Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air – Pollution – Physiological effects

Academic literature on the topic 'Air – Pollution – Physiological effects'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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Kodavanti, Urmila P. "Susceptibility Variations in Air Pollution Health Effects: Incorporating Neuroendocrine Activation." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 8 (October 8, 2019): 962–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319878402.

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Diverse host factors/phenotypes may exacerbate or diminish biological responses induced by air pollutant exposure. We lack an understanding of biological indicators of environmental exposures that culminate in a physiological response versus those that lead to adversity. Variations in response phenotype might arise centrally and/or at the local tissue level. In addition to genetic differences, the current evidence supports the roles of preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, diet, adverse prenatal environments, neurobehavioral disorders, childhood infections, microbiome, sex, and psychosocial stressors in modifying the susceptibility to air pollutant exposures. Animal models of human diseases, obesity, nutritional inadequacies, and neurobehavioral conditions have been compared with healthy controls to understand the causes of variations in susceptibility. Although psychosocial stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to air pollutant effects, the contribution of neuroendocrine stress pathways in mediating these effects is just emerging. The new findings of neuroendocrine activation leading to systemic metabolic and immunological effects of air pollutants, and the potential contribution to allostatic load, emphasize the consideration of these mechanisms into susceptibility. Variations in susceptibility to air pollution health effects are likely to underlie host genetic and physiological conditions in concert with disrupted neuroendocrine circuitry that alters physiological stability under the influence of stressors.
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Abu Ziada, M., S. Haroun, G. El-Sherbeny, and A. Najm. "EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF Malva parviflora." Journal of Plant Production 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2015.52104.

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Oljaca, Rodoljub, Zoran Govedar, and Zoran Hrkic. "Air pollution effects on the percentage of stomata in the leaves of tested species of horse chestnut and birch in Banja Luka conditions." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 98 (2008): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0898155o.

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The aim of this paper is the determination of air pollution influence on the percentage of stomata in tested woody species, horse chestnut and birch, under examined Banja Luka air pollution conditions. Two locations in Banja Luka town were examined, with different air pollution degrees: the first location is a hostel for students, with the minimal or absent air pollution; the second location is the west transit, with high air pollution due to a high number of motor cars which pass by the west transit. The air pollution difference between these two locations is very marked, and the objective of the examination was to assess how the indicated locations, which have different life conditions for the tested woody species, impact the physiological processes such as transpiration and photosynthesis. The study species react differently when the percentage of stomata and air pollution are compared.
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Singh, Aditya Abha, Rana Eram, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal. "Air Pollution: Sources and its Effects on Humans and Plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, no. 01 (September 6, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02.

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Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.
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Bamniya, B. R., C. S. Kapoor, K. Kapoor, and Vidhya Kapasya. "Harmful effects of air pollution on physiological activities of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14, no. 1 (May 17, 2011): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-011-0383-z.

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Bahri, Samsul, Dadan Resmana, and Imam Safei. "Effects regularly exercising in two different PM2.5 concentration." Journal Sport Area 7, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(2).9097.

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Performing exercise or physical activities for a long duration under the exposure of air pollution becomes an unhealthy combination and will increase the risks of the individual inhaling more pollutant. Studies that examine an individual performing physical activities regularly in two public sport centers with different levels of air pollution have not been extensively documented, therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of regular exercise on aerobic capacity, force vital capacity (FVC), and hematological profile among individuals in an environment with similar climatic characteristics but different concentrations of air pollution. This trial composed 15 males (age range from 16 to 18) from Bandung City, Indonesia. Two public sport centers with similar climatic conditions (temperature, and humidity), but different concentrations of air pollutants are selected. Participants performed exercises three times a week for three consecutive weeks at each research site, with a two-week break. Participants’ aerobic capacity, respiratory capacity, and blood sample are measured before and after they exercised at each site. The measured parameters in both sites are compared and analyzed. Aerobic capacity, FVC, and RBC after participants exrcised in the area with lower air pollution show higher value than exercised in the area with higher air pollution. Manwhile WBC is shown to be high after participants exercised in the area with higher air pollution. This happened because air pollution has effect to human physiological characteristics. This research shows that exercising at sport center with high air pollution had negative effect on hematology profile and could affect the development of aerobic and respiratory capacities. The limitations in this study are the unknown intensity when doing regular physical exercise so that in future studies it is recommended to determine whether the intensity will affect the variables in the research subject.
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Thimmegowda, Geetha G., Susan Mullen, Katie Sottilare, Ankit Sharma, Saptashi Soham Mohanta, Axel Brockmann, Perundurai S. Dhandapany, and Shannon B. Olsson. "A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (August 10, 2020): 20653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009074117.

