprisingly, proximity to the pollution source was associated with lower chronic stress levels (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) on individuals. We discuss which processes could promote the alterations found on the toads. We also discuss the possible acquirement of local resistance to contamination on toads populations closer from pollution source, giving the more than 60 years of exposure to chemical contaminants in the area.
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Pathak, Krishna Prasad, and Tara Gaire. "Nepal: country report on children’s environmental health." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0086.
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AbstractAlthough Nepal is a country rich in natural beauty, along with an abundance of natural resources, the children of this diverse nation still face several serious health issues arising from their own environment (water pollution, air pollution, chemical pollution, solid waste issues and drainage issues). Nepal also ranks as a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change. Children are more vulnerable to various infections for immunological, physiological and social reasons. Their inherent immunity diminishes within months after birth. There are risk factors for the development of various diseases, e.g. unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation, which contribute to diarrheal diseases, trachoma, hookworm and amoebic dysentery; another risk factor is indoor air pollution. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is higher in rural areas with 55 per 1000 live births, compared to urban areas with 38 per 1000 live births. Likewise, the under-5-year-old mortality rate (MR) in rural areas is 64 and that in urban areas is 45 per 1000 live births. Around 12% of the population suffer from chronic respiratory diseases, according to a recent study exploring the situation in Kathmandu. Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality among children under 5 years of age in Nepalese hospitals. Children under 5 are more prone to the ill effects of polluted environments because of their less well-developed immune system. In addition, the school environment is not sufficiently healthy due to the distribution of unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation supply systems. In Nepal, mainly in the 20 Terai districts, arsenic contamination of groundwater is a public health problem. Underground water is used as drinking water in those areas, but without purification – the estimate is that around 0.5 million people live at the risk of arsenic poisoning. Within a span of 200 km from north to south, the climate of Nepal varies from arctic to tropical. The annual average air pollution concentration is 5 times above the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines, which poses a serious health risk to hundreds of thousands of Nepalese people: 133 out of 1,000,000 deaths each year are related to air pollution. Dramatically, Kathmandu city is a silent killer to walk around due to air pollution, and its air quality is ranked as the worst out of 180 countries, according to the 2018 Environmental Performance Index. However, insufficient studies have been conducted to explore children’s environmental health issues. It is therefore essential to carry out more scientific studies to explore the issues of children’s environmental health as environmental health problems in children are serious in the Nepalese context.
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Bhattarai, Deval Prasad, Bishweshwar Pant, Jiwan Acharya, Mira Park, and Gunendra Prasad Ojha. "Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164948.
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Air is the most crucial and life-supporting input from nature to the living beings of the planet. The composition and quality of air significantly affects human health, either directly or indirectly. The presence of some industrially released gases, small particles of anthropogenic origin, and the deviation from the normal composition of air from the natural condition causes air pollution. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common contaminants found as indoor as well as outdoor pollutants. Such pollutants represent acute or chronic health hazards to the human physiological system. In the environment, such polluted gases may cause chemical or photochemical smog, leading to detrimental effects such as acid rain, global warming, and environmental pollution through different routes. Ultimately, this will propagate into the food web and affect the ecosystem. In this context, the efficient removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the environment remains a major threat globally, yet satisfactory strategies and auxiliary materials are far from being in place. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are known as an advanced class of porous coordination polymers, a smart material constructed from the covalently bonded and highly ordered arrangements of metal nodes and polyfunctional organic linkers with an organic–inorganic hybrid nature, high porosities and surface areas, abundant metal/organic species, large pore volumes, and elegant tunability of structures and compositions, making them ideal candidates for the removal of unwanted VOCs from air. This review summarizes the fundamentals of MOFs and VOCs with recent research progress on MOF-derived nanostructures/porous materials and their composites for the efficient removal of VOCs in the air, the remaining challenges, and some prospective for future efforts.
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Gagné, François, Chantale André, Samuel Turgeon, and Nadia Ménard. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Elemental Contamination and Health of Mya arenaria Clam in the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031106.
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The impacts of pollution and long-term effects of local clam populations are misunderstood in estuaries. The purpose of this study was to follow inorganic contamination in tissues, changes of physiological health indicators, such as condition factor (CF), growth index (GI), resistance in air emersion and dehydration rate, for 5 years in Mya arenaria clams. The sampling scheme comprised one reference site, two sites impacted by human activity (thereafter polluted) and one site recognized as a Saint-Lawrence Estuary (SLE) beluga whale feeding area without known pollution source (Baie Sainte-Marguerite (BSM)). This study revealed that the elemental contamination profiles in clams were increased but differed between the polluted and BSM compared to the reference site. At polluted sites, clams were contaminated by Ag (2.4-fold of reference site), Mn (2.5-fold) and V (6.3-fold). With respect to BSM, clams were mainly contaminated by Ce (2.5-fold), Co (2-fold), Ga (2-fold), La (2.8-fold), Hg (2.5-fold), Ni (2.2-fold), Sm (2-fold) and V (20-fold). This contamination profile suggests sources of pollution from particulate combustion products of gasoline/diesel, crude oil and urban inputs of pollution. The CF, GI and air survival time were all reduced in clams at the polluted sites, while only the CF and dehydration rates were decreased and increased, respectively, at BSM. Long-term analysis revealed that CF and GI tended to decrease over time with episodes of strong amplitude changes and became more resilient to air survival time. In conclusion, the long-term contamination of clams towards metals and elements could compromise the health status of local clam populations. The increased contamination of clams at BSM could represent a risk to the endangered SLE beluga whale population.
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Benaissa, Fatima, Ibrahim Bendahmane, Nassima Bourfis, Oussama Aoulaiche, and Rezak Alkama. "Bioindication of Urban Air Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Petunia Hybrida." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091333.
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Different ways can be used to determinate the effects of hydrocarbons on plants: the bioindication with plants is one of these methods. It consists of using sensitive plants like Petunia hybrida to evaluate the urban levels of hydrocarbon pollution. The sensitivity shows physiological and morphological modifications. In this context, this research aims to characterize the level of exposure to air pollutants resulting from anthropogenic activities in urban area of Bejaia (Algeria) by measuring the morphological impacts induced on Petunia hybrida using 11 parameters detailing the morphological development of this plant. During 7 weeks (March 23- May 11, 2017), ten monitoring stations were chosen in this city. The results showed that the most important morphological changes are directly associated with the stations closest to the main atmospheric emission zones. It is by moving away from these sources of exposure that the morphological changes observed in this bioindicating plant become less important. These results coincide with those found for particle matter concentrations including PM10 and PM2.5 which indicate that Daouadji and Aamriw stations are the most polluted sites in Bejaia. Analyzes carried out on research station located in rural area (more than 30 km from the studied city) revealed a greater general development compared to other stations.
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Mayo, Jonathan J., Pete Kohlhepp, Dianzheng Zhang, and Joy J. Winzerling. "Effects of sham air and cigarette smoke on A549 lung cells: implications for iron-mediated oxidative damage." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): L866—L876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00268.2003.
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Inhalation of airborne pollution particles that contain iron can result in a variety of detrimental changes to lung cells and tissues. The lung iron burden can be substantially increased by exposure to cigarette smoke, and cigarette smoke contains iron particulates, as well as several environmental toxins, that could influence intracellular iron status. We are interested in the effects of environmental contaminants on intracellular iron metabolism. We initiated our studies using lung A549 type II epithelial cells as a model, and we evaluated the effects of iron dose and smoke treatment on several parameters of intracellular iron metabolism. We show that iron at a physiological dose stimulates ferritin synthesis without altering the transferrin receptor (TfR) mRNA levels of these cells. This is mediated primarily by a reduction of iron regulatory protein 2. Higher doses of iron reduce iron regulatory protein-1 binding activity and are accompanied by a reduction in TfR mRNA. Thus, for A549 cells, different mechanisms influencing IRP-IRE interaction allow ferritin translation in the presence of TfR mRNA to provide for iron needs and yet prevent excessive iron uptake. More importantly, we report that smoke treatment diminishes ferritin levels and increases TfR mRNA of A549 cells. Ferritin serves as a cytoprotective agent against oxidative stress. These data suggest that exposure of lung cells to low levels of smoke as are present in environmental pollutants could result in reduced cytoprotection by ferritin at a time when iron uptake is sustained, thus enhancing the possibility of lung damage by iron-mediated oxidative stress.