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While the impact of air pollution on human health is well studied, mechanistic impacts of air pollution on wild systems, including those providing essential ecosystem services, are largely unknown, but directly impact our health and well-being. India is the world’s largest fruit producer, second most populous country, and contains 9 of the world’s 10 most polluted cities. Here, we sampled Giant Asian honey bees,Apis dorsata, at locations with varying air pollution levels in Bangalore, India. We observed significant correlations between increased respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) deposition and changes in bee survival, flower visitation, heart rate, hemocyte levels, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, stress, and immunity. Lab-rearedDrosophila melanogasterexposed to these same sites also exhibited similar molecular and physiological differences. Our study offers a quantitative analysis on the current impacts of air pollution on insects, and indicates the urgency for more nonhuman studies to accurately assess the effects of pollution on our natural world.
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Ghosh, A., R. S. Paul, and S. Roy. "CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF TREES BY AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS." ÈKOBIOTEH 3, no. 4 (2020): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2020-3-4-563-577.

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Nowadays, air pollution is a very vital environmental issue. During rapid industrialization, anthropogenic activities result in a wide array of pollutants which are released to atmosphere and absorbed by the leaves of plants. Atmospheric pollutants have negative effects on woody plants. Airborne pollutants like oxides of sulphur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Ozone (O₃), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compound (VOC), lead (Pb) can change the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics which can be deleterious in nature. Air pollution can dis-balance various enzymatic activities which can reduce various types of physiological processes such as, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration but plants can scavenge and detoxify significant amounts of air pollutants which are effective in cleaning air. In the present paper, effects of different airborne pollutants on plants have been reviewed.
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Hodge, Myles X., Andres R. Henriquez, and Urmila P. Kodavanti. "Adrenergic and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution." Toxics 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060132.

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Adrenergic receptors (ARs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are activated by circulating catecholamines and glucocorticoids, respectively. These receptors regulate the homeostasis of physiological processes with specificity via multiple receptor subtypes, wide tissue-specific distribution, and interactions with other receptors and signaling processes. Based on their physiological roles, ARs and GRs are widely manipulated therapeutically for chronic diseases. Although these receptors play key roles in inflammatory and cellular homeostatic processes, little research has addressed their involvement in the health effects of air pollution. We have recently demonstrated that ozone, a prototypic air pollutant, mediates pulmonary and systemic effects through the activation of these receptors. A single exposure to ozone induces the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, resulting in the release of epinephrine and corticosterone into the circulation. These hormones act as ligands for ARs and GRs. The roles of beta AR (βARs) and GRs in ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation were confirmed in a number of studies using interventional approaches. Accordingly, the activation status of ARs and GRs is critical in mediating the health effects of inhaled irritants. In this paper, we review the cellular distribution and functions of ARs and GRs, their lung-specific localization, and their involvement in ozone-induced health effects, in order to capture attention for future research.
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Silberstein, L., B. Z. Siegel, S. M. Siegel, A. Mukhtar, and M. Galun. "Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. I. Effects of Air Pollution on Physiological Processes." Lichenologist 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0033.

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AbstractXanthona parietina thalli were collected from a ‘clean-air’ location and from a polluted area. Ramalina duriaei thalli were collected from the same ‘clean-air’ location and some thalli were transplanted to air polluted locations, where R. duriaei no longer occurs. The effects of air contaminants on these two lichens were compared under controlled laboratory conditions and in field experiments. Air contaminants and exposure to bisulphite ions had little or no damaging effect on X. parietina, whereas severe damage was caused to R. duriaei, as judged by chlorophyll degradation, autofluorescence of photobionts, photosynthetic activity, membrane integrity and ATP content. The different responses presented confirm the sensitivity of R. duriaei and resistance of X. parietina to air pollution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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Vaartnou, Manivalde. "EPR investigation of free radicals in excised and attached leaves subjected to ozone and sulphur dioxide air pollution." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29444.

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The X-band EPR spectrometry system was modified to allow for the in situ monitoring of free radical changes in attached, intact plant leaves, which were caused by stress factors such as exposure to excessive photon flux density, ozone or sulphur dioxide. This was done through use of the dewar insert of the variable temperature accessory as a guide, the construction of 'T' shaped cellulose acetate holders to which leaves could be attached with adhesive tape, and modification of the gas flow system used for controlled temperature studies. Kinetic studies of free radical formation were possible with leaves which had minimal underlying Fe⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ signals. In leaves with large underlying signals a Varian software program was used to subtract overlapping signals from each other, thereby revealing the free-radical signal changes which occurred under different light regimes and stress conditions. Preliminary investigation disclosed the formation of a new signal upon prolonged exposure to far-red light and the effect of oxygen depletion upon photosynthetic Signals I and II. Leaves subject to high photon flux density reveal an unreported free-radical signal, which decays upon exposure to microwave radiation; and concomitant damage to Photosystems I and II. Upon elimination of this signal leaves return to the undamaged state or reveal permanent damage to either photo-system, depending upon the degree of damage. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to low levels of ozone (up to 80ppb) for periods of 8 hours show no changes in free-radical signal formation. At intermediate levels of ozone (80-250ppb) a new free-radical signal was formed within 3 hours of fumigation, Signal II was decreased and Signal I decayed. These changes were reversible if fumigation was terminated. At fumigation levels exceeding 250ppb a different new irreversible free-radical signal was formed in darkness within 1.5 hours of fumigation. Radish, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide (10-500ppm) reveal the formation of Signal I upon irradiation with broad-band white or 650nm light, thereby indicating an interruption of normal electron flow from PSII to PSI. Damage to the oxygen-evolving complex and reaction centre of PSII is also revealed through changes in Signal II and the Mn⁺⁺ signal. These changes in the normal EPR signals are dose-dependent. Leaves subject to low levels of sulphur dioxide (600-2000ppb) reveal the disappearance of Signal I after 3 hours of fumigation and the formation of a new free-radical signal with parameters similar to the sulphur trioxide free-radical signal. These latter changes are partially reversible upon termination of fumigation. After prolonged exposure to either ozone or sulphur dioxid a free-radical signal with parameters similar to the superoxid anion free-radical signal is formed in plant leaves.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Pérez, Grau Laura. "The urban health effects and impact of anthropogenic and natural air pollution." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7195.