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Lowther, Scott D., Sani Dimitroulopoulou, Kerry Foxall, Clive Shrubsole, Emily Cheek, Britta Gadeberg, and Ovnair Sepai. "Low Level Carbon Dioxide Indoors—A Pollution Indicator or a Pollutant? A Health-Based Perspective." Environments 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8110125.
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With modern populations in developed countries spending approximately 90% of their time indoors, and with carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations inside being able to accumulate to much greater concentrations than outdoors, it is important to identify the health effects associated with the exposure to low-level CO2 concentrations (<5000 ppm) typically seen in indoor environments in buildings (non-industrial environments). Although other reviews have summarised the effects of CO2 exposure on health, none have considered the individual study designs of investigations and factored that into the level of confidence with which CO2 and health effects can be associated, nor commented on how the reported health effects of exposure correspond to existing guideline concentrations. This investigation aimed to (a) evaluate the reported health effects and physiological responses associated with exposure to less than 5000 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 and (b) to assess the CO2 guideline and limit concentrations in the context of (a). Of the 51 human investigations assessed, many did not account for confounding factors, the prior health of participants or cross-over effects. Although there is some evidence linking CO2 exposures with health outcomes, such as reductions in cognitive performance or sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, much of the evidence is conflicting. Therefore, given the shortcomings in study designs and conflicting results, it is difficult to say with confidence whether low-level CO2 exposures indoors can be linked to health outcomes. To improve the epidemiological value of future investigations linking CO2 with health, studies should aim to control or measure confounding variables, collect comprehensive accounts of participants’ prior health and avoid cross-over effects. Although it is difficult to link CO2 itself with health effects at exposures less than 5000 ppm, the existing guideline concentrations (usually reported for 8 h, for schools and offices), which suggest that CO2 levels <1000 ppm represent good indoor air quality and <1500 ppm are acceptable for the general population, appear consistent with the current research.
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Parikh, Raj, Sowmya R. Rao, Rakesh Kukde, George T. O'Connor, Archana Patel, and Patricia L. Hibberd. "Assessing the Respiratory Effects of Air Pollution from Biomass Cookstoves on Pregnant Women in Rural India." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010183.
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Background: In India, biomass fuel is burned in many homes under inefficient conditions, leading to a complex milieu of particulate matter and environmental toxins known as household air pollution (HAP). Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable as they and their fetus may suffer from adverse consequences of HAP. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a noninvasive, underutilized tool that can serve as a surrogate for airway inflammation. We evaluated the prevalence of respiratory illness, using pulmonary questionnaires and FeNO measurements, among pregnant women in rural India who utilize biomass fuel as a source of energy within their home. Methods: We prospectively studied 60 pregnant women in their 1st and 2nd trimester residing in villages near Nagpur, Central India. We measured FeNO levels in parts per billion (ppb), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) scores, and the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale. We evaluated the difference in the outcome distributions between women using biomass fuels and those using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using two-tailed t-tests. Results: Sixty-five subjects (32 in Biomass households; 28 in LPG households; 5 unable to complete) were enrolled in the study. Age, education level, and second-hand smoke exposure were comparable between both groups. FeNO levels were higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group (25.4 ppb vs. 8.6 ppb; p-value = 0.001). There was a difference in mean composite SGRQ-C score (27.1 Biomass vs. 10.8 LPG; p-value < 0.001) including three subtotal scores for Symptoms (47.0 Biomass vs. 20.2 LPG; p-value< 0.001), Activity (36.4 Biomass vs. 16.5 LPG; p-value < 0.001) and Impact (15.9 Biomass vs. 5.2 LPG; p-value < 0.001). The mMRC Dyspnea Scale was higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group as well (2.9 vs. 0.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased FeNO levels and higher dyspnea scores in biomass-fuel-exposed subjects confirm the adverse respiratory effects of this exposure during pregnancy. More so, FeNO may be a useful, noninvasive biomarker of inflammation that can help better understand the physiologic effects of biomass smoke on pregnant women. In the future, larger studies are needed to characterize the utility of FeNO in a population exposed to HAP.