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The differential role that airborne particulate matter (PM) size fractions, sources, and components play in producing adverse health effects is not fully understood. Specific gaps include the role of PM generated by traffic and the effects of PMs generated by natural sources. Source specific air pollution epidemiological research still lacks integration in the risk assessment process, a fundamental tool to inform policy makers and the public about the current situation or the impact of future or past air pollution policies. This thesis addresses both these gaps. To explore the effects of PM from different sources, we investigated the association between different PM size fractions and mortality in Barcelona, Spain and used PM chemical composition data to help determine the different sources and components linked to toxicity. To illustrate that local air pollution risk assessments are useful tools in evidence-based public health, we estimated the health and economic benefits that would result from different scenario of improved air quality in the Barcelona metropolitan area and in two communities of Southern California. These case studies include new methods to integrate into the risk assessment process the recent epidemiological evidence related to the effects of traffic exposure.This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the link between particulate matter size fraction, sources, and components and health effects, and to improve air pollution health impact assessment methods. Both contributions have important implications for public health and air pollution public policy.
El papel diferencial en que las diferentes fracciones de partículas en suspensión en el aire (PMs), sus fuentes y componentes producen efectos adversos para la salud no está completamente entendido. Las lagunas actuales incluyen el papel de las PMs generadas por el tráfico y los efectos de las PMs generadas por fuentes naturales. La investigación epidemiológica relacionada con fuentes todavía falta ser integrada en el proceso de evaluación de impacto, una herramienta fundamental para informar a los tomadores de decisiones y el público sobre la situación actual o el impacto de futuras o pasadas políticas de contaminación atmosférica. Esta tesis trata estas áreas. Para explorar el papel de las PMs generadas por diferentes fuentes, se ha investigado la asociación entre diferentes fracciones de PMs y mortalidad en Barcelona (España) y se ha usado datos de composición química de PMs para identificar las fuentes y los componentes relacionados con la toxicidad. Para ilustrar que las evaluaciones de impacto a nivel local son herramientas útiles en salud pública, se ha estimado el beneficio en salud y económico que resultaría de diferentes escenarios de mejora de la calidad del aire en el área metropolitana de Barcelona y en dos comunidades de California del Sur. Estos estudios de casos incluyen nuevos métodos para integrar en las evaluaciones de impacto las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas que relacionan la exposición al tráfico con los efectos en salud. Esta tesis contribuye a un mayor entendimiento del vínculo entre las fracciones de PM, sus fuentes y componentes y los efectos en salud así como a la mejora de los métodos de las evaluaciones de impacto. Estas contribuciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud pública y las políticas públicas de contaminación atmosférica.
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Hazin, Clovis Abrahao. "Release of radon from showers and its influence on the balance of radon indoors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16638.

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Ou, Chunquan, and 欧春泉. "Individual risk factors that modify the short-term effects of air pollution on mortality: a population-basedstudy of Chinese population." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687399.

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Truluck, Timothy Francis. "Hospital admission patterns of childhood respiratory illness in Cape Town and their association with air pollution and meteorological factors." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17402.

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Bibliography: pages 103-119.
The aims of this study were (a) to examine the profile of hospital admissions for selected respiratory illnesses for two major hospitals in Cape Town, and (b) to analyse the association of such admissions with air pollution indicators and meteorological variables. The first part of the study investigated the admission patterns of coloured and African children under twelve years of age who were diagnosed as suffering from asthma or acute respiratory infections at two major teaching hospitals in Cape Town. Computerized hospital admission records covering the years 1988-1990 from the overnight holding wards of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital were used to determine patterns with respect to diagnosis, gender, race, age and date of admission. During the three year study period, respiratory admissions at both hospitals accounted for 15 078 (47.3%) out of a total of 31 887 admissions. Acute respiratory infections accounted for 63.6% and asthma 37.4 % of these respiratory admissions. Two factors of interest were noted: (1) Considerably more males than females were admitted with both asthma and acute respiratory infections. (2) Asthma admissions to Red Cross Hospital among African children were proportionally much less than those of coloured children when compared to the proportions of admissions for acute respiratory infections. After removal of the seasonal effect, a multiple linear regression model was fitted to the data to determine the individual associations between admissions and ambient environmental variables. Significant associations were found between: (1) acute respiratory infections and oxides of nitrogen, soiling index, and temperature; (2) asthma and oxides of nitrogen (3) total admissions and soiling index, average temperature and minimum temperature (negative). The study concluded that despite generally low levels of air pollution in Cape Town, childhood respiratory admissions to Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital were statistically significantly associated with some ambient air pollutants as well as temperature. However, given the nature of both the exposure and admissions databases, these results should be treated with caution. More representative site selections for air pollution monitors, as well as searching and controlling for possible confounding factors (i.e. indoor air pollution, parental smoking, overcrowding), would allow a better understanding of the current air pollution problem and the possible effects on the respiratory health of children in metropolitan Cape Town.
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Fitch, Megan. "The Effects of Air Pollution on the Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Approach to Assess How Gut Microbe Interactions with the Environment Affect Human Health." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984173/.

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This thesis investigates how air pollution, both natural and anthropogenic, affects changes in the proximal small intestine and ileum microbiota profile, as well as intestinal barrier integrity, histological changes, and inflammation. APO-E KO mice on a high fat diet were randomly selected to be exposed by whole body inhalation to either wood smoke (WS) or mixed vehicular exhaust (MVE), with filtered air (FA) acting as the control. Intestinal integrity and histology were assessed by observing expression of well- known structural components tight junction proteins (TJPs), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and gel-forming mucin (MUC2), as well known inflammatory related factors: TNF-α, IL-1β, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Bacterial profiling was done using DNA analysis of microbiota within the ileum, utilizing 16S metagenomics sequencing (Illumina miSeq) technique. Overall results of this experiment suggest that air pollution, both anthropogenic and natural, cause a breach in the intestinal barrier with an increase in inflammatory factors and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. This evidence suggests the possibility of air pollution being a potential causative agent of intestinal disease as well as a possible contributing mechanism for induction of systemic inflammation.
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Matyushenko, I. Yu. "Grave effects of air pollution." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/28649.

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Liu, Liqun. "Health effects of air pollution and meteorology." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-146119.

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Prinn, Ronald G., John M. Reilly, Marcus C. Sarofim, Chien Wang, and Benjamin Seth Felzer. "Effects of Air Pollution Control on Climate." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7510.

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Urban air pollution and climate are closely connected due to shared generating processes (e.g., combustion) for emissions of the driving gases and aerosols. They are also connected because the atmospheric lifecycles of common air pollutants such as CO, NOx and VOCs, and of the climatically important methane gas (CH4) and sulfate aerosols, both involve the fast photochemistry of the hydroxyl free radical (OH). Thus policies designed to address air pollution may impact climate and vice versa. We present calculations using a model coupling economics, atmospheric chemistry, climate and ecosystems to illustrate some effects of air pollution policy alone on global warming. We consider caps on emissions of NOx, CO, volatile organic carbon, and SOx both individually and combined in two ways. These caps can lower ozone causing less warming, lower sulfate aerosols yielding more warming, lower OH and thus increase CH4 giving more warming, and finally, allow more carbon uptake by ecosystems leading to less warming. Overall, these effects significantly offset each other suggesting that air pollution policy has a relatively small net effect on the global mean surface temperature and sea level rise. However, our study does not account for the effects of air pollution policies on overall demand for fossil fuels and on the choice of fuels (coal, oil, gas), nor have we considered the effects of caps on black carbon or organic carbon aerosols on climate. These effects, if included, could lead to more substantial impacts of capping pollutant emissions on global temperature and sea level than concluded here. Caps on aerosols in general could also yield impacts on other important aspects of climate beyond those addressed here, such as the regional patterns of cloudiness and precipitation.
Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
This research was supported by the U.S Department of Energy, U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Industry Sponsors of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change: Alstom Power (France), American Electric Power (USA), BP p.l.c. (UK/USA), ChevronTexaco Corporation (USA), DaimlerChrysler AG (Germany), Duke Energy (USA), J-Power (Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.) (Japan), Electric Power Research Institute (USA), Electricité de France, ExxonMobil Corporation (USA), Ford Motor Company (USA), General Motors (USA), Mirant (USA), Murphy Oil Corporation (USA), Oglethorpe Power Corporation (USA), RWE/Rheinbraun (Germany), Shell International Petroleum (Netherlands/UK), Statoil (Norway), Tennessee Valley Authority (USA), Tokyo Electric Power Company (Japan), TotalFinaElf (France), Vetlesen Foundation (USA).
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Tabor, Caroline Mary. "Effects of air pollution on vascular thrombosis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5577.