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Ardyaswara, Prayudha. "Literature Review: Risk Factors for Lung Physiological Disorders Due to Exposure to Wood Dust." Indonesian Journal Of Occupational Safety and Health 10, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v10i3.2021.442-450.
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Introduction: The wood processing industry in Indonesia is experiencing very rapid development, so there are positive and negative impacts of this industry for the country. The positive impacts that occur such as increased economic growth while the negative impacts that occur include environmental pollution which directly impacts the health of workers. One of the bad effects experienced by workers working in the industrial sector is wood dust. Wood dust is an invisible object that can circulate through the air so that it can enter the body and cause disruption of lung function of workers. The purpose of this research to conduct research on the factors of lung physiology disorders caused by vulnerability to wood dust. Method: The method was used in this research is a literature review by reviewing 10 relevant articles. Results: The effects showed that the method used is the same, which is using cross sectional, and during the study the data collection tools used questionnaires with interviews. In line with the outcomes of the study, factors for pulmonary physiology are not only caused by dust levels that exceeded the threshold value (NAV), but there are several other factors, namely individual characteristics such as length of service, duration of exposure, smoking habits, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Moreover, several studies presented bivariate tests to find out the relationship between variables that are factors in the occurrence of pulmonary physiology. Conclusions: Of 10 studies most have performed a bivariate analysis, but just a few have analyzed all the factors causing pulmonary physiology. Keywords: literature review, pulmonary physiology, risk factor, wood dust
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Zaleski, Amanda L., Beth A. Taylor, Linda S. Pescatello, and Lawrence E. Armstrong. "Exercising in Stressful Environmental Conditions with Hypertension Versus Normal Blood Pressure." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-6193-7.3.53.
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ABSTRACT Hypertension (high blood pressure [BP]) is the most common, costly, and preventable cardiovascular disease risk factor in the world. Regular aerobic exercise is universally recommended as a lifestyle therapeutic intervention for the prevention, treatment, and control of high blood pressure. However, the stressor response to exercise in extreme but commonly experienced stressful environments may be exacerbated in individuals with hypertension, a situation not fully described in the literature. Therefore, we performed a systematic search examining the potential adverse health effects of exercising in hot, humid, cold, or air-polluted environments among adults with hypertension. Studies included adults with hypertension compared to normal BP and that with at least one physiological marker in response to heat, humidity, cold, windchill, or air pollution. The present systematic review revealed few studies that explored differences between individuals with hypertension and normal BP while exercising in commonly experienced stressful environmental conditions. Our preliminary evidence suggests that adults with hypertension may be more vulnerable to adverse cardiovascular stressor responses while exercising in the heat. Future studies are required to better characterize these maladaptive responses to extreme heat or humidity to better identify potential counter-measures for this vulnerable population.
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Daniszewski, Piotr, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Influence of Waste Disposal Sites on the Environment in Miedzyzdoje of 2005 - 2007." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 3 (October 19, 2012): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-tl60j2.
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Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfill, waste effects on such environmental elements as air, soil, water, plants and animals. A number of requirements for the location of the facility, its construction, use and handling after operation is supposed to prevent environmental pollution and provide safety for people.The modern waste disposal sites having cleavage in the form of geomembrane, effectively limit the outflow of wastes to the ground waters and neighbouring soils. Further actions which are taken in order to segregate wastes, can eliminate negative effect of waste disposal sites on the environment.