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Increases in air pollution, especially the particulate component, are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, possibly through increases in thrombogenic mechanisms. The research presented in this thesis addresses the hypothesis that diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) increase thrombogenicity by impairing the release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) from vascular endothelial cells, thus inhibiting the endogenous fibrinolytic mechanisms that promote thrombus breakdown. The initial aims of this work were to develop an in vivo model of thrombosis, to determine whether exposure to DEP did alter clotting. Initial attempts to develop the Folts’ model (which stimulates thrombus formation via arterial stenosis and mechanical injury), first in male C57/Bl6 mice and later in male Wistar rats, were unsuccessful. An alternative approach, using ferric chloride (FeCl3) to induce chemical injury to the rat carotid artery was found to produce reliable and reproducible thrombotic occlusion: this model was used for all subsequent experiments. The effects of DEP on thrombus formation were assessed in vivo by applying the FeCl3 model. DEP were administered via intratracheal instillation or tail vein injection 2, 6 or 24 hours prior to induction of thrombosis. The effects of DEP were compared with vehicle and suitable controls: carbon black (a clean carbon nanoparticle); quartz (a large non-carbon particle that causes well-characterised pulmonary inflammation). The time to thrombotic occlusion was significantly reduced 6h after intra-pulmonary instillation of DEP (0.5ml of a 1mg/ml suspension). In contrast, instillation of carbon black or quartz had no significant effect on thrombosis, despite causing greater pulmonary (increased neutrophils and levels of interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and systemic (C-reactive protein in plasma) inflammation than DEP. Direct administration of DEP (0.5mg/kg) to the blood stream resulted in an acute (2 hours after injection) increase in time to thrombotic occlusion in the absence of pulmonary inflammation. A similar (but less pronounced) effect was observed following administration of carbon black (0.5mg/kg). These data suggest that the DEP-mediated increase in thrombosis is independent of pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The mechanisms involved were addressed by measuring platelet-monocyte interactions (flow cytometry) and markers of the endogenous fibrinolytic system (ELISA). Exposure (either instillation of injection) to DEP significantly increased platelet-monocyte aggregation. Carbon black and quartz produced no such effect (but did increase platelet-platelet aggregation). t-PA antigen and activity were reduced, whilst PAI-1 and fibrinogen were increased, following either instillation or injection of DEP. The final aim was to develop a suitable dispersant for use in cell culture to determine whether DEP alter the expression (real-time polymerase chain reaction; rtPCR) and generation (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) of t-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). Cell culture medium containing bovine serum albumin (0.5mg/ml; BSA) provided the best combination for DEP dispersal and maintenance of small particle size (<200nM), without detrimental effects on human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exposure (6 and 24 hours) of HUVECs to DEP resulted in reduced basal and thrombin stimulated t-PA and PAI-1 expression. This was mirrored by reduced detection of t-PA and PAI-1 in culture medium. In conclusion, these investigations confirm that exposure to DEP is capable of increasing the rate of thrombus formation and that this is, in part, mediated by an alteration in the endogenous fibrinolytic system. These changes did not appear to be secondary to pulmonary or systemic inflammation. Whilst cell culture experiments suggested DEP could directly alter endogenous fibrinolytic activity in endothelial cells, there was no evidence from these experiments of DEP translocation into the systemic circulation. Thus, this work suggests that DEP is capable of increasing thrombus formation in vivo via several mechanisms. Similar changes may account for the increased thrombus formation in humans exposed to diesel exhaust in air pollution.
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Books on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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L, Maynard Robert, and Richards Roy, eds. Air pollution and health. London: Imperial College Press, 2006.

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1926-, Wilson Richard, and Spengler John D, eds. Particles in our air: Concentrations and health effects. [Cambridge, Mass.]: Harvard School of Public Health, 1996.

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H, Legge Allan, and Krupa Sagar V, eds. Air pollutants and their effects on the terrestrial ecosystem. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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Feddema, Johannes J. Air pollution effects on marble weathering in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Elmer, N.J: C.W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology, 1986.

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1936-, Hester R. E., Harrison Roy M. 1948-, and Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Information Services., eds. Air pollution and health. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, Information Services, 1998.

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Innes, J. L. Air pollution and forestry. London: H.M.S.O., 1987.

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1921-, Frank Robert, American Petroleum Institute. Medicine and Biological Science Dept., and Workshop to Develop Generic Protocols and Guidelines for the Performance of Clinical Pulmonary Studies Relevant to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (1983 : Philadelphia, Pa.), eds. Inhalation toxicology of air pollution: Clinical research considerations. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1985.

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Protection, United States Congress Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Environmental. Health effects of air pollution: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, April 18, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection. Health effects of air pollution: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, April 18, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Protection, United States Congress Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Environmental. Health effects of air pollution: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, April 18, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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Fuhrer, J., A. Grandjean, B. Lehnherr, A. Egger, and W. Tschannen. "Effects of Ozone in Ambient Air on Growth, Yield and Physiological Parameters of Spring Wheat." In Air Pollution and Ecosystems, 142–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4003-1_16.

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Pochwatko, Grzegorz, Justyna Świdrak, Wiesław Kopeć, Zbigniew Jȩdrzejewski, Agata Feledyn, Matthias Vogt, Nuria Castell, and Katarzyna Zagórska. "Multisensory Representation of Air Pollution in Virtual Reality: Lessons from Visual Representation." In Digital Interaction and Machine Intelligence, 239–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11432-8_24.

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AbstractThe world is facing the problem of anthropogenic climate change and air pollution. Despite many years of development, already established methods of influencing behaviour remain ineffective. The effect of such interventions is very often a declaration of behaviour change that is not followed by actual action. Moreover, despite intensive information campaigns, many people still do not have adequate knowledge on the subject, are not aware of the problem or, worse, deny its existence. Previous attempts to introduce real change were based on providing information, persuasion or visualisation. We propose the use of multi-sensory virtual reality to investigate the problem more thoroughly and then design appropriate solutions. In this paper, we introduce a new immersive virtual environment that combines free exploration with a high level of experimental control, physiological and behavioural measures. It was created on the basis of transdisciplinary scientific cooperation, participatory design and research. We used the unique features of virtual environments to reverse and expand the idea of pollution pods by Pinsky. Instead of closing participants in small domes filled with chemical substances imitating pollution, we made it possible for them to freely explore an open environment - admiring the panorama of a small town from the observation deck located on a nearby hill. Virtual reality technology enables the manipulation of representations of air pollution, the sensory modalities with which they are transmitted (visual, auditory, tactile and smell stimuli) and their intensity. Participants’ reactions from the initial tests of the application showed that it is a promising solution. We present the possibilities of applying the new solution in psychological research and its further design and development opportunities in collaboration with communities and other stakeholders in the spirit of citizen science.
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AYRES, J. "The health effects of air pollution." In Pollution, 268–95. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847551719-00268.

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Baumbach, Günter. "Effects of Air Pollution." In Air Quality Control, 174–215. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79001-0_4.

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Vardoulakis, Sotiris, Xiyu Phoon, and Caroline Ochieng. "Health Effects of Air Pollutants." In Environmental Pollution, 143–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8663-1_5.

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Zannetti, Paolo. "Modeling of Adverse Air Quality Effects." In Air Pollution Modeling, 335–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4465-1_13.

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Smith, Kirk R. "Health Effects." In Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health, 199–229. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0891-1_6.

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Hamilton, Ron, and Helen Crabbe. "Environment, Pollution and Effects Environment, Pollution and Effects." In The Effects of Air Pollution on Cultural Heritage, 1–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84893-8_1.

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Winner, William E., and Carol S. Greitner. "Field methods used for air pollution research with plants." In Plant Physiological Ecology, 399–425. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9013-1_17.

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Winner, William E., and Carol S. Greitner. "Field methods used for air pollution research with plants." In Plant Physiological Ecology, 399–425. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2221-1_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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Fornasiero, E., and A. Libardo. "Intercontinental freight transport impacts: modeling and measuring choice effects." In AIR POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air100191.

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Doytchinov, S., and A. Screpanti. "European UNESCO Cultural Heritage sites and the air pollution effects." In AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06064.

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Borrego, C., A. M. Costa, R. Tavares, M. Lopes, J. Valente, J. H. Amorim, A. I. Miranda, I. Ribeiro, and E. Sá. "Effects of road traffic scenarios on human exposure to air pollution." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090081.

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Liakos, I. L., D. Sarigiannis, and A. Gotti. "PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090331.

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Lee, M. Y., Y. B. Yoon, B. B. Jin, and M. H. Lee. "Air pollutant emission reduction effects of the Cap-and-Trade System in South Korea." In AIR POLLUTION 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air160051.

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Karim, A., P. Nolan, and A. Qubian. "Meshing effects on CFD modelling of atmospheric flow over buildings situated on ground with high terrain." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080041.

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Silva-Medina Weil, Melissa, Mauricio Palacios, and Vicente Benavides. "Pulmonary effects of volcanic air pollution." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.1302.

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Franck, U., S. Röder, U. Schlink, M. Borte, O. Herbarth, and I. Lehmann. "Most relevant sources of indoor particles in children’s rooms and respiratory health effects of size-segregated particles." In AIR POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air120401.

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Zukeran, A., Y. Sakuma, R. Yamagami, Y. Kawada, H. Kawakami, K. Yasumoto, T. Inui, and Y. Ehara. "The effects of gas cooling on removal of SOF and sulphate by electrostatic precipitator for marine diesel." In AIR POLLUTION 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air140141.

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PARRA, RENE. "EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS FEEDBACKS IN MODELING METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY IN THE ANDEAN REGION OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR." In AIR POLLUTION 2021. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air210041.

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Reports on the topic "Air – Pollution – Physiological effects"

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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
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Aguilar-Gomez, Sandra, Holt Dwyer, Joshua S. Graff Zivin, and Matthew Neidell. This is Air: The "Non-Health" Effects of Air Pollution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29848.

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Holland, Stephen, Erin Mansur, Nicholas Muller, and Andrew Yates. Distributional Effects of Air Pollution from Electric Vehicle Adoption. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22862.

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Riordan, C., T. Stoffel, and R. Hulstrom. The effects of urban air pollution on solar radiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6994665.

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Miller, Paul R., Kenneth W. Stolte, Daniel M. Duriscoe, and John Pronos. Evaluating ozone air pollution effects on pines in the western United States. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-155.

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Cicala, Steve, Stephen Holland, Erin Mansur, Nicholas Muller, and Andrew Yates. Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social Distancing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27135.

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Aparicio, Gabriela, María Paula Gerardino, and Marcos Rangel. Gender Gaps in Birthweight: The Effects of Air Pollution across Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001838.

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Gillingham, Kenneth, and Pei Huang. Racial Disparities in the Health Effects from Air Pollution: Evidence from Ports. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29108.

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Heo, Seonmin Will, Koichiro Ito, and Rao Kotamarthi. International Spillover Effects of Air Pollution: Evidence from Mortality and Health Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30830.

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Winner, W. E., R. K. Antibus, and A. E. Linkins. Air pollution-caused changes in photosynthesis: Effects on plant growth and rhizosphere functions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7148426.

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